HND商法导论outcome3教学教材
HND商务信息与通信技术-Outcome3
HND商务信息与通信技术-Outcome31.The main tasks and the subtasks for ICT’s survey project Task Name1 Survey Planning1.1 Identify the objective1.2 Drafts the questionnaire1.3 To pre-test the questionnaire1.4 Produce the final questionnaire2 Survey the cities2.1 Survey in Edinburgh2.2 Survey in Glasgow2.3 Survey in Paisley2.4 Survey in Stirling2.5 Return Questionnaires to Headquarters3 Analyze the questionnaires3.1 Analyze the Survey from Edinburgh3.2 Analyze the Survey from Glasgow3.3 Analyze the Survey from Paisley3.4 Analyze the Survey from Stirling3.5 Compare Survey Result3.6 Identify the Key Trend4 Produce a survey report4.1 Draft the report4.2 Edit The Report4.3 Produce The Final Report4.4 Executive Summary4.5 Completed Report5 Produce a presentation of the survey report5.1 Create Presentation5.2 Review Presentation6 Present Presentation5.3 To present to senior managers5.4 To present to branch managers5.5 To present to team leaders5.6 Presentation Complete2. The duration of each of the subtasksTask Name1 Survey Planning1.1 Identify the objective 1 day1.2 Drafts the questionnaire 5 days1.3 To pre-test the questionnaire 6 days1.4 Produce the final questionnaire 2 days2 Survey the cities 34 days2.1 Survey in Edinburgh 10 days2.2 Survey in Glasgow 102.3 Survey in Paisley 92.4 Survey in Stirling 52.5 Return Questionnaires to Headquarters3 0 Analyze the questionnaires 38 days3.1 Analyze the Survey from Edinburgh 93.2 Analyze the Survey from Glasgow 83.3 Analyze the Survey from Paisley 73.4 Analyze the Survey from Stirling 43.5 Compare Survey Result 53.6 Identify the Key Trend 54 Produce a survey report 25 days4.1 Draft the report 114.2 Edit The Report 54.3 Produce The Final Report 64.4 Executive Summary 14.5 Completed Report 05 Produce a presentation of the survey report 65.1 Create Presentation 55.2 Review Presentation 16 Present Presentation 35.3 To present to senior managers 15.4 To present to branch managers 15.5 To present to team leaders 15.6 Presentation Complete 03. The project milestonesMilestones are: Important events during the duration of the project when reviews of time, cost and quality are carried out. Milestones are activities that must take place by a certain date. Milestones are set so you can measure your performance against your objective.4. The milestones in ICT’s survey projectThe milestones in ICT’s survey project are that:2.5 Return Questionnaires to Headquarters34.5 Completed Report5.6 Presentation Complete5. The dependencies between tasksID Task Name Predecessor1 Market Survey2 Survey Planning3 Determine Survey Objectives4 Draft Questionnaire 35 Pre-test Questionnaire 46 Produce Final Questionnaire 57 Complete the Survey 28 Survey in Edinburgh 69 Survey in Glasgow 810 Survey in Paisley 611 Survey in Stirling 1012 Return Questionnaires to Headquarters 9，1113 Analysis of Questionnaires 714 Analyze the Survey from Edinburgh 1215 Analyze the Survey from Glasgow 1416 Analyze the Survey from Paisley 1517 Analyze the Survey from Stirling 1618 Compare Survey Result 1719 Identify the Key Trend 1820 Production of The Survey Report 1321 Draft The Report 1922 Edit The Report 2123 Produce The Final Report 2224 Executive Summary 2325 Completed Report 2426 Produce The Presentation 2027 Create Presentation 2528 Review Presentation 2729 Present Presentation 2630 Presentation to Senior Managers 2831 Presentation to Brunch Managers 3032 Presentation to Team Leader 3133 Complete Presentation 326. The resources of each of the subtasksTask Name Resource Names1 1. Survey Planning1.1 Identify the objective Harry Callan, Amy, Alice1.2 Drafts the questionnaire Harry Callan, Lucy1.3 To pre-test the questionnaire Amy, Alice1.4 Produce the final questionnaire Callan, Amy, Alice2 2. Survey the cities2.1 Survey on Scottish cities (Edinburgh and Glasgow) Harry Callan2.2 Survey on a small city (Paisley) Amy, Alice2.3 Survey on a medium sized town (Stirling) Amy, Alice3 3. Analyze the questionnaires3.1 To analyze the first main city Jim Thompson3.2 To analyze the second main city Jim Thompson3.3 To analyze the medium sized city Jim Thompson3.4 To analyze the small city Jim Thompson3.5 To analyze the survey results and key trends Jim Thompson3.6 Analyze Questionnaires Complete4 4. Produce a survey report4.1 Draft the report Henry Mancini4.2 Work on editing Lucy4.3 Work on final version Lucy4.4 Work on executive summary Lucy4.5 Report Complete5 5. Produce a presentation of the survey report5.1 To produce the presentation Clive Calvert, Lucy5.2 To review the presentation Clive Calvert5.3 To present to senior managers Clive Calvert5.4 To present to branch managers Clive Calvert5.5 To present to team leaders Clive Calvert5.6 Presentation Complete。
HND_商法outcome3
1.Actually Sole trade illustrates a person business in which the take full responsibilities in bothmanaging and having the possession of the business.AdvantagesBecause there are no legal formalities, naturally the business is easy to set upUsually, the sole trader could take all key decisions without concerning other unnecessary effectsIt is the simplest form of business organization recognized by Scots Law. The only one who takes responsibility for the owner is himself.It is convenient for owner to keep personal touches with customers.The owner could keep all the profits because he owns the company.Disadvantages:Unlimited liability: The owner has unlimited liability for all debts or obligations owed by the business if the business fails.His business is firmly associated with his personal possession which means he maintains a lot of pressures in raising finance.Intense competition will lead the company lacking of continuity and worry about the pressure from larger