大学英语精读 第四册 Unit Three
大学英语精读第四册第三版book4Unit3答案
大学英语精读第三版第四册Book4 Unit3答案上海外语教育出版社董亚芬主编1) cited2) as for3) exaggerate4) Statements5) preface6) justified7) horizon8) authority9) follow up10) advanced11) and so forth12) threw light on/shed light on13) pressing14) burden1) refuted2) swallowed3) predict4) outlined5) proof6) For the sake of7) advanced8) cited9) In a way10) cast11) promptly12) appealed to1) rested on2) fall back on3) appeal to4) followed5) up6) was straying from7) aimed at8) bring out1) If the door was not opened by force, it follows that the burglar hada key2) Children tend to be credulous because they have not had much experience in the real world.3) The information the police had just obtained threw light on the mystery of the stolen antiques.4) The three-month military training may well work a change in his living habits.5) If this is the case, he is fully justified in blaming her.1) a band worn around the ankle2) a little brook3) a little star4) a little stream1) forecasts2) forefathers3) foresight4) foregoing5) forerunner6) forecast/foretell1) sun solar2) dental3)mental4) paternal maternal5) moon lunar6)annual7)night nocturnal8)aural9)fraternal10)eye ocular1) John won't like it but Jack will.2) She was poor but honest.3) I've explained more than once and I'm not going to again.4) Is it a color or black and white film?5) Having washed and changed, Linda went out on to the verandah.6) His aunt and uncle had to work long hours to keep body and soul together.7) Do you want to buy seats in the orchestra or the balcony?8) I should have lent her the money and helped her out of the difficulty.9) Joe hid his face behind his newspaper lest he should have to speak to acquaintances and expose his uneasiness.10) When Sarah was finally reunited with her children at the airport they kissed and hugged each other.1) Because he is good, it doesn't follow that he is bright.2) Just because she failed the exam, it doesn't follow that she has no brains.3) Joan has been to France many a time, but it doesn't follow that she has obtained a good command of French.4) It's true that Ben's got a better job, but it doesn't follow that he'll be paid more.1) I'm sure Jim will come if asked.2) No artistic creation can achieve greatness if divorced from life.3) This hotel, if not well managed, will yield little profit.4) Joe was shocked to learn that his illness could result in total blindness if left untreated.1) To her horror, Mrs. Pride saw her neighbour killed in broad daylight.2) To our amazement, we heard the 70-year-old man had beaten the young athlete in the match.3) To his surprise, Ted found that his learned cousin knew very little about the subject.4) To her great relief, Mrs. Dane found her husband unhurt in the traffic accident.5) To my deep regret, I won't be able to attend the ceremony.6) To their dismay, the travellers found that the bridge had been washed away.1) starts off2) superstitious3) promptly4) exaggerates5) fall back on6) authorities7) aim at8) outlines9) throwing light on10) rests on11) credulous12) burden1) where3) you4) don't5) come6) That's7) change8) over9) even10) reason11) understate12) someone13) task/thing14) way15) no16) much17) no18) position19) those20) can21) an22) little23) on24) hope1) 萧伯纳在他一个剧本的前言中提出这样的看法：今天人们比在中世纪时更加迷信。
大学英语精读第三版第四册第3单元课后习题答案TXT文本电子书.
Unit 3你能证明地球是圆的吗?来试试看吧!你将依靠你自己的智力还是不得不引用专家的观点呢?我们为什么相信地球是圆的?乔治·奥韦尔记得在什么地方——我想是在《圣女贞德》序言中——肖伯纳评论说,今天我们比在中世纪时更加轻信,更加迷信。
而作为现代轻信的例证,他举出地圆说这一广为传播的信念。
肖伯纳说,普通人举不出一条理由来说明为什么相信地球是圆的。
他全盘接受这一理论,只是因为这一理论中有一种迎合20世纪心态的东西。
当然,肖伯纳是夸大其词了,但他说的也确实有些道理,这一问题值得进一步探讨,因为它会帮助人们看清现代知识的真实情况。
我们究竟为什么会相信地球是圆的呢?我说的不是数千位天文学家、地理学家之类的人,他们可以用观察到的事实或用理论上的根据来证实这一点,我指的是如同你我之辈的报纸的普通读者。
至于“地平说”,我相信我能够加以驳斥。
如果你在天气晴朗的日子站立海边,你可以看到船桅和烟囱沿着地平线移动而不见船体本身。
只有假设地球表面呈曲线状,这一现象才能得到解释。
但不能由此推断地球是球形的。
设想另一个称做“地球卵形说”的理论吧,这一学说声称地球形如蛋状。
对此,我能说什么加以反驳呢?面对“地球卵形说”者,我能打的第一张牌是,可以根据太阳和月亮来类推。
“地球卵形说”者立即回敬道,我无法根据自己的观察得知那些天体是球形的。
我只能得知他们是圆的,而它们完全可能呈扁平的圆盘状。
我对此无言以答。
此外,他还会说,我凭什么理由认为地球一定与太阳和月亮的形状相同?对此,我同样无法解答。
我的第二张牌是地球的影子: 月食期间,地球投在月亮上的影子看上去呈圆形物体状。
但“地球卵形说”者马上要问,我怎么知道月食是由地球的影子造成的呢?回答是,我并不知道,我只是照搬报刊文章和科普小册子上的说法而已。
小小交锋受挫,于是我打出一张王牌“Q”: 专家的看法。
英国格林威治皇家天文台台长总该是权威了,他告诉我说地球是圆的。
“地球卵形说”者用他的“K”牌压倒我的“Q”牌。
大学英语精读4课后习题答案
大学英语精读4大学英语精读第三版第四册Book4 Unit1答案外语教育董亚芬主编1> thoughtful2> might as well/may as well/could as well3> draw your attention to4> marvelous5> settle for6> done with7> Competitive competitive8> pains/pained9> bonus10> shrink11> delivery12> overheard13> sour14> for rent15> stack16> reproduce1> inquired2> informed3> awful4> settle for5> trash6> claimed7> Normally8> a piece of cake9> be done with10> enable11> am entitled12> quite a while1> ask for2> was set up/has been set up3> pulled up4> gives off5> was held up6> keep up7> ran over8> made up9> be left out10> cut off1> It pained Jenny to learn of Jim's refusal to help her with the translation.2> The extra work to be assigned to you will greatly cut into your spare time.3> We'd been at the job for hours, but we hardly made a dent in it.4> You have no business saying those nasty things about Dick.5> We might as well listen to the radio program since there isn't anything interesting on television.1> standee2> payee3> grantee4> addressee5> a person who is absent6> a person who is being trained7> a divorced person8> a person who is appointed1> output2> breakdown3> setup4> Takeoff5> drawbacks6> breakthrough7> cutback8> takeover1> paper, store, shop, case, cream2> making, keeping, bathing, conditioning, walking3> market, way, stop, board/smith, ground4> pill, water, material, point, machine5> pour, look/put/come, come,6> out, back/up, through/down/out1> a