建筑与环境设备工程外文翻译
Building Envelopes Putting Up Barriers To Air Leaks外文翻译
建筑围护结构：对空气泄露设置障碍所有建筑物都漏气。
建筑物之间的区别是空气泄漏量。
对一栋建筑来说，通过墙壁，屋顶，窗户等建筑维护结构的空气渗入和漏出是不确定的，这是受漏水，墙壁内侧凝结，通风良好的内部条件，不同的室内温度，能量损耗，机械系统的过度劳累等因素影响的。
如果建筑围护结构不是被设计的能够承受空气泄漏，这些问题就可能发生。
虽然空气障碍是许多应用的设想，但该系统必须是完整的，才能保证其功能性和可靠性。
风向空气泄漏的方向通常是根据流动的方向来分类的。
空气渗入是空气从外部转向内部，而空气漏出是空气在相反的方向移动。
围护结构每一侧不同的空气压力引起通过围护结构的空气运动。
一项或多项下列因素造成空气压力差。
机械系统。
无论是有意还是无意，大多数机械系统是不均衡的，那里的空气供应量等于排风量。
根据不同的配置，机械系统可能会导致正压，在那里空气被推出，或负压，在那里空气被压进。
风。
在建筑物上吹动的风可以产生多种影响，这取决于在建筑物的哪一侧。
在这风侧吹，墙上将产生负压。
在相反侧和屋顶的风引起正压。
烟囱效应。
在超高层建筑更加突出，烟囱效应因暖空气上升而诱发，并会造成不同的压力。
在较低的楼层，负压力会存在，而上部楼层将经历正压。
漏气的影响根据气流的方向和其他的环境因素，漏气会引起多种问题，包括以下这些。
漏水。
技术人员通过使用各种组件和防雨板系统可以解决水从墙表面跑下来的问题，以防止内部泄漏，破坏了墙面。
但是，当空气渗入也发生时，从墙面流下的水可能通过围护结构被拉向内部空间。
虽然它可以发生在一个围护结构的任何地方，但是最典型的由空气渗入造成漏水情况发生的是在玻璃系统。
在框架系统中水滴可以在玻璃贮存器中排掉，并且结构中的非密封条件和内部玻璃垫片提供了室内空气流动的路径。
凝聚。
可容纳被相对湿度量化的水分数量是根据温度确定的。
暖空气比冷空气可以容纳更多的水分。
当给定的空气在含湿量不变而温度迅速下降时，空气达到饱和时的温度被定义为露点温度。
普通高等学校本科专业目录和专业介绍
普通高等学校本科专业目录和专业介绍(摘录)长江大学工程技术学院教学事务部2009年5月05 学科门类:文学0502 外国语言文学类学科:文学门类:外国语言文学类专业名称:英语专业代码:050201业务培养目标:本专业培养具有扎实的英语语言基础和比较广泛的科学文化知识，能在外事、经贸、文化、新闻出版、教育、科研、旅游等部门从事翻译、研究、教学、管理工作的英语高级专门人才。
业务培养要求:本专业学生主要学习英语语言、文学、历史、政治、经济、外交、社会文化等方面基本理论和基本知识，受到英语听、说、读、写、译等方面的良好的技巧训练，掌握-定的科研方法，具有从事翻译、研究、教学、管理工作的业务水平及较好的素质和较强能力。
毕业生应获得以下几方面的知识和能力:1(了解我国有关的方针、政策、法规;2(掌握语言学、文学及相关人文和科技方面的基础知识;3(具有扎实的英语语言基础和较熟练的听、说、读、写、译的能力;4(了解我国国情和英语国家的社会和文化;5(具有第二外国语的一定的实际应用能力;6(掌握文献检索、资料查询的基本方法，具有初步科学研究和实际工作能力。
主干学科:外国语言文学主要课程:基础英语、高级英语、报刊选读、视听、口语、英语写作、翻译理论与实践、语言理论、语言学概论、主要英语国家文学史及文学作品选读、主要英语国家国情。
修业年限:四年授予学位:文学学士07 学科门类:理学0703 化学类学科:理学门类:化学类专业名称:应用化学专业代码:070302业务培养目标:本专业培养具备化学的基本理论、基本知识相较强的实验技能，能在科研机构、高等学校及企事业单位等从事科学研究、教学工作及管理丁作的高级专门人才。
业务培养要求:本专业学生主要学习化学方面的基础知识、基本理论、基本技能以及相关的工程技术知识，受到基础研究和应用基础研究方面的科学思维和科学实验训练，具有较好的科学素养，具备运用所学知识和实验技能进行应用研究、技术开发和科技管理的基本技能。
建环毕业翻译(中英文对照)
本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译专业名称：建筑环境与设备工程年级班级：xxx学生姓名：xx指导教师：xxxx河南理工大学土木工程学院二○一二年六月十日毕业设计外文翻译英文：How Air Conditioners Work and energy conservationtechnology researchAbstract：An air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. It uses the evaporation of a refrigerant, like Freon, to provide cooling. The mechanics of the Freon evaporation cycle are the same in a refrigerator as in an air conditioner.Keywords：water towers 、weather-resistant、compressor、energy conservation When the temperature outside begins to climb, many people seek the cool comfort of indoor air conditioning. Like water towers and power lines, air conditioners are one of those things that we see every day but seldom pay much attention to. Wouldn't it be nice to know how these indispensable machines work their magic? In this article, we will examine air conditioners -- from small to huge -- so you know more about what you're seeing!The Many Faces of CoolAir conditioners come in various sizes, cooling capacities and prices. One type that we see all the time is the window air conditioner.Window air conditioners are an easy and economical way to cool a small area. Most people who live in suburban areas usually have one of these in their backyard: If you live in an apartment complex, this is probably a familiar sight: Most businesses and office buildings have condensing units on their roofs, and as you fly into any airport you notice that warehouses and malls may have 10 or 20 condensing units hidden on their roofs:And then if you go around back at many hospitals, universities and office complexes, you find large cooling towers that are connected to the air conditioning system:Even though each of these machines has a pretty distinct look, they all work on the same principles. Let's take a closer look.The Basic IdeaAn air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. It uses the evaporation of a refrigerant, like Freon, to provide cooling. The mechanics of the Freon evaporation cycle are the same in a refrigerator as in an air conditioner. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, the term Freon is generically "used for any of various conditioner. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, the term Freon is generically "used for any of various nonflammable fluorocarbons used as refrigerants and as propellants for aerosols."This is how the evaporation cycle in an air conditioner works (See How Refrigerators Work for complete details on this cycle):1.The compressor compresses cool Freon gas, causing it to become hot,high-pressure Freon gas (red in the diagram above).2.This hot gas runs through a set of coils so it can dissipate its heat, and it condenses into a liquid.3.The Freon liquid runs through an expansion valve, and in the process it evaporates to become cold, low-pressure Freon gas (light blue in the diagram above).4.This cold gas runs through a set of coils that allow the gas to absorb heat and cool down the air inside the building.Mixed in with the Freon is a small amount of a light weight oil. This oil lubricates the compressor.Window UnitsA window air conditioner unit implements a complete air conditioner in a small space. The units are made small enough to fit into a standard window frame. Youclose the window down on the unit, plug the unit in and turn it on to get cool air. If you take the cover off of an unplugged window unit, you will find that it contains:A compressorAn expansion valveA hot coil (on the outside)A chilled coil (on the inside)A control unitThe fans blow air over the coils to improve their ability to dissipate heat (to the outside air) and cold (to the room being cooled).BTU and EERMost air conditioners have their capacity rated in British thermal units (BTU). Generally speaking, a BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound (0.45 kg) of water 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.56 degrees Celsius). Specifically, 1 BTU equals 1,055 joules. In heating and cooling terms, 1 "ton" equals 12,000 BTU.A typical window air conditioner might be rated at 10,000 BTU. For comparison, a typical 2,000-square-foot (185.8 m2) house might have a 5-ton (60,000-BTU) air conditioning system, implying that you might need perhaps 30 BTU per square foot. (Keep in mind that these are rough estimates. To size an air conditioner for your specific needs, contact an HV AC contractor.)The energy efficiency rating (EER) of an air conditioner is its BTU rating over its wattage. For example, if a 10,000-BTU air conditioner consumes 1,200 watts, its EER is 8.3 (10,000 BTU/1,200 watts). Obviously, you would like the EER to be as high as possible, but normally a higher EER is accompanied by a higher price.Is the higher EER is worth it?Let's say that you have a choice between two 10,000-BTU units. One has an EER of 8.3 and consumes 1,200 watts, and the other has an EER of 10 and consumes 1,000 watts. Let's also say that the price difference is $100. To understand what thepayback period is on the more expensive unit, you need to know:1.Approximately how many hours per year you will be operating the unit2.How much a kilowatt-hour (kWh) costs in your areaLet's say that you plan to use the air conditioner in the summer (four months a year) and it will be operating about six hours a day. Let's also imagine that the cost in your area is $0.10/kWh. The difference in energy consumption between the two units is 200 watts, which means that every five hours the less expensive unit will consume 1 additional kWh (and therefore $0.10 more) than the more expensive unit.Assuming that there are 30 days in a month, you find that during the summer you are operating the air conditioner:Since the more expensive unit costs $100 more that means that it will take about seven years for the more expensive unit to break even.See this page for a great explanation of seasonal energy efficiency rating (SEER).Split-system UnitsA split-system air conditioner splits the hot side from the cold side of the system。
建筑类外文翻翻译---环境变化影响下的建筑学