units.As the owner of the business.All major business decisions can be taken by XX has rights to lay down contracts and decisions about the management of the business.If the business is a success, X will share all profits. If not, he will be responsible for every penny owed. (可写可不写，X代表公司名字）Partnership is a business operated by 2 or more people, in which each partner contributes something to the business, whether it be a skill or merely capital investment.Advantage:Comparing to sole trader, partnership is much easier to raise finance and attract investment.Because two or people can have more ideas than one, partnership would take less risks in managing.It is an undeniable fact that it maximize the possibility to introduce limited liability.Disadvantage:For some situations, partners might have conflicts in managing decisions making.Partnership is normally sued for its debts first. All debts owed must be separated to all other partners equally.The liability of the partnership is normally unlimited.The capital is limited because of lack of finance.According to Partnership Act 1890, the right of partners in the running of the business and decision making is equal. Every partner’s act can bind the firm and their partners, and it is the partner’s implied authority. If this is not the case, the other partners have to their customers.pany is an organization that has been incorporated under Companies Act 2006 and mustfollow extensive legal requirements when setting up the business.Advantage:Limited liability: The members of a company are not responsible for the company’s debts without agreement. The way the members have made the risk lowest and cannot be asked to make contribution to further finance, especially when it’s in debts.The only responsibility for the debts is the investment in the company.Separate corporate personality: The Company becomes a separate legal person different from the members.The company can have assets, sue and be sued and takes responsible for company debts.The company has legal rights and becomes a part of contract which in participate in.The ownership can be exercised by company over property.Salomon V A Saloman& Co Ltd (1897)Mr. Aron Salomon made leather boots and shoes in a large Whitechapel High Street establishment. And he set up a company with his partners. But the business was not successful and ended up with liabilty of ￡7,733. The company’s liquidator claimed that the company’s business was still Salomom’s.The original judge agreed with the liquidator.The Court of Appeal agreed with the liquidator stating the principle of limited liability was privilege conferred by the Companies Acts only on genuinely independent shareholders and not on “one” substantial person and six mere dummies.It is easier to raise finance than other business and has less involvement.The ownership and control are separated to members.DisadvantageThere are extensive legal requirement when setting up the business.It must be registered and comply with Companies Act 2006.3.Sole traderThere are no formalities and agreements needed or documents to be registered. Just do the business when you want, in the common law.PartnershipA agreement about the details of the duties and obligations and authority of partners is needed.Partnership is leaded bu the Partnership Act 1890, if there is no agreement.The treats to all partners of the act are equal in the managenment of the type of business.Limited CompanyIt is the most difficult to set up because of the extensive legal requirement.The document and application must be sent to Companies House and be registered.Under previous Companies Acts, every registered company was required to have a memorandum of association.And now, it plays a minor role in company formation,providing the name of the company, the registered office address, items which must be kept at the registered office, statement of limited liability, capital clause, statement ofproposed officers, statement of compliance.It is mandatory for acompany to have articles of association., which are the regulations for the inrerna arrangements and the management of the company.Some fees are needed to pay for the process.。
tutorialforoutcome3
• Regulated调控by Partnership Act 1890 (unless the partners agree otherwise)
• Regulated by the LLPs Act 2000
• Unlimited liability in respect of partnership debts/liabilities关于合作债务或责任的无限的责
任
• Limited liability in respect of LLP debts/liability关于LLP债务或责任的有限责任
伙伴在企业中和成员的？
Fiduciary relationship信托关系
Case: Pillans Brothers v Pillans [1908] Regulation: Section 6 of the Limited Liability
Act 2000
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Types of Incorporated Bodies被合 并的身体的类型
• If the business fails, the sole trader is said to have unlimited liability for any debts or obligations owed to third parties
• A sole trader may find it difficult to fund an expansion of the business because the person can not offer shares to other parties in order to raise funds
HND商法导论outcome3PPT课件
any act, carrying on in the usual way, bind
-
10
the firm and their partners.
Advantages :
❖ greater continuity than sole trader ❖ more possible capital contributors than
❖ There are no formal legal requirements for setting up a partnership.
❖ All partners have an equal say in the
running of the business and in decision
making. The acts of every partner who does
❖ To set up as a sole traders does not require any formalities（手续）- .They need not mak5e any business information public.
❖ 有限责任是与无限责任相对而言的，二者 是投资者对其投资企业的债务承担责任的 形式。
❖ If the business fails, the sole trader is said to have unlimited liability for all debts .
❖ Owner to find all capital
❖ Difficulty to expand because of unlimited liability.
❖ Lack of continuity
❖ Pressure from larger units.