dozen years2> dozens of times3> two dozen passengers4> dozens of phone calls5> three dozen boxes6> a dozen bottles/a dozen bottles of wine1> a great deal of pain "has been caused by evils which have never happened"2> the elderly lady Miss Morris quarrelled with was none other than her future mother-in-law3> this essay is well-written except for a few grammatical mistakes4> I just caught the train in time5> You can't eat your cake and have it too1> You ought to know better than to go swimming straight after a meal.2> Uncle Rob should have known better than to trust that treacherous son of his.3> Sally is old enough to know better than to spend all her money on fancy goods.4> Miss Miller certainly knows better than to explore the desert all alone.5> His college sons should have known better than to try to get the best out of their employees by threatening them with bodily harm.6> You ought to know better than to go out in this freezing weather in those thin clothes. You'll get frozen.1> delivery2> a piece of cake3> inquire4> pulling up.5> stacks6> deadline7> marvelous8> enable9> cut into10> settle for11> settled our accounts12> minimum13> known better than1> advertisement/ad2> read3> No4> like5> words6> towards7> which8> sizes9> sitting10> water11> bottle12> one13> started14> passed15> run/pass.16> into17> coming18> if19> quit20> hour21> wrote翻译1> 我们接到通知,财政部长将于次日接见我们。
现代大学英语精读4lesson3_warm-up
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Lesson 3—Why Historians Disagree
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大学英语精读第四册单元阅读任务Unit Three
大学英语精读第四册单元阅读任务Unit ThreeText: Why Do we Believe That the Earth Is Round? Oral Practice:Ss discuss in pairs or in groups.Questions:1. How did people think of the shape of the earth in history? And what do you think is the shape of the earth?2. Where do you get most of your knowledge, from experiments or from books?3. Do you think everything in books worth believing? Did you ever question the book knowledge? Why or why not?Discussion:Topic-related PredictionGeorge Orwell put forward the question “Why do we believe that the earth is round?”in the title. Let’s predict what will be talked about in the text by answering the following questions:1. From what you learned about the author in the background information, what do you think he might talk about in this article?2. What is his purpose for writing this article? To show why the earth is round or something else?Text Reading Tasks:Ss read the text carefully and finish the following exercise.Supply the missing information:Directions: Read the text carefully and supply the missing information to complete the following sentences.1. George Orwell begins his article by citing Bernard Shaw’s remarks that _______________.2. The author puts forward the question why _________________________________ believe that the earth is round.3. To refute the Oval Earth theory, the author plays his first card, ______________________.4. We can depend on the expert’s opinion to prove that the earth is round. However, _______ __________________________________.5. The last card left is _______________________. The author believes it will finish the Oval Earth man, but he may possibly have _____________.6. On most other questions, the author thinks he should have to ______________ the expert earlier, and would _____________________ to test his pronouncements.7. Much the greater part of our knowledge does not rest on ___________ or on __________, but on _______________.8. Finally, George Orwell draws the conclusion that this is a ___________________ ageNew words and Useful expressions:Ss should pay much attention to the following words、phrases and expressions.Words: preface, superstitious, credulity, cite, advance, appeal, mentality, exaggerate, sake, proof, refute, invisible, horizon, phenomenon, follow, analogy, booklet, exchange,statement, sound, justify, predict, counter, authority, specialty, burden Phrases & Expressions: follow up, for the sake of, throw/shed light on, and so forth, bring out, may well (not), aim at, fall back on, rest on, stray away from, start off, in a wayTranslation：Ss translate the following sentences into English, using as many of the words and phrases you have learned from the text as possible.1.律师引用了以前的案例来支持他的论点。
现代大学英语精读第四册Unit3答案
Lesson Three1. Translate 1) into Chinese(1) 专业的历史工作者(2) 基于常识的反应(3) 事物的这种状况(4) 意见不一的历史学家(5) 已经准备好了的现成的东西(6) 一个个人喜好不同的问题(7) 截然不同的观点(8) 民间故事(9) 书面文件(10) 过去的遗留物(11) 人的动机和行为(12) 复杂和精细(13) 商船(14) 一旦发生潜艇战(15) 一个粗糙的理论(16) 好战的行为；战争行为(17) 宣传机器(18) 德国外交部长(19) 实力平衡(20) （事物的）因果(21) 海岸炮兵(22) 终极关怀(23) （事物的）近因(24) 人们常说的一句话(25) 不会出错的解释(26) 绝对有效的模式(27) 永不停止的探索(28) 一个难以达到但又十分诱人的目标2）into English1) to gain new insights2) to revise one’s ideas3) to trace the cause4) to begin from this premise5) to to open fire on/at6) to give equal weight to sth7) to support a certain view8) to influence the government9) to destroy the balance of power10) to form a alliance11) to repay the loans12) to contemplate war13) to fill in the gaps14) to conclude the quest15) to view sth. from a certainperspective 16) to benefit from the comparison17) to eliminate differences18) to dig into the problem19) to be immersed in a vast sea20) to stem from a different point ofview21) to be destined to do sth22) to ignore the fact23) to make an assumption24) to