Architecture in a Climate of Change （H）Page52-Page62Low energy techniques for housingIt would appear that,for the industrialised countries,the best chance of rescue lies with the built environment because buildings in use or in the course of erection are the biggest single indirect source of carbon emissions generated by burning fossil fuels,accounting for over 50 per cent of total emissions.If you add the transport costs generated by buildings the UK government estimate is 75 per cent.It is the built environment which is the sector that can most easily accommodate fairly rapid change without pain.In fact,upgrading buildings, especially the lower end of the housing stock,creates a cluster of interlocking virtuous circles. Construction systemsHaving considered the challenge presented by global warming and the opportunities to generate fossil-free energy,it is now time to consider how the demand side of the energy equation can respond to that challenge.The built environment is the greatest sectoral consumer of energy and,within that sector,housing is in pole position accounting for 28 per cent of all UK carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.In the UK housing has traditionally been of masonry and since the early 1920s this has largely been of cavity construction.The purpose was to ensure that a saturated external leaf would have no physical contact with the inner leaf apart from wall ties and that water would be discharged through weep holes at the damp-proof course level.Since the introduction of thermal regulations,initially deemed necessary to conserve energy rather than the planet,it has been common practice to introduce insulation into the cavity.For a long time it was mandatory to preserve a space within the cavity and a long rearguard battle was fought by the traditionalists to preserve this‘sacred space’.Defeat was finally conceded when some extensive research by the Building Research Establishment found that there was no greater risk of damp penetration with filled cavities and in fact damp through condensation was reduced.Solid masonry walls with external insulation are common practice in continental Europe and are beginning to make an appearance in the UK.In Cornwall the Penwith Housing Association has built apartments of this construction on the sea front, perhaps the most challenging of situations.The advantages of masonry construction are:● It is a tried and tested technology familiar to house building companies of all sizes.● It is durable and generally risk free as regards catastrophic failure–though not entirely.A few years ago the entire outer leaf of a university building in Plymouth collapsed due to the fact that the wall ties had corroded.● Exposed brickwork is a low maintenance system; maintenance demands rise considerably if it receives a rendered finish.● From the energy efficiency point of view,masonry homes have a relatively high thermal mass which is considerably improved if there are high density masonry internal walls and concrete floors.Framed constructionV olume house builders are increasingly resorting to timber-framed construction with a brick outer skin,making them appear identical to full masonry construction.The attraction is the speed of erection especially when elements are fabricated off site. However,there is an unfortunate history behind this system due to shortcomings in quality control.This can apply to timber which has not been adequately cured or seasoned.Framed buildings need to have a vapour barrier to walls as well as roofs. With timber framing it is difficult to avoid piercing the barrier.There can also be problems achieving internal fixings.For the purist,the ultimate criticism is that it is illogical to have a framed building clad in masonry when it cries out for a panel,boarded,slate or tile hung external finish.Pressed steel frames for homes are now being vigorously promoted by the steel industry.The selling point is again speed of erection but with the added benefit of a guaranteed quality in terms of strength and durability of the material.From the energy point of view,framed buildings can accommodate high levels of insulation but have relatively poor thermal mass unless this is provided by floors and internal walls.Innovative techniquesPermanent Insulation Formwork Systems (PIFS) are beginning to make an appearance in Britain.The principle behind PIFS is the use of precision moulded interlocking hollow blocks made from an insulation material,usually expanded polystyrene.They can be rapidly assembled on site and then filled with pump grade concrete.When the concrete has set the result is a highly insulated wall ready for the installation of services and internal and exterior finishes.They can achieve a U-value as low as 0.11 W/m2K.Above three storeys the addition of steel reinforcement is necessary.The advantages of this system are:● Design flexibility; almost any plan shape is possible.● Ease and speed of erection;skill requirements are modest which is why it has proved popular with the self-build sector.Experienced erectors can achieve 5 m2 per man hour for erection and placement of concrete.● The finished product has high structural strength together with considerable thermal mass and high insulation value.Solar designPassive solar designSince the sun drives every aspect of the climate it is logical to describe the techniques adopted in buildings to take advantage of this fact as‘solar design’. The most basic response is referred to as‘passive solar design’.In this case buildings are designed to take full advantage of solar gain without any intermediate operations.Access to solar radiation is determined by a number of conditions:● the sun’s position relative to the principal facades of the building(solar altitude and azimuth);● site orientation and slope;● existing obstructions on the site;● potential for overshadowing from obstructions outside the site boundary.One of the methods by which solar access can be evaluated is the use of some form ofsun chart.Most often used is the stereographic sun chart in which a series of radiating lines and concentric circles allow the position of nearby obstructions to insolation,such as other buildings,to be plotted.On the same chart a series of sun path trajectories are alsodrawn(usually one arc for the 21st day of each month); also marked are the times of the day.The intersection of the obstructions’outlines and the solar trajectories indi cate times of transition between sunlight and shade. Normally a different chart is constructed for use at different latitudes (at about two degree intervals).Sunlight and shade patterns cast by the proposed building itself should also be considered.Graphical and computer prediction techniques may be employed as well as techniques such as the testing of physical models with a heliodon.Computer modelling of shadows cast by the sun from any position is offered by Integrated Environmental Solutions (IES) with its‘Suncast’program.This is a user-friendly program which should be well within normal undergraduate competence.The spacing between buildings is important if overshading is to be avoided during winter months when the benefit of solar heat gain reaches its peak.On sloping sites there is a critical relationship between the angle of slope and the level of overshading.For example, if overshading is to be avoided at a latitude of 50 N,rows of houses on a 10 north-facing slope must be more than twice as far apart than on10 south-facing slope.Trees can obviously obstruct sunlight.However,if they are deciduous,they perform the dual function of permitting solar penetration during the winter whilst providing a degree of shading in the summer.Again spacing between trees and buildings is critical.Passive solar design can be divided into three broad categories:● direct gain;● indirect gain;● attached sunspace or conservatory.Each of the three categories relies in a different way on the‘greenhouse effect’ as a means of absorbing and retaining heat.The greenhouse effect in buildings is that process which is mimicked by global environmental warming.In buildings,the incident solar radiation is transmitted by facade glazing to the interior where it is absorbed by the internal surfaces causing warming.However,re-emission of heat back through the glazing is blocked by the fact that the radiation is of a much longerwavelength than the incoming radiation.This is because the re-emission is from surfaces at a much lower temperature and the glazing reflects back such radiation to the interior.Direct gainDirect gain is the design technique in which one attempts to concentrate the majority of the building’s glazing on the sun-facing facade.Solar radiation is admitted directly into the space concerned.Two examples 30 years apart are the author’s house in Sheffield,designed in 1967 and the Hockerton Project of 1998 by Robert and Brenda Vale.The main design characteristics are:● Apertures through which sunlight is admitted should be on the solar side of the building, within about 30 of south for the northern hemisphere.