研究生英语科技英语阅读与翻译6
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10).
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
《科技英语阅读与翻译》句子翻译
Unit1A因此，可以将计算机定义为一种高速运行的电子设备，该设备以称为程序的指令和称为数据的字符形式接收信息，并对信息进行算术和/或逻辑运算，继而提供运算结果。
For this reason,computers can be defined as very—high-speed electronic device which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data,perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the information，and then supply results of these operations.计算机解决问题只需用人工所需时间的一小部分时间。
It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to da the job。
对计算机发出指令的程序或部分程序，以及为其提供解决问题所需信息的数据均存储在计算机存储器内。
The program,or part of it，which tells the computers what to do and the data,which provide the information needed to solve the problem，are kept inside the computer in place called memory。
计算机能够代替人类做单调、常规的工作，但没有独创性；计算机可以根据指令工作，但不能做任何价值判断。
A computer can replace people in dull，routine tasks,but it has no originality;it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise any value judgments.如果操作者不给予指示，也不提供适当信息，计算机就什么也做不了;但由于电脉冲能以光速运行，因此计算机几乎瞬间便能处理大量算术逻辑运算。
科技英语阅读翻译
科技英语阅读翻译 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020ⅢT r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e(20%)（1）He is best known for coining the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. (2) To explain these puzzling findings, some scientists have reviv ed an old idea of Einstein’s that had been discarded as false: that the vacuum of space has energy in it that acts repulsively and accelerates the expansion of the universe.(3) New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain a nd use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing.(4) The tenor of our time appears to regard history as having ended, with pronouncements from many techno-pundits claiming that the Internet is revolutionary and changes everything.(5) As a by-product of an industry that exists all over the world-the stalks that remain after grain has been harvested-straw also helpfully soaks up carbon from the atmosphere and locks it in, so long as it is not allowed to decompose.Ⅲ Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）（1）The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusing a description of sets of numbers with a description of sets of sets of numbers.（2）Now the cosmological constant is one of the leading theories of why the universe is blowing up like a balloon at ever-increasing speed.（3）That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because the popularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.（4）Although it’s unclear if the capacity for remote operation will justify the QB’s US$15,000 price tag, Anybots believes its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places.（5）As a by-product of an industry that exists all over the world-the stalks that remain after grain has been harvested-straw also helpfully soaks up carbon from the atmosphere and locks it in, so long as it is not allowed to decompose.Ⅲ Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)（1）But Russell ( and independently, Ernst Zermelo ) noticed that x = {a: a is not in a} leads to a contradiction in the same way as the description of the collection of barbers.（2）An analogy is the siren of an ambulance that changes pitch as it moves toward you, then passes you and heads the other way — its waves are first compressed, then stretched.（3）It’s the older members — those who could join only after it opened membership in 2006 to workplace networks, then to anyone — who are adjusting to a new value system that prizes self-expression over reticence.（4）Although it’s unclear if the capacity for remote operation will justify the QB’s US$15,000 price tag, Anybots believes its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places.（5）No matter how stylishly modern and environmentally friendly straw-bale house may look, however, you still want to know that it won’t get sopping wet in a thunderstorm or go up in a whoosh of flames if you knock over a candle.Ⅲ Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)（1）For example, we can describe the collection of numbers 4, 5 and 6 by saying that x is the collection of integers, represented by n, which are greater than 3 and less than 7.（2）Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace.（3）Among members, a Law of Amiable Inclusiveness seems to be revealing itself: over time, many are deciding that the easiest path is to routinely accept “friend requests”, completing a sequence begun when one member seeks to designate another as a Facebook friend.（4）The area between the QB’s head and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can be adjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeters.（5）After waiting another 45 minutes and finding that the panel still hadn’t failed, the team gave up and stopped the experiment, secure in the knowledge that the material had performed beyond the requirements of building regulations.