! Categorization of genres
体裁的流变：加拿大当代文档诗的文体重构
World Literature Studies 世界文学研究, 2023, 11(4), 278-284 Published Online August 2023 in Hans. https:///journal/wls https:///10.12677/wls.2023.114049体裁的流变：加拿大当代文档诗的文体重构 徐 露，张 雯上海理工大学外语学院，上海收稿日期：2023年5月25日；录用日期：2023年8月7日；发布日期：2023年8月17日摘要 加拿大当代英语文坛的三部著名长诗：迈克尔·翁达杰的《比利小子作品集》、玛格丽特·阿特伍德的《苏姗娜·穆迪日记》与安·卡森的《红的自传》，都是在原有的历史材料或文学文本基础上再创造的“文档诗”。
这三首长诗在重述、整合与虚构文档的同时，也分别对自传、日记与作品集这三种载体形式进行了颠覆性解构。
通过分析三部作品分别以照片的空白、模糊与变形对摄影这种相对现代且纪实的形式的后现代主义的处理，在探究文档诗在体裁重构过程中的叙事哲学与策略的同时，亦能管窥当代加拿大文学创作的后现代主义式多元化探索和走向。
关键词加拿大，英语诗歌，文档诗，文体重构The Evolution of Genres: The Reconstruction of Genres in Canadian Documentary PoemsLu Xu, Wen ZhangCollege of Foreign Languages, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai Received: May 25th , 2023; accepted: Aug. 7th , 2023; published: Aug. 17th , 2023AbstractThree famous long poems in contemporary Canadian English literature: Michael Ondaatje’s The Collected Works of Billy the Kid , Margaret Atwood’s The Journals of Susanna Moodie and Anne Car-son’s Autobiography of Red , are all “documentary poems” recreated on basis of existing historical materials or literary texts. While restating, integrating, and fabricating documents, these three long poems subversively deconstruct the three carrier forms: autobiography, journal, and collec-tion. The three works deal with photography, the relatively modern and documentary form, by taking the blankness, blur, and distortion of photographs as clues, which can explore the narrative徐露，张雯philosophy and strategies of documentary poems in the process of the reconstruction of genres, and can also glimpse the postmodernist diversified trend and exploration of contemporary Cana-dian literary creation.KeywordsCanada, English Poetry, Documentary Poems, Genre ReconstructionThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0)./licenses/by/4.0/1. 引言自传、日记与作品集通常被认为是纪实性或史料式的体裁，然而加拿大当代英语诗坛的三首具有代表性的“重量级”长诗，即安·卡森(Anne Carson)的《红的自传》(Autobiography of Red)、玛格丽特·阿特伍德(Margaret Atwood)的《苏姗娜·穆迪日记》(The Journals of Susanna Moodie)与迈克尔·翁达杰(Michael Ondaatje)的《比利小子作品集》(The Collected Works of Billy the Kid)，虽然分别题为“自传”、“日记”与“作品集”，却又分别对这三种文体进行了后现代式的阐释与重构，进而重新定义自传、日记与作品集。
英语电影赏析History and Genre
2
Chapter 1 --- History and Genre
There is considerable debate
concerning how the concept of “genre”
should be defined or how individual films should be classified.
1.
2.
15
History --- Classical Hollywood Cinema
Different from a „cinema of attractions‟ in early cinema, classical Hollywood cinema was a cinema of narrative. The now familiar narrative ingredients of film ---- causality, temporal logic, motivated action, and plot resolutions ---- were in place.
From
History --- Early Cinema
Industry structure (业界结构) in this period differed significantly from that later.
