郭著章 李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(大写、标点符号与英汉互译)
英汉互译实用教程 (郭著章) 第二章 翻译过程及词义确定 本章内容
英汉互译实用教程（郭著章）第二章翻译过程及词义确定本章内容概述：翻译过程:1. 理解原文2. 译文表达3. 校核阶段翻译过程：理解原文⏹1. 理解语言现象a.词汇现象b.语法现象⏹2.理解逻辑关系⏹3.理解所涉及事物理解原文：理解语言现象译者必须上下有联系地理解原文的词汇含义、句法结构和惯用法等理解原文：理解语言现象a.词汇现象：根据上下文确定词义⏹Eg.1. Life is full of ups and downs.人生充满了欢乐与痛苦。
⏹He has seen the ups and downs in the history of ⏹the relations between the two countries.⏹他经历了两国关系史上的分分合合。
a.词汇现象：根据上下文确定词义Eg. 2. The wedding ,which Heyward still remembered with pride ,was attended by a who's who of Boston Society.赫华德仍然记得，参加婚礼的人中有波士顿的一位社会名流，这使他感到十分得意。
a.词汇现象：根据上下文确定词义Eg.3. There was no lady about him. He was what the woman would call a manly man. That was why they like him.他这人没有一点女人气。
他是女人们称之为男子汉的那种人。
这正是他们喜欢他的原因所在。
a.词汇现象：根据上下文确定词义4. My handwriting was so bad that after taking dictation, I couldn’t translate it.辨识、辨认a.词汇现象：根据词性确定词义Eg.5. On his way home he bought some apples at a fruit stand.摊位他回家时，在路上的水果摊上买了些苹果。
郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第10、11章【圣才出品】
郭著章、李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第10、11章【圣才出品】第10章⼤写、标点符号与英汉互译⼀、将下列各条译成英语。
注意⼤⼩写1. 地中海中的岛屿和加那利群岛【答案】Mediterranean islands and Canary Islands2. 我准备去西部度假。
【答案】I am going to the West for my vacation.3. 基⾟格的⽗亲是个德国⼈。
【答案】Kissinger’s father is a German.4. 你提到的那座天主教堂和圣爱德华天主教堂不同。
【答案】hat Catholic church you mentioned is different from St.Edward’s Catholic Church.5. 《双城记》是狄更斯的⼀部⼩说，⽽《⼈⽣颂》是朗费罗的⼀⾸诗。
【答案】A Tale of Two Cities is a novel by Dickens and "The Psalm of Life" is a poem by Longfellow.⼆、翻译下列各条。
注意正确使⽤撇号1. ⽛医的诊所【答案】the dentist’s office2. 我表兄弟们的房⼦【答案】my cousins’ houses3. ⼥⼠们的帽⼦【答案】the ladies’ hats4. 琼斯⼀家的汽车【答案】the Joneses’ car5. 我⼏位嫂⼦的信件【答案】my sisters-in-law’s letters6. 五美元的价值【答案】five dollars’ worth7. 基⾟格和尼克松的计划【答案】Kiss inger and Nixon’s plan8. 尼克松和罗杰斯各⾃的计划【答案】Nixon’s and Rogers’s plans三、将下列句⼦译成汉语。
注意标点符号的使⽤1. The teacher said. “I will accept your excuse.”【答案】这位⽼师说：“我同意你的请假。
郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第1~6章【圣才出品】
郭著章、李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第1~6章【圣才出品】第1章翻译概述⼀、填空1. Yan Fu’s 3-word translation criteria are _____, _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance【解析】严复提出的翻译标准：信、达、雅。
2. Translation in China has a long history of some_____years.【答案】two thousand【解析】我国的翻译事业有约2000年的历史。
3. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, smoothness【解析】我国现今通⽤的两个翻译标准：“信”和“达”。
⼆、回答下列问题1. What is meant by translation?【答案】Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language, not only an art but also a science.2. What was Karl Marx fond of saying about the importance of a foreign language?【答案】Karl Marx was fond of saying: “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.”3. What are the prerequisites for a qualified translator?【答案】Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites:① a good command of the source language,② a good command of the target language,③ a wide range and scope of knowledge,④ a high political consciousness,⑤ a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.4. How to define the literal translation and the liberal translation?【答案】Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original almost without any change of word-order or sentence construction. Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word-order of the original.5. What do you think should be the criteria of translation?【答案】To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness, or even only one word: faithfulness.三、英译汉1. Source language and target language【答案】译出语和译⼊语2. the Oriental and Occidental languages 【答案】东⽅语⾔和西⽅语⾔3. Alexander Fraser Tyler【答案】亚历⼭⼤?弗雷泽?泰勒4. Georges Mounin【答案】乔治?穆南5. Feedorov【答案】费道罗夫6. Indu Dharmarakcha【答案】竺法护7. Kumara’3iva【答案】鸠摩罗什8. Paramartha(Gunarata)【答案】真谛/波罗末陀（拘那罗陀）【答案】利玛窦10. Euclid’s Elements【答案】《⼏何原本》11. La Dame aux Camelias【答案】《茶花⼥》12. A History of Politics(by E. Jenks)【答案】《社会通诠》（甄克思著）13. On Liberty(by J. S. Mill)【答案】《群⼰权界论》（约翰?穆勒著）14. An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations(by A.Smith) 【答案】原富》（亚当?斯密）15. Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays(by T. H. Huxley)【答案】《天演论》（赫胥黎）四、汉译英【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance2. “宁顺⽽不信。
英汉互译实用教程课程笔记
英汉互译实用教程课程笔记一翻译概论译者合格条件五条：1.外文水平高2.中文水平高3.知识面广4.政治觉悟较高5.熟悉基本的翻译技巧A brief introduction to the history of translation in chinaTranslation in china has a long history of about two thousand years. During the centuries, quite a number of world-famous translators in China appeared one after another and they made great contributions to China as well as to the world in the development of translation.See the following facts:1.The Eastern Han –the Northern and Southern Dynasties (25—581)China invited foreigners or the foreigners came to China by themselves to translate Buddhist Scripture. Among them were An Shigao （An Qing）from Persia (now Iran ), Indu Dharmarakcha and Kumarajiva form India.2.The Sui Dynasty (581—618) –the Tang Dynasty (618—907): Golden Age ofTranslation in Ancient China.Three giants in translating Buddhist Scripture appeared:1)Xuan Zang ( the Tang Dynasty )2)Kumarajiva (the Eastern Jin Dynasty ) 鸠摩罗什3)Paramatha (also called Gunarata ) ( N.& S. Dynasties) 真谛（波罗末他）3.The Ming Dynasty (1368—1644)Xu Guangqi ( 徐光启), a Chinese and M. Ricci,( 利玛窦) anItalian cotranslated Euclid’s Elements (or: Euclid’s Elementorum )4.The Qing Dynasty (1644—1911 )There were great translators like Yan Fu and Lin ShuLin Shu:1Camille ( or: La Dame aux Camelias) ( 《巴黎茶花女遗事》)2 Uncle Tom’s Cabin( 《黑奴吁天录》)3 David Copperfield( 《块肉余生述》)Yan Fu:1 Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays by T. H. Huxley (《天演论》)2 An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations by A. Smith(《原富》)3 On Liberty by J. S. Mill (《群己权界论》)4 A History of Politics by E. Jenks (《社会通诠》)习题1.Yan Fu‘s 3-word translation criteria are faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.（严氏三字真言）2. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today arefaithfulness and smoothness.3. Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written orsaid in another language, not only an art but also a science. (what is meant by translation?)4. Karl Marx was fond of saying: ―A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle oflife.‖5. Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites：1 a good command of the source language,2 a good command of the target language,3 a wide range and scope of knowledge,4 a high political consciousness,5 a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.6. To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulnessand smoothness, or even only one word：faithfulness. (what do you think should be the criteria of translation？) （faithfulness 更重要）“宁顺而不信。
郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第3、4章【圣才出品】
郭著章、李庆⽣《英汉互译实⽤教程》（第3版）课后习题及详解-第3、4章【圣才出品】第3章翻译常⽤的⼋种技巧⼀、翻译下列各段。
注意翻译术语的适当运⽤，尤其是有关翻译技巧的定义1. There are in the main eight techniques and principles in translation, either from English into Chinese or from Chinese into English. They are: diction, amplification, omission, conversion, inversion, negation, division and repetition.【答案】不管是英译汉还是汉译英，主要有⼋条翻译技巧(和原则)，即选词⽤字法，增译法，减译法，词类转移法，词序调整法，正说反译法、反说正译法，分译法和重译法。
2. By “diction” we mean proper “choice of words” in translation on the bas is of accurate comprehension of the original.【答案】所谓“选词⽤字法”，就是在正确理解原⽂的基础上适当地选择词语。
3. Repetition is useful chiefly for clearness, which is of course the first quality to be acquired in a discourse. Secondly, words are repeated also for the sake of emphasis or force, which is another important quality in expression. Lastly, repetition will give life to the discourse and make it more attractive.【答案】重译法之所以有⽤，第⼀是它可使译⽂明确(明确是衡量语⾔质量的第⼀个标准)；第⼆是为了强调，使语⾔有⼒(这是衡量语⾔质量的另⼀重要标准)；第三是为了使译⽂⽣动形象，引⼈⼈胜。
郭著章 李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(文化与翻译)【圣才出品】
第8章文化与翻译8.1 复习笔记第1节概述一、文化概念1. 广义文化广义论者认为：文化是个几乎无所不包的大范围、大概念，既有属于物质领域的，也有属于意识形态领域的。
据此广义定义，美国著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达将语言文化特性分为五类：(1) Ecology生态学；(2) Material Culture物质文化；(3) Social Culture社会文化；(4) Religious Culture宗教文化；(5) Linguistic Culture语言文化。
2. 狭义文化狭义论者却认为文化只指精神文明，这是中外大多数人比较一致的看法。
二、翻译与文化关系1. 任何翻译都离不开文化。
历来有经验的译者或翻译研究者都比较注意文化与翻译的关系。
2.在学习一种语言的过程中认真研究与该语言相关联的文化，大量的文化信息可以等值传递，这就是两种文化共性的东西。
与两种文化的差异相联的内容构成了翻译中的难题，这种难题任何译者都会经常遇到。
第2节大众审美心理与广告翻译一、大众审美心理与广告翻译的关系审美心理是一种综合的文化意识，涉及到政治观点、宗教观念、生活方式和风俗习惯等各个方面，大众审美心理更是如此；而广告又是一种面对大众的重要宣传手段，本身就是一种重要的社会文化，它不仅要遵循社会文化习惯和投合大众审美心理，而且在影响和形成社会文化和审美心理方面起着重要作用。
二、翻译方法1. 熟悉外族文化，了解异域人民审美心理；否则的话，就会在出口商品的商标翻译中出现败笔。
如：“蜜蜂”牌洗澡香皂被直译为“Bees”，看来也是完全对应的英译，但英文读者却不欢迎这个译名，因为蜜蜂身上有几乎看不见的绒刺，擦在身上自然感觉不到舒服。
2. 为向译文读者忠实地转达原文信息，有时要作适当的文化转换。
如：“玉兔”这一商标为什么英译成“Moon Rabbit”而不译成“Jade Rabbit”?原因在于：“玉兔”乃我国神话中陪伴吴刚生活在月宫桂花树下的兔子，因此，它又成为月的代称。
郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》(第3版)课后习题及详解-第1、2章【圣才出品】
第1章翻译概述一、填空1. Yan Fu’s 3-word translation criteria are _____, _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance【解析】严复提出的翻译标准：信、达、雅。
2. Translation in China has a long history of some_____years.【答案】two thousand【解析】我国的翻译事业有约2000年的历史。
3. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today are _____and_____.【答案】faithfulness, smoothness【解析】我国现今通用的两个翻译标准：“信”和“达”。
二、回答下列问题1. What is meant by translation?【答案】Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language, not only an art but also a science.2. What was Karl Marx fond of saying about the importance of a foreign language?【答案】Karl Marx was fond of saying: “A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.”3. What are the prerequisites for a qualified translator?【答案】Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites:① a good command of the source language,② a good command of the target language,③ a wide range and scope of knowledge,④ a high political consciousness,⑤ a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.4. How to define the literal translation and the liberal translation?