Effectiveness and Safety of Double-balloon Catheter versus Intra-amniotic Injection of Eth
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Liberty Mutual Loss Prevention presents… 利 宝 预 防 损 失 的 措 施 ， 使 你免 于 … Effective Safety Training 有效的安全培训
SAFETY LEADERSHIP TRAINING • UNIT 8 安全领导培训 第8单元
On-the-Job Training 在职培训 Clear Identification of All Hazards 明确所有的风险 Procedures to Avoid All Hazards 避免风险的程序 Where to Get Help 寻求帮助
© 1995. Liberty Mutual Group/Boston. All rights reserved © 1995.利宝互助集团 / 波士顿 版权所有 利宝互助集团 波士顿. 版权所有.
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Liberty Mutual Loss Prevention presents… 利 宝 预 防 损 失 的 措 施 ， 使 你免 于 … Effective Safety Training 有效的安全培训
SAFETY LEADERSHIP TRAINING • UNIT 8 安全领导培训 第8单元
Orientation 定向培训
Important Because:
重要性原因
第一印象 态度未确定 提供主要信息
Initial Impression Attitudes Not “Set” Provides Vital Information
© 1995. Liberty Mutual Group/Boston. All rights reserved © 1995.利宝互助集团 / 波士顿 版权所有 利宝互助集团 波士顿. 版权所有.
形容防护力强的英文
形容防护力强的英文The Essence of Fortitude: Embodying Robust Protection.In the realm of safety and security, the concept of robustness is paramount. It encompasses not just the physical sturdiness of barriers and shields but also the intangible resilience of strategies and systems. When we talk about robust protection, we are referring to a multifaceted approach that combines innovation, adaptability, and durability to ensure the utmost safety.Robust protection is not just about withstanding external threats; it's about maintaining a state of readiness in the face of uncertainty. It's about having the foresight to anticipate potential hazards and theflexibility to adapt to changing scenarios. It's about building barriers that are not just strong but also intelligent, capable of learning and evolving with the evolving nature of threats.At the heart of robust protection lies a robust understanding of the environment. This involves a thorough analysis of the surroundings, identifying potential vulnerabilities and assessing the likely impact of various hazards. It's about understanding the interdependencies between different elements of the security system and how they work together to form a cohesive defense.The design of robust protection systems must take into account not just the immediate threats but also the longer-term implications. This requires a balance between innovation and tradition, between exploring new technologies and leveraging existing ones. It's about creating systems that are not just resilient but also sustainable, ensuring that they can continue to function effectively even under extreme conditions.One of the key components of robust protection is redundancy. This refers to the incorporation of multiple layers of defense, ensuring that if one layer fails, another is ready to take its place. Redundancy is not just about having backup systems; it's about creating a cultureof redundancy where every aspect of the security setup is designed with resilience in mind.Adaptive capability is another crucial aspect of robust protection. As threats evolve, so must the protection systems. This requires a constant evaluation of the effectiveness of current measures and a willingness toadapt and improve. It's about being agile enough to respond to new challenges and innovative enough to anticipate them.Durability is also essential. Robust protection systems must be built to last, withstanding not just the immediate threats but also the test of time. This requires a focus on quality and a commitment to maintenance, ensuring that the systems remain in optimal condition even under constant use.However, robust protection is not just about thephysical layers of defense. It also encompasses the human element. Robust protection systems must take into accountthe capabilities and limitations of the personnel operating them. This requires a focus on training and education, ensuring that personnel are not just skilled but also awareof the importance of their role in maintaining theintegrity of the system.In conclusion, robust protection is about creating a comprehensive, multi-layered defense that combines innovation, adaptability, durability, and human capability. It's about building systems that are not just strong but also intelligent and resilient, capable of withstanding the rigors of time and the evolving nature of threats. It's about creating a culture of safety and security where every individual and every aspect of the system is committed to the same goal: ensuring the utmost protection.。
自制口鼻双通道面罩在无痛胃镜中的应用
第24卷 第2期 中国内镜杂志 Vol. 24 No. 2 2018年2月 China Journal of Endoscopy Feb. 2018论 著收稿日期：2017-07-17*基金项目：广西教育厅科学技术项目（No ：2013LX071）[通信作者] 刘志贵，E-mail ：532769425@[专利] 口鼻双通道面罩（实用新型专利号ZL 201420418145.9）[作者简介] 第一作者2014年9月-2017年6月在广西桂林医学院就读全日制麻醉专业硕士研究生DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-1989.2018.02.002文章编号： 1007-1989（2018）02-0006-04自制口鼻双通道面罩在无痛胃镜中的应用*刘天品1，钟海2，袁红2，刘志贵3[1.三峡大学第一临床医学院（湖北省宜昌市中心人民医院） 麻醉科，湖北 宜昌 443003； 2.湖北省宜昌市夷陵医院 麻醉科，湖北 宜昌 443100；3.广西省桂林市桂林医学院附属医院 麻醉科，广西 桂林 541001]摘要：目的 探讨该科自行研制的口鼻双通道面罩在无痛胃镜术中的安全性和可行性。
方法 400例患者接受丙泊酚与小剂量芬太尼复合静脉麻醉行无痛胃镜检查，患者随机分为两组，每组200例。
对照组采用普通鼻导管4.0～5.0 L/min 给氧；实验组采用口鼻双通道面罩4.0～5.0 L/min 给氧。
记录患者麻醉前和麻醉后呼吸次数（RR）、血氧饱和度（SpO 2）、麻醉药用量及检查时间，两组进行比较。
结果 对照组麻醉中SpO 2明显降低，检查时间延长，与实验组相比差异有统计学意义（P <0.05），两组RR 和麻醉药用量差异无统计学意义。
结论 在无痛胃镜检查中口鼻双通道面罩给氧优于鼻导管给氧，可安全应用及推广。
关键词： 口鼻双通道面罩；无痛胃镜；安全性中图分类号： R608；R614 文献标识码： AApplication of a self designed oral-nasal double channel mask in painless gastroscopy *Tian-pin Liu 1, Hai Zhong 2, Hong Yuan 2, Zhi-gui Liu3(1.Department of Anesthesiology, the First College of Clinical Medical Science, Three Gorges University,Yichang, Hubei 443003, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Yiling Hospital, Yichang, Hubei443100, China; 3.Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital ofGuilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China)Abstract: Objective To evaluate the feasibility and safety of self designed oral-nasal double channel mask in painless gastroscopy. Methods 400 patients who were given intravenous injection Sublimaze followed by Propofol were divided equally at random into two groups. The patients in control group (n = 200) were inhaled oxygen with snuffle tube (4.0 ~ 5.0 L/min) and the patients in experimental group (n = 200) were inhaled oxygen with a self designed oral-nasal double channel mask. Respiration rate, SpO 2, duration of operation and dosage of anaesthetic were recorded before and during operation. Result The SpO 2 decreased markedly and duration of operation obviously prolonged in group I during operation (P < 0.05), there was no statistical difference between the two groups of the respiration rate and dosage of anaesthetic. Conclusion The application of oxygen inhalation with the self designed oral-nasal double channel mask in painless gastroscopy appeared safer than that of oxygen inhalation via snuffle tube. It can be safely used in painless gastroscopy.Keywords: oral-nasal double channel mask; painless gastroscopy; safety第 2 期无痛胃镜技术在各大医院中主要采用门诊麻醉，门诊麻醉因为环境、设备以及人员的局限，意外发生率相对较高，具有高风险性和高挑战性[1]。