defeat the enemy25) to win back one’s lost territory26) to sink a boat27) to intercept the secret message28) to piece together evidence29) to approximate the truth30) to master new techniques2. Give synonyms and antonyms of the following.1) synonyms(1) puzzling, baffling(2) fascinating(3) clear, plain, obvious, noticeable(4) final, last(5) to correct, to change, to alter, to modify, to rewrite(6) to dig into, to investigate, to look into(7) warlike, warring, aggressive, hostile(8) besides, apart from, plus(9) in the case of, should sth occur(10) nevertheless, in spite of that, just the same(11) to end (the search / probing)(12) to refer to(13) convincingly(14) on the whole, generally speaking(15) in addition, besides, apart from that, what’s more(16) through2) antonyms(1) to be praised(2) depressing(3) doubtful(4) unsoundness, weakness(5) conclusion(6) effect(7) disproportionate(8) anti-British(9) to take into account: to ignore(10) a well-developed (theory), a sophisticated (theory)(11) clear, clear-minded(12) non-professional, amateurish3. Replace the words in bold type with words and phrases you knowthat convey more or less the same meaning.1) simple/primitive; told; thick2) pondering/thinking about; future/fate; insignificant3) completely/entirely; different/opposite4) consider/regard; look at; angles/points of view5) knows very well; growing/increasing; complaints6) besides/apart from; easy; in the case of/if there is7) purposely paid no attention to8) generally/on the whole; however/but; come from/originate from9) absolutely reliable; wipe out/get rid of; bound to4. Translate1) The cause of the aircraft crash is so far unknown.2) The cause of global warming is still hotly debated among scientists.3) He devoted all his life to the cause of environmental protection.4) The river has caused us a lot of trouble in history.5) What do you think caused the upsurge in international terrorism?6) We must try and unite with those who have opposed us.7) There is always opposition to any progress and reform.8) Some people are always opposed to new things.9) A lot of those loans were never repaid. That high ratio of bad debts finally led tothe financial crisis in this second economic power in the world.10) The Busine ss Bank now offers a special loan to students who can’t pay for theireducation.11) The boy asked Mrs. Stow for the loan of her binoculars.12) She concluded her speech by saying that she hoped she could come againsome day and see more of the country.13) As soon as they concluded the investigation, they were to report to the SecurityCouncil.14) During his visit, he will conclude a new trade agreement with India.15) Based on those reasonable doubts, the jury had to conclude that the boy wasnot guilty.16) She is flying to New York by way of Tokyo.17) I’d like to say a few words about the situation in the sixties of the last century byway of an introduction to the movie.18) They decided to recall their ambassador by way of protest.5. Put the most appropriate words in the blanks.1) while/although; to2) over/about; with3) to; in4) led to/resulted in/caused5) with; lends/gives/brings6) from; in7) as to; of8) in the even of; survive9) to; to; study10) out; in11) in; weight/priority12) denote; of13) immersed/buried; more or less14) rather; the more15) at; stems from/comes from/originates from/results from16) base; filled in6. Show the difference between the following pairs or groups of works.1) (1) historic (2) historical (3) historical;historical 4) historic ( 5) historic2) (1) economic;economic (2) economical (3) economical (4) economical(5) economic3) (1) limited (2) limit (3) restricted (4) restricted (5) limited (6) restrict4) (1) cause (2) courses (3) course (4) course (5) cause;course5) (1) source (2) sauce (3) source (4) source;sauce6) (1) suppose/assume (2) supposed (3) presume/assume (4) Suppose(5) presumed7. Choose the best word or phrase for each blank from the four supplied in brackets.(1) only(2) tirelessly(3) motion(4) federal(5) Drastic (6) as(7) argued(8) which(9) the 1920s(10) sound(11) a(12) traced(13) lay(14) prepared(15) resulted1.Grammar in context1) (1) therefore: to show result(2) and: to add; however: to contrast(3) yet: to contrast(4) finally: to end a series(5) rather: to introduce a fact that is different from what has just been mentioned(6) at the same time: to indicate time(7) in other words: to explain(8) in the end: to conclude(9) but: to contrast; first: or enumerate; furthermore: to add(10) that is: to explain; but: to contrast; on the other hand: to contrast2. Put in appropriate transitional words or phrases.1) therefore2) therefore3) For example4) on the other hand5) furthermore 6) on the contrary7) In short8) At first, however9) Consequently10) even so11) moreover12) therefore13) however14) in fact15) that is3. Complete the sentences below with “one” or “a/an”.1) a,a2) one, a3) one4) a5) One, a 6) one7) a8) a, a9) One10) One, a11) A12) one13) a, one14) An, a15) a, an16) a, a17) One, a18) one19) One20) one4.translate the sentences1）Heroes and heroines are people with unusual qualities.2）Celebrities are people who become famous because of publicity through the media.3）In China's mainland, "sweetheart" often refers to a person's husband or wife.4）A fair-weather friend is one who will desert you as soon as you are in trouble.5）Broadly speaking, money refers to anything generally accepted in exchange for other goods and services.6）An armchair