最新2021年上半年英语四级语法用法讲解(精选)

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2021年英语四级高级语法讲解之独立主格结构

2021年英语四级高级语法讲解之独立主格结构一、独立结构的构成：只有当分词短语的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致时，我们才能用独立结构。

独立结构只用做状语，多用于书面语言。

常见的独立结构有以下几种：(一) 名词/代词+分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)：1 The boy ran quickly, his father following. (表示伴随情况)2 He lay on his back, his hands acrossed under his head. (表示伴随情况)(二)名词/代词+形容词：1、They started home, their minds full of plans for increasing production. (表示伴随情况)2、He was silent for a moment, his lips tight. (表示伴随情况)(三)名词/代词+副词：1、He put on his socks, wrong side out. (表示补充说明)2 、The war over, all the Chinese people’s volunteers came back to China. (表示补充说明)(四)名词/代词+介词(短语)1 、She came in, a baby in her arms. (表示伴随情况)2 、He went off, gun in hand. (表示伴随情况)二独立结构在句子中的作用。

独立结构在句子中只能做状语，这种结构可以用来：(一)表示时间：His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.(=After his homework was done, he decided to go and see the play.)(二)表示原因：The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.(=Because the last bus having gone, we had to walk home. )(三)表示条件：Weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.(=If weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.)(四)表示伴随情况或伴随状况：They walked through the forest, an old hunter leading the way.(五)表示补充说明：He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an office.(=He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an office.)三独立变格的变化在带有逻辑主语的分词及其短语前加”with”1、——Why are they talking all the equipment away?——The job , they are packing up to leave.A it to doneB didC was didD done2、Other things being equal, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than the man whose command of language is poor.。

大学英语四级语法知识讲解

大学英语(CET--4) 语法学习提纲一、词类、句子成分和构词法：1、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。

1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。

如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。

如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。

如：good, right, white, orange .4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。

