华南师范大学考博历年真题
2022年考研考博-考博英语-华南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：59
2022年考研考博-考博英语-华南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The theory put forward by a famous scholar at an international conference contradicts the （） principles of the sphere of architecture.问题1选项A.particularB.preciseC.appropriateD.proper【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。
A: particular “专指的，特指的” ；B: precise “清晰的；精确的；精细的”；C: appropriate “适当的”；D: proper “境界；限度；范围”。
句意：—位著名学者在一次国际会议上提出的理论与建筑领域的特定原则相矛盾。
被修饰的名词为“principles原理”，因此可知A为正确答案。
2.单选题The envelope arrived with the old address（）, and the new one written alongside it.问题1选项A.left outB.crossed outC.cutoutD.fallen【答案】B【解析】考查词组。
A: left out“遗漏；忽略”；B: crossed out“勾掉，划掉”；C: cut out“停止；裁剪”；D: fallen“倒下”。
句意：信封上的旧地址划掉了，旁边写着新地址。
结合此处语境，B为正确答案。
3.单选题The American society is（）an exceedingly shaky foundation of natural resources which is connected with the possibility of a worsening environment.问题1选项A.established onB.affiliated toC.originated fromD.incorporated with【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。
华南师范大学考博历年真题
华南师范大学考博历年真题华南师范大学1997年--2006年1999年《普通心理学》一、名词解释（24分）1、条件反射2、启动效应3、感受性4、深度知觉5、表象6、智力商数7、表征8、气质二、简答（30分）1、知觉恒常性2、遗忘曲线3、格式塔学派4、内隐记忆5、定势6、认知结构三、论述题1、述评韦伯---费希纳定律（15分）2、为什么说人的心理是人脑对客观现实的主观反映（15分）3、试分析比较性格向性说和特质论（16分）《西方心理学史》一．名词解释（30分）1、原型2、行为环境3、自我实现4、认知地图5、双重心理学6、认知不协调二、简答题（40分）1、什么是心理投射？2、什么是心理紧张系统？3、什么是“第三势力”心理学？4、什么是信息加工的心理学观点？5、操作条件反射与经典条件反射有什么不同？三、论述题（30分）1、如何理解格式塔的意义和作用2、如何理解潜意识理论及其对心理学发展的影响《研究方法》一、名词解释1、实验设计2、麦考勒效应3、无关变量4、提示法5、问题行为图6、对偶配对组法7、闪光融合临界频率8、再测信度9、内容效度10、项目区分度二、图形解释（10分）图一（略）图二（略）（由于没有扫描仪，以后再作补充）三、计算题（10分）甲乙两组学生参加一项“问题解决”的实验，以完成解决问题的时间（秒）为成绩。
他们解决某一问题的成绩如下，问两组成绩是否存在着显著差异甲组17 15 16 18 14 13 14 12 乙组16 18 19 16 22 19 18 16 13 (t .05=2.131, t .01=2.947)四、简答题（30分）1、心理测量的标准化主要包括哪些内容？2、反应时间在当前心理学实验研究中有何作用3、情绪实验中常用的指标有哪些五、实验方案设计题目《高中男女生数学解题模式的比较研究》2000年发展与教育心理专业博士生入学考试心理学基本原理与实验考试卷一、述评西方心理学研究的实证主义与现象学主义两大研究方法流派。
2021年华南师范大学考博英语试题
华南师范大学考博英语试题Section I Vocabulary (20 points)Directions：There are 40 sentences in this section. Each sentence has something omitted. Choose the word or words from the four choices given to best complete each sentence.1. Conscience __ him day and night after he saw the miseries other child which was caused by his misdoings with his own eyes.A. racksB. persecutesC. maltreatsD. abuses2. Her professional ethics is now being questioned since she often __ her reports to suit the peopleshe is speaking to.A. disfiguresB. deformsC. misshapesD. distorts3. The developed countries are urging the developing countries to adopt a strategy that can __ the twin needs of development and preservation of nature.A. assimilateB. correspondC. coincideD. reconcile4. "Venice __ as the major sea power of the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages，which waserne mentioned by some writers，such as Shakespeare，Marlowe，etc..A. prevailedB. reignedC. presidedD. restrained5. Terrorists __ to bombing city centers as a means of achieving their political aims.A. resortedB. tookC. sawD. looked6. The dilemma I was caught in several years ago bears a close ____ to the one you are involved in today，so perhaps I can give you some advice.A. likenessB. resemblanceC. analogyD. familiarity7. As civilization ____ in the direction of technology，it passes the point of supplying all the basic essentials of life- food，shelter and clothes.A. processesB. precedesC. proceedsD. exceeds8. In most cases politicians are __ as they seldom tell the truth.A. skepticalB. pessimistic -C. incredulousD. incredible9. He __ his children nothing and gave them whatever they wantedA. rejectedB. deniedC. deprivedD. restrictedl 0. He __ of having missed a good opportunity to study abroad but he "knew it was no use crying over spilt milk.A. weptB. mournedC. grievedD. repented11.The work is not very profitable____cash，but I am getting valuable experience from itA. in accordance withB. on the basis ofC. in terms ofD. in the light of12. When the hostess received my compliment on her new car，she responded with great pleasureabout how the car is a ____buy.A. modestB. choiceC. superiorD. eloquent13. After having been dismissed from the factory，John had to earn a meager living by thetelevision sets.A. over~{usingB. patchingC. servicingD. remedying14. In fact，the U.S Congress ____ to the British Parliament as they both have the right to make laws.A. agreesB. correspondsC. matchesD. coincides15. The speaker announced that the President would convene his top aides for the regular meeting but he didn't the time and place ..A. designateB. denote "C. manifestD. specify16. The amount of heat produced by this electrical