【答案】Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original almost without any change of word-order or sentence construction. Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word-order of the original.5. What do you think should be the criteria of translation?【答案】To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulness and smoothness, or even only one word: faithfulness.三、英译汉1. Source language and target language【答案】译出语和译入语2. the Oriental and Occidental languages 【答案】东方语言和西方语言3. Alexander Fraser Tyler【答案】亚历山大•弗雷泽•泰勒4. Georges Mounin【答案】乔治•穆南5. Feedorov【答案】费道罗夫6. Indu Dharmarakcha【答案】竺法护7. Kumara’3iva【答案】鸠摩罗什8. Paramartha(Gunarata)【答案】真谛/波罗末陀（拘那罗陀）【答案】利玛窦10. Euclid’s Elements【答案】《几何原本》11. La Dame aux Camelias【答案】《茶花女》12. A History of Politics(by E. Jenks)【答案】《社会通诠》（甄克思著）13. On Liberty(by J. S. Mill)【答案】《群己权界论》（约翰•穆勒著）14. An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations(by A.Smith) 【答案】原富》（亚当•斯密）15. Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays(by T. H. Huxley)【答案】《天演论》（赫胥黎）四、汉译英【答案】faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance2. “宁顺而不信。
郭著章、李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》(第3版)-翻译练笔材料及详解【圣才出品】
附录翻译练笔材料及详解一、英文短篇1A faint whinny, ①penetrating her dreams, woke the little girl on the veranda. When she opened her eyes it was still not quite light and the tall gums crowding the steep rise to the road ②loomed up darkly over the house, only leaving a pale strip of sky. ③Dew lay heavy on everything -the bark woodshed, the wheelbarrow by the stump, the bracken on the edge of the bush. From the spouting trickled beads of water, dimming the flywire that netted the veranda.Warm in her blankets, the little girl looked drowsily up at ④the dark shape that always frightened her at bedtime; it had the beard and hunched shoulders of an old man and stretched out a dead hand. Now, in the growing light, it was only a tree, no different from the other trees. Noises were beginning to seep through the woolly mist -⑤the yellow robin’s plucked string, clop-clop and jingle of a farmer’s cart on the road above, snort of the pony that was always brought into the paddock near the house at night-time.【参考译文】一阵轻微的马嘶声①闯进了睡在阳台上的小妞的梦乡，把她惊醒了。
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第10章大写、标点符号与英汉互译10.1 复习笔记第1节大写与翻译一、英文大写的最常用规则1. 历史上的事件、时期和文件。
如：美国的“南北战争”为“Civil War”。
2. 商品的牌子名称。
如：飞鸽牌自行车Flying—Pigeon bicycle，可口可乐Coca Cola。
3. 星期名、月份、假日。
如：星期一Monday，三月March，国庆日National Day。
4. 人名和地名，即数量最多的专有名词。
如：邓小平Deng Xiaoping，莎士比亚Shakespeare，伦敦London。
5. 标题与书名等专名中的实词与两个音节及其以上的虚词。
如：《为人民服务》“Serve the People”，《双城记》A Tale of Two Cities，《无事生非》Much Ado About Nothing。
6. 圣经中关于上帝的名词与代词。
如：God，Lord，Christ，Jesus，He，Him，Himself 和His。
7. 职称、头衔和亲属关系称呼用在人名前头时。
如：王力教授Professor Wang Li，史密斯博士Dr. Smith。
8. 机关、学校、建筑物和商业机构的名称。
如：教育部Education Ministry，武汉大学Wuhan University，人民大会堂the Great Hall of the People。
9. 种族、国籍、语言和宗教方面的词语。
如：黑人Black People或Negro，意大利人Italian，中国籍(中国人或中国人的)Chinese，汉语Chinese天主教Catholic，新教徒Protestant。
10. 其他一切有特殊含义的词语，包括一句或一信的开头词、诗行的开头词、直接引语的开头词、强调词语等，和前9条中所说的词语一样，其首字母或全部字母必须大写。
如：(1) 他爱国。
He loves his motherland.(2) 亲爱的先生：Dear Sir，(3) (诗句)听!那山谷深深，/充满了她歌唱的清音。