1. Film production was based on initially the socalled “cameraman system” ---- films were the product of one individual (the „cameraman‟) who took charge of planning, writing, filming and editing. 2. At the end of this period, the director was given charge of a group of workers with clear roles, and a producer was appointed to take
英语作文音乐的分类
英语作文音乐的分类标题，A Classification of Music。
Music is a universal language that transcends cultural boundaries, expressing emotions and ideas in a way that words alone cannot. Throughout history, various genres and styles of music have emerged, each with its own unique characteristics and appeal. In this essay, we will explore the classification of music into different categories, examining the diverse range of styles that enrich our lives.One of the most fundamental ways to categorize music is by its genre. Genres refer to distinct styles or categories of music that share similar characteristics, instrumentation, and techniques. Some of the major genres include classical, jazz, rock, pop, hip-hop, electronic,and folk music. Each genre has its own history, conventions, and audience, catering to different tastes and preferences.Classical music is characterized by its complexity,orchestration, and formal structure. Originating in Western traditions, classical music encompasses a wide range of styles from the Baroque, Classical, Romantic, and Contemporary periods. Composers such as Mozart, Beethoven, Bach, and Tchaikovsky have left an indelible mark on classical music, producing timeless masterpieces that continue to be performed and revered today.Jazz music, on the other hand, emerged from African American communities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Known for its improvisation, syncopation, and swing rhythms, jazz is a vibrant and dynamic genre that celebrates creativity and spontaneity. From the Dixieland and swing era to bebop, cool jazz, and fusion, jazz has evolved into a diverse and influential art form,influencing countless musicians across the globe.Rock music, characterized by its driving rhythms, electric guitars, and rebellious spirit, emerged in themid-20th century as a fusion of various musical styles, including blues, country, and R&B. With its roots in youth culture and countercultural movements, rock music hasevolved into numerous subgenres, such as classic rock, punk, metal, indie, and alternative rock, each with its owndistinct sound and aesthetic.Pop music, short for popular music, is perhaps the most accessible and commercially successful genre, appealing toa broad audience with its catchy melodies, relatable lyrics, and upbeat rhythms. From the bubblegum pop of the 1960s to the contemporary pop stars of today, pop music continues to dominate the charts and shape popular culture, reflecting the changing tastes and trends of society.Hip-hop music, originating in the Bronx borough of New York City in the 1970s, is characterized by its rhythmic delivery of spoken word lyrics over a beat. With its rootsin African American and Caribbean cultures, hip-hop has grown into a global phenomenon, encompassing various elements such as rapping, DJing, graffiti art, and breakdancing. From its humble beginnings as a form ofstreet expression, hip-hop has become a powerful force for social commentary and cultural activism.Electronic music, made possible by advancements in technology, utilizes synthesizers, drum machines, and computer software to create innovative sounds and textures. From the experimental sounds of early electronic pioneers like Kraftwerk and Brian Eno to the mainstream success of electronic dance music (EDM) artists like Daft Punk and Calvin Harris, electronic music spans a wide spectrum of styles and subgenres, including techno, house, trance, dubstep, and ambient music.Folk music, rooted in traditional customs and oral traditions, encompasses a diverse range of styles and cultural influences from around the world. From the Appalachian folk songs of the American South to the Celtic ballads of Ireland and Scotland, folk music celebrates the rich tapestry of human experience, passing down stories and traditions from generation to generation.In conclusion, music is a vast and multifaceted art form that defies simple categorization. By exploring the diverse range of genres and styles that comprise the musical landscape, we gain a deeper appreciation for thecreativity, diversity, and cultural significance of music in our lives. Whether it's the timeless melodies of classical music, the improvisational spirit of jazz, or the infectious rhythms of pop and hip-hop, music has the power to inspire, uplift, and unite people across the globe.。
History and Genre(Class)
Early Cinema
Early Cinema (Characteristics)
Films were the product of one individual/the cameraman (planning, writing, filming, and editing) Films commonly sought to record and represent aspects of “real life”. (actuality filming) Relied primarily on spectacle rather than narrative. (the cinema of attractions)
Subject Matter
Formal Criteria
Blockbuster Style Film Noir/ NeoNoir Comedy Horror Thriller
Affective Intended to generate laughter Response Intended to horrify Intended to thrill
Classical Hollywood Cinema
(Development of Technology)
From the early 1920s through to the late 1950s; Technological advances: sound and color Sound: by Warner Brothers in Don Juan Color: limited by its expense and crudity in 1920s; quality improved by the 1930s
英语电影赏析
Criteria(分类标准）
Categorization of genres
Generic categories are generally defined on the basis of subject matter, formal properties（属性）, style or affective response.