● Windows facing west may pose a summer overheating risk.● Windows should be at least double glazed with low emissivity glass (Low E) as now required by the UK Building Regulations.● The main occupied living spaces should be located on the solar side of the building.● The floor should be of a high thermal mass to absorb the heat and provide thermal inertia,which reduces temperature fluctuations inside the building.● As regards the benefits of thermal mass,for the normal daily cycle of heat absorption and emission,it is only about the first 100 mm of thickness which is involved in the storage process.Thickness greater than this provides marginal improvements in performance but can be useful in some longer-term storage options.● In the case of solid floors,insulation should be beneath the slab.● A vapour barrier should always be on the warm side of any insulati on.● Thick carpets should be avoided over the main sunlit and heatabsorbing portion of the floor if it serves as a thermal store.However,with suspended timber floors a carpet is an advantage in excluding draughts from a ventilated underfloor zone.During the day and into the evening the warmed floor should slowly release its heat, and the time period over which it happens makes it a very suitable match to domestic circumstances when the main demand for heat is in the early evening.As far as the glazing is concerned,the following features are recommended:● Use of external shutters and/or internal insulating panels might be considered to reduce night-time heat loss.● To reduce the potential of overheating in the summer,shading may be provided by designing deep eaves or external louvres. Internal blinds are the most common technique but have the disadvantage of absorbing radiant heat thus adding to the internal temperature.● Heat reflecting or absorbing glass may be used to limit overheating.The downside is that it also reduces heat gain at times of the year when it is beneficial.● Light shelves can help reduce summer overheating whilst improving daylight distribution. Direct gain is also possible through the glazing located between the building interior and attached sunspace or conservatory;it also takes place through upper level windows of clerestory designs.In each of these cases some consideration is required concerning the nature and position of the absorbing surfaces.In the UK climate and latitude as a general rule of thumb room depth should not be more than two and a half times the window head height and the glazing area should be between about 25 and 35 per cent of the floor area.Indirect gainIn this form of design a heat absorbing element is inserted between the incident solar radiation and the space to be heated;thus the heat is transferred in an indirect way.This often consists of a wall placed behind glazing facing towards the sun,and this thermal storage wall controls the flow of heat into the building.The main elements● High thermal mass element positioned between sun and internal spaces,the heat absorbed slowly conducts across the wall and is liberated to the interior some time later.● Materials and thickness of the wall are chosen to modify the heat flow.In homes the flow can be delayed so that it arrives in the evening matched to occupancy periods. Typical thicknesses of the thermal wall are 20–30 cm.● Glazing on the outer side of the thermal wall is used to provide some insulation against heatloss and help retain the solar gain by making use of the greenhouse effect.● The area of the thermal storage wall element should be about 15–20 per cent of the floor area of the space into which it emits heat.● In order to derive more immediate heat benefit,air can be circulated from the buildi ng through the air gap between wall and glazing and back into the room.In this modified form this element is usually referred to as a Trombe wall. Heat reflecting blinds should be inserted between the glazing and the thermal wall to limit heat build-up in summer.In countries which receive inconsistent levels of solar radiation throughout the day because of climatic factors (such as in the UK),the option to circulate air is likely to be of greater benefit than awaiting its arrival after passage through the thermal storage wall.At times of excess heat gain the system can provide alternative benefits with the air circulation vented directly to the exterior carrying away its heat,at the same time drawing in outside air to the building from cooler external spaces.Indirect gain options are often viewed as being the least aesthetically pleasing of the passive solar options,partly because of the restrictions on position and view out from remaining windows,and partly as a result of the implied dark surface finishes of the absorbing surfaces.As a result,this category of the three prime solar design technologies is not as widely used as its efficiency and effectiveness would suggest.Attached sunspace/conservatoryThis has become a popular feature in both new housing and as an addition to existing homes.It can function as an extension of living space,a solar heat store,a preheater for ventilation air or simply an adjunct greenhouse for plants.On balance it is considered that conservatories are a net contributor to global warming since they are often heated.Ideally the sunspace should be capable of being isolated from the main building to reduce heat loss in winter and excessive gain in summer.The area of glazing in the sunspace should be 20–30 per cent of the area of the room to which it is attached.The most adventurous sunspace so far encountered is in the Hockerton housing development which will feature later.Ideally the summer heat gain should be used to charge a seasonal thermal storage element to provide background warmth in winter.At the very least,air flow paths between the conservatory and the main building should be carefully controlled.Active solar thermal systemsA distinction must be drawn between passive means of utilising the thermal heat of the sun, discussed earlier,and those of a more‘active’nature Active systems take solar gain a step further than passive solar.They convert direct solar radiation into another form of energy.Solar collectors preheat water using a closed circuit calorifier.The emergence of Legionella has highlighted the need to store hot water at a temperature above 60 C which means that for most of the year in temperate climes active solar heating must be supplemented by some form of heating.Active systems are able to deliver high quality energy.However,a penalty is incurred since energy is required to control and operate the system known as the ‘parasitic energy requirement’.A further distinction is the difference between systems using