revolutionary is one who talks about revolution, but who doesn’t put what he says into practice.7）Professor Lu says that a good teacher is one who does all he/she can to make himself/herself unnecessary for the students.8）Economics is defined as the social science that deals with the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.9）DVD is a disk on which large amounts of information, esp. photographs and video can be stored in a computer.10）The Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary defines "workaholic" as "a person who works most of the time and finds it difficult to stop working and do other things".5. Put in a preposition or an adverb in the blanks.1) after, in, of, from, of, down, in, for2) During/In, on3) In,except, of, with4)) for, by, with, At, to, by, With, in, up6. CCDAB DCBAC DCCAB。
新版新视野大学英语读写教程第四册unit3答案
Section AVocabularyIII.1. raw2. convicted3. compensation4. notify5. provisions6. receipt7. paste8. altered9. thrive 10. certify Exercises on Web course only:11. donation 12. roast 13. rent 14. champion 15. temptationIV1. up2. to3. down4. of5. out6. into7. for8. on9. through 10. ofV.1. M2. E3. G4. A5. H6. C7.18. K9.0 10. D CollocationVI.1. respect2. degree3. money4. living5. praise6. place7. success8. scholarship9. job 10. reputation Word BuildingVII.1. longish2. animal-like3. selfish4. honey-like5. ball-like6. boyish7. yellowish8. bookish1. politicians2. technician3. comedian4. musicians5. physicians6. electricians7. beautician8. magician sentence structureIX.1. The wanted man is believed to be living in New York.2. Many people are said to be homeless after the floods.3. Three men are said to have been arrested after the explosion.4. The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over the wall.5. Four people are reported to have been seriously injured in the accident.X.1. He tried sending her flowers, but it didn't have any effect.2. I don't regret telling her what I thought, even if I upset her.3. The window was broken because I forgot to close it when I left.4. We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are out of stock.5. He welcomed the new student and then went on toexplain the college regulations.TranslationXI.1. Seven or eight officials are reported to have taken bribes and the mayor has decided to look into theaffair in person.2. These workers regret yielding to the management's advice and going back to work. Now they areagain faced with the threat of losing their jobs.3. You only need to fill out a form to get your membership, which entitles you to a discount on goods.4. Their car broke down halfway for no reason. As a result they arrived three hours later than they hadplanned.5. The official got involved in a scandal and was forced to resign weeks later.6. The man living on welfare began to build up his own market, one step at a time and his business isthriving.XII1.据报道这个男子曾在私下说：“许多救济对象在欺骗我们，因此，作为补偿，我们有权让他们对我们点头哈腰。
College English (4-3)大学英语精读第四册资料
Unit 3: Why Do We Believe That the Earth Is Round (我们为什么相信地球是圆的？) Introductory Remarks“Why Do We Believe That the Earth Is Round” is one of a series of short essays Orwell wrote for British periodicals in the 1940’s. In it he first tries to refute both the Flat Earth theory and Oval Earth theory but says that his reasons for thinking that the earth is round are rather weak and precarious. Then from the discussion he draws his conclusion that ours is a credulous age because much of our knowledge does not rest on reasoning or on experiment, but on authority. Here Orwell expresses a healthy concern for the burden the ordinary newspaper-reading citizen carries. Overloaded with information and misinformation, the average man cannot adequately process and digest what he receives. He is apt to accept what he hears or reads as true without submitting it to factual verification or the test of reason. Man should respect the views of true experts, but he should test their theories, and compare different viewpoints in order to arrive at a truer perspective. Then, and only then, can man truly become an intelligent thinking species Prefaceprove (vt.) 证明, 证实prove + noun: He has proved his courage in battle.prove + adj.: The article has proved most useful.prove to be …: The play proved to be very good.prove + that clause:I will prove (to the world) that he was right. go ahead (vi.): Go ahead, please.go ahead with sth: Go ahead with your plan.rely on = depend onsense (C):理性(pl.) 感觉draw on吸收, 利用= take advantage of = make use of Lines 1 – 13some… or…other 某一…e.g.: somewhere or other 在某个地方; some day or other (未来)某一天; (in) some way or other (以)某种方法; He went to some place or other.他去了某个地方. preface (to):introduction (to) (文章或书的)序言; 引言Saint Joan“圣女贞德”Bernard Shaw肖伯纳(English dramatist)remark (v. & n.): say; commentgullible (adj.): credulous 易轻信的; 易受骗的gull (vt.): cheat; deceive e.g.: Gull (=deceive / cheat) a fool out of his money骗取傻子的钱gull (n.): a person who is easily deceived易受欺骗的人superstitious (adj.)迷信的superstition (U)the Middle Ages (欧洲)中世纪credulity (U)易轻信; 易受骗credulous (adj.)incredulity (U); incredulous (adj.) = unbelievablecite (vt.)