(完整word版)HND经济学导论OUTCOME3
Market Failure and Government PolicySCN: 177099996GTB4Li WenxuanTutor: Lou QiuyinNovember 6th, 2016Content 1.0 introduction2.0 Market Failure2.1 Merit Goods2.2 Public Goods2.3 Imperfect Competition2.4 Externalities3.0 Welfare Policy3.1 Some important welfare3.1.1 child benefits3.2 Case of welfare3.3 Instrument4.0 ConclusionReference1.0 IntroductionEconomy is human activity that consists in producing exchanging, distributing, and consuming goods and services, studied by economics and realized inside on. In this report, discussing the reasons for market failure and probe government roles in relation to each of the following and government policy.2.0 Market FailureThe market is a set of buyers and sellers with the potential to trade with each other. But when the market cannot distribution goods and labor efficiency that is market failure.2.1 Merit goodsMerit goods are products whose consumption or production creates social benefits that exceed the private benefit. Just like education, healthcare, public transport. Because many people cannot know anything the advantages, so the government should intervene people choice. Government can get to make a law. For Chinese, have ‘Nine-year compulsory education law’. That can help people choose merit goods and benefits of people.2.2 Public GoodsPublic goods are ready for societal members enjoy the items together, strict sense of the public goods with non-competitive and non-exclusive. It is a public thing just like the Park bench or civil defense siren. Someone used it that do not hinder others use it. The government should build this goods, because do not have someone could even want to build build but the society need it. The government use tax to build and maintain it.2.3 Imperfect CompetitionImperfect competition is monopolistic competition and oligopoly. It is meant by perfect competition cannot maintain. Because have some buyers or sellers could affect the market price. The market cannot change the price. Because the imperfect competition will decrease the market efficiency. The government should change it to adjust a market to a new environment. For example make a law. Just likes Antitrust Law.2.4 ExternalitiesThe following sentences are from Wikipedia. In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not decide to incur that cost or benefit. Economists often urge all governments adopt policies that "internalize" an externality, so that costs and benefits will affect mainly parties who choose to incur them. Just like the pollution, government thinks who take this who should solve this. If there are external benefits, such as in communal safety, less of the good may be produced thanwould be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others. Thus, unregulated markets in goods or services with significant externalities generate prices that do not take into account the full social cost or benefit of their transactions; such markets are therefore inefficient. So government should make some laws or rules to standard it.3.0 WelfareThe UK as a long-term capitalist country. It is a long and perfect social welfare safeguard system. Society welfare including the benefits of family, child benefits, death and benefits etc.3.1 Some important welfare3.1.1 Child BenefitsThe child benefits in the UK, government ensures that every child can receive education and life even they do not have kinsfolks. From child to adult, government subsidies, aid, guarantee the smooth growth of children. The British government's children's welfare, both in terms of welfare, welfare content and service level, its integrity and comprehensiveness is exemplary. first of all, British children welfare legislation perfect, various kinds of laws and regulations, not only covers the grand, and established the principle of "children's welfare is the highest", for children's right to survival and development, such as participation rights protection are made a detailed regulations and emphasis. second, the completion of the "welfare state" for citizens "from cradle to grave tomb" comprehensive social security, the benefit of children mainly include: the national health insurance, children can enjoy besides dental surgery, visual acuity and glasses all free medical care. Family subsidy system, covering maternity benefits, birth allowance, children stick, Tianjin, children, child care allowance, single special allowance, etc.; Education funding, children receive primary and secondary school education for free, with free books, stationery, lunch at school; Social services, set up the children's home within the community, for too busy to take care of the child's family to provide help and received orphans and abandoned children, and is responsible for their life and education. Again, the whole society to found a multi-level, vertical and comprehensive child welfare system. This way is mainly under the government's macro management, association for the disabled, charitable organizations, social service machine structure, all kinds of schools and community organizations and groups, within their respective fields to carry out the child welfare services, formed a multi-level, three-dimensional type, a full range of child welfare services network. The British not only built up social relief, social insurance, social security, basic education, medical service content such as children's social welfare system, and children's rights in government policies, laws and institutions for medical treatment and teaching education practice of occupies more and more important position.3.2 Case of welfareIn the UK, child benefit is operated by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC).As of April 2015, This is £20.70 per week for the first child (including the eldest of a multiple birth) and £13.70 per week for each additional child.The system was also implemented in August 1946 as "family allowances" under the Family Allowances Act 1945, at a rate of 5s (= £0.25) per week per child in a family, except for the eldest. This was raised from September 1952, by the Family Allowances and National Insurance Act 1952, to 8s (= £0.40), and from October 1956, by the Family Allowances Act and National Insurance Act 1956, to 8s for the second child with 10s (= £0.50) for the third and subsequent children.By 1955, some 5,000,000 allowances were being paid, to about 3,250,000 families.It was revised in 1977, with the payments being termed "child benefit" and given for the eldest child as well as the younger ones; by 1979 it was worth £4 per child per week. In 1991, the system was further altered, with a higher payment now gave the first child than for their younger siblings. In October 2010, the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government announced that Child Benefit would be cancelled from households containing a higher-rate taxpayer from January 2013.After some controversy this was amended so that any householder with a least one person with prescribed income over £50,000 would lose Child Benefit by a taper which removed it altogether when the income reached £60,000. This came into force on 7 January 2013.3.3 InstrumentIn the UK, child benefit is administered by Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC)4.0 ConclusionOver the years, the welfare policy help stabilize the social order, ensure the people's living standards, the general improvement of social material and cultural level. Close the gap between the rich and the poor area, ease social contradictions in all walks of life. However,, at the same time, the years of high welfare, let government deficit continue to increase, and weakening the enthusiasm of people to work, make socialefficiency is low, and the resulting a series of struggle between the parties.ReferenceExternalities https:///wiki/Externality Buchanan, James; Wm. Craig Stubblebine (November 1962). "Externality". Economical. 