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)1. This system served as vehicle for the first formalizations of the foundations of mathematics; it is still used in some philosophical investigations and in branches of computer science.2. That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because thepopularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.3. No matter how stylishly modern and environmentally friendly straw-bale house may look,however, you still want to know that it won't get sopping wet in a thunderstorm or go up in a whoosh of flames if you knock over a candle.4. The premise on which the technology is based is that genetic information, encoded by DNA andarranged in the form of genes, is a resource that can be manipulated in various ways to achieve certain goals in both pure and applied science and medicine.5. Many people are working towards trying to make cities more sustainable. A sustainable city offersa good quality of life to current residents but doesn’t reduce the opportunities for future residents to enjoy.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)1. This system served as vehicle for the first formalizations of the foundations of mathematics; it is still used in some philosophical investigations and in branches of computer science.2. Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace.3. When the distinction blurs between one’s few close friends and the many who are not, it seems pointless to distinguish between private and public.4. No matter how stylishly modern and environmentally friendly straw-bale house may look, however, you still want to know that it won't get sopping wet in a thunderstorm or go up in a whoosh of flames if you knock over a candle.5. Engineers in the future will work at the extremes of very large and very small systems that require greater knowledge and coordination of multidisciplinary and multi-scale engineering across greater distances and timeframesPart III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. To explain the puzzling findings, some scientists have received an old idea of Einstein’s that hadbeen discarded as false: that the vacuum of space has energy in it that acts repulsively andaccelerates the expansion of the universe.2. Telecommuting workers and traveling executives alike could use QB( so named because it is thenext in line after the company’s prototype QA bot ) as a virtual extension of themselves,allowing them to attend meetings, tour facilities or perform walk-throughs of real estate properties, all while controlling the robot from a computer keyboard.3. Research had developed to the point where progress was being hampered by technical constraints, as the elegant experiments that had helped to decipher the genetic code could not be extended to investigate the gene in more detail.4. The ideas that the state of the universe at one time determines the state at all other times, has beena central tenet of science, ever since Laplace’s time.5. Nuclear power’s prominence as a major energy source will continue over the next several decades, according to new projections made by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which has just published a new report, Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power for the period up to 2030.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. For a smallish two-bed roomed house with one large open-plan kitchen/dinner, tha t doesn’tparticularly cheap given that straw is supposed to be inexpensive, and you’d still have to buy the plot and dig the foundations.2. Combined with advances in CAD systems, it will be possible for mechanical engineers tocollaborate in immersive interactive environments where they can design collaboratively, test hypotheses, run models and simulations and observe their creations in three dimensions much as an engineer can observe a car being built with their colleagues on the shop floor.3. Althou gh it is unclear if the capacity for remote operation will justify the QB’s US$15,000 pricetag, Anybots believes its technology will appeal to a new generation of workers who expect to be in contact at all times and in all places,4. That’s not because F acebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because thepopularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.5. Because gravity draws mass together, most experts expected to find that gravity had slowed down the universe’s rate of ballooning, or perhaps that the rate was staying about the same.