如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。

如：am, is,are,have,see .6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。

如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。

如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。

如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。

如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。

如：oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。

1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。

通常用名词或代词担任。

如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。

主要由动词担任。

如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。

2021年大学英语四级语法精要

大学英语四级语法精要Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)1. 时态1)当前完毕进行时态(have/has been + -ing 分词构成)：动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到当前,也许继续下去,也也许刚刚结束.I’ve been writing letters for an hour.I’ve been sitting in the garden.2)过去完毕进行时(由had been + ing分词构成)：过去某个时刻此前始终在进行动作I’d been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完毕进行时：将来某个时刻此前始终在进行动作.By next summer，he will have been working here for twenty years.In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.4)将来完毕时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成)：将来某时会业已发生事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.2. 语态1) 可以有两种被动构造类型,例如:He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同步合用于上述两个句型积极词普通都是表达“预计”,“相信”等意义动词,常用有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,underst and等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed to 与不定式普通形式搭配时往往表达不批准义.例如:Why are you driving so fast in this area?You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应当晓得速度限制)2) 双宾语及宾补构造被动语态a) 双宾语构造被动语态：双宾语构造变为被动语态时,可以把积极构造中一种宾语变为主语,另一种宾语依然保存在谓语背面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.b) 宾补构造被动语态：She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.3. 短语动词1) Vi + advThe plane took off two hours late.2) Vi + prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3) Vi + prep (有被动语态)She’s looking after her sister’s children.The children were always well looked after.4) Vi + adv + prepI began to look forward to their visits.5) Vt + O + advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6) Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking.7) Vt + O + prepWe talked Donald into agreement.4. 省略1) 在以as，than，when，if，unless等引导从句中省略：在有些状语从句中,如果谓语包具有动词be,主语又和主句主语一致a),或者主语是it b),就经常可以把从句中主语和谓语一某些(特别是动词be)省略掉.a) Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions，the drug has no side effects. While there he joined in voluntary labour on a project.Although not yet six months old，she was able to walk without support. If not well managed，irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers，they gained in fighting capacity.This viewpoint，however understandable，is wrong.Enemies，once discovered，were tightly encircled and completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poor in health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known，such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform those daring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise，you should keep it.b) If necessary I’ll have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver) necessary.If possible，I should like to have two copies of it.As scheduled，they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.2）在以than a) 或as b) 引起从句中,常会有某些成分省略.a) He told me not to use more material than (it is) necessary.We should think more of the collective than of ourselves.b) They worked with as much enthusiasm as young people (did).He is now a vice-manager，but still often works in the kitchen as before. Their training is free，as is all education.We will，as always，stand on your side.3）错误省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone I know.While standing there in her nightgown，two bullets struck the wall beside her.5. 一致1) 如果主语是单数,尽管背面跟有with，together with，as well as，as much as，no less than，more than等引导短语,谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry，along with her friend，goes skating every Saturday.An expert，together with some assistants，was sent to help in this work. The captain，as well as the coaches，was disappointed in the team.2) 代词作主语时一致a) each，either，neither和由some，any，no，every构成复合代词,都作单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?b) some，few，both，many 等作复数c) some 可后接复数,也可接单数,表达某一.none作复数看待时较多,但也有时作单数看待,重要看说话人脑中联系想到是复数还是单数概念，但none 在代表不可数东西时总是看作单数:None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None (= not a single one) of us has got a camera.None (= nobody) has felt it more keenly than she did.None of this worries me.all 和most 可后接复数,也可接不可数名词(all of the…，most of the …)，动词用单数.3) 由and 或both…and 连接名词词组时，后用复数；由not only…but (also)，either…or，neither…nor或or 连接并列主语，谓语普通和最邻近主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has been changed.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade my daughter to changeher mind.