重型单双瓶焊接车辆业主指南说明书
HEAVY DUTY SINGLE/DUAL BOTTLEWELDING CARTOWNER’S MANUAL5/2015Read carefully and understand all ASSEMBLY AND OPERATIONINSTRUCTIONS before operating. Failure to follow the safety rules and otherbasic safety precautions may result in serious personal injury.WARRANTYMETAL MAN WORK GEAR COEFFECTIVE JANUARY 1, 2013LIMITED WARRANTYThis warranty applies to the original purchaser and is subject to the terms and conditions listed below. This Limited Warranty is for new equipment sold after the above date, providing coverage for defects in material and workmanship at the time it is shipped from the factory.Limited to the warranty periods below, Metal Man Work Gear Co will repair or replace the item under warranty that fails due to defects in material and workmanship. Metal Man Work Gear must be notified within 30 days of the failure, so as to provide instructions on how to proceed with the repair of your welder and warranty claim processing. Warranty period begins at the time the welder is purchased from and Authorized Reseller of Metal Man Work Gear Co. products. Keep your receipt as proof of purchase.Warranty PeriodsLimited Warranty is divided into three categories. No Warranty, 90 days, 1 year and 3 year.No WarrantyNormal wear items, MIG gun parts (contact tips, nozzle, contact tip adapter, MIG gun liner), drive roll, electrode holder, ground clamps, Plasma torch parts (nozzle, electrode, diffuser, cover) are considered consumable items and are not covered under warranty.90 daysParts for Metal Man Work Gear welding carts and welding cabinets. This warranty covers the absence of or defective parts.1 yearParts and Labor on MIG gun parts (except those listed under normal wear items), cables, regulator, and plasma torch (except those listed under normal wear items). Any shipping related to warranty repair is the responsibility of the customer.1 year/3 yearPlease see your product information to determine if your product has a 1 year or 3 year warranty. This warranty covers parts and Labor on items such as: transformer, reactor, rectifier, solenoid valve, PC Board, switches, controls, gas valve, drive motor, drive system other than drive roll and any other component that requires the removal of the sheet metal to access. Any shipping related to warranty repair is the responsibility of the customer.Voiding WarrantyWarranty does not apply to: Shipping Damage, Misuse and abuse of the unit, alteration of the unit in any way.Warranty ClaimThis is a parts and labor warranty. Do not return your unit to the retailer you purchased it from. Retain your receipt in the case a warranty claim is needed. No warranty will be provided without the original receipt from an authorized reseller of Metal Man Work Gear Products. To make a warranty claim, call our welder help line at 888-762-4045, M-F 8:00 am to 5:00 PM Central time or email **********************.GENERAL SAFETY RULESWARNING: Read and understand all instructions. Failure to follow all instructions listed below may result in serious injury.CAUTION: Do not allow persons to operate or assemble this Flux Core 125until they have read this manual and have developed a thorough understanding of how the Flux Core 125works.WARNING:The warnings, cautions, and instructions discussed in this instruction manual cannot cover all possible conditions or situations that could occur. It must be understood by the operator that common sense and caution are factors which cannot be built into this product, but must be supplied by the operator.SAVE THESE INSTRUCTIONSIMPORTANT SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS1.1 Your Welding Environment-Keep the environment you will be welding in free from flammable materials.-Always keep a fire extinguisher accessible to your welding environment.-Always have a qualified person install and operate this equipment.-Make sure the area is clean, dry and ventilated. Do not operate the welder in humid, wet or poorly ventilated areas.-Always have your welder maintained by a qualified technician in accordance with local, state and national codes.-Always be aware of your work environment. Be sure to keep other people, especially children, away from you while welding.-Keep harmful arc rays shielded from the view of others.-Mount the welder on a secure bench or cart that will keep the welder secure and prevent it from tipping over or falling.1.2 Your Welder’s Condition-Check ground cable, power cord and welding cable to be sure the insulation is not damaged. Always replace or repair damaged components before using the welder.-Check all components to ensure they are clean and in good operating condition before use.1.3 Use of Your WelderDo not operate the welder if the output cable, electrode, torch, wire or wire feed system is wet. Do not immerse them in water. These components and the welder must be completely dry before attempting to use them.-Follow the instructions in this manual.-Keep welder in the off position when not in use.-Connect ground lead as close to the area being welded as possible to ensure a good ground.-Do not allow any body part to come in contact with the welding wire if you are in contact with the material being welded, ground or electrode from another welder.-Do not weld if you are in an awkward position. Always have a secure stance while welding to prevent accidents. Wear a safety harness if working above ground.-Do not drape cables over or around your body.-Wear a full coverage helmet with appropriate shade (see ANSI Z87.1 safety standard) and safety glasses while welding.-Wear proper gloves and protective clothing to prevent your skin from being exposed to hot metals, UV and IR rays.-Do not overuse or overheat your welder. Allow proper cooling time between duty cycles.-Keep hands and fingers away from moving parts and stay away from the drive rolls.-Do not point MIG gun at any body part of yourself or anyone else.