apparatus is --at will by turning a small. handle.A. variableB. variousC. differentD. diverse17. All visitors are requested to with the regulations.A. abideB. complyC. consentD. conform18. I him at Once as an American when he stepped onto the stage with three other actors.A. regardedB. deemedC. spottedD. discerned19. By adapting to your mental condition，you can more in less time.A. complementB. implementC. complimentD. accomplish20. He had to be here at ten o'clock，but because of a traffic accident，he didn't show up untilmidnight.A. overtakenB. undertakenC. guaranteedD. warranted21. When the jury brought in a. of guilt，the defendant who was overwhelmingly arrogantseveral minutes ago drooped his head.A. judgmentB. appraisalC. verdictD. conviction22. He Was. from the competition because he had not complied with the rules.A. forbidden.B. barred ~C. disqualifiedD. excused23. He my authory~，by allowing the children to do things that I have ~'--' ~~,by forbidden.A. impairedB.. disabledC. underminedD. undid24. After completing the big dictionary which was popularly received by readers，this famous scholarset out to compile a. to it.A. complementB. supplementC. accessory 'D. helper25. According to the geological theory put forward by a famous geologist at an academic conference newly held in England，the south of Iceland is to earthquakesA. disposedB. likely：C. liableD. inclined26. At the news，the demonstrators who had put the foreign goods under a boycott for several months protested butA. to naughtB. to nothingC. to no availD. to void27. This country's development of science was greatly undermined for large numbers of scientificwere ejected from their motherland since the dictator came into power.A. galaxyB. eliteC. personnelD. swarm28. The university an honorary doctor's degree on the distinguished scholar who was generally regarded as a credit to his own country.A. donatedB. conferredC. subscribedD. granted29. The people of this country have entrenched themselves to any invaders who refuse to give up their evil intention.A. ward offB. cut offC. work offD. lay off30. The mob was by the fiery speech and then they marched down the main street，and set many Chinese stores on fire.A. wakenedB. aroused ，C. inspiredD. agitated31. The politician is shrewd and deep；he was him. seldom on what he expected others to do forA. transparentB. explicitC. prominentD. conspicuous32. In the eyes of the linguists，there exists no among the languages in the world.A. statusB. scaleC. hierarchyD. gauge33. The radio program was presented a joint venture which was registered several months ago.A. by courtesy ofB. on account ofC. by virtue ofD. in terms of34. Some historians are convinced that Rome was a corrupt kingdom that deserved toA.dieB. expireC. perishD. cease35. In the end they came to the conclusion that the evidence produced by the plaintiff wasA. scarceB. rareC. scantyD. deficient36. The conductor of the orchestra was not satisfied with the ballet for the steps of the dancer wasnot with the rhythm of the music.A. coordinatedB. correspondedC. synchronizedD. reconciled37. It is natural for me to on his motives for the visits for we have not been on speaking termsfor many years.A. reflectB. supposeC. speculateD. meditate38. The president placed a wreath on the monument to the heroes and then made a speech to payto the great achievements of the martyrs.A. complimentB. gratitudeC. tribute.D. commendation39. Bribery the confidence that must exist between buyer and seller.A. aggravatesB. deterioratesC. corrodesD. degenerates40. By evacuating the inhabitants in the densely populated areas of the city and establishing temporary shelters，the city. itself for a possible new quake.A. boltedB. bracedC. reinforcedD. strappedSectionⅡUse of English (20points)Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for" each numbered blank and marked A，B，C or D on the answer sheet.The salmon is one of our most valuable fish. It offers us food，sport ，and profit. Ever5，),ear commercial fishing 41 a harvest of over a billion pounds of salmon from the sea. Hundreds of thousands of salmon are caught each year by eager 42 fishers.In autumn，the rivers of the Northwestern United States come 43 with salmon. The salmon have left the ocean and are '44 their yearly run up river to spawn. Yet today，there are far fewer salmon than 45 because the salmon 46 has suffered from many perils of the modem age.Water pollution has killed many salmon by 47 them of oxygen. Over - fishing hasfurther decreased their numbers. Dams are another 48 because they lock migration paths. Fish ladders，49 of stepped pools，have been built so that