如果一种句子是由there 或here引导，而主语又不止一种，谓语普通也和最邻近那个主语一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen，a few envelopes and some paper for you.4) people，police，cattle，poultry (家禽)，militia (民兵) 等普通都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，重要依照意思来决定.His family isn’t very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形，可依照意思决定谓语动词数:This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.5) 表达时间，重量，长度，价值等名词，尽管仍是复数形式，如果作整体看待，动词也可用单数形式(固然用复数动词也是可以): Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6) 其她问题a) 书名，国家名用单数:Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b) 学科名，如mathematics，economics用单数.c) many a 或more than one 所修饰词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式:Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number of 后接复数，the number of后接单数:A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simply amazing.d) one of those 后用单数. 在“one of + 复数名词+关系分句”构造中，关系分句中谓语动词单复数形式在普通状况下有两形式，一是依照先行词采用复数形式：Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to be helpful.当one 之前友the only 等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词依照one 而定，即采用单数形式：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take on another assignment.Ⅱ非谓语动词1. 不定式1) 形式积极形式被动形式普通式to do to be done完毕式to have done to have been done进行式to be doing完毕进行式to have been doinga) 完毕式：不定式普通形式所示动作，普通与重要谓语表达动作(状态)同步(或几乎同步)发生，或是在它之后发生. 如果不定式所示动作，在谓语所示动作(状态)之前发生，就要用不定式完毕式.I am glad to have seen your mother (= I am glad I have seen your mother).(比较：I am glad to see you.)He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.b) 进行式：如果重要谓语表达动作(状态)发生时，不定式表达动作正在进行，这时要用不定式进行式.You are not supposed to be working. You haven’t quite recovered yet.We didn’t expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c) 完毕进行式：在谓语所示时间之前始终进行动作，就要用不定式完毕进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twenty years.We are happy to have been working with you.d) 被动式：当不定式逻辑上主语是不定式所示动作承受者时，不定式普通要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2) 功用：不定式可以作主语(a)，宾语(b)，表语(c)，定语(d) 或是状语(e).a. To scold her would not be just.b. We are planning to build a reservoir here.c. One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d. Do you have anything to declare?e. We have come to learn from you.3) 不带to 不定式：a) 在“动词+ 宾语+不定式”构造中，如果动词是表达感觉意义see，hear，watch，smell，feel，notice等，或是表达“致使”意义have，make，let等，其后不定式构造不带to.John made her tell him everything.此类构造转换为被动语态时，背面不带to 不定式普通还原为带to 不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b) 在had better，had best，would rather，would sooner，would just as soon，might (just) as well，cannot but 等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to.I’d rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c) 在make do，make believe，let drop，let fall，let fly，let slip，let drive，let go of，let there be，hear say，hear tell，leave go of等固定搭配中，用不带to动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.I’ve heard tell of him.d) 在动词help(或help +宾语)之后可用不带to不定式，也可用带to 不定式.Can I help (to) lift this heavy box?e) 在介词except，but 之后，如果其前有动词do某种形式，不定式普通不带to，反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.There’s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f) 连词rather than，sooner than 置于句首时，其后不定式不带to. Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do，he forced himself to pick it up.出当前句中其她位置时，其后不定式有时带to，有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages.g) 用作补语动词不定式，如果主语是由“all + 关系分句”，“thing +关系分句”，“what分句”或“thing +不定式构造”等构成，并带有do某种形式，这时，作为主语补语不定式可以省to，也可以不省.What he will do is (to) spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to the issue.4) 不定式其她用法a) too…to 构造普通表达否定意义:She was too young to understand all that.enough…to构造则表达必定意义:She was not old enough to understand all that.not too，but too，all too，only too等和不定式连用时,不定式普通不表达否定意义:He’s only too pleased to help her.so…as (to)这种构造也可用不定式作状语:Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b) 如果要阐明不定是表达动作是谁做，可以在不定式前加一种for引起短语:It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如kind，good，nice，wise，unwise，clever，silly，wrong，right，foolish，stupid，careless，considerate，rude，naughty，impolite等)作表语时，不定式前可加一种of引起短语，来阐明不定式指是谁状况:It’s kind of you to think so much of us.(It is) Awfully good of you to come and meet us.It’s very nice of you to be so considerate.It’s unwise of them to turn down the proposal.2. V+ing形式(当前分词及动名词)1) 形式a) 完毕式：如果要表达动名词代表动作在谓语所示动作之前发生，通惯用动名词完毕形式.He didn’t mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后(或成语中)，惯用(或可以用)动名词普通形式，尽管动作是在谓语所示动作之前发生.Excuse me for coming late.I don’t remember ever seei ng him anywhere.当前分词完毕式重要用在状语中，表达这动作在谓语所示动作之前发生.Having been there many times，he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause，they were able to propose a remedy.此外，独立构造也可用当前分词完毕形式.The guests having left，they resumed their discussion.The children，having eating their fill，were allowed to leave the table.b) 被动式：当一种动名词逻辑上主语所示是这动作对象时，动名词普通要用被动形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldn’t bear being made fun of like that.