引用, 引证e.g.: The lawyer cited a previous case to support his argument. average (=ordinary) man普通人advance: put forth; put or bring forward提出e.g.: Mary is too shy to advance her opinion at the meeting.not a single(强调否定) 一个也没有…can advanc e not a single reason提不出任何一个理由e.g.: There was n’t a single boat on the lake.merely = only not merely (=not only)… but alsoswallow (up): eat up without biting; believe or absorb without thinking or reasoninge.g.: I trusted her so much that I could have swallowed any story she told me.appeal to:be attractive or interesting to迎合, 引起…的兴趣e.g.: Korea films always appeal to young people.a)appeal to the court (向法院起诉)b)appeal to history (引证历史)c)appeal to the public (向大众呼吁)d)appeal to force (求助于武力)mentality (U): way of thinking思维方式the twentieth-century mentality二十世纪的思维方式exaggerate (vi. & vt.): overstate夸张, 夸大其词e.g.:Be honest, and don’t exaggerate your sales achievement.…something in: some truth or value in有些对或道理e.g.: There is something/nothing/everything in your answer. Pattern:be worth + 动名词(主动)表示被动含意e.g.: The book is worth / deserves / merits reading twice.follow up: study, investigate, find out more about 探究, 探讨e.g.: They follow up the matter until they got results.for the sake of = for …’s sakee.g.: One should never do wrong for the sake of money (= for money’s sake).throw light on:explain; make (a situation) clearer解释,阐明1.The new facts throw some light on /upon the matter.2.No one could say how the magician (魔术师) was able to pulla rabbit out of his hat until he later threw light on his tricks. speak of 提及, 谈论and so forth = and so on 等等ocular (adj.): of, for , by the eyes ocular proof 目睹证据= witness = evidence based on seeing = evidence on the spotnot …but…不是…而是: He is not a lawyer but a doctor.I am not speaking of … but (I am speaking) ofLines 14 - 27Note: as for 只能用在句首as to 既可用在句首, 又可用在句中1.As for ( As to)his father, I don’t know him at all2.I am in doubt as to his nationality. / Nothing as to his past isknown.the Flat Earth theory地平说refute (vt.):prove (sb) to be mistaken or (a statement) to be untrue驳斥, 证实…错误seashore:seaside, beach mast船桅funnel: chimney烟囱visible (adj.) --- invisible (adj.)invisible ship: ship which is out of the sightinvisible trade:exchange of services (for money) in business trade 无形贸易visible trade: import or export / exchange of physical goods有形贸易passing along the horizon在地平线上航行horizontal (analysis)横向分析--- vertical (analysis)纵向分析phenomenon现象(单数) phenomena (复数)assume: suppose假定, 假设以为be explained by assuming用假设解释curved (adj.):bending曲线的, 弯曲的 a curved line 曲线spherical (adj.): shaped like a ball球状的, 球形的earth sphere地球仪follow (vi.) 因为(由…推断)Pattern: It follows +from +n. + that…由此而断定(而推断)e.g.: From this witness it follows that he must be guilty. Pattern:It does not follow that …不能由此而断定(而推断) e.g.: Because he is kind, it does not follow that he is wise.the Oval (卵形, 椭圆形) Earth theory地球卵形说Pattern: claim + that …: claim to be…声称, 断言be shaped like…:形状象… The flower is shaped like a bird. What can I say against (=refute) it?play cards打牌play the first card打出第一张牌: The figure of speech (修辞)is often used by someone presenting an argument point by point.…the first card I can play:…the first point I can make to support my argumentplay the first card against sth针对某事打出第一张牌…the analogy (类比, 类推) of the sun and moon:the act of comparing the earth to the sun and moonby analogy with, on the analogy of:依…类推e.g.:He can be admitted into Fudan University on the analogy of his testing results.promptly (ad.): at once, immediatelyby my own observation 根据我自己的观察(此处为插入语) body (C) 物体, 实体heavenly bodies天体a solid (liquid) body may well be/do 合理地,可能地may perfectly well be完全可能是…1.His graduation paper may perfectly well be copied downfrom the intranet.2.The three-month military training may well work a changein his living habits.disc =disk圆盘(状的东西)I have no answer to that one. 我对此无言以答…he goes on (continue to say)(此处是插入语)the same…as和…相同NOTE:too 用于肯定句either用于否定句e.g.: 1.He is a student too. 2.I can’t attend your party either. Lines 28 – 41cast (cast, cast): send (light, shadow, etc.) on a surfacee.g.: The candle cast a flickering light on the wall.… when (it is) cast on the moon eclipse (日, 月的) 蚀a solar (lunar) eclipse;日(月)蚀 a total eclipse全蚀take sth blindly from 盲目接受science booklets科普小册子Defeated in the minor exchanges: Defeated in the two less important rounds of debate minor exchanges几个小小的回合/交锋trump: (纸牌中的) 王牌, 将牌play one’s trump card打出王牌, 使出绝招the Astronomer Royal英国格林威治皇家天文台台长…covers the queen with his king用他的“K”牌压倒我的“Q”牌cover:(in card games) to play a higher card than (the card played by the other party)and would I even know a way of testing it?再说,我知道怎样检验吗? bring out: show, produce ace:“A”牌, 爱司王牌1.Suddenly the man brought out a gun and threatened thetaxi-driver with it.2.It did not take the police long to bring out the truth.foretell (vt.): predict; say in advancee.g.:It used to be a popular belief that we could foretell (=predict)a person’s future o n the basis of the date and time of his birth.suggest (此处是)说明, 表明(从句中不用虚拟语气)pretty sound = quite perfect相当可靠impeccable (adj.)完美无瑕的to one’s delight(插入语)令某人高兴的是Pattern: be justified in doing sth. / in sth.有理由的, 做…是理所当然的1.You are justified in saying so.2.If this is the case, he is fully justified in blaming her (=hasevery reason to blame her).say-so (n.) 说法, 如此说, 论断accept one’s say-so about Lines 42 - 62bang goes…:表示突然之间, 什么东西都化为了泡影then bang goes my ace (倒装句) = then my ace bang goes: then I lose my acee.g.: I’ve broken my leg, so bang goes playing basketball.sail (vt. & vi.): 乘船旅行(n.)