salmon can swim 50 over the dams. But young salmon swimming to the ocean have "trouble 51 the ladders. Often they 52their deaths over the dam or are killed in giant hydroelectric turbines.53 America will continue to have plenty of salmon，conservationists have planned several. lays to 54 the salmon population. Conservation officials have ~had some success 55 salmon in hatcheries and stocking salmon rivers with them. Salmon are also being 56 into new areas. In 1996，hundreds of thousands of young Coho salmon were planted in streams off Lake Michigan. The adults were expected to migrate to the lake and 57 an undesirable fish. The Cohoes 58 so well on this kind of fish in Lake Michigan 59 Cohoes are being planted in other Great Lakes.Thanks to the foresight and 60 of conservationists，the valuable salmon should be around American shores，rivers，and lakes for a long time to come41. A. results in B. results from C. results at D. resulted in42. A. commerce B. sports C. salmon D. kindness43. A. alive B. active C. live D. about-44. A. at B. in C. on D. by45. A. ever so B. ever since C. ever after D. ever before46. A. production B. population C. family D. growing47. A. forbidding B. exploiting C. robbing D. endangering48. A. danger B. obstacle C. problem D. element49. A. made up for B. made Up to C. made up D. made up of50. A. properly B. safely C. quickly D. frequently51. A. discover B. to climb C. finding D. measuring52. A. fall to B. fall back C. fall across D. fall away53. A. So that B. So far as C. So much as D. So long as54. A. explode B. develop C. increase D. catch55. A. supporting B. raising C. keeping D. resulting56. A. invaded B. introduced C. found D. given57. A. live on B. feed in C. feed upon D. feed back58. A. activate B. grow C. thrived D. developed59. A. in which B. that C. where D. which60. A. objectives B. planning C. invention D. arrangementSection ⅢReading Comprehension (30 points)Direction：In this part of the test，there are six short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully，and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A，B，C，or D and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.TEXT AIt is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into' which the machines has been introduced. For example，it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household，their traditional sphere，and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century，when women began to enter factories，Jules Simon，a French politician，warned that by doing so，women would give up their femininity. Friedrich Engels，however，predicted that women would be liberated from the "social，legal，and economic subordination" of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of "the whole female sex into public industry." Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization 'seffects，but they agreed that it would transform women's lives.Historians，particularly those investigating the history of women，now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny，the sewing machine，the typewriter，and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women's economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women's work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young，single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology，but rather the separation of secretarial work，previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers，from administrative work that in the 1880% created a new class of "deadened" jobs，thenceforth considered "women' s work." The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with he-mechaniZafi6n of housework and an increase in leisure time for these w0men-than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers，previously，in many cases，the only women employers would hire.Women's work has changed considerably in the past 200 years，moving from the household to the office or the factory，and later 5ecoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-coUar work. Fundamentally，however，the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution：the segregation of occupations by gender，lower pay for women as a group，jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist，while women's household labor ~remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.61. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A. The effects of the mechanization of women's work have not borne out the frequently held assumption that new technology is inherently revolutionary.B. Recent studies have shown that mechanization revolutionizes a society's traditional values and the customary roles of its members~C. Mechanization has caused the nature of women's work change since the Industrial Revolution.D. The mechanization of work creates whole new classes of jobs that did not previously exist.62. The author，mentions all of the following inventions as examples of dramatic technological innovations EXCEPT theA. sewing machineB. vacuum cleanerC. typewriterD. telephone63. It can be inferred from the passage that，before the Industrial Revolution，the majority of women's work was done in which of the following settings?A. Textile mills.B. Private households.C. Offices.D. Factories.64. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would consider which of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions of women's work?A. Statistics showing that the majority of women now occupy white-collar positions.B. Interviews with married men indicating that they are now doing some household tasks.C. Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a new class of jobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men four to one.D. Census results showing that working women's wages and salaries are，on the average，as high as those of working men.65. The passage states that，before the twentieth century，which of the following was true of many employers?A. They did not employ women in factories.B. They tended to employ single rather than married women.C. They employed women in only those jobs that were related to women's traditional household work.D. They resisted technological innovations that would radically change women's roles in the family.TEXT BPhilosophy in the second half of the 19tb century was based more on biology and history than on mathematics and physics. Revolutionary thought drifted away from metaphysics and epistemology and shifted more towards ideologies in science，politics，and sociology. Pragmatism became the most vigorous school of thought in American philosophy during this time，and it continued the empiricist tradition of grounding knowledge on experience and stressing the inductive procedures of experimental science. The three most important pragmatists of this period were the American philosophers Charles Peirce (1839-1914)，considered to be the first of the American pragmatists，William James (1842-1910)，the first great American psychologist，and John Dewey (1859 ~ 1952)，who further developed the pragmatic principles of Peirce and James into a comprehensive system of thought that he called "'experimental naturalism"，or "instrumentalism".Pragmatism was generally critical of traditional western philosophy，especially the notion that there are absolute truths and absolute values. In contrast，Josiah Royce (1855 - 1916)，was a leading American exponent of idealism at this time，who beli~.,ved in an absolute truth and held that human thought，and the external world were unified. Pragmatism called for ideas and theories to be tested in practice，assessing whether the)，produced desirable or undesirable results. Although pragmatism was popular for a time in Europe，most agree that it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicality，and the equally American distrust of abstract theories and ideologies. Pragmatism is best understood in its historical and cultural context. It arose during a period of rapid scientific advancement，industrialization，and material progress；a time when the theory of evolution suggestedto many thinkers that humanity and society are in a perpetual state of progress. This period also saw a decline in traditional religious beliefs and values. As a result，it became necessary t6 rethink fundamental ideas about values，religion，science，community，and individuality. Pragmatists regarded all theories and institutions as tentative hypotheses and solutions. According to their critics，the pragmatist's refusal to affirm any absolutes carried negative implications for society?challenging the foundations of society's institutions.66. What is this passage primarily about?A. The evolution of philosophy in the second half of the 19tu century.B. The three most important American pragmatists of the late 19a century.C. The differences between pragmatism and traditional western philosophy.D. American pragmatism.67. Which of the following is true?A. Idealism was an important part of the pragmatic approach.B. "Pragmatism" was also known as "traditional western philosophy".C. Pragmatism continued the empiricist tradition.D. Pragmatism is best understood independently o~ its historical and cultural context.68. According to the passage，pragmatism was more popular in America than Europe，becauseA. Americans had ~eater acceptance of the theory of evolutionB. it epitomized the American faith in know-how and practicalityC. Europe had a more traditional society based on a much longer historyD. industrialization and material progress was occurring at a faster pace in America at that time69. All of the following are true EXCEPT ..A. revolutionary thought shifted more towards ideologies in science，politics and sociologyB. pragmatists regarded all theories and institutions as tentative hypotheses and solutionsC. Josiah Royce was not a pragmatistD. pragmatism was based on the theory of evolution70. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?A. Josiah Royce considered Charles Peirce to be challenging the foundations of society's institutions.B. Charles Peirce considered Josiah Royce to be too influenced by the theory of evolution.C. John Dewey would not have developed his system of thought called "experimental naturalism" or "instrumentalism" without the pioneering work of Charles Peirce and William James.D. Josiah Royce was a revolutionary thinker.TEXT CMass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the American city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion，it sorted out people and land uses，and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion，the omnibuses，horse railways，commuter trains，and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the premodern era. In 1850，for example，the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old business district；by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now those who would afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still commute there for work，shopping，and entertainment. The new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now "know as urban sprawl. Between 1890 and 1920，for example，some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded within the borders of Chicago，most of them located in outlying areas. Over the same period，another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the metropolitan area，Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting，real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to theChicago region in just thirty years--lots that could have housed five to six million people.Of course，many were never occupied；there was always a huge surplus of subdivided，but vacant，land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass transportation：urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes，particularly land near or outside city，borders where transit lines and middle-class inhabitants were anticipated，did so to create demand as much as to respond to it. Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there proceeded much faster than population growth.71. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?A. Types of mass transportation.B. Instability of urban life.C. How supply and demand determine land use.D. The effects of mass transportation on urban expansion.72. The author mentions all of the following as effects，of mass transportation on cities EXCEPTA. growth in city areaB. separation of commercial and residential districtsC. changes in life in the inner cityD. increasing standards of living73. Why does the author mention both Boston and Chicago?A. To demonstrate positive and negative effects of growth.B. To show that mass transit changed many cities.C. To exemplify cities with and without mass transportation.D. To contrast their rates of growth.74. According to the passage，what was one disadvantage of residential expansion?A. It was expensive.B. It happened too slowlyC. It was unplanned.D. It created a demand for public transportation.75. The author mentions Chicago in the second paragraph as an example of a cityA. that is largeB. that is used as a model for land developmentC. where land development exceeded population growthD. with an excellent mass transportation systemTEXT DA classic series of experiments to determine the effects of overpopulation on communities of rats was reported in February of 1962 in an article in Scieritific American. The experiments were conducted by a psychologist，John B. Calhoun. and his associates. In each of these experiments，an equal number of male and female adult rats were placed in an enclosure and given an adequate supply of food，water，and other necessities. The rat populations were allowed to increase. Calhoun knew from experience approximately how many rats could live in the enclosures without experiencing .stress due to overcrowding. He allowed the population to increase to approximately twice this number. Then he stabilized the population by removing offspring that were not dependent on their too：hers. He and