29 (116): 371–384. doi:10.2307/2551386Case of welfare，https:///wiki/Child_benefit，Https:///government/publications/tax-and-tax-credit-rates-and-thresholds-for-2015-16/tax-and-tax-credit-rates-and-thresholds-for-2015-16#child-benefit-and-guardians-allowanceJump up ^ Whitaker's Almanack: For the year 1958, p. 1127. J. Whitaker & Sons, London, 1957Jump up ^ "Spending Review, October 2010, United Kingdom HM Treasury, Oct 2010. Jump up ^ "HMRC High Income Child Benefit chargeRedo:3.1.1 Child Benefits. No matter how much you earn or how much insurance you pay, you are eligible for Child Benefit as long as you have a duty to caring for the child. Benefits apply to children under 16 years of age and are eligible if children aged 16 to 18 are still enrolled in non-tertiary institutions.How to Apply: Request by the hospital or the Social Security Office.British university before the stage of education is free, university stage, 90% of college students are eligible for government subsidies. Therefore, for low-income families, from kindergarten to university education is a loose way.。
HND 商法outcome3
1.Sole trade is a one person business in which the people manages and has the possession of thebusiness.Advantage:It is easy to set up because of no legal formalities needed.All ket decisions are made by the owner ignoring other’s effect.The only one who takes responsibility for the owner is himself.Personal touches with customers are few.All profits are belonging to the owner.Disadvantages:Unlimited liability: The owner has unlimited liability for all debts or obligations owed by the business.His business is firmly associated with his personal possession.There is trouble in raising finance.The owner takes responsibility for all debts.The changes in the market can affect the business easily.As the owner of the business.All major business decisions can be taken by XX has rights to lay down contracts and decisions about the management of the business.If the business is a success, X will share all profits. If not, he will be responsible for every penny owed.2. A partnership is commonly formed where two or more people wish to come to together toform a business.Advantage:It is easier to raise finance than sole trader.Two or people can have more ideas than one, that means two heads are better than one,Wider skills are combined to make the most of one’s talent.All costs or profits can be shared.Disadvantage:There are joint and several liabilitiesPartnership is normally sued for its debts first.Individual partners will be sued the debts then, if the partnership is unable to pay the debts.The liability of the partnership is normally unlimited.Individual partners have a right to meet his fellow partners’ demand.All debts owed must be separated to all other partners equally.It is very inefficient that decisions need agreement by all partners and it can be cause disputes.The capital is limited because of lack of finance.According to Partnership Act 1890, the right of partners in the running of the business and decision making is equal. Every partner’s act can bind the firm and their partners, and it is the partner’s implied authority. If this is not the case, the other partners have to their customers.pany is an organization that has been incorporated under Companies Act 2006 and mustfollow extensive legal requirements when setting up the business.Advantage:Limited liability: The members of a company are not responsible for the company’s debts without agreement. The way the members have made the risk lowest and cannot be asked to make contribution to further finance, especially when it’s in debts. The only responsibility for the debts is the investment in the company.Separate corporate personality: The Company becomes a separate legal person different from the members.The company can have assets, sue and be sued and takes responsible for company debts.The company has legal rights and becomes a part of contract which in participate in.The ownership can be exercised by company over property.Salomon V A Saloman & Co Ltd (1897)Mr. Aron Salomon made leather boots and shoes in a large Whitechapel High Street establishment. And he set up a company with his partners. But the business was not successful and ended up with liabilty of ￡7,733. The company’s liquidator claimed that the company’s business was still Salomom’s.The original judge agreed with the liquidator.The Court of Appeal agreed with the liquidator stating the principle of limited liability was privilege conferred by the Companies Acts only on genuinely independent shareholders and not on “one” substantial person and six mere dummies.It is easier to raise finance than other business and has less involvement.The ownership and control are separated to members.DisadvantageThere are extensive legal requirement when setting up the business.It must be registered and comply with Companies Act 2006.4.Sole traderThere are no formalities and agreements needed or documents to be registered. Just do the business when you want, in the common law.PartnershipA agreement about the details of the duties and obligations and authority of partners is needed.Partnership is leaded bu the Partnership Act 1890, if there is no agreement.The treats to all partners of the act are equal in the managenment of the type of business.Limited CompanyIt is the most difficult to set up because of the extensive legal requirement.The document and application must be sent to Companies House and be registered.Under previous Companies Acts, every registered company was required to have a memorandum of association.And now, it plays a minor role in company formation,providing the name of the company, the registered office address, items which must be kept at the registered office, statement of limited liability, capital clause, statement ofproposed officers, statement of compliance.It is mandatory for acompany to have articles of association., which are the regulations for the inrerna arrangements and the management of the company.Some fees are needed to pay for the process.。
HND商务沟通outcome3