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace. Dark energy is a bit like anti-gravity. Where gravity pulls things together at the more local level, dark energy tugs them apart on the grander scale.2. The growth of membership and of individual networks seems impervious to gaffes at the company during its brief, five-year history. One of those instances was in February, when it fiddled with its terms of service. N ew language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing.3. Along with the wheels, a self-balancing system and a motor with a top speed of five kilometers per hour make the robot mobile. The two-wheel—as opposed to a tricycle or quad—design makes it more maneuverable in tight spaces and helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms. The area between the QB's head and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can be adjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeters.4. Social and demographic changes are leading to a greater demand for housing. People are living longer, and choosing to marry later, and in recent years there has been a rise in the number of single-parent families. Added to this, the UK is experiencing immigration from other countries, . from Poland which has recently joined the EU. The result is an ever-larger number of smaller households, all requiring accommodation.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%）1. Dark energy is the name given to an unexplained force that is drawing galaxies away from each other, against the pull of gravity, at an accelerated pace. Dark energy is a bit like anti-gravity. Where gravity pulls things together at the more local level, dark energy tugs them apart on the grander scale.2. The growth of membership and of individual networks seems impervious to gaffes at the company during its brief, five-year history. One of those instances was in February, when it fiddled with its terms of service. New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s persona l information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing.3. Along with the wheels, a self-balancing system and a motor with a top speed of five kilometers perhour make the robot mobile. The two-wheel—as opposed to a tricycle or quad—design makes it more maneuverable in tight spaces and helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms. Thearea between the QB's head and base consists of a length of telescoping plastic that can beadjusted to let the QB stand as tall as 175 centimeters or as short as 81 centimeters.4. Social and demographic changes are leading to a greater demand for housing. People are livinglonger, and choosing to marry later, and in recent years there has been a rise in the number of single-parent families. Added to this, the UK is experiencing immigration from other countries, . from Poland which has recently joined the EU. The result is an ever-larger number of smaller households, all requiring accommodation.Part III. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (20%)1. The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusing a description of sets of numberswith a description of sets of sets of numbers.2. That’s not because Facebook is hell-bent on stripping away privacy protections, but because thepopularity of Facebook and other social networking sites has promoted the sharing of all things personal, dissolving the line that separates the private from the public.3. The two-wheel—as opposed to a tricycle or quad—design makes it more maneuverable in tight spacesand helps keep its weight down to about 16 kilograms.4. The straw bales, it turns out, are all packed tightly inside a series of prefabricated rectangular woodenwall frames, which are then lime-rendered, dried and finally slotted together like giant Lego pieces, called ModCell panels.5. Although the UK is an urban society, more and more people are choosing to live on the edge ofurban areas - with many relocating to the countryside. This is called counter-urbanisation.。
科技英语阅读答案Unit 6, 10
Unit 6 Mechanics and AutomotivesPart I EST ReadingReading 1Section A Pre-reading TaskWarm-up Questions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1.What do you think will be the most popular mechanic field in the future? And why?(Open)2.Do you know anything about NANO-BIO technology?Nanobiotechnology is the branch of nanotechnology with biological and biochemical applications or uses. Nanobiotechnology often studies existing elements of nature in order to fabricate new devices. The term bionanotechnology is often used interchangeably with nanobiotechnology, though a distinction is sometimes drawn between the two. If the two are distinguished, nanobiotechnology usually refers to the use of nanotechnology to further the goals of biotechnology, while bionanotechnology might refer to any overlap between biology and nanotechnology, including the use of biomolecules as part of or as an inspiration for nanotechnological devices.3.Have you ever heard of CAD in engineering design?CAD: Computer-aided design (CAD), also known as computer-aided drafting