Action Musical Blockbuster Film Noir
Style
Comedy Horror Thriller
Affective Response
Intended to generate laughter Intended to horrify Intended to thrill
Categorization of genres
Categorization of genres
Categorization of genres
War- Vietnam war
Categorization of genres
Horror
and science fiction seem relatively unproblematic, if one ignores the fact that their edges are blurred and it is sometimes difficult —as in the case of the Alien《异形》 series—to say which is which. blockbuster may, as some critics are increasingly willing to argue, constitute a new genre, or may instead constitute a mode of post-industrial production. –Huge investment +Spectacular events
英语选修英文电影赏析考试高分必备
英文电影赏析，每年基本都是这些题，好好看这些，基本能考八十分左右，好好复习，把要点都记在脑子里，一定能过。
其实应该是要考出高分才对哦！这里只是给出题型和一个大概的复习范围和资料，外面别乱说，应该实事求是。
否则，如果教务处认为不应该给出复习范围，那成绩作废，试题重出，不给范围，考多少是多少。
不过从复习资料你们可以看出这门课的题是有相当难度的。
◆考试注意事项：必须使用黑色字迹签字笔答题；答案标明题号全部写在答题纸上，写在试题上的无效。
答题纸上务必写清楚班级、姓名和考试证号，未写或字迹模糊的无法登记成绩，记为零分。
考试期间不许提前交卷离场，请认真答题。
◆考试题型及分值：共五个大题。
第一大题为20个英语单项选择题。
每题1分，共20分。
第二大题为一个表格中有5个选择填空题。
每空一分，共5分。
第三大题为将10个术语（terms）由英语翻译为汉语。
每个一分，共10分。
第四大题为将6段话由英语翻译为汉语。
每段2分，共12分。
第五大题为6个简述题，要求用英文回答。
每题3分，共18分。
第六大题为1个英语论述题（essay question）（字数不得少于150个英语单词）。
35分。
◆复习资料：请大家结合所列问题，自学以下材料。
1. Multiple choice questions1.1. History of filmThe history of film is simplified by its shortness. In the case of Hollywood, it is enough to talk about three major historical periods---those of early cinema, classical Hollywood cinema, and post-classical Hollywood cinema.好莱坞的电影历史主要分成三个时期：早期电影、经典好莱坞电影和后经典好莱坞电影。
电影英语学习材料
Part 1•Academy Awards•奥斯卡金像奖•Golden Globes Awards•金球奖•Venice Film Festival, Venice, Italy•威尼斯国际电影节•Berlin International Film Festival, Germany•柏林国际电影节•Cannes International Film Festival, France•戛纳国际电影节•Film Festival of Three Continents, France•三大洲电影节•International Film Festival Rotterdam, Holland•鹿特丹国际电影节•San Sebastian International Film Festival, Spain•圣塞巴斯蒂安科国际电影节•Torino International Film Festival, Italy•都灵国际电影节•Toronto International Film Festival, Canada•多伦多国际电影节•Los Angels International Film Festival, U.S.A.•洛杉基国际电影节•Tokyo International Film Festival, Japan东京国际电影节奥斯卡经典电影名翻译• 1. 卧虎藏龙（中国台湾/2001年出品/彩色/有声）•[Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon]• 2.泰坦尼克号（美国/1997年出品/彩色/有声）•[Titanic]• 3. 英国病人（美国/1996年出品/彩色/有声）•[The English Patient]• 4. 勇敢的心（美国/1995年出品/彩色/有声）•[Brave Heart]• 5. 狮子王（美国/1994年出品/彩色/有声）•[Lion King]• 6. 阿甘正传（美国/1994年出品/彩色/有声）•[Forrest Gump]•7. 辛德勒的名单（美国/1993年出品/黑白/有声）•[Schindler‗s List]•8. 沉默的羔羊（美国/1991年出品/彩色/有声）•[The Silence of the Lambs]•9. 与狼共舞（美国/1990年出品/彩色/有声）•[Dances With Wolves]•10. 雨人（美国/1988年出品/彩色/有声）•[Rain Man]•11.拯救大兵瑞恩（美国/1998年出品/彩色/有声）•[Saving Private Ryan]•12.成名之路（美国/2000年出品/彩色/有声）•[Almost Famous]•13.角斗士（美国/2000年出品/彩色/有声）•[Gladiator]•14.男孩别哭（美国/1999年出品/彩色/有声）•[Boys Don‗t Cry]•15.美丽人生（意大利/1998年出品/彩色/有声)•[Life Is Beautiful]•16.音乐之声（美国/1965年出品/彩色/有声）•[The Sound of Music]•17.费城故事（美国/1940年出品/黑白/有声）•[The Philadelphia Story]•18. 乱世佳人（美国/1939年出品/彩色/有声）•[Gone with the Wind]Different genres电影类别• 1.Musical:•The Sound of Music;•Mary Poppins• 2.Animation: The Lion King• 3.Ethical Film:•Forrest Gump; Rain Man;•THE HORSE WHISPERER• 4.Adventure film:•Mission Impossible; True Lies• 5.Disaster film: Titanic; Pearl Harbor• 6.Love Films:•You‘ve Got Mail; Sleepless Night in Seattle•7.Sci-Fi Films: Aliens; E.T.•Jurassic Park; Star War•edy: Patch Adams•9.Western(西部电影)•10.Nouvelle V ogue(新浪潮派电影)Approaches to learning English via watching movies1. Sufficient knowledge of the differences between Br.E & Am.E;2. Good command of basic sentence patterns and expressions;3. Some idea of the styles and features people speak English in the movies;4. Using the script;5. Watch it repeatedly and imitate the intonation and pronunciation.1. 掌握英语的五大发音技巧•长元音和双元音饱满；短元音急促；连音；略音；咬舌头。
英文电影鉴赏
The key breakthrough came with the introduction by Kodak of celluloid. 3. 1890s Thomas Edison and Lumiere brothers in France invented cinema independently. 4. 1895 One of the first public exhibitions of the new technology occurred on 28 December at the Grand Caféin Paris.