-Always use this welder in the rated duty cycle to prevent excessive heat and failure.1.4 Specific Areas of Danger, Caution or WarningElectrical ShockElectric arc welders can produce a shock that can cause injury or death. Touchingelectrically live parts can cause fatal shocks and severe burns. While welding, all metal components connected to the wire are electrically hot. Poor ground connections are a hazard, so secure the ground lead before welding.-Wear dry protective apparel: coat, shirt, gloves and insulated footwear.-Insulate yourself from the work piece. Avoid contacting the work piece or ground.- Do not attempt to repair or maintain the welder while the power is on.-Inspect all cables and cords for any exposed wire and replace immediately if found.-Use only recommended replacement cables and cords.-Always attach ground clamp to the work piece or work table as close to the weld area as possible. -Do not touch the welding wire and the ground or grounded work piece at the same time.-Do not use a welder to thaw frozen pipes.Fumes and Gases-Fumes emitted from the welding process displace clean air and can result in injury or death.-Do not breathe in fumes emitted by the welding process. Make sure your breathing air is clean and safe.-Work only in a well-ventilated area or use a ventilation device to remove welding fumes from the environment where you will be working.-Do not weld on coated materials (galvanized, cadmium plated or containing zinc, mercury or barium). They will emit harmful fumes that are dangerous to breathe. If necessary use a ventilator, respirator with air supply or remove the coating from the material in the weld area.-The fumes emitted from some metals when heated are extremely toxic. Refer to the material safety data sheet for the manufacturer’s instructions.-Do not weld near materials that will emit toxic fumes when heated. Vapors from cleaners, sprays and degreasers can be highly toxic when heated.UV and IR Arc RaysThe welding arc produces ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) rays that can cause injury toyour eyes and skin. Do not look at the welding arc without proper eye protection.-Always use a helmet that covers your full face from the neck to top of head and to the back of each ear.-Use a lens that meets ANSI standards and safety glasses. For welders under 160 Amps output, use a shade 10 lens; for above 160 Amps, use a shade 12. Refer to the ANSI standard Z87.1 for more information.-Cover all bare skin areas exposed to the arc with protective clothing and shoes. Flame-retardant cloth or leather shirts, coats, pants or coveralls are available for protection.-Use screens or other barriers to protect other people from the arc rays emitted from your welding. -Warn people in your welding area when you are going to strike an arc so they can protect themselves.Fire HazardsDo not weld on containers or pipes that contain or have had flammable, gaseous or liquid combustibles in them. Welding creates sparks and heat that can ignite flammable and explosive materials.-Do not operate any electric arc welder in areas where flammable or explosive materials are present.-Remove all flammable materials within 35 feet of the welding arc. If removal is not possible, tightly cover them with fireproof covers.-Take precautions to ensure that flying sparks do not cause fires or explosions in hidden areas, cracks or areas you cannot see.-Keep a fire extinguisher close in the case of fire.-Wear garments that are oil-free with no pockets or cuffs that will collect sparks.-Do not have on your person any items that are combustible, such as lighters or matches.-Keep work lead connected as close to the weld area as possible to prevent any unknown, unintended paths of electrical current from causing electrical shock and fire hazards.-To prevent any unintended arcs, cut wire back to ¼" stick out after welding.Hot MaterialsWelded materials are hot and can cause severe burns if handled improperly.-Do not touch welded materials with bare hands.-Do not touch MIG gun nozzle after welding until it has had time to cool down.Sparks/Flying DebrisWelding creates hot sparks that can cause injury. Chipping slag off welds creates flying debris.-Wear protective apparel at all times: ANSI-approved safety glasses or shield, welder’s hat and ear plugs to keep sparks out of ears and hair.Electromagnetic Field-Electromagnetic fields can interfere with various electrical and electronic devices such as pacemakers.-Consult your doctor before using any electric arc welder or cutting device-Keep people with pacemakers away from your welding area when welding.-Do not wrap cable around your body while welding.-Wrap MIG gun and ground cable together whenever possible.-Keep MIG gun and ground cables on the same side of your body.Shielding Gas Cylinders Can ExplodeHigh pressure cylinders can explode if damaged, so treat them carefully.-Never expose cylinders to high heat, sparks, open flames, mechanical shocks or arcs.-Do not touch cylinder with MIG gun.-Do not weld on the cylinder-Always secure cylinder upright to a cart or stationary object.-Keep cylinders away from welding or electrical circuits.-Use the proper regulators, gas hose and fittings for the specific application.-Do not look into the valve when opening it.-Use protective cylinder cap whenever possible1.5 Proper Care, Maintenance and Repair-Always have power disconnected when working on internal components.- Do not touch or handle PC board without being properly grounded with a wrist strap. Put PC board in static proof bag to move or ship.-Do not put hands or fingers near moving parts such as drive rolls of fanUSE AND CARE∙Do not modify this unit in any way. Unauthorized modification may impair the function and/or safety and could affect the life of the equipment. There are specific applications for which this unit was designed.∙Always check of damaged or worn out parts before using this unit. Broken parts will affect the operation. Replace or repair damaged or worn parts immediately.