and design (CADD), is the use of computer technology for the process of design and design-documentation. Computer Aided Drafting describes the process of drafting with a computer. CADD software, or environments, provide the user with input-tools for the purpose of streamlining design processes; drafting, documentation, and manufacturing processes. CADD output is often in the form of electronic files for print or machining operations. The development of CADD-based software is in direct correlation with the processes it seeks to economize; industry-based software (construction, manufacturing, etc.) typically uses vector-based (linear) environments whereas graphic-based software utilizes raster-based (pixelated) environments.4.What is computational simulation and can you give an example?Simulation is the imitation of some real thing, state of affairs, or process. The act of simulating something generally entails representing certain key characteristics or behaviours of a selected physical or abstract system. The network computer games are typical example of computational simulation.5.How does computational simulation help engineering design?Combined with advances in CAD systems, it will be possible for mechanical engineers to collaborate in immersive interactive environments where they can design collaboratively,test hypothesis, run models and simulations and observe their creations in three dimensions much as an engineer can observe a car being built with their colleagues on the shop floor.Section C Post-reading TaskReading Comprehension1. Directions: Work on your own and fill in the blanks with the main idea.Part 1 (Paras. 1-4) Brief introduction to the two expanding frontiers of engineering Para. 1: A vision of the engineers’ knowledge and coordination in the future.Para. 2: the two frontiers predicted.Para. 3: The requirements for the mechanical engineers in the future.Para. 4: An engine er’s point of the development of design.Part 2 (Paras. 5-8) The future of nanotechnology and biotechnologyPara. 5: Nanotechnology and biotechnology as the most influential fields.Para. 6: the core of technological innovation has shifted to biology and the environment.Para. 7: The great expectations of biotechnology.Part 3 (Paras. 9-15) The designing methods of the engineers in the futurePara. 8: The democratization of the process of designing and creating new devices.Para. 9: Futurist Rohit Talwar’s highlight of immersive interactive skills.Para. 10: The affordable vision of CAD.Para. 11: The future vision of engineers’ design independently.Para. 12: The future vision of engineers’ design at home.2. Directions: Work in pairs and discuss the following questions.1) According to the text, what is the “very large system” the engineers have to work on?Multidisciplinary and multi-scale engineering across greater distances and timeframes2) According to the text, what is the “very small system” the engineers have to work on?Nanotechnology.3) In order to “work at the extremes”, what would the engineers probably do in thefuture?Be adept at integrating different disciplines, addressing increasingly complex customer andstakeholder requirements, and treating multiple interacting systems.4) Why would the future employers demand engineers adept at integrating differentdisciplines?They must be able to conceive and direct projects of enormous complexity that require a highly integrative view of engineering systems.5) What is the future application vision of Nano-Bio?Nanotechnology and biotechnology will dominate technological development in the next 20 years and will be incorporated into all aspects of technology that affect our lives on a daily basis. Nano-Bio will provide the building blocks that future engineers will use to solve pressing problems in diverse fields including medicine, energy, water management, aeronautics, agriculture and environmental management.6) Can you make some examples on how nanotechnology and biotechnology will beapplied?(Open)7) According to the passage, what might be the most important working method for thefuture engineers?Designing at home would be the the most important working method for the future engineers.8) How will the home-based personal fabrication become readily available?Rapid prototyping and fabrication laboratories are improving and will soon be affordable for those running home offices, teaching classes and those inventing or building as a hobby.Within 20 years, it is likely that home-based personal fabricators will be economically attractive and available to anyone who wants them.3. Directions: Read the following passage carefully and fill in the blanks with the words or phrases you’ve learned in the text.In order to get ready for the multidisciplinary and multi-scale engineering, engineers must be adept at integrating different disciplines, addressing increasingly