Auditive and visual arts are the two main and popular schools of arts. Motion pictures, the great combination of both of the above, takes the first place gradually and attracts mass better than each of the auditive and visual arts.
3. A great combination of auditive and visual arts
Movies, or motion picture, has been called “first art” since the 19th century while which is developing with the science and technology.
History and Genre
5. The History of Motion Pictures – Early cinema
1. 1826 2. 1889
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Criteria(分类标准） Generic categories are generally defined on the basis of subject matter, formal properties（属性）, style or affective response. subject matter：The science fiction and gangster genres, for example, are defined primarily on the basis of their subject matter: We expect science fiction to immerse us in an imaginary futuristic (未来主义的）world，and we expect the gangster film to tell the story of a gangster. formal properties： Action films and musicals, on the other hand, are distinguishable on account of certain necessary formal qualities: action set-pieces(固定套路） in the case of the former, and song and dance routines for the latter.
Action
Musical Formal Criteria
Presence of action set-pieces
Presence of song and dance performances
Blockbuster Style Film Noir
Comedy Horror Thriller
Spectacular events Chiaroscuro (明暗对照法) lighting and dark mise-en-scène（<法语>场景调度）
Affective Intended to generate laughter Response Intended to horrify Intended to thrill
Romance
Romance films are love stories, or affairs of the heart that center on passion, emotion, and the romantic, affectionate involvement of the main characters (usually a leading man and lady), and the journey that their love takes through courtship( 求爱) or marriage. (The Sound of Music) Romance films make the love story or the search for love the main plot focus. Oftentimes, lovers in screen romances face obstacles and the hazards(冒险) of hardship,（Twilight ） finances （Titanic）, physical illness（The Fault in Our Stars ） , racial or social class status （Shakespeare in Love, Jane Eyre occupation (Roman Holiday), psychological restraints(Brokeback Mountain), or family that threaten to break their union and attainment of love (Romeo and Juliet). As in all romantic relationships, tensions of day-to-day life (American Beauty， Revolutionary Road), temptations（The Bridge of Madison County ,The Piano） and differences in compatibility (兼容性) enter into the plots of romantic films.
Subject Matter
Gangsters in urban America Specific military conflicts Futuristic technologies/future worlds Impossible worlds/fantastical characters
Western Disaster
Western
Musical
Comedy- comedian comedy
v
War- Vietnam war
Horror and science fiction seem relatively unproblematic, if one ignores the fact that their edges are blurred and it is sometimes difficult —as in the case of the Alien《异形》 series—to say which is which. The blockbuster may, as some critics are increasingly willing to argue, constitute a new genre, or may instead constitute a mode of post-industrial production. Social drama，is a category that has been used by the industry, but less commonly in the academic community.
Genre
Defining Criteria
Differentiating Criteria
Serious social topic Romantic relationship between lovers
Social drama Romance Gangster War Film Science Fiction Fantasy
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
For example, The silence of the Lambs《沉默的羔羊》 could be viewed as both a horror film and a thriller. The Matrix(《骇客帝国》)，although analyzed here as a ―blockbuster‖, could also be classified as an action film or alternatively as science fiction; The English Patient《英 国病人》)is a romance, but as it is set against the backdrop(背景)of the Second World War, it could also be seen as a variant(变体) of the war film; 2001,A Space Odyssey(《2001：漫游太空》)is science fiction, but delivered with a grandiosity(壮观) more commonly associated with epic(史诗). This reflects the way that filmmakers and audiences in practice use the concept of genre—as a loose , flexible, and overlapping system.
Categorization of genres
From Appreciating Cinema (9-11)
Categorization of genres
Much academic ink has been wasted in the fruitless(徒劳的) attempt to give a definitive list of the Hollywood genres. Both the Western and the musical constitute well-defined genres, the former is now basically extinct ,and the latter very nearly so. Comedy and the war film —two enduringly popular forms —are problematized by prominent subgenres (e.g. comedian comedy/Vietnam war films) and generic hybrids (混合物) e.g. romantic comedy）. The gangster film (reflects gangdom黑社会) seems to qualify as a genre on the grounds of its relatively predictable structure a subgenre of the crime film.
Crime Epic
American West Natural or man-made catastrophe
Criminal activities and investigation Biblical(有关圣经的）or ancient history