∙Store idle. When this unit is not in use, store it in a secure place out of the reach of children.Inspect it for good working condition prior to storage and before re-use. SPECIFICATIONSDESCRIPTIONThe METAL MAN Heavy Duty Single/Dual Bottle Welding Cart is designed for multiple uses as a welding cart. First it can be used to hold portable wire welders, plasma cutters and TIG welders along with the bottle of shielding gas needed for that application. Its unique Cylinder rack allows you to configure it to carry one bottle of gas up to 10 inches in diameter and up to 300 cu. Ft.; or two separate bottles of gas up to 7-1/2 inches in diameter or 150 cu. Ft each.The second use for this welding cart could be to hold two separate welders or a welder and a plasma cutter. The bottom shelf has an 18 inch clearance, giving able space to store one unit on the top shelf and one unit on the bottom shelf. Two units, may require two bottles of shielding gas. Simply configure the cylinder rack to the dual bottle cylinder configuration.A third use for the Heavy Duty Single/Dual Bottle Welding Cart is as a power source and feeder cart. The bottom shelf has an 18 inch clearance, giving able space to store a smaller, inverter-based welding power source on the bottom shelf. The top shelf has ample space to fit a wire feeder. In addition, the top of the cylinder securement rack can be removed to accommodate the wire feeder spool holder and a large spool of wire.This cart’s top shelf is approximately 25inches from the floor, putting the machine controls at a comfortable operating height. A 20 inch wide base, 8 inch rear wheels, locking front casters, and fold down handle make this cart stable and easy to maneuver. This unit also has two sets of cable wraps to organize all the welding cables safely.CableWrapsCylinderRack8 InchWheelsFold DownHandleBottomShelfLockableFront CasterTYPICAL APPLICATIONS1.1 Portable Welder Cart1.2 Portable Welder Plus Plasma Cutter Cart (Dual Welder)1.3 Inverter Power Source & Feeder CartPortable with Single or Dual Cylinders Portable with Cylinder Rack Removed1.4 Single Cylinder Securement Dual Cylinder SecurementASSEMBLY1. On a flat surface, stand the two frame pieces up on their long side.2. Lay the bottom shelf lip up on top of the two frame pieces.3. Line up the pre-drilled holes in the bottom shelf with the pre-drilled holes in the long side ofone of the frame pieces.4. From the bottom of one frame piece, insert the threaded shaft of one caster, through thepre-drilled hole of the frame, then up through the pre-drilled hole of the bottom shelf.5. Secure caster with a flat washer, lock washer and nut.6. Repeat steps 3 through 5 using the other frame piece.7. Use 8 of the self-tapping screws to secure the bottom shelf to the frame using the pre-drilledholes in the bottom shelf and frame.8. Slide the axle through the pre-drilled axle clip on the bottom of the frame.9. Slide a wheel on each side.10. Secure each wheel with a flat washer and cotter pin.11. Find the top shelf.12. Align the pre-drilled holes in the top shelf with the pre-drilled holes in the frame pieces. Use4 self-tapping screws to secure the top shelf to the frame.13. Located the pre-drilled hole on the front left frame just under the top shelf. From the outsideof the frame, insert one of the clevis pins through the pre-drilled hole in the frame. Slide alatch and then a flat washer onto the open end of the clevis pin. Secure both with a cotterpin.14. Repeat the last step for the right side frame.15. Locate the other pre-drilled hole on the front left frame. From the outside of the frame, insertone of the clevis pins through the pre-drilled hole in the frame. Slide the pre-drilled hole inone end of the handle onto the clevis pin. Add a flat washer and secure with a cotter pin.16. Repeat the last step for the right side frame.17. Find one of the cable holders. Make note of the two pre-drilled mounting holes in the leftfront lip of the top shelf. Position the cable holder so the pre-drilled mounting holes in thecable holder align with the pre-drilled mounting holes in the lip of the top shelf. Position this cable holder so the opening goes to the front of the cart. Using a hex bolt, slide on a flatwasher and slide the bolt through the pre-drilled holes in the cable holder and into thematching pre-drilled holes in the top shelf. Secure with a flat washer, lock washer and Hex Nut. Repeat for the other mounting hole.18. Still on the left side of the cart, find the two pre-drilled mounting holes on the left back lip ofthe top shelf. Position the cable holder so the pre-drilled mounting holes in the cable holder align with the pre-drilled mounting holes in the lip of the top shelf. Position this cable holder so the opening goes to the back of the cart. Using a hex bolt, slide on a flat washer andslide the bolt through the pre-drilled holes in the cable holder and into the matchingpre-drilled holes in the top shelf. Secure with a flat washer, lock washer and Hex Nut.Repeat for the other mounting hole.19. Repeat the last two steps for the right side of the cart.20. Find one of the Cylinder Support Vertical Tubes. On the back left side of the cart frame,slide the small end of the Cylinder Support Vertical Tube into the square opening in the cart frame. Make certain the pre-drilled mounting holes in the Cylinder Support Vertical Tubematch up with the pre-drilled mounting holes in the square opening of the cart frame. Usinga long hex bolt, slide on a flat washer and slide the bolt through the pre-drilled holes in thecart frame and into the matching pre-drilled holes in the Cylinder Support Vertical Tubes.Secure with a flat washer, lock washer and Hex Nut. Repeat for the other mounting hole.Then repeat for the other side of the frame.21. Locate one of the Cylinder Support Brackets. After reviewing the Cylinder Support Bracket,you will see that it can be positioned and set up for a single cylinder or two cylinders.Choose the cylinder orientation you want and align the pre-drilled mounting holes with the pre-drilled mounting holes in the Cylinder Support Vertical Tubes. Using a long hex bolt, slide on a flat washer and slide the bolt through the pre-drilled holes in the Cylinder Support Vertical Tubes and into the matching pre-drilled holes in the Cylinder Support Bracket.Secure with a flat washer, lock washer and Hex Nut. Repeat for the other mounting hole.Then repeat for the other side of the Cylinder Support Vertical Tubes.22. Using the last Cylinder Support Bracket, find the matching mounting holes on the back ofthe two frame pieces. Using a long hex bolt, slide on a flat washer and slide the bolt through the pre-drilled holes in the cart frame and into the matching pre-drilled holes in the Cylinder Support Bracket. Secure with a flat washer, lock washer and Hex Nut. Repeat for the other mounting hole. Then repeat for the other side of the frame.23. Put the Gas Cylinder Retaining Chain in the open slots in the Cylinder Support Bracket. DIAGRAM & PARTS LISTFor replacement parts or technical questions, please contact our welder help line at 1-888-762-4045.Distributed byMETAL MAN WORK GEAR COMPANY1760 PROSPECT CT #120APPLETON WI 54914Made in China。