但要注意，在want，need，deserve，require 等动词后，尽管表达是被动意思，却用动名词积极形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.当前分词被动式可以用来作定语，宾语补足语，状语及用于独立构造中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.You’ll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance，she couldn’t very well refuse. These are sold at reduced prices，the defects always being pointed out to the customers.c) 完毕被动式：如果表达动作在谓语表达动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词完毕被动式.I don’t re member having ever been given a chance to try this method.但在多数状况下都避免使用这一形式，而用普通被动形式代替，以免句子显得累赘.当前分词完毕被动式普通用来作状语或用于独立构造中.Having been given such a good chance，how could she let it slip away? The decision having been made，the next problem was how to make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected，the teacher sent the students home.2) 句法功用a) 作主语:Walking is good exercise.It’s nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method has greatly raised labour productivity.b) 作宾语:Your shoes need polishing.You mustn’t delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c) 作介词宾语：动名词作介词宾语用时候最多. 它常可以用在某些成语背面，常用有：insist on，persist in，think of，dream of，object to，suspect…of，accuse…of，charge…with，hear of，approve of，prevent…from，keep…from，stop…from，refrain from，be engaged in，look forward to，opposed to，depend on，thank…for，feel like，excuse…for，aim at，devote…to，set about，spend…in，get (be) used to，be fond of，be capable of，be afraid of，be tired of，be sick of，succeed in，be interested in，feel (be) ashamed of，be proud of，be keen on，be responsible for.d) 作表语:The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语. 普通说来，在表达抽象普通行为时多用动名词；在表达详细某词动作，特别是将来动作时，多用不定式.e) 作宾语补足语：分词可以在see，hear，notice，watch，feel，find，keep，get，have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在see，hear，feel，watch，notice等动词后，及可用当前分词，也可用不定式构成宾语补足语. 用当前分词时，表达动作正在发生，用不定式时表达动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes，I did. I heard him knock three times.f) 作状语：当前分词作状语时，普通都表达主语正在进行另一动作，来对谓语表达重要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home，feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night，I was struck by a sudden thought.当前分词短语有时可以用作状语表达因素，相称于一种表达因素状语从句.Not knowing her address，we couldn’t get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home，she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice，she didn’t want to go to the cinema.当前分词短语有时可用作时间状语，相称于when引起从句:Seeing those pictures，he couldn’t help thinking of those memorable days they spent together.如果两个动作是完全同步发生，多用when 或while加分词这种构造. Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport，they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference in Beijing.3) 前面带有代词或名词动名词构造：一种动名词前面可以加一种物主代词(或名词所有格构造)，来表达这个动名词逻辑上主语.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头，这个构造经常可以用名词普通格(或人称代词宾格)，这比用所有格更自然某些.I don’t mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.4) 只能用动名词作宾语动词：suggest，finish，avoid，stop，can’t help，mind，admit，enjoy，leave off，require，postpone，put off，delay，practise，fancy，excuse，pardon，advise，consider，deny，endure，escape，miss5) 既可用动名词，也可用不定式作宾语动词：love，like，hate，dislike，begin，start，continue，intend，attempt，can’t bear，propose，want，need，remember，forget，regret，neglect，try，deserve，can’t afford等.有时两种构造之间意义差别不大，有时却有不批准思. 在remember，regret，want，try等词后差别是比较明显.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I haven’t given you enough help.She doesn’t want (need) to come.The house wants (needs) cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Let’s try doing the work some other way.6) 悬垂修饰：分词作状语时，表达必要是主语一种动作或状态. Walking through the park，we saw a lot of flowers. (walking是we动作，对的)Walking through the park，the flowers looked very beautiful. (错误) Standing on the tower，we could see the whole city. (对的)Standing on the tower，the whole village could be seen. (错误)3. 分词1) 意义：过去分词普通来自及物动词，带有被动意义和完毕意义；而当前分词有来自及物动词，有来自不及物动词，普通带有积极意义和未完毕意义.frozen food a freezing winda bored traveller a boring journeya lost cause a losing battlea conquered army a conquering armya finished article the last finishing touchthe spoken word a speaking birda closed shop the closing houra recorded talk a recording machine来自不及物动词过去分词很少能单独用作前置修饰语，能作这样用仅限于下面几种词，仅表达完毕意义，不表达被动意义.the risen sun，fallen leaves，faded/withered flowers，returned students，retired workers，departed friends，escaped prisoners，the vanished jewels，newly-arrived visitors用作后置修饰语过去分词普通都带有修饰语或其她成分，在乎义上相称于关系分句.Most of the people invited to the reception were old friends.2) 句法作用a) 作定语：distinguished guest 宾客，unknown heroes 无名英雄，armed forces武装部队，canned food罐头食品，boiled water开水，steamed bread馒头，stricken area灾区分词还可构成合成词作定语：simply-furnished room陈设简朴房间，clear-cut answer明确答复，highly-developed industry高度发展工业，heartfelt thanks衷心感谢，hand-made goods手工制品，man-made satellite人造卫星b) 作补足语：可以带过去分词作宾语补足语动词有:see，hear，feel，find，think等表达感觉和心理状态动词.I saw the students assembled in the hall.We found her greatly changed.make，get，have，keep等表达”致使”意义动词:I have my hair cut every ten days.She got her bad tooth pulled out.Please keep us informed of the latest developments.like，want，wish，order等表达但愿，规定，命令等意义动词:I don’t want any of you (to be) involved in the scandal.He won’t like s uch questions (to be) discussed at the meeting.c) 过去分词短语惯用作状语，修饰谓语，诸多都阐明动作发生背景或状况.Guided by these principles，they went on with the work,Delighted with her work，they made her the general manager.