Summary (2)Introduction (3)Findings (3)Communication Industry (3)Low Carbon Growth in China (5)Update System with Windows 7 (6)Conclusions (8)Recommendations (8)Reference (9)Appendices (10)Appendix A (10)The analysis of all fields' ICT emission reduction effect by GeSI (10)Appendix B (11)RMB of GDP per RMB of ICT investment in OECD countries (11)Appendix C (12)Green consumer segmentation (percentage of all consumers) (12)The purpose of this report is introducing the development of Green ICT in the future and development potential. All the materials in this report is come from Internet and business report’s data analysis.More and more research indicates that Green ICT is benefit strategies for all the country, company and people, and it is benefit for environment. Green ICT is regarded as one of the effective strategies, for many firms, the operating costs savings from reduced energy consumption can leave them with more resources for other vital ICT initiatives. The reason is the more pollution, the worse influence for us. More and more government pay attention on Green ICT indicates that great majority country and people realized the pollution of earth and we need to change our life style to decrease pollution.This report suggests ways to improve company’s level on Green ICT to promote company’s long-term development. This change has improving strategies to adapt the development of society. Then, this report will analyses Green ICT in Communication Industry, Realizing the Potential for ICT enabled low Carbon Growth in China and update to Windows 7 three ways to explain the environment and the need for sustainability, Green business practices, Greener ICT and Customer demand for environment-friendly products.This report recommendation is:a.Reminds people pay more attention on Green ICTb.Promotes the development of Green ICTc.Change their represent ICT to Green ICT, such as: change system toWindows 7, improve technology so that extend product life and so on.The Future of Green ICTIntroductionThe purpose of this report to analyze the influence on company by Green ICT, evaluate the effect of Green ICT and suggest ways to improve company’s level on Green ICT to promote company’s long-term development. Nowadays, more and more person and company pay more attention on Green ICT. More industry pays more attention on Green ICT to decrease the pollution and cost, this is good for long-term development. And government published some policy to manage and decrease high-pollution industry, and limit high-pollution industry develop to protect our environment. So, Green ICT is important obviously, company need to change as Green ICT as soon as possible. The report outlines four points:munication Industryb.Realizing the Potential for ICT enabled low Carbon Growth in Chinac.Update System with Windows 7Some suggestions/recommendation is provided in this report.FindingsCommunication IndustryThe Green ICT’s communication’s most visible benefits are: the reduction in environmental negative impact and cost savings. At present, the energy-saving emission reduction strategies operated by China’s communication industry are lack of technological support, b ut developed country’s communication industry is using Green ICT technologies. Foreign country’s industry has low energy consumption, the huge role in gradual promoting is spread by the applications of ICT in several industries. Recommended energy conservation strategy for China’s communication industry can do it in the same way as foreign. We need change our communication industry strategy by the use of Green ICT and adopt some Green business practices.Recent years, government, international telecommunication organization and telecommunication operating company have researched in different industries to explore methods of energy saving energy. Industry of ICT makes a huge change in some country, ICT helps save energy and promote social development, but also raise the awareness of the role of energy conservation in new areas. Along with the voice of worldwide energy saving, more and more industry starts the research in Green ICT.Some research and date indicates that it is necessary to finish telecommunication’s energy saving.In 2008, GeSI (Global e –Sustainability Initiative) published a report “SMART 2020: Enabling the low Carbon Economy in the information A ge”, explain Green ICT has more than five-times affect.The analysis of all fields' ICT emission reduction effect by GeSIGeSI predicted that until 2020, ICT technology can reduce 15% of worldwide carbon emissions.American department of energy prove from ten years research, technology of Green ICT is more useful than technology now, and predict that until 2030, focus on semiconductor manage smart grid, electronic business, telecommunication and several field can reduce the energy consumption 25% approximately, it is nearly 27.7% of total national energy consumption offset. It is a huge contribution.All the data show that Green ICT in communication industry has a bright futureand it is benefit for environment, company can do some Green business practices on communication of Green ICT, it is good for company in long-term objective.Low Carbon Growth in ChinaLow Carbon is due to hold sustaining economic growth and controlling carbon emissions. China has recognized that ICTs can play an important role in driving low carbon growth. And they take action to reduce carbon growth to protect environment.The most serious problem in environment about earth we face is greenhouse effect, and carbon dioxide is the key point cause greenhouse effect, so we need to reduce the carbon emissions. Energy industry can take action to achieve low carbon growth:a.Develop a firm level inventory of carbon emissions, and understand therole that carbon plays in their organizations. Set down a comprehensive greenhouse gas emission targets, indentify the most effective reduction opportunities.b.Identify opportunities. Let some special staff to evaluate carbon dioxideemission and find the solution.c.Incentives staff to do work in green ways to reduce carbon dioxideemission.d.Set and manage towards to meet a reduction goal is crucial tocommunicating progress to investors and regulators, and to engaging employees, suppliers and customers.But develop low carbon growth need enough funds sustainability, so company need increase profit to develop low carbon growth and adapt long-term development and social demand. Company can increase in ICT asset base creates GDP. From the data indicates that each RMB of increase in ICT asset base creates around RMB 1.6 of GDP per year. From the chart, we know that more and more country realized that ICT can increase GDP.RMB of GDP per RMB of ICT investment in OECO countriesAnd China ranks lower globally in terms of enabling environment for ICT, company can take some Green business practices to increase company completely in long-term. China has a large space to develop in ICT about carbon.Update System with Windows 7Windows 7 is an operating system produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, netbooks, tablet PCs, and media center PCs. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became generally available for retail worldwide on October 22, 2009, less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7 is Greener ICT than windows XP and Vista.Windows 7 update so much system and technology, it help computer save energy and reduce pollution of carbon dioxide. Among Windows 7's new features are advances in touch and handwriting recognition, support for virtual hard disks, improved performance on multi-core processors, improved boot performance,DirectAccess, and kernel improvements. Unlike Windows Vista's many new features, Windows 7 was an incremental upgrade designed to work with Vista-compatible applications and hardware. Presentations given by Microsoft in 2008 focused on multi-touch support, an updated Windows shell with a new taskbar, referred to internally as the Superbar, a home networking system called HomeGroup, and performance improvements. Some standard applications that have been included with prior releases of Microsoft Windows, including Windows Calendar, Windows Mail, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows Photo Gallery, are not included in Windows 7; most are instead offered separately at no charge as part of the Windows Essentials suite.With the increase quality of life level, more and more people understand the important of Green ICT, and pollution of daily life is more and more serious. People realize that environment-friendly products can save energy and reduce daily pollution. To sum up, Green products are gaining in popularity among consumers:From the above chart, we can see that Green products are gaining in popularity among consumers. According to a study by Booz&Co., 10% of consumers are willing to pay a higher price for green products. And another 60% are interested in environmentally sound products, although they are not willing to pay more for them. So we need provide more environment-friendly products as customer demand.Because environment-friendly product is more and more popular, every companyand family was changing their system to Windows 7 as environment-friendly product in their computer and environment-friendly product is more and more popular. The CEO of Microsoft said Windows 7 is the most green and saving-energy system. All the system is easier to use, faster and simpler. It helps user use system efficiency and safety.ConclusionsTo sum up, Green ICT is important for the development of company. Increasing demand for Green ICT innovations will generate global opportunities for company’s ICT businesses and professionals, this is the same as company’s object and goals.Communication industry: do some green business practices as foreign country to reduce energy emission.Low carbon growth in China: to protect environment by low carbon growth in China, and take more keep environmental sustainability.Windows 7: Windows 7 is the Greener ICT than Windows XP and help user more efficiency and easy to use it and this is customer demand.RecommendationsEveryone believes that governments and company can take many actions to encourage ICT-enabled energy efficiency, clean energy innovation, and sustainable growth. Key areas that should be explored in more detail in relation to individual technologies are:a.In telecommunication infrastructure, we can do some networkoptimization to decrease energy emissions.b.In personal computers, we can improvements in power management ofPCs and update system to Windows 7, switch from desktop to laptop computers and from cathode ray screens to LCD screens.c.And extend product life is also important.d.In telecoms devices, do smart chargers and prevent electronic run off,when we don’t use telecoms devices, set low energy standby.Reference1.Baidu Library. Introduction about Green of ICT and Green by ICT.Retrieved June 5, 2013, from http: /view/3f2d064b2e3f5727a5e96227.html (2011). White Paper Green ICT, the Greening of Business (2011). Retrieved June 5, 2013, from http: /p-941614434605.html3.Baidu Library. ICT and Low Carbon Growth in China (2011).Retrieved June 5, 2013, from http: /view/35ccf3d4195f312b3169a5d7.html4. Baidu . Windows 7 (update on June 4, 2013). Retrieved June 5, 2013, from http: /view/761518.htmAppendicesAppendix AThe analysis of all fields' ICT emission reduction effect by GeSIReference: The Climate Group, 2008RMB of GDP per RMB of ICT investment in OECD countriesSource: OECD Productivity Database, September 2005,/statistics/productivity; World Bank Databank; team analysisGreen consumer segmentation (percentage of all consumers)Fig. 1: Booz&Co., Going Green – Addressing Untapped Consumer Potential In The Telecom Industry, 2009.。
HND 经济学(2) outcome3
Report for Economic IssuesOutcome 3Name: Zhang ChenMajor: International Economic and TradeClass: 2Number: 20115434Contents1. Introduction2. Findings2.1 Market Failure2.2 Public Goods2.3 Merit Goods2.4 Externalities2.5 Imperfect Competition2.6 UK Government policy on welfare2.7 The evaluation3. Conclusion4. Reference1. IntroductionMy reporter is expounding the market failure, and in my explanation I make appropriate reference to the role of government in relation to each of the following: Public Goods, Merit Goods, Externalities and Imperfect Competition. Later, I will explain the UK government policy on welfare and identify and describe the instruments the government use to achieve their policy and give a justified evaluation of the performance of the policy in relation to its use within the UK2. Findings2.1 Market FailureAn economic term that encompasses a situation where, in any given market, the quantity of a product demanded by consumers does not equate to the quantity supplied by suppliers. This is a direct result of a lack of certain economically ideal factors, which prevents equilibrium.Market failures have negative effects on the economy because an optimal allocation of resources is not attained. In other words, the social costs of producing the good or service (all of the opportunity costs of the input resources used in its creation) are not minimized, and this results in a waste of some resources.For example, the common argument against minimum wage laws. Minimum wage laws set wages above the going market-clearing wage in an attempt to raise market wages. Critics argue that this higher wage cost will cause employers to hire fewer minimum-wage employees than before the law was implemented. As a result, more minimum wage workers are left unemployed, creating a social cost and resulting in market failure.2.2Public GoodsImagine that the government did not provide an army, navy, air force, etc. A private company might have the idea of forming a national army and to raise the required money, they decide to ask everyone for £10. If you were that person on the CND march, and you did not want to be defended, then you would not pay. There may be a lot of people who refuse to pay for this reason. Also, there may be some people who do quite want to be defended, but take the risk of not paying on the assumption that there will be some people in the UK that will care enough to pay the inevitable increased price. This is the free-rider problem. The people who do not pay, for whatever reason, are having a free ride.To sum up, the reason why public goods come under the topic 'Market failure' is that the free