IEC-61854架空线.隔离层的要求和检验
NORMEINTERNATIONALECEI IEC INTERNATIONALSTANDARD 61854Première éditionFirst edition1998-09Lignes aériennes –Exigences et essais applicables aux entretoisesOverhead lines –Requirements and tests for spacersCommission Electrotechnique InternationaleInternational Electrotechnical Commission Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueurFor price, see current catalogue© IEC 1998 Droits de reproduction réservés Copyright - all rights reservedAucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite niutilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucunprocédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photo-copie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'éditeur.No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.International Electrotechnical Commission 3, rue de Varembé Geneva, SwitzerlandTelefax: +41 22 919 0300e-mail: inmail@iec.ch IEC web site http: //www.iec.chCODE PRIX PRICE CODE X– 2 –61854 © CEI:1998SOMMAIREPages AVANT-PROPOS (6)Articles1Domaine d'application (8)2Références normatives (8)3Définitions (12)4Exigences générales (12)4.1Conception (12)4.2Matériaux (14)4.2.1Généralités (14)4.2.2Matériaux non métalliques (14)4.3Masse, dimensions et tolérances (14)4.4Protection contre la corrosion (14)4.5Aspect et finition de fabrication (14)4.6Marquage (14)4.7Consignes d'installation (14)5Assurance de la qualité (16)6Classification des essais (16)6.1Essais de type (16)6.1.1Généralités (16)6.1.2Application (16)6.2Essais sur échantillon (16)6.2.1Généralités (16)6.2.2Application (16)6.2.3Echantillonnage et critères de réception (18)6.3Essais individuels de série (18)6.3.1Généralités (18)6.3.2Application et critères de réception (18)6.4Tableau des essais à effectuer (18)7Méthodes d'essai (22)7.1Contrôle visuel (22)7.2Vérification des dimensions, des matériaux et de la masse (22)7.3Essai de protection contre la corrosion (22)7.3.1Composants revêtus par galvanisation à chaud (autres queles fils d'acier galvanisés toronnés) (22)7.3.2Produits en fer protégés contre la corrosion par des méthodes autresque la galvanisation à chaud (24)7.3.3Fils d'acier galvanisé toronnés (24)7.3.4Corrosion causée par des composants non métalliques (24)7.4Essais non destructifs (24)61854 © IEC:1998– 3 –CONTENTSPage FOREWORD (7)Clause1Scope (9)2Normative references (9)3Definitions (13)4General requirements (13)4.1Design (13)4.2Materials (15)4.2.1General (15)4.2.2Non-metallic materials (15)4.3Mass, dimensions and tolerances (15)4.4Protection against corrosion (15)4.5Manufacturing appearance and finish (15)4.6Marking (15)4.7Installation instructions (15)5Quality assurance (17)6Classification of tests (17)6.1Type tests (17)6.1.1General (17)6.1.2Application (17)6.2Sample tests (17)6.2.1General (17)6.2.2Application (17)6.2.3Sampling and acceptance criteria (19)6.3Routine tests (19)6.3.1General (19)6.3.2Application and acceptance criteria (19)6.4Table of tests to be applied (19)7Test methods (23)7.1Visual examination (23)7.2Verification of dimensions, materials and mass (23)7.3Corrosion protection test (23)7.3.1Hot dip galvanized components (other than stranded galvanizedsteel wires) (23)7.3.2Ferrous components protected from corrosion by methods other thanhot dip galvanizing (25)7.3.3Stranded galvanized steel wires (25)7.3.4Corrosion caused by non-metallic components (25)7.4Non-destructive tests (25)– 4 –61854 © CEI:1998 Articles Pages7.5Essais mécaniques (26)7.5.1Essais de glissement des pinces (26)7.5.1.1Essai de glissement longitudinal (26)7.5.1.2Essai de glissement en torsion (28)7.5.2Essai de boulon fusible (28)7.5.3Essai de serrage des boulons de pince (30)7.5.4Essais de courant de court-circuit simulé et essais de compressionet de traction (30)7.5.4.1Essai de courant de court-circuit simulé (30)7.5.4.2Essai de compression et de traction (32)7.5.5Caractérisation des propriétés élastiques et d'amortissement (32)7.5.6Essais de flexibilité (38)7.5.7Essais de fatigue (38)7.5.7.1Généralités (38)7.5.7.2Oscillation de sous-portée (40)7.5.7.3Vibrations éoliennes (40)7.6Essais de caractérisation des élastomères (42)7.6.1Généralités (42)7.6.2Essais (42)7.6.3Essai de résistance à l'ozone (46)7.7Essais électriques (46)7.7.1Essais d'effet couronne et de tension de perturbations radioélectriques..467.7.2Essai de résistance électrique (46)7.8Vérification du comportement vibratoire du système faisceau/entretoise (48)Annexe A (normative) Informations techniques minimales à convenirentre acheteur et fournisseur (64)Annexe B (informative) Forces de compression dans l'essai de courantde court-circuit simulé (66)Annexe C (informative) Caractérisation des propriétés élastiques et d'amortissementMéthode de détermination de la rigidité et de l'amortissement (70)Annexe D (informative) Contrôle du comportement vibratoire du systèmefaisceau/entretoise (74)Bibliographie (80)Figures (50)Tableau 1 – Essais sur les entretoises (20)Tableau 2 – Essais sur les élastomères (44)61854 © IEC:1998– 5 –Clause Page7.5Mechanical tests (27)7.5.1Clamp slip tests (27)7.5.1.1Longitudinal slip test (27)7.5.1.2Torsional slip test (29)7.5.2Breakaway bolt test (29)7.5.3Clamp bolt tightening test (31)7.5.4Simulated short-circuit current test and compression and tension tests (31)7.5.4.1Simulated short-circuit current test (31)7.5.4.2Compression and tension test (33)7.5.5Characterisation of the elastic and damping properties (33)7.5.6Flexibility tests (39)7.5.7Fatigue tests (39)7.5.7.1General (39)7.5.7.2Subspan oscillation (41)7.5.7.3Aeolian vibration (41)7.6Tests to characterise elastomers (43)7.6.1General (43)7.6.2Tests (43)7.6.3Ozone resistance test (47)7.7Electrical tests (47)7.7.1Corona and radio interference voltage (RIV) tests (47)7.7.2Electrical resistance test (47)7.8Verification of vibration behaviour of the bundle-spacer system (49)Annex A (normative) Minimum technical details to be agreed betweenpurchaser and supplier (65)Annex B (informative) Compressive forces in the simulated short-circuit current test (67)Annex C (informative) Characterisation of the elastic and damping propertiesStiffness-Damping Method (71)Annex D (informative) Verification of vibration behaviour of the bundle/spacer system (75)Bibliography (81)Figures (51)Table 1 – Tests on spacers (21)Table 2 – Tests on elastomers (45)– 6 –61854 © CEI:1998 COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE––––––––––LIGNES AÉRIENNES –EXIGENCES ET ESSAIS APPLICABLES AUX ENTRETOISESAVANT-PROPOS1)La CEI (Commission Electrotechnique Internationale) est une organisation mondiale de normalisation composéede l'ensemble des comités électrotechniques nationaux (Comités nationaux de la CEI). La CEI a pour objet de favoriser la coopération internationale pour toutes les questions de normalisation dans les domaines de l'électricité et de l'électronique. A cet effet, la CEI, entre autres activités, publie des Normes internationales.Leur élaboration est confiée à des comités d'études, aux travaux desquels tout Comité national intéressé par le sujet traité peut participer. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec la CEI, participent également aux travaux. La CEI collabore étroitement avec l'Organisation Internationale de Normalisation (ISO), selon des conditions fixées par accord entre les deux organisations.2)Les décisions ou accords officiels de la CEI concernant les questions techniques représentent, dans la mesuredu possible un accord international sur les sujets étudiés, étant donné que les Comités nationaux intéressés sont représentés dans chaque comité d’études.3)Les documents produits se présentent sous la forme de recommandations internationales. Ils sont publiéscomme normes, rapports techniques ou guides et agréés comme tels par les Comités nationaux.4)Dans le but d'encourager l'unification internationale, les Comités nationaux de la CEI s'engagent à appliquer defaçon transparente, dans toute la mesure possible, les Normes internationales de la CEI dans leurs normes nationales et régionales. Toute divergence entre la norme de la CEI et la norme nationale ou régionale correspondante doit être indiquée en termes clairs dans cette dernière.5)La CEI n’a fixé aucune procédure concernant le marquage comme indication d’approbation et sa responsabilitén’est pas engagée quand un matériel est déclaré conforme à l’une de ses normes.6) L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente Norme internationale peuvent fairel’objet de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. La CEI ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et de ne pas avoir signalé leur existence.La Norme internationale CEI 61854 a été établie par le comité d'études 11 de la CEI: Lignes aériennes.Le texte de cette norme est issu des documents suivants:FDIS Rapport de vote11/141/FDIS11/143/RVDLe rapport de vote indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessus donne toute information sur le vote ayant abouti à l'approbation de cette norme.L’annexe A fait partie intégrante de cette norme.Les annexes B, C et D sont données uniquement à titre d’information.61854 © IEC:1998– 7 –INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION––––––––––OVERHEAD LINES –REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS FOR SPACERSFOREWORD1)The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprisingall national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.2)The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, aninternational consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested National Committees.3)The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the formof standards, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National Committees in that sense.4)In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC InternationalStandards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly indicated in the latter.5)The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for anyequipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subjectof patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. International Standard IEC 61854 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 11: Overhead lines.The text of this standard is based on the following documents:FDIS Report on voting11/141/FDIS11/143/RVDFull information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above table.Annex A forms an integral part of this standard.Annexes B, C and D are for information only.– 8 –61854 © CEI:1998LIGNES AÉRIENNES –EXIGENCES ET ESSAIS APPLICABLES AUX ENTRETOISES1 Domaine d'applicationLa présente Norme internationale s'applique aux entretoises destinées aux faisceaux de conducteurs de lignes aériennes. Elle recouvre les entretoises rigides, les entretoises flexibles et les entretoises amortissantes.Elle ne s'applique pas aux espaceurs, aux écarteurs à anneaux et aux entretoises de mise à la terre.NOTE – La présente norme est applicable aux pratiques de conception de lignes et aux entretoises les plus couramment utilisées au moment de sa rédaction. Il peut exister d'autres entretoises auxquelles les essais spécifiques décrits dans la présente norme ne s'appliquent pas.Dans de nombreux cas, les procédures d'essai et les valeurs d'essai sont convenues entre l'acheteur et le fournisseur et sont énoncées dans le contrat d'approvisionnement. L'acheteur est le mieux à même d'évaluer les conditions de service prévues, qu'il convient d'utiliser comme base à la définition de la sévérité des essais.La liste des informations techniques minimales à convenir entre acheteur et fournisseur est fournie en annexe A.2 Références normativesLes documents normatifs suivants contiennent des dispositions qui, par suite de la référence qui y est faite, constituent des dispositions valables pour la présente Norme internationale. Au moment de la publication, les éditions indiquées étaient en vigueur. Tout document normatif est sujet à révision et les parties prenantes aux accords fondés sur la présente Norme internationale sont invitées à rechercher la possibilité d'appliquer les éditions les plus récentes des documents normatifs indiqués ci-après. Les membres de la CEI et de l'ISO possèdent le registre des Normes internationales en vigueur.CEI 60050(466):1990, Vocabulaire Electrotechnique International (VEI) – Chapitre 466: Lignes aériennesCEI 61284:1997, Lignes aériennes – Exigences et essais pour le matériel d'équipementCEI 60888:1987, Fils en acier zingué pour conducteurs câblésISO 34-1:1994, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la résistance au déchirement – Partie 1: Eprouvettes pantalon, angulaire et croissantISO 34-2:1996, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la résistance au déchirement – Partie 2: Petites éprouvettes (éprouvettes de Delft)ISO 37:1994, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination des caractéristiques de contrainte-déformation en traction61854 © IEC:1998– 9 –OVERHEAD LINES –REQUIREMENTS AND TESTS FOR SPACERS1 ScopeThis International Standard applies to spacers for conductor bundles of overhead lines. It covers rigid spacers, flexible spacers and spacer dampers.It does not apply to interphase spacers, hoop spacers and bonding spacers.NOTE – This standard is written to cover the line design practices and spacers most commonly used at the time of writing. There may be other spacers available for which the specific tests reported in this standard may not be applicable.In many cases, test procedures and test values are left to agreement between purchaser and supplier and are stated in the procurement contract. The purchaser is best able to evaluate the intended service conditions, which should be the basis for establishing the test severity.In annex A, the minimum technical details to be agreed between purchaser and supplier are listed.2 Normative referencesThe following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publication of this standard, the editions indicated were valid. All normative documents are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.IEC 60050(466):1990, International Electrotechnical vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 466: Overhead linesIEC 61284:1997, Overhead lines – Requirements and tests for fittingsIEC 60888:1987, Zinc-coated steel wires for stranded conductorsISO 34-1:1994, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tear strength – Part 1: Trouser, angle and crescent test piecesISO 34-2:1996, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tear strength – Part 2: Small (Delft) test piecesISO 37:1994, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of tensile stress-strain properties– 10 –61854 © CEI:1998 ISO 188:1982, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Essais de résistance au vieillissement accéléré ou à la chaleurISO 812:1991, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de la fragilité à basse températureISO 815:1991, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Détermination de la déformation rémanente après compression aux températures ambiantes, élevées ou bassesISO 868:1985, Plastiques et ébonite – Détermination de la dureté par pénétration au moyen d'un duromètre (dureté Shore)ISO 1183:1987, Plastiques – Méthodes pour déterminer la masse volumique et la densitérelative des plastiques non alvéolairesISO 1431-1:1989, Caoutchouc vulcanisé ou thermoplastique – Résistance au craquelage par l'ozone – Partie 1: Essai sous allongement statiqueISO 1461,— Revêtements de galvanisation à chaud sur produits finis ferreux – Spécifications1) ISO 1817:1985, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de l'action des liquidesISO 2781:1988, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination de la masse volumiqueISO 2859-1:1989, Règles d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par attributs – Partie 1: Plans d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles lot par lot, indexés d'après le niveau de qualité acceptable (NQA)ISO 2859-2:1985, Règles d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par attributs – Partie 2: Plans d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles de lots isolés, indexés d'après la qualité limite (QL)ISO 2921:1982, Caoutchouc vulcanisé – Détermination des caractéristiques à basse température – Méthode température-retrait (essai TR)ISO 3417:1991, Caoutchouc – Détermination des caractéristiques de vulcanisation à l'aide du rhéomètre à disque oscillantISO 3951:1989, Règles et tables d'échantillonnage pour les contrôles par mesures des pourcentages de non conformesISO 4649:1985, Caoutchouc – Détermination de la résistance à l'abrasion à l'aide d'un dispositif à tambour tournantISO 4662:1986, Caoutchouc – Détermination de la résilience de rebondissement des vulcanisats––––––––––1) A publierThis is a preview - click here to buy the full publication61854 © IEC:1998– 11 –ISO 188:1982, Rubber, vulcanized – Accelerated ageing or heat-resistance testsISO 812:1991, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of low temperature brittlenessISO 815:1991, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of compression set at ambient, elevated or low temperaturesISO 868:1985, Plastics and ebonite – Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness)ISO 1183:1987, Plastics – Methods for determining the density and relative density of non-cellular plasticsISO 1431-1:1989, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Resistance to ozone cracking –Part 1: static strain testISO 1461, — Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated ferrous products – Specifications1)ISO 1817:1985, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of the effect of liquidsISO 2781:1988, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of densityISO 2859-1:1989, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes – Part 1: Sampling plans indexed by acceptable quality level (AQL) for lot-by-lot inspectionISO 2859-2:1985, Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes – Part 2: Sampling plans indexed by limiting quality level (LQ) for isolated lot inspectionISO 2921:1982, Rubber, vulcanized – Determination of low temperature characteristics –Temperature-retraction procedure (TR test)ISO 3417:1991, Rubber – Measurement of vulcanization characteristics with the oscillating disc curemeterISO 3951:1989, Sampling procedures and charts for inspection by variables for percent nonconformingISO 4649:1985, Rubber – Determination of abrasion resistance using a rotating cylindrical drum deviceISO 4662:1986, Rubber – Determination of rebound resilience of vulcanizates–––––––––1) To be published.。
flammability certifications