船杋e.g.: At what time the ship sails ( or pulls up the sails)?by calculation通过计算(v.) calculateaim (vi.) at sth / doing sth目的/标在于; 瞄准…1.Their recent hard study aims at passing CET Band 4.2.His gun aims at t he bird on the tree.I believe that finishes (=overcome completely; kill)the Oval Earth man:I believe this last argument of mine completely defeats the Oval Earth man.counter (n.): a return attack 还击, 反对Compare:anti-(后跟概念性词)/counter(后跟的词表示动作或行为)e.g.: anti-revolution; counter-revolutionaryanti-war; anti-science; But,counter-attack; counter-run precarious (adj.):insecure; depending upon only assumption 不安全的, 靠不住的= not dependableexceptionally(=unusually, extremely) elementary(=basic, fundamental, essential) (异常)非常基本的fall back on: turn to for help, usu. when all else has failed依靠,依赖1. He is a man to fall back on in an emergency.2.If this plan fails, there are other plans we can fall back on. pronouncement = statement公告，声明much (adv.)修饰比较级或最高级1. She is much better now.2. This is much the best.rest on: rely on; be based on依靠, 依赖e.g.: No one challenged him because his arguments rested onsound facts.reasoning (U)推理, 推论; experiment= test实验; authority权威e.g.:He / (This book) is an authority on English grammar. otherwise (adv.): in a different wayAnd how can it be otherwise不这样, 又有什么别的法子呢range (U):范围 e.g.: This is beyond my range of knowledge. ignoramus: an ignorant person 无知的人stray (vi.) (stray away from …):wander away; move away from the subject走离,离题specialty: a special field of study专业; 专攻profession /major not bother to do sth不愿费心去干某事would not even bother to do不屑一顾e.g.: I never bother to iron my shirt.weak arguments无力的论据outline (vt.):indicate the main ideas or facts of 概述if pressed further是if they were pressed further的省略Patterns of “press”1.Catching her hand, she pressed (vt.) the money into it.2.The crowd pressed (vi.) forward to see the film star.3.He pressed his girl friend to come with him. (press sb to do)4.We are pressed for time and money. (缺乏…)5.They are pressing for a decision to be made. (敦促;急切要求) Note: in a way在某种程度上in the way妨碍, 碍事1.In a way I agree with your estimation of the situation.2.Your car is in the way, will you pull it aside?a credulous (adj.: arising from credulity)age一个轻信/易受骗的时代e.g. Only a credulous person would believe your stories.be partly responsible (for sth.) 负部分责任Pattern: be responsible (to sb) for sthto carry a burden承担起一个负担(这里用作比喻)e.g.: The old woman doesn’t want to be a burden on anyone. This is a credulous age, and the burden of knowledge which we now have to carry is partly responsible: This is an age in which people tend to believe whatever they are told, and one reason for this is that now we have inherited so much knowledge.Key to exercisesII. Comprehension of the Text (PP. 57 – 58)1.Choose the best answer for each of the following:1. B2. C3. C4. A5. D6. D7. B8. DIII. Vocabulary (PP. 59 – 61)1.Fill in each of the blanks in the following sentences with a wordor phrase chosen from the Words & Phrases to Drill box. Change the forms where necessary.1. cited2. as for3. exaggerate4. Statements5. preface6. justified7. horizon8. authority9. follow up 10. advanced11. and so forth 12. threw light on 13. pressing 14. burden2.Replace the italicized parts in the following sentences with wordsor phrases chosen from the Words & Phrases to Drill box:1. refuted2. swallowed3. predict4. outlined5. proof6. For the sake of7. advanced8. cited9. In a way 10. cast 11. promptly 12. appealed toplete the following sentences with appropriate phrasal verbsformed from the verbs given below:1. rested on2. fall back on3. appeal to4. followed (it) up5. was straying from6. aimed at7. started off8. bring out 4.Paraphrase the following sentences, using the words or phrasesin brackets:1.If the door was not opened by force, it follows that the burglarhad a key.2.Children tend to be credulous because they have not had muchexperience in the real world.3.The information the police had just obtained threw light on themystery of the stolen antiques.4.The three-month military training may well work a change inhis living habits.5.If this is the case, he is fully justified in blaming her.IV. Enriching Your Word Power (PP. 61 – 63)1. anklet: a band worn around the anklebrooklet: a little brookstarlet: a little starstreamlet: a little stream2.Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the formswhere necessary.1. forecasts2. forefathers3. foresight4. foregoing5. forerunner6. foretell / forecast3.Fill in the blanks with words chosen from the above list:1. sun, solar2. dental3. mental4. paternal, maternal5. moon, lunar6. annual, year7. night, nocturnal8. aural9. fraternal 10. ocular / eyeV. Usage (pp. 63 – 65)Leave out words in the following sentences that may be left out:1.John won’t like it but Jack will like it.2.She was poor but she was honest.3.I’ve explained more than once and I’m not going to explainagain.4.Is it a color film or a black and white film?5.Having washed and having changed, Linda went out on theverandah.6.His aunt and his uncle had to work long hours to keep body andsoul together.7.Do you want to buy seats in the orchestra (正厅前座) or in thebalcony (楼厅包厢)?8.I should have lent her the money and I should have helped herout of the difficulty.9.Joe hid his face behind his newspaper lest he should have tospeak to acquaintances and lest he should expose his uneasiness.10.When Sarah was finally reunited with her children at the airportthey kissed each other and hugged each other.VI. S tructure (pp. 65 - 66)plete the following sentences, using it does not follow that…and the hints in brackets:1)Because he is good, it does not follow that he is bright.2)Just because she failed the exam, it does not follow that shehas no brains.3)Joan has been to France many a time, but