market would fail, horribly, to provide defense and street lighting if left to them. The government has to intervene to correct this market failure.2.3 Merit GoodsMerit goods are also things that are 'good' for you, but unlike public goods they can be provided privately. The problem is that if they are provided solely by the privatesector then they tend to be under-consumed, so, again, the government has to step in to correct the market failure.The best two examples are health and education. Both of these goods can be provided privately. Some of you may be at a private school (or independent school, as they are called), or your family may have a private health insurance scheme. But, if the government did not step in and provide state schools and the NHS, then numerous families would not be able to afford either. This would cause increased crime and reduced productivity from an underclass of the non-educated and increased health problems which can also cause problems for the labor market.2.4ExternalitiesNegative Externalities in Production: The socially optimal output level is less than the market equilibrium quantity. Negative externalities in production or consumption lead markets to produce a larger quantity than is socially desirable.When externalities are significant and private solutions are not found, government may attempt to solve the problem through command-and-control policies, market-based policies.The government can either regulate behavior or internalize the externality by using Pigovian taxes.2.5 Imperfect CompetitionIn economic theory, imperfect competition is the competitive situation in any market where the conditions necessary for perfect competition are not satisfied. It is a market structure that does not meet the conditions of perfect competition.There may be imperfect competition due to a time lag in a market. An example is the “jobless recovery”. There are many growth opportunities available after a recession, but it takes time for employers to react, leading to high unemployment. High unemployment decreases wages, which makes hiring more attractive, but it takes time for new jobs to be created.2.6 UK Government policy on welfareWelfare economics is the study of how an economy can best allocate its resources to ensure that they achieve the greatest utility or economic welfare of its people, When resources are used efficiently then they maximize the welfare or utility of all. This is refers to people’s well being, and the United Kingdom Government believes it has a role in the redistribution of income and wealth allowing the increase in economic welfare. This policy is achieved by1.Taxation——by taxing those “who have ”,the Government can then give to those who do not “have ”2. Legislation——employment laws or discrimination laws (see supply side policies)3. Providing system of benefits and support.Government accepts that there are certain goods and services that are beneficial tosociety but will not be provided by the private sector in either the correct quantity or at an affordable level. Such areas include health and welfare.Traditionally the Government provides the majority of care for the elderly in the form of large long-stay institution/nursing homes. The Thatcher Conservative Government believed in the role of the free market and introduced the legislation that would introduced the legislation that would introduce market principles into welfare by closing the long stay institution and increasing the number of services-care in the community.2.7 The evaluationIt is clear that the policy has proved to be more expensive than was envisaged. It is difficult to assess the amount of money needed to carry out the policies, such as, care in the community and free personal care-local authorities that may not have enough money to provide these partly due to the aging population. However, another issue arose. Once the policies were put in place, local authorities and social workers soon discovered that there were many more people in the community entitled to these benefits than had previously claimed Government help.This problem will, in the future, be exacerbated with the decline in the population –there will not be enough young people to work and provide the taxes needed to support an aging population. Another issue was that demand was outstripping supply. When free personal care was introduced, social work and health services were swamped with demand for these services.This is not the only area of public ownership. We must always remember that the role of public ownership will cover many aspects of our society:·Public goods·Nationalized / Government owned industries for example, BBC, Royal Mail ·Regulation of industries for example, transport with OFGAS, OFTEL etc3. ConclusionThis report mainly writes the term market failure, and discusses the role of government in the market failure by four parts. Also talk about the UK government policy on welfare and the way or instrument to achieve this policy and give a justified evaluation for this policy.4. Reference·Economic Issues: An Introduction··· 。
hnd商务文化与策略outcome3
a. Strategy is getting it right and doing it right. It is very important to organizations. Choosing strategy is direct effect organization’s development and future. And every strategy have advantages and disadvantages, so in the different complex situation, we can adopt different strategies to solve problems. Now I will choose four possible strategies which the organizations may adopt.The first is cost leadership strategy. Cost leadership is the low-cost leader in any market gains competitive advantage from being able to produce at the lowest cost. Company can use low cost strategy defeat the competitors among the marketing environment.The second is differentiation. A competitive strategy that allows a company to sell its products for a premium price. This emphasizes creating superior products, products with unique or more desirable features or design.The third is focus strategy. The generic strategy of focus rests on the choice of a narrow competitive scope within an industry. The focuser selects a segment or group of segments in the industry and tailors its strategy to serving them to theexclusion of others. The focus strategy has two variants. One is in cost focus a firm seeks a cost advantage in its target segment, the other is in differentiation focus a firm seeks differentiation in its target segment.The fourth is diversification. This is where we market completely new products to new customers. There are two types of diversification, namely related and unrelated diversification. Related diversification means that we remain in a market or industry with which we are familiar.b. During the 1980s and 1990s, JD Wetherspoon used broad differentiation strategy. Compare other pubs; JD Wetherspoon is special and different. They sell a wide range of real ale beers at relatively low price; good quality wine is available; they don’t play music or TV programmers; especially the non-smoking and toilet design.Because its clean comfortable atmosphere and low price high quality products, it