O listen! for the vale profound/Is overflowing with the sound.第2节汉译英与标点一、汉语标点符号汉语书面语中共有l6种标点符号，它们是：l. 句号(。
)2. 问号(?)3. 叹号(!)4. 逗号(，)5. 顿号(、)6. 分号(；)7. 冒号(：)8. 引号(“”)9. 括号(( ))10. 破折号(—)11. 省略号( (12)着重号(. )13. 连接号(-)14. 间隔号(·)15. 书名号(《》)16. 专名号(____)要正确地使用标点符号，记清它们的位置亦非常重要。
《标点符号用法》对每种符号的位置也作了明确规定：“句号、问号、叹号、逗号、顿号、分号和冒号都是占一个字的位置，通常不出现在一行之首。
引号、括号、书名号的前一半不出现在一行之末，后一半不出现在一行之首。
破折号和省略号都占两个字的位置，中间不能断开。
连接号和间隔号一般占一个字的位置。
在书写和印刷时，这四种符号上下居中。
着重号、专名号和浪线式书名号标在字的下边。
”例：1. 我的心禁不住悲凉起来了。
(鲁迅《故乡》)I could not help feeling depressed.2. 啊！这不是我二十年来时时记得的故乡？(鲁迅《故乡》)Ah! Surely this was not the old home I had been remembering for the past twenty years?3. ①敬爱的×××同志永垂不朽!Eternal glory to esteemed and beloved Comrade×××!②“出去！你们全都出去！”秀云发出了命令。
(周克芹《许茂和他的女儿们》)“Clear out，all of you!” Xiuyun ordered.二、标点符号译法1. 句号除了句号，汉语句号可以译成英语的①逗号，②连词，③逗号加连词，等等。
如：①有时候，炮弹像雷暴雨般地倾泻下来。
房屋、树木、花草、大地上的一切，都在发着颤抖。
(吴强《红日》)Sometimes the shells poured down like a thunderstorm, and the houses, the trees, the grass and everything else in the countryside quivered.②太阳刚刚下了地平线。
软风一阵一阵地吹上人面，怪痒痒的。
(茅盾《子夜》)The sun had just sunk below the horizon and a gentle breeze caressed one’s face.③在1300年前，已经发明了刻版印刷。
在800年前，便发明了活字印刷。
Block printing was invented l 300 years a90,and movable type 800 years ago.2. 问号问号要译成问号。
3. 叹号除了叹号，在别的情况下，叹号也有不译成叹号的，其中译成句号的情况居多，作这种标点转换时，译者通常通过词汇手段表达叹号的含义。
如：①我不管！谁收了人家的东西谁跟人家走！(赵树理《小二黑结婚》)I don’t have any part of them. If you want his things, you marry him.②这些快板是多么真实，多么畅快，多么锋利啊！The rhymes tell the true situation naturally and trenchantly.4. 逗号除了逗号，逗号还可以译成①句号，②破折号，等等。
如：①黑漆漆的，不知是日是夜。
(鲁迅《狂人日记》)Pitch dark. I don’t know whether it is day or night.②他现在跑到几百里外……冒雨走路的劲头，就是同那天上讲台讲话的劲头相联系的。
(柳青《创业史》)Now here he was several hundred li from home, striding through the rain with vigour—a vigour stemming from that same enthusiasm which had possessed him the day he mounted the conference platform.5. 顿号在汉译英中，顿号基本上都是译成逗号的，这主要是因为英语中无顿号，而英语的逗号和汉语的顿号和逗号所表示的含义基本相同。
如：①棉花、油料、大豆、丝、茶、黄麻、甘蔗、水果等项指标，请你们提出计划数字，待商。
(《毛泽东选集》五卷，262页)As for cotton, oil-bearing crops, soya beans, silks, tea, jute, sugar-cane, fruit and other items, please suggest a quota for each item for discussion.②和尚捧出茶盘——云片糕、红枣和些瓜子、豆腐干、栗子、杂色糖，摆了两桌，尊夏老爹坐在首席，斟上茶来。
(吴敬梓《儒林外史》)The monk then brought out tea, sugar wafers, dates, melon seeds, dried bean curd, chestnuts and assorted sweets. He spread two tables, and invited Village Head Xia to sit at the head. Then he poured out tea for them.6. 分号分号译成句号，这是汉译英中比较常见的情况，除此之外，分号还可转换成逗号加连词。
如：①中秋过后，秋风是一天凉比一天，看看将近初冬；我整天靠着火，也穿上棉袄了。
(鲁迅《孔乙己》)After the Mid-Autumn Festival the wind grew colder every day, and winter was approaching. Even though I spent all my time by the stove. I had to wear my padded jacket.②秦老慌忙叫儿子烹茶、杀鸡、煮肉款留他；就要王冕相陪。
(吴敬梓《儒林外史》)old Qin hastily called his son to make tea, kill a chicken and cook some meat to help entertain the guest, and asked Wang Mian to accompany them.7. 冒号冒号译成句号，这是汉译英中可见的情况。
另外，冒号有时也可译成连词。
①但是我们有一点儿不明白：我常常省下自己的零用，给洋车夫、给乞丐，我喜欢帮助穷人。
(杨沫《青春之歌》)…but still I don’t altogether understand. I often saved my pocket-moneyto give to ricksha. men and beggars. I like helping the poor.②可是，二十多天以后，张家发带给了节振国一个喜出望外的好消息：刘玉兰被放出来了。
(王火《赤胆忠心》)Then，some twenty days later，quite beyond his fondest hope，Zhang Jiafa brought him the joyful tidings that his wife had been set free.8. 引号引号译成引号，是汉译英中一贯的情况。
9. 括号。