complex customer and stakeholder requirements. Nowadays, the application of Nanotechnology and biotechnology goes far beyond the prosaic use of nanofabrics in pants to prevent stains, but is poised for even greater application over the next 20 years. Biotechnology is now on the verge of a revolution in which genetic components are standardized and interchangeable, therefore, the engineers must design collaboratively, test hypothesis, run models and simulations and observe their creations in immersive interactive environments.Vocabulary and Structure1. Directions: Give the correct form of the word according to the indication in the brackets. Then complete the sentences using the right form for each word. Use each word once.1) The disciplinary research requires cooperation among different fields of science.2) Carl works in the insurance division of the company.3) He poised himself for a jump.4) Titanium fabrication plays a very important part in aeronautics.5) Many people believe that women are more intuitive than men.6) PCs are now democratized all around the world.7) We should avoid plain prosaic statement in our compositions.8) The spectacular visual effects offered us an incredibly immersive gaming experience.9) The thesis shows us a mathematical simulation in theory.10) The structural complexity of this nanofabric product is the most important part in itsmassive production.2. Directions: Complete the sentences with the words given in the brackets. Change the form if necessary.1) Biotechnology is on the verge of a revolution in which genetic components arestandardized and interchangeable.生物技术正处于基因革命的边缘。
新世纪研究生公共英语阅读C译文unit6
新世纪研究⽣公共英语阅读C译⽂unit6⼈体研究欧⽂-S-李对于⼈体的研究——甚⾄是科学的研究——是古⽼⽽可敬的，可以追溯到亚⾥斯多德时代，希波克拉底时代，再往前还可以追溯到更加模糊的开始。
今天，它是知识界的主要学科之⼀。
像我们的其他活动⼀样，它可以分为两⽅⾯：成功的⼀⽅⾯和不成功的⼀⽅⾯。
在⼴义上，考虑到许多重要的例外情况，可以说⼈体研究成功的⼀⽅⾯与医学有关，⽽它的不成功的⼀⽅⾯与哲学和社会科学有关。
这些关系不仅与历史有关，⽽且也与⽅法、态度和传统有关。
医学的以及医学科学的成功绝⾮轻⽽易举的事情；在经历了⽆数次失败之后，它们是许许多多熟练的内科医⽣中最优秀最幸运的那些⼈留下来的遗产和成果。
尽管常常受到迂腐、⽆能和江湖骗术的妨碍，在邪恶时代，它们甚⾄长期桎梏医学知识的积累，然⽽⾃从希波克拉底以来，⾄少没有完全放弃熟练⾏医的传统⼀⼀⼀种理论和实践相结合的传统。
这个传统是不可或缺的，尤其是在以下三个⽅⾯。
⾸先，希波克拉底教导我们，医⽣应该在病房⾥⽽不是在实验室⾥付出艰⾟的持久的智慧的负责任的不懈的劳动，即医⽣全⾝⼼地适应这项⼯作。
这种适应远远不只是聪明不聪明的问题，它主要是通过建⽴条件反射来实现的。
在熟悉任何材料或者掌握任何媒介的有效⼯作⽅法时，这样的东西似乎是必不可少的⼀部分。
第⼆，希波克拉底教会我们准确地观察事物和事件；根据熟悉的明显的反复出现的现象做出判断，在这⼀判断的指导下做出选择；对事物和事件进⾏分类，有条不紊地利⽤它们。
第三，希波克拉底教会我们审慎地构建⼀种理论——并不是哲学理论，也不是漫⽆边际的想像，更不是准宗教教条，⽽是⼀种朴实⽆华、路⼈皆知的东西。
或许我这样说更好⼀些：是⼀种有⽤的帮助⼈⾏⾛的拐杖。
所有这些总结起来就是：内科医⽜⾸先必须对于事物有亲⾝的习惯性的直觉的了解；第⼆，对于事物必须有系统的认识；第三，必须有⼀种有效的思考事物的⽅法。
经验表明，此乃通向成功之路。
长期以来，在研究疾病的时候⼈们⼀直遵循这⼀⽅法，然⽽在研究⽇常⽣活中他经历时⼏乎根本没有遵循过。
考研英语阅读中英全文对照版 (6)
UNIT SEVENTEXT ONEOnce upon a time—when the U.S. dollar was king—American students blithely flocked overseas to nibbl e on affordable scones and croissants between classes. How times have changed.As the dollar dips to all-time lows, college students are feeling the pinch. Especially in the United Kingdom and countries that use the euro—which currently is at 68 cents to the dollar—the cost of living has skyrocketed. "Years ago we could say studying abroad was the same price as staying on campus," says Daeya Malboeuf, an associate director at Syracuse University. "There's no way we can say that anymore."Yet this unfavorable economic environment hasn't stopped students from scrambling overseas. According to the Institute of International Education,study-abroad programs have grown 144 percent in the past decade and continue to increase around 8 percent each year. Considering the rising costs, "it's surprising how little the students haven't been deterred," says Natalie Bartush, who handles thestudy-abroad program at the University of Texas.Where the real change appears to be happening as a result of rising prices is in the length and location of students' foreign study choices. The number of participants in short-term summer programs has swelled, as has the interest in courses at more exotic locales. For Middlebury College students, for example, a year in Florence costs around $37,000; at Santiago, Chile, it's $27,000. Such price differences have contributed to modest or flat growth at traditionally popular programs in western Europe and Australia, whereas schools in Chile, Argentina, South Africa, and China (particularly Hong Kong) are aggressively expanding to meet rising demand.Program directors are quick to point out that the shift is not just about money. "You can't understand the United States today without understanding what's going on outside our borders, and that's not just Europe anymore," says Rebecca Hovey, dean of the study-abroad program at the School for International Training. Interest in nontraditional locales spiked even before the dollar began dropping, and foreign countries are marketing themselves to American students. A surge of support from education nonprofits and the State Department also has fueled the trend.Study-abroad costs also vary wildly based on the