the thermal heat of the sun,and systems,such as photovoltaic cells, which convert solar energy directly intoelectrical power.For solar energy to realise its full potential it needs to be installed on a district basis and coupled with seasonal storage.One of the largest projects is at Friedrichshafen.The heat from 5600 m2 of solar collectors on the roofs of eight housing blocks containing 570 apartments is transported to a central heating unit or substation.It is then distributed to the apartments as required.The heated living area amounts to 39 500 m2.Surplus summer heat is directed to the seasonal heat store which,in this case, is of the hot water variety capable of storing 12 000 m3.The scale of this storage facility is indicated by Figure 5.9.The heat delivery of the system amounts to 1915 MWh/year and the solar fraction is 47 per cent.The month by month ratio between solar and fossil-based energy indicates that from April to November inclusive,solar energy accounts for almost total demand,being principally domestic hot water.In places with high average temperatures and generous sunlight,active solar has considerable potential not just for heating water but also for electricity generation.This has particular relevance to less and least developed countries.环境变化影响下的建筑学房屋设计中的低能耗技术显而易见，在工业化国家，最好的营救机会依赖于建筑环境，因为不论是在使用的建筑或者是在建设的建筑，都是最大的、单一的、间接地由化石燃料的燃烧所引起的碳排放的源头，而这些站了所有排放的50%。
建筑学外文翻译
建筑学外文翻译沈阳工业大学本科生外文翻译中文书名: 泛光灯文化建筑外文书名:Omni Culture学院: 建筑工程学院专业班级: 建筑学0702 学生姓名: 侯文锋指导教师: 徐博2011年 04月15日外文翻译原文Opera House,OLSOSnohetta/kjetil traedal thorsen,craig dykersThe Opera House, which is the largest cultural building to be raised in Norway since Nidarosdomen, shall be an important symbol of what modern Norway represents as a nation, and express the role opera and ballet shall have in society.The construction of the new Opera House is the largest singleculture-political initative in contemporary Norway. The base area of the Opera House is the same as the total area covered by four international standard football fields. The building has 1,100 rooms grouped in a number of sections.Front of Opera HouseThe public areas are located in the building`s western section, with access from the area nearby the city`s central train station. These include the main foyer, a large performance auditorium with 1,350 seatsand a small auditorium with 400seats.The large auditorium is designed in `classical` from with a horseshoe type plan and a high ceiling height, providing natural acoustics and good sight lines to the stage. Inaddition to the main stage there is also an under stage complete with elevator, side stages, back stages and a back side stage that can be used as a choir rehearsal room accessible to the public. The small auditorium considerable flexibility, not only for the stage arrangements but also for the seating areas and acoustics. The foyer arrangements but also for the seating areas and acoustics. The foyer is a grand, open room with a variety of lighting conditions and views to the surroundings. This space is characterized by it`s simple use of materials and minimal details. a tall undulating wall formed the separation between foyer and auditoriums. Between reality and fiction. In addition the foyer will contain rest areas, a coatroom, cafe, bars and a restaurant.Rear of Opera HouseThese are the production areas of the building. Here one can findall the workshops, storage areas, rehearsal rooms, changing rooms, offices, and every facility necessary to produce an opera or ballet. Here the building has 4 floors and a basement. The production areas are flexible and robust, able to accept changes over time. The architecture and the use of materials are functionally appropriate, the exteriorfaçade is composed of metal panels.Roof gardenThe roofscape describes the building`s monumental character. The horizontal and sloping plane of the roof provides the opera with an unusually dramatic expression, quite different from the surrounding buildings Its openness and accessibility willallow for a wide range of visitors to traverse its many terraces. The roofscape will be open to the public, it`s clad in white stone, and it`s details will provide a holistic and symbolic character to the building while also allowing for a variety of experiences as one moves past it.Valencia Opera HouseSantiago Calatrava S.A. / Santiago CalatravaThe people of Valencia have traditionally shared a deep love of music. The region is sometimes known as the `Land of 1,000 Bands` since every village and town has its musical association. In fact Volencia, called the `City of Music`, has two, which are respected throughout the world. The project of creating the Valencia Opera House is therefore highly significant-because of the role that music plays in the life of the region, and because of the role that the building plays in the physical evolution of the city.The Valencia Opera House was the first major element in the City of Arts and Sciences, and when it is completed, in 2006, it will be the last. It was the first, because my involvement with this great development began in 1991, when I won a competition to design astructure where the Opera House now stands. It will be the last, becausethe original commission was not for a cultural building but for a telecommunications tower. It was in 1996 that the Valencian government altered the programfor the City of Arts and Sciences. That was when a magical transformation took place on the original site, as the planned telecommunications towe was changed into a proposed opera house.So the plan for the entire sequence of buildings, strung from westto east along the dry bed of the Turia River, began from this one site and has returned to it. The Planetrarium / IMAX Therater (Hemispheric Theater) was completed in 1996 ; the Principe Felipe Science Museum in 2000. Now, in 2006, we come back to the westernmost part of the project area, to celebrate the first concert in the Valencia Opera House.Looking back, I feel as if the deeper meaning of the Valencia Opera House may be bound up with this project history, with its themes of trans-formation and recurrence. As a grand urban intervention, intened to link two areas that had been separated geographically, socially and economically, the City of Arts and Sciences both changes Valencia and returns it to a condition of wholeness. The means we have used -engineering and construction- have been technical, as symbolized perhaps by the telecommunications tower. But the place at which we arrive is artisitic : the Opera House.As a native of Valencia, who was formed by this city and who is attached to it deeply, I feel both proud and humble to have played arole in this process of change and reunion. It is very moving to me that this story should culminate as it does, not with a burst of microwavesbeing emitted from a tower, but with our citizens gathering together in a new puclic space, to be surrounded with the music they love.汉语译文奥斯陆歌剧院,斯诺赫塔事务所 / 谢蒂尔.索森, 克雷格戴克斯奥斯陆歌剧院,这是挪威的最大的文化建筑,是作为挪威国家的现代化的一个重要标志和代表,展现了歌剧和芭蕾舞对社会的作用。
建筑环境与设备工程毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