his associates then carefully observed and recorded behavior in these overpopulated communities. At the end of their experiments，Calhoun and his associates were able to conclude that overcrowding causes a breakdown in the normal social relationships among rats，a kind of. social disease. The rats in the experiments did not follow the same patterns of behavior as rats would in a community without overcrowding. .The females in the rat population were the most seriously affected by the high population density：They showed deviant maternal behavior：they did not behave as mother rats normally do. Infact，many of the pups，as rat babies are called，died as a result of poor maternal care. For example，mothers sometimes abandoned their pups，and，without their mothers’ care，the pups died. Under normal conditions，a mother rat would not leave her pups alone to die. However，the experiments verified that in overpopulated communities，mother rats do not behave normally. Their behavior may be considered pathologically diseased.The dominant males in the rat population" were the least affected by overpopulation. Each of these strong males claimed an area of the enclosure as his own. Therefore，these individuals did not experience the overcrowding in the same way as the other rats did. The fact that the dominant males had adequate space in which to live may explain why they were not as seriously affected by overpopulation as the other rats. However，dominant males did behave pathologically at times. Their antisocial behavior consisted of attacks on weaker male，female，and immature rats. This deviant behavior showed that even though the dominant males had enough living space，they too were affected by the general overcrowding in the enclosure.Non-dominant males in the experimental rat communities also exhibited deviant social behavior. Some withdrew completely；they moved very little and ate and drank at times when the other rats were sleeping in order to avoid contact with them. Other non-dominant males were hyperactive；they were much more active than is normal，chasing~ other rats and fighting each other. This segment of the rat population，tike all the other parts，was affected by the overpopulation. The behavior of the non-dominant males and of the other components of the rat population has parallels in human behavior. People in densely populated areas exhibit deviant behavior similar to that of the rats in Cal hour,)s experiments. In large urban areas such as New York，London，Mexican City，and Cairo，there are abandoned children. There are cruel，powerful individuals，both men and women. There are also people who withdraw and people who become hyperactive. The quantity of other forms of social pathology such as murder，rape，and robbery also frequently occur in denselypopulated human communities. Is the principal cause of these disorders overpopulation?Calhoun's experiments suggest that it might be. In any case，social scientists and city planners have been influenced by the results of this series of experiments.76. Paragraph 1 is organized according toA. reasons B examples C. examples D. definition77. Calhoun stabilized the rat populationA. when it was double the number that could live in the enclosure without stressB. by removing young ratsC. at a constant number of adult rats in the enclosureD. all of the above are correct78. Which of the following inferences CANNOT be made from the information in Para. 1A. Calhoun's experiment is still considered important today.B. Overpopulation causes pathological behavior in rat populations.C. Stress does not occur in rat communities unless there is overcrowdingD. Calhoun had experimented with rats before.79. Which of the following behavior didn't happen in this experiment?A. All the male rats exhibited pathological behavior.B. Mother rats abandoned their pups.C. Female rats showed deviant maternal behaviorD. Mother rats left their rat babies alone.80. The main idea of the paragraph three is thatA. dominant males had adequate living spaceB. dominant males were not as seriously affected by overcrowding as the other ratsC. dominant males attacked weaker rats。
2007年-华师大人文地理考博专业课试题-参考答案
2007年试题1、产业集群理论的概念、内涵及对区域经济发展的作用答案要点：1、一般认为产业集群这个概念源于波特《国家竞争优势》一书，他认为，产业集群是一组在地理上靠近的相互联系的公司和机构，它们同处或相关于一个特定的产业领域，由于具有共性和互补性而联系在一起。
1998年波特进一步指出，产业集群是“在某一特定领域内相互联系的在地理位置上集中的公司和机构的集合”，同时还包括“对竞争其重要作用的、相互联系的产业和其他实体”。
2000年波特的新定义是“在特定领域内既竞争又合作的相互关联的公司、专业化供应商和服务商、相关产业的企业和有联系的机构的地理集中”，或所形成的地理集聚体。
2、产业聚集的内涵包括以下几点：①在组成要素上，产业集群由生产销售部门、相关产业部门和支持机构组成。
此外，专业化基础设施的提供者、贸易协会、地方政府部门和管理机构这些对产业集群发展影响较大的机构也常常被视为产业集群的组成部分。
②在企业构成上，产业集群的企业主体是中小企业。
在一些产业集群中也存在大企业，甚至跨国公司，这是因为一、集群中的某些小企业发展成为大企业，二、有些产业集群发展良好，吸引了外部的大企业或跨国公司进入集群。