way colleges structure their programs. Schools that effectively swap students with a foreign college are less affected by the falling dollar, but American schools that operate their own student centers often end up paying more for rent, utilities, and faculty salaries as the U.S. currency falters. The dollar's slide also means that trying to set student fees in advanceis a tiresome guessing game for college officials. Most of these educators' energy, however, is spent scrounging up extra financial aid for needy travelers. Students already getting help can usually transfer their aid to tuition and fees abroad, but basics like housing and food are often at the mercy of the fluctuating dollar. Airfare, which can exceed $1,000 round trip, is not generally included in school fees, and whirlwind trips across continents are rarely cheap.The emphasis on student financial responsibility is especially evident at private schools like Syracuse, which charges the same pricey tuition abroad as at home. Even at more affordable public universities and private colleges like Middlebury—which charges U.S. students the often cheaper tuition of the international host schools—counselors are quick to peddle the virtue of thrift, a lesson no longer lost between those on safety and culture shock.参考译文：当美元还是老大的时候，美国学生都高高兴兴地成群跑到海外上学，课间可以品尝价格合适的烤饼和羊角面包。
研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译
Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World?If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature.如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。
对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。
特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle.事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。
科技英语阅读课文翻译UNIT1-8
科技英语阅读1-8单元译文：Unit 1罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例：设想有这样一群理发师，他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。
假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件，不给自己理发；然而按照要求，他必须要给自己理发。
但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。
（如果这样的话，这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发）1901年，伯特兰·罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。
在19世纪后期，弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。
他确立了形式表达式（如：x =2）和数学特性（如偶数）之间的联系。
按照弗雷格理论的发展，我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。
1903年，发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。
就现在而言，这种类型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。
例如，我们可以用x代表整数，通过n 来表示并且n大于3小于7，来表示4，5,6这样一个集合。
这种集合的书写形势就是：x={n：n是整数，3<n<7}。
集合中的对象并不一定是数字。
我们也可让y={x：x是美国的一个男性居民}。
表面上看，似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要求的空间。
但是，罗素（和策梅洛一起）发现x={a：a不再a中}导致一个矛盾，就像对一群理发师的描述一样。
x它本身是在x的集合中吗？否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。
当罗素发现了悖论，弗雷格立即就发现悖论对他的理论有致命的打击。
尽管这样，他还不能解决这个问题,并且上世纪有很多的尝试，去解决这个问题（但没有成功）。
罗素自己对这个悖论的回答促进了类型理论的形成。
他解释说，悖论的问题在于我们混淆了数集和数集的集合。
所以，罗素介绍了对象的分级系统：数、数集、数集的集合等等。
这个系统为形式化数学的形成奠定了基础，至今它还应用于哲学研究和计算机科学分支。
策梅洛对于罗素悖论的解决方法用新的公理：对于任意公式A（x）和任意集合b，都会有一个集合满足y={x：x既在b中又满足A（x）}取代了以前的公理：对于任意公式A（x），都会有一个集合满足y={x：x满足A（x）}。
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16.In his description of his own personal development, Alan Lightman says, “Mathematics contrasted strongly with the ambiguities and contradictions in people. The world of people had no certainly or logic.” 在他自己个人发展的描述中， 译 ： 在他自己个人发展的描述中 ， 阿兰。莱特曼说： 阿兰 。 莱特曼说 ： “ 数学与人民内 部的不确定性和矛盾形成了强烈的 对比， 对比 ， 全世界的人都没有确定性或 者逻辑性” 者逻辑性”。
11.This larger picture has room for a number of factors that have traditionally been omitted from a description of mathematics and are translogical---that is, beyond logic---though not illogical.
5.From this point of view, the distinguishing aspect of mathematics would be the precision of its idea and its systematic use of the most stringent logical criteria.
Discipline Faithful 准确可靠的 n.纪律，风纪，教养，训练 adj.忠实的，忠诚的，忠贞的，如实的，
我们可以这么说来阐明这一观点： 译：我们可以这么说来阐明这一观点： 自然世界遵循了逻辑法则， 自然世界遵循了逻辑法则 ， 由于数学 是最具逻辑性的学科， 是最具逻辑性的学科 ， 因此说数学对 现实进行了如实的描述这一点也不让 人惊讶。 人惊讶。
6.In this view, mathematics offers a vision of a purely logical world.
Vision
n.视力，视觉，所见实物
从这点看来， 译 ： 从这点看来 ， 数学呈现给我们的是一个纯 粹逻辑的世界。 粹逻辑的世界。
7.One way of expressing this view is by saying that the natural world obeys the rules of logic and, since mathematics is the most perfectly logical of disciplines, it is not surprising that mathematics provides such a faithful description of reality.
Distinguishing Precision Stringent Criteria adj.区别性的 n.精确（性）；精密（度） adj.严密的；有说服力的 pl.（批判、批评的）标准，准则，尺度
从这点我们可以看出， 译：从这点我们可以看出，数学有 别于其他学科的一个特点就是其观 点的严密性， 以及有 点的严密性 ， 以及 有 条理地使用符 合逻辑的 有说服力的准则。 合逻辑的、有说服力的准则。
14.As opposed to the formal structure, what is proposed is to focus on the central ideas of mathematics, to take ideas--instead of axioms, definitions, and proofs--as the basic building blocks of the subject and see what mathematics looks like when viewed from that perspective.