建筑环境与设备工程毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献篇一：建筑环境与设备工程中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Ground Source Heat PumpAt present,energy is the most important element for the development of states’economy.Because of the good energy-saving effect,using regenerate resource of energy,and no pollution,the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION is used more and more popular now.In the system of the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,the terminal devices what include the fan,the deep well pump,the circulate pump are the biggest energy-consumed part except the inner device as well as the compressor motor, etc.So it is very important and significant to make the terminal devices running in the mostenergy-saving condition.In this paper,the author founded on the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION in Guangxi University,based on the actual project condition, made the redesign through the way of frequency conversiontechnology for the old system of GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION.At first, the equipments’ running control system were improved following the energy-saving principle of fan and pump,choused Mitsubishi FR series frequency transducer with vector-controlfunction,Mitsubishi FX2N series PLC and other auxiliary parts to make up of the auto-control system for the GROUND SOURCE HEAT PUMP AIR-CONDITION,and then did the emulating analysis for the vector-control mode in the frequency conversion process.In the next based the auto-control system,made the PLC control system designing.This system monitor the temperature and flux in accurate and real time,then input feedback to the plc,finally the terminal device running status will correspond to the customer’s demanded-load,it can wellmeet the goal for saving energy and prolong the life of the motor and other device.At the same time,designed the PLC control process,according to this transformation of the specific programme,programmed for the PLC by using the FX-GP/WIN-C programme software.Researched and analyses the PIDalgorithm and its improved algorithm for the PID Operational module in the PLC.At last,through detailed analysis and accounted for energy-saving effect and the cost of thesystem-reforming,validated the profitability of this redesigned-project,and showed its feasibility and worthBe using renewable geothermal energy in shallow ground layer, a ground source heat pump (GSHP) technology is known as one of air conditioning techniques which have the greatest developmental. The GSHP has great potentials in energy reduction and in reducing CO2emissions to conventional HVAC systems. In China, energy shortage and environmental issues pose a seriouschallenge accompanied by rapid economic growth. GSHP has been spotlighted as both energy efficiency and environmental benefits. Generally, the initial investment for a GCHP system is higher than that of a conventional system. GCHP energy savings will offset the higher installing cost in future. However, there are many aspects affecting the actual amount of energy saved, such as climate, building load, ground heat exchanger, heat pump, control, etc. Recently, a lot of research on the energy performance of GCHP has been carried out. However, most of these previous research projects evaluated the performance of GCHP system based on a laboratory scale or a small capacity system. There is little data documenting the long-term performance of a large-sized GCHP. Evalution and research on real world installed GCHP will provide a more accurate understanding of the current technology’s performance.The paper presented that the energy performance evaluation of two types of GSHPs based on actual operational data. The two types of GSHPs were ground-coupled heat pump system (GCHPs) and groundwater heat pump system (GWHPs) which were,respectively, installed in two apartment buildings of Wuhan, China. In one year, we monitored various operating parameters, including the outdoor temperature, the flow rate, electrical consumption, and the water temperature. The coefficient of performance (COP) values of system and chiller were determined based on a series of measurements. During residential GCHP system operation, the heat injection rate into soil is larger than the heatextraction rate out of soil. The COP of chillers of the GCHPs decreased significantly during the heating season due to the lowering of ground soil temperature. The system power consumption exhibited a strong linear relationship with outdoor temperature in both seasons and this suggests that normalizing power consumption against degree-days is a highly practical index in energy analysis in resident buildings, especially in winter.Some research topics were studied on the two actual cases. An exergy analysis of a ground water heat pump system on the actual operation was conduced. The energy efficiency and exergy loss and efficiency in each of the components of the system are detemined forthe average measured parameters obtained from the monitored results of the hottest month and the coldest month. Inefficient facts are found out and increased energy efficiencies of two proposed improvement measures were estimated. Lower approachtemperature is effective energy saving. In addition to the energy analysis, a full exergy analysis helps to identify the components where inefficiencies occur. An economic analysis model forGWHP was established to calculate energy consumption and operating cost based on a baseline condition. Plate heat exchanger flow rate and groundwater flow rate were optimization parameters according to different water price of the groundwater:GWHP survey data shows the impact of water price on groundwater flow rate in design. The long-term energy performances of theGWHPs and the GCHPs were investigated and compared with conventional HVAC systems and other GSHPs on literature data. A performances model was established base on the two cases to constrast the predictedperformance with the actual performance.Based on superposition theorem of geothermal heat exchangers (GHE), a inverse model for GHE, G-functions interpolationapproach was proposed. Linear interpolation method was adopted to fit G-functions. The method presented here uses the Nelder and Mead simplex algorithm as part of a parameter estimation algorithm to estimate G-function. For verification of G-functions interpolation approach, anumerical experimentation had been conducted where synthetic load on GHE was established. The simulation results with error and no error, were inversely modeled by G-functions interpolation approach and DST calibrated approach. The actual dataset of a small sized and a large sized GSHPs were also used in inverse modeling to verify the results from the G-functions interpolation approach. The small sized GSHPs was from literature. The large sized vertical GSHPs was the monitored case in the paper. A detailed DST model of a GHE has been calibrated to monitored data. The secondyear predicted temperatures calculated by the two models were compared with the measured. The results show the two approaches are reliable and have good performance of error tolerance. The error of GHE water temperature calculated by G-functions interpolation approach was less than DST calibrated approaches. The data error inversely modeled was mainly from recorded day data. As a extension study of the G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions approach was proposed. The model was based on degree-day prediction load and can be applied on the residential buildings. The standard deviation of GHE water temperature by degree-day G-functions approach was larger than DST calibrated approaches. The result shows the appropriateness of degree-day G-functions interpolation approach for the quantitative modeling of GHE.This paper shows that the research on actual performance according measured data and presents two inverse models:G-functions interpolation model, degree-day G-functions model approach, which provides new methods for GHE inverse modelingWith the sustainable development theory being put forward in recent years, people pay more and more attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection. The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP) air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment. This paper gives an overview of technology economy analysis on GSHPAir-conditioning System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger, which provide helpful suggestion to engineers.First, this paper gives an overview of the history of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system, thecharacteristics of three circulations have been proposed, which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly, etc. hi terms of technology economy, the GSHPair-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system, the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioningsystem. Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of the GSHP air-conditioning system.A practical project was used as an example for the analysis.Ground-loop heat exchanger is an important part of the GSHP air-conditioning system and deferent from other traditional air-conditioning systems. This paper gave detailed designing method of Ground-loop heat exchanger, including load calculation, pipe layout, choice of tubes and its material, antifreeze method, calculation of pressure drop, etc. Taken the GSHP air-conditioning system in the report room of Shandong Institute of Architecture and Engineering as an example, its design was analyzed and the optimization design of ground-loop heat exchanger was proposed.The people attention to energy efficiency and environmental protection,which decide thesustainable development of the country.The Ground Source Heat Pump(GSHP)air-conditioning system has been a kind of new technology to save energy and protect environment.This paper gives an overview of technologyeconomy analysis on GSHP Air-condition System and optimization design of its ground heat exchanger,which provide helpful suggestion toengineersFirst,this paper gives an overview of GSHP system in China and foreign countries. Based on the work principle of the GSHP system,the characteristics of three circulations have been proposed,which are the use of renewable energy saving and environmental friendly,etc.In teams of technology ,the GSHP air-conditioning system was compared with the air source heat pump system,the water source heat pump system and the traditional central air-conditioning system.Main indexes are given to evaluate the technology economy of GSHP air-conditoning篇二：建筑施工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献建筑施工毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processingAbstractThe crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword:Concrete crack prevention processing ForewordConcrete is formed by a sand and gravel aggregate,cement,water and other materials but mixed heterogeneous brittle materials.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, impermeable and a little bit other use function not a creation to endanger.But after the concrete besubjected to lotus carry, difference in temperature etc. function, tiny crack would continuously of expand with connect, end formation we can see without the aid of instruments of macro view the crack be also the crack that the concrete often say in the engineering.Concrete building and Component all take sewer to make of, because of crack of existence and development usually make inner part of reinforcing bar etc. materialcreation decay, lower reinforced concrete material of loading ability, durable and impermeable ability, influence building of external appearance, service life, severity will threat arrive people's life and property safety.A lot of all of crash of engineerings is because of the unsteady development of the crack with the result that.Modern age science research with a great deal of of the concrete engineering practice certificate, in the concrete engineering crack problem is ineluctable, also acceptable in certainly of the scope just need to adopt valid of measure will it endanger degree control at certain of scope inside.Thereinforced concrete norm is also explicit provision:Some structure at place of dissimilarity under the condition allow existence certain the crack of width.But at under construction should as far as possible adopt a valid measure control crack creation, make the structure don't appear crack possibly or as far as possible decrease crack of amount and width, particularly want to as far as possible avoid harmful crack of emergence, insure engineering quality thus.Concrete crack creation of the reason be a lot of and have already transformed to cause of crack:Such as temperature variety, constringency, inflation, the asymmetry sink to sink etc. reason cause of crack;Have outside carry the crack that the function cause;Protected environment not appropriate the crack etc. caused with chemical effect.Want differentiation to treat in the actual engineering, work°out a problem according to the actual circumstance.In the concrete engineering the familiar crack and the prevention1.Shrinkage crack and preventionShrinkage crack much appear after the concrete protect be over of a period of time or concrete sprinkle to build to complete behind of around a week.In the cement syrup humidity of evaporate would creation Shrinkage, and this kind of constringency is can't negative.Shrinkage crack of the creation be main is because of concrete inside outside humidity evaporate degree dissimilarity but cause to transform dissimilarity of result:The concrete is subjected to exterior condition of influence, surface humidity loss lead quick, transform bigger, inner part degree of humidity variety smaller transform smaller, bigger surface Shrinkage transform to be subjected to concrete inner part control, creation more big pull should dint but creation crack.The relativehumidity is more low, cement syrup body Shrinkage more big, Shrinkage crack be more easy creation.Shrinkage crack is much surface parallel lines form or the net shallow thin crack, width many between 0.05-0.2 mm, the flat surface part much see in the big physical volume concrete and follow it more in thinner beam plank short to distribute.Shrinkage crackusually the impermeability of influence concrete, cause the durable of the rust eclipse influence concrete of reinforcing bar, under the function of the water pressure dint would creation the water power split crack influence concrete of loading dint etc..Concrete Shrinkage be main with water ash of the concrete ratio, the dosage of the composition, cement of cement, gather to anticipate of the dosage of the property and dosage, in addition etc. relevant.Main prevention measure:While being to choose to use the constringency quantity smaller cement, general low hot water mire and powder ash from stove cement in the adoption, lower the dosage of cement.Two is a concrete of Shrinkage be subjected to water ash ratio of influence more big, water ash ratio more big, Shrinkage more big, so in the concrete match the ratio the design should as far as possible control good water ash ratio of choose to use, the Chan add in the meantime accommodation of reduce water.Three is strict control concrete mix blend with under construction of match ratio, use of concrete water quantity absolute can't big in match ratio design give settle of use waterquantity.Four is the earlier period which strengthen concrete to protect, and appropriate extension protect of concrete time.Winter construction want to be appropriate extension concrete heat preservation to overlay time, and brushing protect to protect.Five is a constitution the accommodation is in the concrete structure of the constringency sew.2.Plastic shrinkage cracking and preventionPlastic shrinkage is the concrete is before condense, surface because of lose water quicker but creation of constringency.The Plastic shrinkage crack is general at dry heat or strong wind the weather appear, crack's much presenting in the center breadth, both ends of the thin and the length be different, with each other not coherent appearance.Shorter crack general long 20-30 cm, the longer crack can reach to a 2-3 m, breadth 1-5 mm.It creation of main reason is:The concrete is eventually almosthaving no strength or strength before the final setting very small, perhaps concrete just