bring some benefits to JD Wetherspoon. They provide good services, such as cheap beer, good conversation and solid architecture with 24-hours. It is notonly attracting more new customers, but also improves the customers’ loyalty. Then the purchases will increase.Their employees have high loyalty and good quality, it is easy to manage and control. Then it will steadily develop the company’s future.Their delicious food and thoughtful service can build a good reputation and good brand image, and maybe the company will become a trend.JD Wetherspoon can expend to help the company increase market share, make more profits.c. In 1980-1990s, business strategy is broad differentiation strategy. While in the 21st century, business strategy is focus differentiation strategy.In 1980-1990s, they don’t play music or watch TV. But in the 21st century, they have plasma screens and it can watch football.In 1980-1990s, the pub just has only one business. But in the 21st century, the pub serve breakfast and begun developingbudget hotel accommodation.In 21st century, JD Wetherspoon Removed price incentives to drink larger measures of spirits and reduced the amount of alcohol. But In 1980-1990s, they just sold real ale beers and good quality wine.d. J D Wetherspoon need to consider some factors when change its business strategy. The first is policy. From the case, we can see during 2002-2004, government concern about binge drinking and the consequent ant special behaviors, particularly in city centers. Before changing a policy, they need to concern about whether the new policy could make more profits.The second is internal environment. Because the customers demand increases, J D Wetherspoon should improve employee’s quality, make the service more thoughtful. Before changing a policy, they need to concern about whether the new policy is suits different customers.The third is social. In this case, the supermarket began selling drinks, encourages drinking at home and increase in the numberof bars. It increased more competitors. So before changing policy, they need to consider about whether the policy can bring more customers and whether could reduce competition with other companies.e. Business strategy is the plans choices and decisions used to guide a company to greater profitability and success. It should be designed to bring success and avoid failure. Strategy choice is described of deciding which strategies can benefits organization’s future. This strategy decision is very important to company. From the case, in 21st century, J D Wetherspoon adopts the differentiation business strategy. There are some new products like provide a dedicated family dining area and serve the breakfast. The new market was begun developing budget hotel accommodation known as ‘Wetherlodges’. In a competitive pub s market, J D Wetherspoon is different from other pubs by using this way, it had already open the new market for increasing the competitiveness. It is an attractive pubs for customers. Then this strategy brings more profit for JD Wetherspoon.f. JD Wetherspoon is operating well now, but it still needs to consider some key issues: The one is need to enhance communication between managers and employees. This management method can help managers and employees exchanging their ideas and suggestions. It also can help company deeply develop, improve service and products. For some problems, they can solve these problems at once. The other is needed to consider whether the business strategy is flexible. When the environment changes, the strategy can quickly respond and find a way to constant changes.。
hndsqa经济学outcome3
政府开支的必要性，四个角度：1公共物品：因为它的特征，非竞争性，非排他性，证明政府的必要（Public goods non-competitive, non-exclusive govement is necessary）（私人提供不了1.盈利困难(Private companies profit difficult)2.提供公共产品确定目标消费者非常困(Provision of public goods is Very difficult to determine the target consumers)，无法确定消费群体，受益对象非常广泛，无法收费(Unable to determine consumer groups, beneficiaries is very wide and can not charge)）有益性的，除了私人公司无法生产，是有益的。
2.搭顺风车：由于有人想享受公共商品的成果，但又不想付出代价，这就是搭顺风车的心理(Some people want to enjoy the fruits of public goods, but do not want to pay the price)。
导致这个产品会生产不足，没有计划的资金购买完整的商品(This leads to lack of commodity production, program money can not buy the full of Goods)，导致供应不足，生产不充分(under-production non-production)可以责任转给政府，克服这个弱点（Private companies can shift responsibility to the government, to overcome these weaknesses）。
3.外部性：正（Positive externalities）负外部性：属于市场失灵现象market failave。
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Private Public limited company
法人：
法人是具有民事权利能力和民 事行为能力，依法独立享有民事权 利和承担民事义务的组织。法人与 自然人不同，是种无生命的社会组 织体，法人的实质，是一定社会组 织在法律上的人格化。
1.Sole Trader个体经营户
❖ If the business fails, the sole trader is said to have unlimited liability for all debts .
❖ Owner to find all capital ❖ Difficulty to expand because of
❖ The Partnership Act 1890 is the legislation which governs partnerships. According to this act, the partnership can be sued or sue.
❖ The partnership will firstly use its own assets to pay its debt. If it isn’t enough, the partners will become personally liable for the debts of the partnership. So like the sole trader, the partners have unlimited liability.
Advantages :
❖ greater continuity than sole trader ❖ more possible capital contributors than
sole trader ❖ less risk than sole trader ❖ Possibility of introducing limited liability
❖ There are no legal formalities . ❖ Easy to set up. ❖ Owner takes the key decisions. ❖ Personal touch with customers. ❖ owner keep the profits.
Disadvantages :
Types of Business Enterprise
Private sector business organizations （私营经济的组织形式）
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Unincorporated Businesses (非法人企业)
Incorporated business
（法人制企业）
↓
↓
Sole trader Partnership
Outcrences between Sole Traders, Partnerships and Incorporated Bodies
Legal Differences between Sole Traders, Partnerships and
Incorporated Bodies
❖ There are no formal legal requirements for setting up a partnership.
❖ All partners have an equal say in the running of the business and in decision making. The acts of every partner who does any act, carrying on in the usual way, bind the firm and their partners.
❖ To set up as a sole traders does not require any formalities（手续）.They need not make any business information public.
❖ 有限责任是与无限责任相对而言的，二者 是投资者对其投资企业的债务承担责任的 形式。
unlimited liability. ❖ Lack of continuity ❖ Pressure from larger units.
2. Partnership : 合伙企业
❖ Partnership is a business operated by 2 or more people, in which each partner contributes something to the business, whether it be a skill or merely capital investment.
❖ 所谓有限责任即有限清偿责任，指投资人 仅以自己投入企业的资本对企业债务承担 清偿责任，资不抵债的，其多余部分自然 免除的责任形式。
❖ 无限责任是指责任人以自己的全部财产承 担的责任，如合伙人对合伙债务承担的责 任，投资人对个人独资企业债务的责任等
Advantages :
❖ It is the simplest form of business organization recognized by Scots Law.
❖ Sole trader is set up by one person, in which the person manages and owns the business.
❖ He/she takes all the profits but has to bear all the losses.
❖ If the sole trader becomes insolvent（无力偿 还的）, his personal assets（资产） can be used to satisfy the creditors（债权人） .He∕She has unlimited liability（无限责任）.