Ambiguity： n.歧义 Contradiction： n.矛盾 Paradox： n.悖论 have an essential role to do 在…..中发挥重要的作用
因此， 这里有一个关于 歧义， 关于歧义 译 ： 因此 ， 这里有一个 关于 歧义 ， 矛盾和悖论这些东西的讨论， 矛盾和悖论这些东西的讨论 ，令人 惊讶的是，这些东西在数学实践中 惊讶的是， 发挥着重要的作用。 发挥着重要的作用。
12.Thus, there is a discussion of things like ambiguity,contradiction, and paradox that, surprisingly, also have an essential role to play in mathematical practice.
On the contrary insufficient account for
正相反 adj.不足的，不充足的 解释，说明，对…负责
译 ： 恰恰相反的是 ， 本书认为逻 恰恰相反的是， 辑结构固然重要， 辑结构固然重要，但是在数学的实 际应用中仅凭逻辑结构是远远不够 的，也更不能说仅凭它就可以产生 在几乎所有人类思想领域通过对数 学进行应用而取得的巨大成功。 学进行应用而取得的巨大成功。
13.This flies in the face of conventional wisdom that would see the role of mathematics as eliminating such things as ambiguity from a legitimate description of the worlds of thought and nature.
4.One of these sees mathematics as the ultimate in rational expression; in fact, the expression “the light of reason” could be used to refer to mathematics.
10.This book offers another vision of mathematics, a vision in which the logical is merely one dimension of a larger picture.
这本书为数学提供了另一种观点， 译 ： 这本书为数学提供了另一种观点 ， 在这 一观点中，逻辑仅仅是更大领域的一个方面。 一观点中，逻辑仅仅是更大领域的一个方面。
8.This view, that the deepest truth of mathematics is encoded in its formal, deductive structure, is definitely not the point of view that this book is assumes.
Precise adj. 精确的，准确的
译 ： 到底是数学的哪些特性使得 数学成为对每一种高等文明， 数学成为对每一种高等文明，尤其 是对我们现在的文明如此重要的学 科？
3.Many explanations have been attempted.
对此， 译：（对此，）我们已经试着做出了一些 解释。 解释。
been omitted from： 从.......被忽略掉 Translogical: adj.超逻辑的
这个更大的领域里有一些因素， 译：这个更大的领域里有一些因素， 它们历来在数学的描述中被忽略掉 并且是超逻辑的-----即超越逻辑 了 ， 并且是超逻辑的 --- 即超越逻辑 ---尽管是合逻辑的 尽管是合逻辑的。 ---尽管是合逻辑的。
Ultimate In fact Refer to n.终极，顶点 事实上，实际上 把…归因（于），认为…起源（于）
译：有一种解释认为数学是一种终 极的理性表达方式； 而实际上， 极的理性表达方式 ； 而实际上 ， 我 们可以用“ 理性之光” 们可以用 “ 理性之光 ” 这个说法来 形容数学。 形容数学。
Mathematics n. 数学，数学运算，数学应用
译：是什么使数学成为数学？ 是什么使数学成为数学？ 成为数学
2.What are the precise characteristics that make mathematics into a discipline that is so central to every advanced civilization, especially our own?
EST Reading and Translation
Group: Number 1 Members: Yu Zhehua Yang Jing Rong Wei Wangxiaoqiao Li Ni Liu Qian
2011-12-23
1.What is it that makes mathematics mathematics?
17.For him, mathematics is the domain of certainty and logic.
译：对于他而言，数学是确定性和逻辑性 对于他而言， 的集合。 的集合。
18.On the other hand, he is also a novelist who “realized that the ambiguities and complexities of the human mind are what give fiction and perhaps all art its power.”
Encode Deductive vt. 把…译成电码（或密码） adj.推论的，演绎的
译 ： 说有关数学最深奥的真理都以 正式的、 正式的 、 推论式结构编译出来的却不 错 ， 但是这ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้观点却显然不是本书打 算去阐明的。 算去阐明的。