eventually final setting but strength very hour, be subjected toheat or compare strong wind dint of influence, the concrete surface lose water to lead quick, result in in the capillary creation bigger negative press but make a concrete physical volume sharply constringency, but at this time the strength of concrete again can't resist its constringency, therefore creation cracked.The influence concrete Plastic shrinkage of the main factors of crack to have water ash ratio, concrete of condense time, environment temperature, wind velocity, relative humidity...etc..Main prevention measure:One is choose to use dry compression value smaller higher silicate of the earlier period strength or common the portland cement.Two is strict the control water ash ratio, the Chan add to efficiently reduce water to increment the collapse of concrete fall a degree and with easy, decrease cement and water of dosage.Three is to sprinkle before building concrete, water basic level and template even to soak through.Four is in time to overlay the perhaps damp grass mat of the plastics thin film, hemp slice etc., keep concrete eventually beforethe final setting surface is moist, perhaps spray to protect etc. to carry on protect in the concrete surface.Five is in the heat and strong wind the weather to want to establish to hide sun and block breeze facilities, protect in time.3.Sink to sink crack and preventionThe creation which sink to sink crack is because of the structure foundation soil quality not and evenly, loose soft or return to fill soil dishonest or soak in water but result in the asymmetry sink to decline with the result that;Perhaps because of template just degree shortage, the template propped up to once be apart from big or prop up bottom loose move etc. to cause, especially at winter, the template prop up at jelly soil up, jelly the soil turn jelly empress creation asymmetry to sink to decline and cause concrete structure creation crack.This kind crack many is deep enter or pierce through sex crack, it alignment have something to do with sinking to sink a circumstance, general follow with ground perpendicular or present 30 °s-45 °Cape direction development, bigger sink tosink crack, usually have certain of wrong, crack width usually with sink to decline quantity direct proportion relation.Crack widthunder the influence of temperature variety smaller.The foundation after transform stability sink to sink crack also basic tend in stability.Main prevention measure:One is rightness loose soft soil, return to fill soil foundation a construction at the upper part structure front should carry on necessity of Hang solid with reinforce.Two is the strength that assurance template is enough and just degree, and prop up firm, and make the foundation be subjected to dint even.Three is keep concrete from sprinkle infusing the foundation in the process is soak by water.Four is time that template tore down to can't be too early, and want to notice to dismantle a mold order of sequence.Five is at jelly soil top take to establish template to notice to adopt certain of prevention measure.4.Temperature crack and preventionTemperature crack much the occurrence is in bigsurface or difference in temperature variety of the physical volume concrete compare the earth area of the concrete structure.Concrete after sprinkling to build, in the hardening the process, cement water turn a creation a great deal of of water turn hot, .(be the cement dosage is in the 350-550 kg/m 3, each sign square the rice concrete will release a calories of 17500-27500kJ and make concrete internal thus the temperature rise to reach to 70 ℃or so even higher)Because the physical volume of concrete be more big, a great deal of of water turn hot accumulate at the concrete inner part but not easy send forth, cause inner part the temperature hoick, but the concrete surface spread hot more quick, so formation inside outside of bigger difference in temperature, the bigger difference in temperature result in inner part and exterior hot the degree of the bulge or cooling dissimilarity, make concrete surface creation certain of pull should dint.When pull should dint exceed the anti- of concrete pull strength extreme limit, concrete surface meeting creation crack, this kind of crack much occurrence after the concrete under constructionperiod.In the concrete of under construction be difference in temperature variety more big, perhaps is a concrete to be subjected to assault of cold wave etc., will cause concrete surface the temperature sharply descend, but creation constringency, surface constringency of the concrete be subjected to inner part concrete of control, creation very big of pull should dint but creation crack, this kind篇三：建筑与环境设备工程外文翻译毕业论文（设计）题系部名称：专业班级：学生姓名：学指导教师：教师职称：外文翻译目：浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗号：XX11014233 讲师 1浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。
外文资料及翻译
外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologiesemerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reduce the energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in avariety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity and promotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficient building can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。
建筑外文翻译2
多层住宅楼结构设计的故事引言设计和建造在塞勒姆，泰米尔纳德邦州，印度是本文描述。
设计是交由证明第二次检查的作者。
该建筑是一幢公寓的泰米尔纳德邦房屋委员会给的建议。
这是一个钢筋混凝土框架建设。
这样做是在技术，哥印拜陀，印度，巴黎圣日尔曼学院作为高级论文设计的世平的一部分，在马萨诸塞州伍斯特，01609巴黎圣日耳曼技术，哥印拜陀，印度，学院在印度项目中心的7周内学生作为一个住宅项目。
学生姓名弗雷德里克嘉莉，亚伯拉罕松柏目和安东尼。
这是他们完成在巴黎圣日尔曼学院项目的技术，哥印拜陀，印度，中心在1998年。
这是对BSCE在土木与环境工程学士学位世平要求的一部分。
世平派出20名学生到印度计划在PSG技术学校，哥印拜陀，学院计划在美国拉惹博士，主席，中欧和东欧处圣日耳曼技术学院赞助。
拉惹古玛教授担任顾问的校园，而体育Jayachandran教授，担任过外的世平校园顾问。
学生们做了文献调查，问题的定义，没有一个完整的结构分析和4层住宅大楼在设计钢筋混凝土。
他们遵循国际清算银行在印度的代码456 - 1978和使用脑梗死- 1999和风能/加拿大代码使用1995年的地震荷载和ANSI标准检查1995。
分析和设计的地砖，梁，梁，柱和基脚已完成利用钢筋混凝土结构设计与分析理论，STAAD 进行第三软件，它使用有限元。
对板设计，梁，柱和基脚外出使用该软件进行钢筋混凝土设计套件。
图纸完成使用自动加元。
为了防止这些软件被滥用，极限状态设计是专门用来作为手工计算方法来验证从STAAD进行输出，三和RC设计套件。
估计和工料测量做是为了计算数量和建筑和制造规范移仍维持在H/500，在理论设计的改编，由 C.K. Wang和 C.G. Salmon的教科书钢筋混凝土设计和JGMcGrager，钢筋混凝土设计和S.Rajasekaran，有限元方法。
学生已完成结构设计和图纸和技术报告，并提出了结果的陈述，之前的资深教授和其他教师和大学生的心理服务技术的观众，以及在世平。
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建筑与环境设备工程外文翻译文件编码（GHTU-UITID-GGBKT-POIU-WUUI-8968）毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目：浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗系部名称：专业班级：学生姓名：学号：指导教师：教师职称：讲师浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。
关键词：建筑环境暖通空调能耗浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗能源为经济的发展提供了动力，但是由于各种原因，能源的发展往往滞后于经济的发展。
近几年，中国的国民生产总值的增长率维持在约10％，但是能源的增长率只有3％～4％。
这样的形势要求我们必须节能。
建筑能源消耗在社会总能耗中的比例较大，发达国家的建筑用能一般占到全国总能耗的30％～40％；中国采暖区的城镇人口虽然只占全国人口的13.6％，但是采暖用能却占全国总能耗的9.6％。
建筑节能是建筑发展的基本趋势，也是当代建筑科学技术的一个新的生长点。
现代建筑的必要组成部分暖通空调领域也已经收到这种趋势的影响，暖通空调系统中的节能正在引起暖通空调工作者的加合理地提出解决问题的方法。
暖通空调能耗的组成为了创造舒适的室内空调环境，必须消耗大量的能源。
暖通空调能耗是建筑能耗中的大户，居统计在发达国家中暖通空调能耗占建筑能耗的65％，以建筑能耗占总能耗的356％计算，暖通空调能耗占总能耗的比例竟高达22.75％，由此可见建筑节能工作的重点应该是暖通空调的节能。
从暖通空调的能耗组成可以看出：暖通空调系统的能耗主要决定于空调冷、热负荷的确定和空调系统的合理配置，空调系统的布置和空调设备的选择是以空调负荷为依据的。
所以暖通空调节能的关键是空调外界负荷和内部负荷的确定，而暖通空调节能工作也应该从这个方面着手，合理布置建筑物的位置，正确选择外墙、门、窗、屋顶的形状及材料等，尽量减少空调负荷。
室内环境的影响暖通空调的目标是为人们提供舒适的生活和生产室内热环境，主要包括：室内空气温度、空气湿度、气流速度以及人体与周围环境（包括四壁、地面、顶棚等）之间的辐射换热（简称环境热辐射）等。
在一般的舒适性空调中，以能够使人体保持平衡而满足人们的舒适感觉为目的；在恒温恒湿或有洁净要求的工艺性空调中，一切以满足生产工艺为目标。
而房屋的建筑热工设计是恰当地利用房屋维护结构的热导性，抵抗室外气候的变化，使房间内产生舒适的微气候。
围护结构暖通空调负荷的影响围护结构包括外围结构和内围护结构。
外围护结构主要包括屋面、外墙和窗户（包括阳台门等）；内围护结构主要包括地面、顶棚、内隔墙等。
在采暖建筑中，围护结构的传热热损失占总的热损失的比例是较大的，以4个单元6层的砖墙、混凝土楼板的典型多层建筑为例，在北京地区，通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的77％（其中外墙25％，窗户24％，楼梯间隔墙11％，屋面9％，阳台门下部3％，地面2％）；通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占23％；在哈尔滨地区，通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的71％（其中外墙28％，窗户28％，屋面9％，阳台门下部1％，外门1％，地面4％）；通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占29％。
由此可见改善围护结构的热工性能对于暖通空调节能具有重要意义。