③在内部联系上，典型的产业集群内部各企业之间存在分工和合作的关系。
因此，产业集群表现出明显的专业化特征，内部联系呈现出网络化的特点。
④产业集群有根植性，即集群内部各网络关系和企业的活动是构建在地方社会之上的。
⑤此外，产业集群还具有明显的空间特征，因此，产业集群应该有明确的空间范围和边界。
3、产业集群依靠内部联系网络，有力推动了当地区域经济的迅速发展。
很多国家的地方政府通过培育地方产业集群，使本地生产系统的内力和国际资源的外力有效结合，提高了区域竞争力，取得了不少成功的经验。
中国部分沿海地区开始形成了一批有较大影响力的产业集群，成为拉动区域经济发展、提高产业竞争力、实现跨越式发展的重要方式。
产业集群对区域发展的影响，主要表现在如下几个方面。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-华南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：83
2022年考研考博-考博英语-华南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题The destruction of these treasures was a loss for mankind that no amount of money could（）. 问题1选项A.stand up forB.make up fore up withD.put up with【答案】B【解析】考查词组。
A: stand up for “支持；坚持” ；B: make up for “补偿，弥补”；C: come up with “追赶上；提出”；D: put up with “忍受，容忍”。
句意：对人类而言，这些宝物的破坏是一种无法用金钱弥补的损失。
结合此处语境，后文写道没有金钱可以弥补，故B为正确答案。
2.单选题He has been（）a lot of pressure on me to change my mind.问题1选项A.employingB.exertingC.endeavoringD.aspiring 【答案】B【解析】考查固定搭配。
exert pressure on...表示“给……施加压力”。
句意：他对我施加了很大的压力，要求我改变主意。
结合句意，故B为正确答案。
3.单选题I’m（）on going to that flower show. I believe there are some specimens of Caration that I’m interested in.问题1选项A.keenB.acuteC.shrewdD.enthusiastic【答案】A【解析】考查固定搭配。
be keen on doing sth.表示“渴望;热切;热衷于”。
句意：我非常想要去看花展，我相信有一些我感兴趣的标本。
结合句意，A为正确答案。
4.单选题To call the music of another music-culture "primitive "is（）one’s own standards on a group that does not recognize them.问题1选项A.puttingB.emphasizingC.forcingD.imposing【答案】D【解析】考查词组。
华师考博试题2001-2013
语言所博士生入学考试试题2001年试题一、现代汉语1．说说你对“普—方—古”大三角的理解和想法。
（20分）2．说出下列著作的作者和主要特点：（20分）（1）《马氏文通》；（3）《新著国语文法》；（2）《中国文法要略》；（4）《现代汉语语法讲话》3．你对二十多年来词语的发展有什么想法？你认为，在词语的语法性质上，新词新语主要有那些类型？（20分）4．写短文：说“X上”。
（联想有关事实，造出若干用例，写出一篇千字短文。
这篇短文，要尽可能反映自己对语法事实认识的深度。
）（40分）二、理论语言学1．为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具？语言这两种职能之间具有什么样的关系？（25分）2．语言形式与语言意义之间的对应关系，是语法学研究的中心问题。
语法学的研究方法也应该是语言形式与语言意义相结合的研究方法。
试根据你的理解阐述这种研究方法。
（25分）3．对语言的形式的研究和功能的研究，常常形成语言学史上的不同学术流派。
当代形式语言学派的代表是乔姆斯基的转换生成语言学，功能语言学派的代表是功能语言学（包括认知语法）。
请简述乔姆斯基学派和功能语言学派在语言观和语言研究方法论上的主要差别。
（25分）4．什么是“语言习得”（Acquisition）？什么是“语言学得”（Learning）？了解这两种语言学习方式的不同，对语言教学（母语教学，第二语言教学等）有何意义？（25分）5．你对应用语言学的哪个部门最感兴趣？请综述你最感兴趣的那个应用语言学部门的研究历史、现状及其发展趋势。
（25分）6．有些学者认为，中国语言学必须形成自己的研究特色。
有些学者认为，中国语言学应尽快同国际接轨。
就这两种观点谈谈你的看法。
（25分）（说明：上面六题，考生任选四题）2002年试题一、现代汉语1．《中国语文》2002年第一期发表了屈哨兵的文章《“由于”句的语义偏向》，屈哨兵是我校汉语言文字专业在读博士研究生。
他在文章中认为：“由于”所引领的句子常常会带有不愉快、不如意、消极或贬斥一类的语义偏向，“由于”所引领的格式在现代汉语中基本上是一个“不愉快格式”。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-华南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：31
2022年考研考博-考博英语-华南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题By adapting to your mental condition, you can（）more in less time.问题1选项plementB.implementplimentD.accomplish【答案】D【解析】考查动词词义辨析。
A: complement “补足”；B: implement “实施”；C: ;compliment “恭维”；D: accomplish “完成”。
句意：通过调整你的心理状态，你能在更短的时间里完成更多任务。
结合句意，故D为正确答案。
2.单选题In fact, the U.S Congress（）to the British Parliament as they both have the right to make laws.问题1选项A.agreesB.correspondsC.matchesD.coincides【答案】B【解析】考查动词词义辨析。
A: agree “同意”；B: corresponds (to) “相当于”；C: match “匹配”；D: ; coincide “一致”。
句意：事实上，美国国会相当于英国议会，因为它们在制定法律方面权力相同。
此处使用固定搭配coincide with，故B为正确答案。
3.单选题When I（）my senses, I found myself wrapped up in bed in my little room, with Grandma bending over me.问题1选项A.woke upB.took toC.pickedD.came to【答案】D【解析】考查词组。
A选项wake up“醒来”；B选项take to“开始喜欢，沉溺于”；C选项 pick up “捡起，拿起；不经意得到；（通过学习或经历）获得（知识）”；D选项come to “达到，复苏”。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-华南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：71
2022年考研考博-考博英语-华南师范大学考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this（）produces artificial cold surrounding it.问题1选项A.absorptionB.transitionC.consumptionD.interaction【答案】A【解析】考查名词词义辨析。
A: absorption “吸收”；B: transition “过渡，转变”；C: consumption “消费”；D: interaction “相互作用”。
句意：水从固体转变为液体，吸收了周围所有物质的热量，这种吸收产生了周围的人工寒冷。
根据语境和句意，这里所指的是吸热，因此A最合适。
2.单选题It is no wonder that they always hold（）hope for the future because they are raised in the greenhouse.问题1选项A.exaggeratedB.amplifiedC.extravagantD.luxurious【答案】A【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。
A: exaggerated “夸大的，言过其实的” ；B: amplified “扩大；放大”；C: extravagant “过度的，过分的；浪费的”；D: luxurious “奢侈的”。
句意：难怪他们总是对未来抱有夸大的希望，因为他们是在温室里长大的。
结合语境，故A为正确答案。
3.单选题The man to whom we handed the forms pointed out that they had not been（）filled in.问题1选项A.consequentlyB.regularprehensivelyD.properly【答案】D【解析】考查副词词义辨析。