it does not followthat she has obtained a good command of French.4)It’s true that Ben’s got a better job, it does not follow thathe’ll be paid more.2.Make sentences after the model:1.I’m sure Jim w ill come if asked.2.No artistic creation can achieve greatness if divorced from life.3.This hotel, if not well managed, will yield little profit.4.Joe was shocked to learn that his illness could result in totalblindness if left untreated.3.Rewrite the following sentences after the model:1.To her horror, Mrs. Pride saw her neighbor killed in broaddaylight.2.To our amazement,we heard the 70-year-old man had beatenthe young athlete in the match.3.To his surprise, Ted found that his learned cousin knew verylittle about the subject.4.To her great relief, Mrs. Dane found her husband unhurt in thetraffic accident.5.To my deep regret, I won’t be able to attend the ceremony.6.To their dismay, the travelers found the bridge had been washedaway.VII. Cloze (pp. 67 - 68)1. Complete the following passage with words or phrases chosen from the Words &Phrases to Drill box. Change the forms where necessary 1. starts off2. superstitious3. promptly4. exaggerates5. fall back on6. authorities7. aim at8. outlines9. throwing light on 10. rests on 11. credulous 12. burden2. Fill in the missing words:1. where2. by3. you4. don’t5. come6. That’s7. change 8. over 9. even 10. reason 11. understate12. someone 13. task / thing 14. way 15. no 16. much 17. no 18. position 19. those 20. can 21. an 22. little 23. on 24. hopeVIII. Translation (p. 68)Turn the following sentences into English, using as many of the words and phrases you have learned from the text as possible:1.In the preface to one of his plays, Bernard Shaw advances theidea that people are more superstitious today than they were in the Middle Ages.2.After her husband died, she had to bear the severe financialburdens of raising five children by herself.3.One of the best ways to prove or refute a point is to cite examplesfrom your own experience.4.Hunt’s statement that Betty always exaggerates his faults maywell lead to a quarrel.5.I trusted her so much that I would have swallowed any story shetold me.6.When the family gathered to discuss matters of finance, Fatherstarted off by saying that it was absolutely necessary to set asid e some money each month, for in an emergency we could fall back on our savings.Key to Reading ActivityExercise A (p. 73)1. F2. F3. T4. F5. FExercise B (pp. 74 - 75)1. B2. D3. A4. A5. D6. C7. D8. B9. A 10. B。
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Unit Three:Why Do We Believe That the Earth Is RoundTextCan you prove that the earth is round? Go ahead and try! Will you rely on your senses or will you have to draw on the opinions of experts? WHY DO WE BELIEVETHAT THE EARTH IS ROUND?George OrwellSomewhere or other — I think it is in the preface to saint Joan —Bernard Shaw remarks that we are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages, and as an example of modern credulity he cites the widespread belief that the earth is round. The average man, says Shaw, can advance not a single reason for thinking that the earth is round. He merely swallows this theory because there is something about it that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality. Now, Shaw is exaggerating, but there is something in what he says, and the question is worth following up, for the sake of the light it throws on modern knowledge. Just why do we believe that the earth is round? I am not speaking of the few thousand astronomers, geographers and so forth who could give ocular proof, or have a theoretical knowledge of the proof, but of the ordinary newspaper-reading citizen, such as you or me.As for the Flat Earth theory, I believe I could refute it. If you stand bythe seashore on a clear day, you can see the masts and funnels of invisible ships passing along the horizon. This phenomenon can only be explained by assuming that the earth's surface is curved. But it does not follow that the earth is spherical. Imagine another theory called the Oval Earth theory, which claims that the earth is shaped like an egg. What can I say against it?Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. The Oval Earth man promptly answers that I don't know, by my own observation, that those bodies are spherical. I only know that they are round, and they may perfectly well be flat discs. I have no answer to that one. Besides, he goes on, what reason have I for thinking that the earth must be the same shape as the sun and moon? I can't answer that one either.My second card is the earth's shadow: When cast on the moon during eclipses, it appears to be the shadow of a round object. But how do I know, demands the Oval Earth man, that eclipses of the moon are caused by the shadow of the earth? The answer is that I don't know, but have taken this piece of information blindly from newspaper articles and science booklets.Defeated in the minor exchanges, I now play my queen of trumps: the opinion of the experts. The Astronomer Royal, who ought to know, tells me that the earth is round. The Oval Earth man covers the queenwith his king. Have I tested the Astronomer Royal's statement, and would I even know a way of testing it? Here I bring out my ace. Yes, I do know one test. The astronomers can foretell eclipses, and this suggests that their opinions about the solar system are pretty sound. I am, to my delight, justified in accepting their say-so