建筑规划设计对暖通空调节能的影响规划设计时建筑节能设计的重要方面，规划节能设计应从建设选址、分区、建筑和道路布局走向、建筑方位朝向、建筑体型、建筑间距、冬季季风主导方向、太阳辐射、建筑外部空间环境构成等方面进行研究。
以优化建筑的微气候环境；有利于节能，充分重视和利用太阳能、冬季主导风向、地形和地貌，利用自然因素。
节能规划设计就是分析成气候的决定因素、辐射因素、大气环流因素和地理因素的有利、不利影响，通过建筑的规划布局对上述因素进行充分利用、改造，形成良好的居住条件和有利于节能的微气候环境。
建筑旁边的绿化不但有防风、隔声、防尘和美化环境的作用，而且对于建筑节能也有重要作用。
因为首先树木可以从根部吸收水分，同过叶面蒸发，从而降低空气温度，其次树木有很好的遮阳作用，从而使建筑物直接受到的太阳辐射及从地面得到的辐射热减少，二是树木有引导风及挡风的作用。
此外，地面不但会反射太阳辐射，而且其本身辐射升高后又会成为新的热辐射源。
所以尽量种草、植树，避免地面土壤裸露，并减少不必要的大面积混凝土地坪对于减少空调负荷，达到节能的目的是非常重要的手段。
而且清洁的室外环境对于洁净空调系统的有效运行和空调箱过滤器的寿命也是有利的。
总之，建筑环境是影响暖通空调能耗的重要因素，从建筑环境着手考虑是解决暖通空调节能问题的关键，也是一种积极的节能工作作者认为应着重以下方面的工作：（1）制定相应的政策法规。
制定政策法规对建筑节能工作具有指导意义，而且以法规的形式出现，一则表示政府重视和鼓励，二则可以为节能工作的开展提供法律依据。
近年来国务院和有关部委也颁布了相关的建筑节能法规；此外各地方政府也根据气候条件和能源特点，制定了各自的建筑节能标准和规定；但是总的来说法规和政策还有待进一步的完善。
（2）推动科技的进步。
暖通空调节能工作的顺利开展离不开技术的进步。
国家在制定节能政策时，即指明了发展方向，同时也鼓励了技术进步。
只有依靠科技的发展，不断优化能源结构和用能方式，才能够真正做到节能，创造巨大的社会效益和经济效益。
（3）加强专业间的协调。
建筑是各工种配合的产物，建筑专业在考虑建筑环境时，不但要从建筑功能、建筑美学等方面考虑，还要与设备工种进行配合，充分重视建筑环境、建筑材料等对暖通空调乃至建筑能耗的影响，各工种协调工作，共同完成节能设计。
总之从建筑内外环境着手，不断优化建筑热功能，充分利用有利的建筑环境，必然会创造出适宜的室内热环境，同时也必将有利于暖通空调节能的发展参考文献?[1]姚江波，白蔚君.绿色建筑与建筑节能[J].华中建筑.2000?[2]魏东杰，胡彤.绿色建筑中暖通空调的应用[J].河北建筑科技学院学报.2003本文摘译自2013年第7期《企业导报》杂志目次Shallow talk the building environment an air condition toconsume with the warmSummary:The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.Keyword:Constructing a warm of environment an air condition to consumeFirst,Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to consume with the warmThe energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but because of various reason, the development of the energy is a usually behind in economy of development.In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizen's total output value of China are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% ～s 4%.Such situation's requesting us has to economize on energy.The comparison that constructs theenergy depletion in the society always the ability consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations' use can have to the whole country generally and always can consume of 30% ～s 40%;China adopts the town population of the warm area although only 13.6% that have national population, adopt warm use an ability but have a whole country and always can consume of 9.6%.Construct the economy energy is the basic trend of the building development, is also a new growth of[with] the contemporary building science technique to order.The necessity of the modern building constitutes a part of warm, the air condition realm has already received the influence of this kind of trend as well, warm the economy energy within air condition system is cause a warm the attention of the air condition worker, and aims at different of the adopt of energy characteristics and the dissimilarity building of the nation,region is warm,well ventilated,the air condition request develop a related economy energy technique.The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.(1) the destruction and pollution of the environment of our country's traditional construction industry is very big.System's construction and environment relationship is purely to bestow, is naturally turn to adapt to the construction, the consequences of doing so is necessarily provoke human nature. The natural disaster to mankind in color. The correct relationship between architecture and ecology, should be less disturbance of the building ecology, architecture and ecology. Although this approach seems to be more difficult, but, in fact, it is feasible. Especially in the HVAC field there are many ways to the relationship between architecture and ecology to form a harmonious relationship between the natural. Between the two links, promote each other. Deep research, we found that the HVAC energy consumption is the biggest is heating and refrigeration, and produced by users in these two points is the determining factor in the HVAC system cooling load parameters, the two parameters determines the air conditioning operating conditions and system configurations. Internal users' demand is an internal load, and the external environment influences the external load of the HVAC system. So for the HVAC energy saving and consumption must be resolved from the two aspects. In the actual construction process, we found the building toward the position, and in the process of building envelope, door materials, window sealing condition ofsize and shape and so on will have a very important influence on the air conditioning load, and green building is at the foot of the effort. (2) the retaining structure includes the external and internal. The peripheral structure mainly includes the roof, walls and windows; in the retaining structure mainly includein groundcrestinside separate wall etc.. In building heating and building envelope heat loss accounted for the proportion of the total heat loss is larger, in the Beijing area, through the envelope structure heat transfer heat losses accounted for 77% of the total heat loss; through gaps of doors and windows of air infiltration heat loss accounted for 23%; in Harbin area, envelope structure heat transfer heat losses accounted for 71% of the total heat loss; through gaps of doors and windows of air infiltration heat loss accounted for 29%. This shows that improving the thermal performance of building envelope is of great significance to the HVAC energy saving. (3) planning and design an important aspect of the construction of energy-efficient design, siting and planning the construction of energy-saving design should be, zoning, building and road layout to, toward the building orientation, building size, building space and winter monsoon leading direction, solar radiation, exterior space environment composition. In order tooptimize the construction of micro climate environment, it is conducive to energy conservation, full attention and use of solar energy, wind direction, topography and geomorphology in winter, the use of natural factors. Energy-saving planning and design is the analysis into the determinants of climate, radiation, atmospheric circulation factors and geographic factors advantageous and disadvantageous influence, through the architectural layout of the above factors to make the transformation, the formation of good living conditions and micro climate environment conducive to energy conservation.Second,Warm the air condition can consume of constituteFor creating comfortable indoor air condition environment, have to consume a great deal of energy.Warm the air condition can consume is the building can consume medium of big door, reside to statistics a warm an air condition in the flourishing nation and can consume to have 65% that building can consume, canning consume to share by building always can consume of 356% calculation, warm the air condition can consume to share and always can consume of the comparison is up to 22.75% unexpectedly, be showed from this the building economy energy work of point should be warm the economy energy of the air condition.The air condition can consume to constitute and cansee from the warm:Warm the air condition system can consume main the decision is cold in the air condition,hot the burden really certainly installs with the reasonable of the air condition system, the decoration of the air condition system and the choice of the air-condition take the air condition burden as basis of.So warm air condition economy energy of the key is the air condition the external world to carry to carry and inner part really settle, and warm air condition economy energy the work should also begin from this aspect, reasonable decoration building of position, the exactitude chooses the shape and material etc.s of the outside wall,door,window,roof, reducing air condition burden as far as possible.Third,The influence of the indoor environmentWarm the target of the air condition is for people to provide comfortable life and produce indoor hot environment。