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华南师范大学1997年--2006年1999年《普通心理学》一、名词解释（24分）1、条件反射2、启动效应3、感受性4、深度知觉5、表象6、智力商数7、表征8、气质二、简答（30分）1、知觉恒常性2、遗忘曲线3、格式塔学派4、内隐记忆5、定势6、认知结构三、论述题1、述评韦伯---费希纳定律（15分）2、为什么说人的心理是人脑对客观现实的主观反映（15分）3、试分析比较性格向性说和特质论（16分）《西方心理学史》一．名词解释（30分）1、原型2、行为环境3、自我实现4、认知地图5、双重心理学6、认知不协调二、简答题（40分）1、什么是心理投射？2、什么是心理紧张系统？3、什么是“第三势力”心理学？4、什么是信息加工的心理学观点？5、操作条件反射与经典条件反射有什么不同？三、论述题（30分）1、如何理解格式塔的意义和作用2、如何理解潜意识理论及其对心理学发展的影响《研究方法》一、名词解释1、实验设计2、麦考勒效应3、无关变量4、提示法5、问题行为图6、对偶配对组法7、闪光融合临界频率8、再测信度9、内容效度10、项目区分度二、图形解释（10分）图一（略）图二（略）（由于没有扫描仪，以后再作补充）三、计算题（10分）甲乙两组学生参加一项“问题解决”的实验，以完成解决问题的时间（秒）为成绩。
他们解决某一问题的成绩如下，问两组成绩是否存在着显著差异甲组17 15 16 18 14 13 14 12 乙组16 18 19 16 22 19 18 16 13 (t .05=2.131, t .01=2.947)四、简答题（30分）1、心理测量的标准化主要包括哪些内容？2、反应时间在当前心理学实验研究中有何作用3、情绪实验中常用的指标有哪些五、实验方案设计题目《高中男女生数学解题模式的比较研究》2000年发展与教育心理专业博士生入学考试心理学基本原理与实验考试卷一、述评西方心理学研究的实证主义与现象学主义两大研究方法流派。
二、述评心理学关于智力理论的研究及其新进展。
三、概述内隐记忆与外显记忆的异同，内隐记忆的主要理论，研究内隐记忆的主要方法。
四、以二因素实验为例，如果它们的交互作用显著，试用图来表示出其交互作用可能情况并作解释。
五、（注：第五题有5a、5b、5c三个题目，请根据你报考的方向选出相应的题目回答）5a、根据你在学习心理方面最有创见的看法设计出一个多因素实验研究，写出设计方案及最后的模拟统计分析表。
（学习心理研究方向题目）5b、设计一个关于儿童人格发展的跨文化研究方案。
（个性心理发展与培养方向）5c、设计一个关于元认知学习能力实验研究方案。
（学习心理辅导方向）2000年《普通心理学》一、名词解释（每题2分）1、感应性2、深度知觉3、言语4、动机5、信息编码6、定势7、智商8、表象9、心境10、迁移二、简答题（每题5分）1、知觉恒常性2、启动效应3、感受性4、人工概念5、詹姆斯--兰格情绪理论6、气质高级神经活动类型说三、分析论述题1、述评韦伯---费希纳定律（15分）2、试分析讨论有关能力结构的几个主要理论假说（15分）3、举例说明如何利用心理学的知识原理培养人的创造性思维能力（20分）《研究方法》一、名词解释1、阈限操作定义2、效标关联效度3、项目区分度4、期望误差5、准实验设计6、对偶比较法7、问题行为图8、复本效度9、潘弄范围10建构效度二、解释图形的意义图一（略）（由于没有扫描仪，以后再作补充）三、计算题在一项记忆研究中，混合排列名词和动词各10个，随机抽取某年纪学生8人，每人学习相同的遍数后，让他们尽可能地写出所能回忆的词，答对一个词得一分，结果如下。
试检验名词和动词的记忆是否存在着显著差异？哪一种词更容易记忆？学生名词动词X X- 1 25 20 5 2 1 2 16 12 4 0 0 3 22 23 -1 -5 25 4 32 28 4 0 0 5 18 14 5 1 1 6 37 26 11 7 49 7 33 27 6 2 4 8 24 26 -2 -6 36 32 0 116四、简答题（32分，每题8分）1、简述部分报告法与全部报告法的异同2、在情绪实验中，常用的因变量指标有哪些3、个性测验的问卷法与投射法有何异同4、心理测验的标准化主要包括哪些内容五实验设计（18分）《中学生类比推理能力特点的研究》2001年《普通心理学》一、解释下列概念（每题4分，共28分） 1.动力定型2.消退抑制3.成就动机4.感受野5.主观轮廓6.结构级差7.系列位置效应二、选择题（单选或多选，每题1分，共10分）1.心理学史上最早对人的记忆进行研究的心理学家是——（1）詹姆斯；（2）冯特；（3）艾宾豪斯；（4）铁钦纳2.由于新异刺激物的出现使原来的条件反射受到暂时的抑制叫——（1）延缓抑制；（2）消退抑制；（3）内抑制；（4）外抑制3.人类心理的产生是由于——（1）劳动；（2）语言的出现；（3）人脑的发展；（4）文字的产生4.人对于电视机的需要属于——（1）物质需要；（2）精神需要；（3）自然需要；（4）社会文化需要5.注意的过滤器理论、衰减理论和主动加工理论的区别是——（1）信息的选择或不选择；（2）选择发生的阶段；（3）信息的过滤或衰减6.在颜色纺锤体上，代表饱和度的是——（1）纺锤体的垂直轴；（2）纺锤体的圆周；（3）纺锤体从圆周到中心的距离7.在人知觉深度的双眼线索中，最重要的双眼线索是——（1）双眼视轴的辐合；（2）水晶体屈度的变化；（3）双眼视差8.当注视一个方向的物体运动之后，如果将注视点转向静止的物体，那么会看到静止的物体似乎朝向相反的方向运动，这种现象叫——（1）动景运动；（2）诱发运动；（3）自主运动；（4）运动后效9.在能力测验中，代表测验量表的稳定性和一致性的指标是——（1）效度；（2）区分度；（3）信度；（4）难度10.艾森克的人格理论将人分成四种类型：稳定内倾型，稳定外倾型，不稳定内倾型和不稳定外倾型，其中稳定外倾型相当于——（1）多血质；（2）胆汁质；（3）粘液质；（4）抑郁质三、简答下列各题（每题8分，共32分）1.人的意识有哪些特征？在人的心理生活中，意识与无意识的关系怎样？2.简述鲁利亚的大脑功能的机能系统理论。
3.简述影响形象知觉的因素。
4.试说明人在识记时的信息编码方式。
四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1.试论述气质在人类生活中的意义。
2.试论述解决问题的心理过程和影响因素。
2002年《认知心理学》一、名词解释1、整体优先性假设2、原型3、字词优势效应4、材料驱动加工5、错觉性结合6、组块7、启动效应8、典型性效应9、心理旋转10、手段-目的分析二、简答1、注意的特征整合理论包含哪些内容？2、简述记忆加工水平说的主要内容3、双重编码说的主要内容有哪些4、什么是概念形成的假设检验三、论述1、试评述现代认知心理学中两种对立的知觉理论，知觉假设考验说和刺激物说2、试评述短时记忆提取的系列扫描、平行扫描、直通模型和双重模型3、论述认知心理学关于概念结构的理论和发展《普通心理学》一、名词解释（30分）1、幂定律2、视觉感受野3、概念驱动加工4、知觉恒常性5、图形识别6、无意识7、程序性知识8、人格9、自我认知二、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1、什么是裂脑研究？它对揭示脑的功能有何重要作用？2、简要评述注意的认知资源理论的主要的内容3、简要叙述说明多重记忆系统之间的关系的SPI理论的主要观点（S指串行、P指并行I独立）。
4、简述拉扎勒斯的情绪认知-评价理论的主要观点三、论述题（每小题15分，共30分，任选两题）1、什么是色觉的对立过程理论？它与传统的色觉理论有什么联系与区别2、简述内隐记忆和外显记忆的关系3、影响人格形成与发展的因素有哪些？它们各自对人格起什么作用？《研究方法》一、举例解释下列概念（40分）1、随机误差2、系统误差3、期望误差4、习惯误差5、疲劳误差6、顺序误差7、操作定义8、问题行为图二、什么是指导语？制定它有何要求？（10分）三、何谓额外变量？举例说明5种控制额外变量的方法？（20分）四、为什么信号检测法可以研究再认，有何优点？（20分）五、皮肤电为什么可以作为研究情绪的指标（10分）《社会与人格心理学》一、名词解释（每题5分，满分20分）1、原形2、罗特（J.B.Rottor）3、旁观者效应4、优势反应强化说二．简答题（每题10分，满分40分）1、弗洛姆（Frich Fromm）是如何解释人的社会化的2、吉尔福特（Joy Panl Guilford）关于特制结构的成分是什么？3、说明凯利（H.H Kelly）的方差分析模型的基本内容4、说明影响态度形成的因素三．论述题（每题20分，满分40分）1、为什么将人本主义称为第三思潮，其主要贡献表现在哪里？2、分析影响心理健康的社会因素2003年《社会与人格心理学》一、名词解释（5×9＝45）1、角色2、归因3、人格特质4、利他行为5、从众现象6、气质类型7、社会认知8、多重人格9、机能自主性二、简述题（15×3＝45）1、叙述与评价非言语交往的主要渠道2、叙述与评价荣格的人格类型学说3、叙述与评价艾里克森的人格发展学说三、论述题（30×2＝60）1、论述你对人格形成及发展过程的理解2、论述认知不协调的机制以及态度转变的策略《认知心理学》一、解释下列概念（3×10＝30）1、认知科学2、原型3、结构优势效应4、鸡尾酒会效应5、编码6、加工水平7、启发式策略8、前提气氛效应9、典型性效应10、知觉的刺激物说二、简答下列各题（10×6＝60）1、认知心理学是怎样产生的2、试说明知觉中加工的类型3、简述短时记忆提取的双重模型的主要内容4、结合实验说明表象在认知加工中的作用5、简述注意的中枢能量理论6、系列位置曲线说明了那些内容三、论述题（30×2＝60）1、试论述语义记忆的网络模型的产生和发展2、设计一个语言学习方面的两因素实验，研究句法结构和语义对句子理解和记忆的影响《发展与教育心理学》一、名词解释（4×10＝40）1、控制点2、自我效能感3、品德4、操作性条件反射5、支架式教学设计6、年龄特征7、最近发展区8、视觉悬崖实验9、两难故事10、代沟二、简答题（10×5＝50）1、简述迁移的产生式理论的主要观点2、简述陈述性知识与程序性知识的区别和联系3、简述奥苏贝尔的教学理论的主要观点4、简述新老精神分析学派发展观的异同5、简述关于语言获得的主要理论三、论述题（30×2＝60）1、试论联结派学习理论与认知派学习理论的主要区别2、试述皮亚杰关于儿童认知发展的理论及其对教育的意义《心理学理论和实验》一、解释下列概念并举例说明（4×10＝40）1、操作性定义2、暗适应3、轮廓4、部分报告法5、统计量6、参数7、随机原则8、表象9、内隐记忆10、功能性固着二、试论述认知加工的双加工理论（20）三、下面表格中的数值是用最小变化法实验所获得的并经数据处理之后的试问：该实验中存在什么样的误差？为什么？（20）刺激系列渐增系列渐减系列前半系列后半系列阈限均值11.9 11.5 12.1 11.3 标准差.92 .77 .80 .75 标准误.29 .24 .24 .25 差异.4 .8 自由度9 9 t值1.1 2.28 p >0.10 <0.05四、1、什么是口语报告法？什么是问题行为图？（8）2、下面是被试为解答如下密码问题的一些口语记录，请把它们转换成问题行为图？（12）D O N A L D + G E R A L D R O B E R T （1）两个D，每个d都是5，因此T是零。