about the shape of the earth.If the Oval Earth man answers — what I believe is true — that the ancient Egyptians, who thought the sun goes round the earth, could also predict eclipses, then bang goes my ace. I have only one card left: navigation. People can sail ship round the world, and reach the places they aim at, by calculations which assume that the earth is spherical. I believe that finishes the Oval Earth man, though even then he may possibly have some kind of counter.It will be seen that my reasons for thinking that the earth is round are rather precarious ones. Yet this is an exceptionally elementary piece of information. On most other questions I should have to fall back on the expert much earlier, and would be less able to test his pronouncements. And much the greater part of our knowledge is at this level. It does not rest on reasoning or on experiment, but on authority. And how can it be otherwise, when the range of knowledge is so vast that the expert himself is an ignoramus as soon as he strays away from his own specialty? Most people, if asked to prove that theearth is round, would not even bother to produce the rather weak arguments I have outlined above. They would start off by saying that "everyone knows" the earth to be round, and if pressed further, would become angry. In a way Shaw is right. This is a credulous age, and the burden of knowledge which we now have to carry is partly responsible.New Wordsprefacen. an introduction to a book or speech 前言,序gulliblea. easily deceived or cheated esp. into a false belief; credulous 易受骗的;轻信的superstitiousa. full of superstition; believing in superstitions 迷信的credulityn. a tendency to believe to readily 轻信citevt. mention as an example; quote (a passage, book, etc.) 举出;引出widespreada. found or distributed over a large area 分布广的;普遍的advancevt. put or bring forward; offer 提出appealvi. please, attract or interest 投合所好;有感染力;有吸引力mentalityn. way of thinking, outlook; mental power or capacity 心理,思想;脑力exaggeratevt. think, speak or write of as greater than is really so; overstate 夸张;夸大saken. end, purpose 缘故geographern. a specialist in geographyoculara. of, for, by the eyes; based on what has been seen 眼睛的;凭视觉的theoreticala. of or based on theoryn. 公民;市民refutevt. prove (a statement) to be untrue; prove (a person) to be mistaken 驳斥mastn. a long upright pole of wood or metal for carrying flags or sails on a ship 桅杆funneln. a metal chimney for letting out smoke from a steam engine or steamship (蒸汽机,轮船等的)烟囱invisiblea. that can not be seenhorizonn. the line where the sky seems to meet the earth or sea 地平线phenomenon (pl. phenomena)n. 现象vt. bend so as to form a line that has no straight part 使成曲线n. a continuously bending line without angles 曲线followvi. result or occur as a consequence, effect, or inference 结果产生;得出sphericala. shaped like a ball 球形的ovaln.& a. (anything which is) egg-shaped 卵形的(东西), 椭圆的(东西)cardn. 纸牌analogyn. comparison of things that have a certain likeness; similarity 类比; 相似promptlyad. quickly and willingly 敏捷地;迅速地prompt a.n. =celestial body 天体discn. 圆盘castvt. throw or drop; cause (light or shadow) to appear (on) 扔,投; 投射eclipsen. the total or partial hiding of one celestial body by another (天文学)食bookletn. a small book, usu. with a paper cover 小册子exchangevt. give and receive (one thing in return for another) 交换trumpn. 王牌royala. for, belonging to, or connected with a king or queen 皇家的; 王室的statementn. expression in words; a written or spoken declaration, esp. of a formal kind 陈述;声明acen. (纸牌中的)"A"牌,爱司foretellvt. tell beforehand; predict 预言solara. of the sunthe solar systemthe sun and the planets which revolve round itjustifyvt. give a good reason for; show to be just, right or reasonable 证明……是正当的；为…辩护say-son. an authoritative pronouncement; one's unsupported assertion 权威性声明；无证据的断言Egyptiann.,a. (native) of Egypt 埃及人；埃及的predictvt. announce or tell beforehand; forecast 预言bangad. with a sudden loud noise; with a sudden impact 砰地navigationn. the act or process of navigating 航海calculationn. the act of adding, subtracting, multiplying, or dividing to find a result 计算calculate vt.calculator n. 计算器countern. sth. of value in bargaining; a return attack, such as a blow in boxing 讨价还价的本钱；回击，反击precariousa. insecure; depending upon mere assumption 不安全的；根据不足的，靠不住的exceptionallyad. unusuallyauthorityn. power to influence; power to give orders and make others obey 权威；权力ignoramusn. an ignorant person 无知的人strayvi. wander away; (of thoughts or conversation) move away from the subject 走离；离题specialtyn. a special field of work or study 专业outlinevt. indicate the main ideas or facts ofn. a systematic listing of the important points of a subject 提纲pressvt. demand or ask for continuously 催促，逼迫credulousa. tending to believe sth. on little evidence, arising from credulity 轻信的burdenn. sth. difficult to bear; load 重负；负荷Phrases & Expressionsfollow uppursue or investigate closely; take further action after (sth.) 深入研究或调查；采取进一步行动for the sake offor the good or advantage of; for the purpose of 为了…的利益；为了throw/shed light onmake clear; explain 使明白，使明朗；解释and so forthand so onas forwith regard to, concerning 至于may well (not)be very likely (not) to 完全（不）可能bring outshow; offer to the public 拿出；使显出；推出（新产品等）aim athave as one's target, objective, etc.fall back onturn to for support 求助于rest ondepend on, rely onstray away fromwander from; move from 偏离start offbegin; departin a wayto a certain extent; a little; somewhat 在某种程度上Proper Names Saint Joan圣女贞德Bernard Shaw 萧伯纳。