flammability certificationsIntroductionFlammability certifications play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of products. These certifications are used to assess the fire resistance and potential fire hazards of various materials and products. In this article, we will explore what flammability certifications are, why they are important, and the process involved in obtaining these certifications.Importance of Flammability CertificationsFlammability certifications are essential for several reasons. Firstly, they help protect public health and safety by ensuring that products meet certain fire safety standards. This is particularly important for products that are used in environments where fire hazards are prevalent, such as in buildings, vehicles, and electrical appliances.Secondly, flammability certifications provide a level of assurance to consumers that the products they purchase have been tested for fire safety. Being able to identify certified products allows consumers to make informed decisions and choose items that meet the required safety standards.Lastly, flammability certifications are necessary for compliance with legal and regulatory requirements. Many countries have specific regulations on the fire safety standards that products must meet. Obtaining the relevant certifications is often a legal requirement for manufacturers and importers before they can distribute and sell their products in the market.Types of Flammability CertificationsThere are various types of flammability certifications that are applicable to different industries and products. Some of the most common certifications include:1. UL 94UL 94 is a flammability standard primarily used for testing the flammability of plastic materials. It classifies materials intodifferent categories based on their burning behavior, such as V-0 (most flame-resistant), V-1, V-2, HB, and so on. Manufacturers and regulatory agencies often look for UL 94 certification to ensure the fire resistance of plastic components.2. NFPA 701NFPA 701 is a standard used for testing the flammability of textiles and fabrics. It provides a framework for evaluating the ignition resistance and flame spread characteristics of materials used in curtains, draperies, upholstery, and other related products. This certification is commonly required for textiles used in public spaces, such as hotels and theaters.3. FM ApprovalFM Approval is a certification provided by FM Global, an insurance company specializing in loss prevention services. It focuses on assessing the fire resistance of various products and systems, including roofing materials, electrical equipment, and industrial machinery. FM Approval ensures that products meet rigorous fire safety standards and are suitable for commercial and industrial applications.4. IEC 60695IEC 60695 is an international standard that specifies test methods for assessing the fire hazard of electrical and electronic products. It includes various tests, such as the glow-wire test, needle-flame test, and tracking test, to evaluate the fire resistance and safety of these products. Compliance with IEC 60695 is often a requirement forelectrical equipment manufacturers.Process of Obtaining Flammability CertificationsObtaining flammability certifications involves several steps and testing procedures. While the exact process may vary depending on the certification body and the specific certification being sought, the following general steps are typically involved:1.Application: The manufacturer or importer applies to a designatedcertification body or testing laboratory for the flammabilitycertification. The application includes providing relevant product information, such as material composition, intended use, andexisting test reports if available.2.Testing: The certification body or laboratory conducts a seriesof tests to evaluat e the product’s fire resistance andflammability characteristics. The specific tests depend on thetype of certification being sought.3.Evaluation: The test results are evaluated by experts todetermine whether the product meets the required flammabilitystandards and criteria. This evaluation may include a thoroughanalysis of the test data, physical inspections of the product,and reviews of supporting documentation.4.Certification Issuance: If the product successfully meets theflammability requirements, the certification body issues theflammability certification. This certification will typicallyinclude details such as the name of the manufacturer, the product description, and any limitations or conditions associated with the certification.5.Surveillance and Renewal: Flammability certifications often havea validity period. During this period, the certification body mayconduct regular surveillance tests and inspections to ensureongoing compliance. Manufacturers may also need to renew theircertifications periodically.ConclusionFlammability certifications are crucial for ensuring the safety and fire resistance of various products. They provide assurance to consumers, meet legal and regulatory requirements, and help protect public health and welfare. By understanding the importance of flammabilitycertifications and the process involved in obtaining them, manufacturers and consumers can make well-informed decisions about the safety of products they produce, purchase, or use.。
抗菌药物经验性治疗的原则
全球重视抗菌药 的合理应用
2011年世界卫生日主题
抵御耐药性— 今天不采取行动，明天就无药可用
过去多年抗生素应用变化 所带来的严重的耐药问题
G+球菌问题
肠球菌属 MRSA MRSE
G-杆菌问题
产ESBLs 克雷白菌属 大肠杆菌
万古霉素
使用增加
碳青霉烯类
使用增加 金属酶 卡巴配能酶
VRE VRSA VRSE
真菌感染
绿脓杆菌耐药 不动杆菌耐药
细菌耐药的临床对策
-Measures to Resistance
－寻找新的抗感染药物
－限制人以外(畜牧业)使用
-新药越来越少
-减少对人类的影响
－加强抗感染药物的临床管理
－合理使用抗感染药物 －加强医院感染的控制
抗菌药物经验性治疗的原则
临床药学科
抗感染药物发展简史
1929 1939
1942
Alexander Fleming 发现青霉素 Howard Florey 和 Ernst Chain分离获得青霉素，用于动物试验。
青霉素首次用于救治战伤患者，拯救了 许多人的生命
1950’s
大量抗生素用于临床。
A poster from World War II, dramatically showing the virtues of the new miracle drug, and representing the high level of motivation in the country to aid the health of the soldiers at war.
Meningitis
巴斯夫安全手册(中英文对照版)
巴斯夫公司安全手册HSE Page1我们相信实现安全、健康、环保是我们的思维模式，这种思维模式贯穿于我们的日常工作中。
虽然我们主订有制度并有相关的监督和检查，但是确保安全最有效的部分是您的积极参与和良好示范。
We believe that achievement in Safety,health and Environmental performance is a mindset, which begins daily and to be carried out through everything we do.There are procedures and there will be monitoring,auditing but the most effective component for ensuring Safety is your active attention and good example.由于安全必然会影响到项目的目标，所以每项任务都必须通过有效的计划、交流、协调、合作来安全地执行。
每位员工都要对自己的行为负责，同时监督安全制度在工作场所的执行情况。
任何危及安全的行为或状况都需要马上向您的主管报告。
一个安全的工作场所是每个人的目标。
我们殷切期望每个人都尽职尽责为自己和他人创造一个安全的工作场所。
As safety will invariably affect the project objective,it is imperative that every assigned task must be executed safety through effective planning,communication,co-ordination and co-operation.All members are accountable for his/her own behaviors and must observe the safety rules and instructions applicable to the workplace.Any unsafe act or condition should be reported promptly to your immediate supervisor.A safe place to work is the goal of everyone.You are urged to do your part in making the workplace as a safe area for yourself and others.请仔细阅读本手册中的规定。