过去分词短语也可作状语表达因素，相称于一种表达因素状语从句. Influenced by his example，they performed countless good deeds.有时也可阐明动作发生时间，相称于一种表达时间状语从句.This method，tried in areas near Shanghai，resulted in a marked rise in total production.间或也可表达一种假设状况，相称于一种条件从句.Given closer analysis，we can see this is totally wrong.偶尔也可用来代替一种“让步”状语从句.Picked 20 years a year，it grows tired only after 40 or 50 years.d) 独立构造：在用分词短语作状语时，它逻辑上主语普通必要与句子主语一.致. 但有时它也可以有自己独立逻辑上主语，这种构造称为独立构造，普通表达一种随着动作或状况.He rushed into the room，his face covered with sweat.有时可以表达时间:Late that autumn，his work finished，he prepared to return to his institute.表达因素:Her eyes dimmed with tears，she did not see him enter.条件:All things considered，her paper is of greater value than yours.Ⅲ虚拟语调1. that从居中:1) wish，would rather (sooner)，had better:I wish I were as strong as you.I wish I had paid more attention to our pronunciation.I wish I remembered the address.I would rather they came tomorrow (you had gone there too).I had rather (that) you told him than I did.2) suggest，order，demand，propose，command，request，desire，insist 等动词后宾语从句:The commander ordered that all civilians (should) be evacuated.He asked that he be given an opportunity to try.She urged that he write and accept the post.3) it is desired，it is suggested，it is requested，it was ordered，it was proposed，it is necessary，it is important，it has been decided 等构造后主语从句中.It was arranged that they leave the following weekIt will be better that we meet some other time.4) suggestion，motion，proposal，order，recommendations，plan，idea 等背面表语从句和同位语从句:His sole requirement is (was) that thy system be adjusted.2. 在某些句型中1) it is time thatIt is time that we went (或should go) to bed.It is high time we (should) put an end to this controversy.2) as if (though) 引起从句:They talked (are talking) as if they had been friends for years.It seems as if it was (were) spring today.He acts (acted) as if (though) he were (was) an expert.3) 以lest，for fear that 和in case 引起从句(这时谓语多用should +动词原形):He took his raincoat with him lest it should rain.He put his coat over the child for fear that (或lest) he should catch cold. I’ll keep a seat for you in case you should need it.4) 以whatever，whoever，no matter what此类代词或词组引起从句(这时，谓语多用may加动词原形构成):Whatever defects he may have，he is an honest man.Come what may，we will go ahead. 不论发生什么状况，咱们都要干下去.I accept that he is old and frail；be that as it may，he’s still a good politician.我承认她年老体衰，然而尽管如此，它仍是先进政治家.3. 条件句1) 虚拟条件句重要有下面两类:a) 表达当前及将来状况(表达纯然假设或实现也许性不大状况):谓语重要形式如下(be多用were这个形式):从句主句过去式would + 动词原形If I were you，I wouldn’t lose heart.How nice it would be if you could stay a bit longer.b) 表达过去状况虚拟条件句(与事实完全相反假设状况)，谓语重要形式如下:从句主句had + 过去分词would have + 过去分词She would have come if we had invited her.If I hadn’t taken your advice，I would have made a bad mistake,You wouldn’t have c aught cold if you had put on more clothes.2) 有时候，条件从句表达动作和主句表达动作，发生时间是不一致(如一种是过去发生，一种是当前发生). 这时，动词形式要依照表达时间来调节. 这种句子可以称为错综时间条件句.If he had received six more votes，he would be our chairman now.If we hadn’t got everything ready by now，we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.3) 有时假设状况并不以条件从句表达，而是通过一种介词短语来表达.Without music，the world would be a dull place.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.That would have been considered miraculous in the past.But for the storm，we should have arrived earlier.4) 如果条件句从句中包具有were，had，should 或could，有时可把if省略掉，并把were，had，should或could放在主语前面.Had we made adequate preparation，we might have succeeded.Should there be a flood，what should we do?Were it not for their assistance，we would be in serious difficulty.Ⅳ介词1. 合成介词和复杂介词1) 合成介词：inside，into，onto，out of，outside，throughout，upon within，without2) 复杂介词：according to，along with，apart from，as for，as to，because of，by means of，in front of，in spite of，instead of，in accordance with，on account of，on behalf of，owing to，due to，together with，up to，with regard to，prior to等2. 介词在句末：This is what he is interested in.Does everyone has a seat to sit on?3. 名词加介词( n + prep)1) 某些名词之后规定用某些介词：solution to，faith in，glance at，need for2) 某些名词之前规定用某些介词：on one’s guard，at one’s request，in all probability，to my delight4. 动词加介词1) Vi + prep：prevail on，appeal to，fall into，apply for，touch upon2) Vt + O + prep：lay emphasis on，take advantage of等3) Vi + adv + prep：I don’t wish to break in on your thoughts.The family came up against fresh problems.You’re not telling me the whole story. You’re holding out on me.She got off with him soon after she began to work at the institution.4) Vt + O + adv +prep：You shouldn’t take your resentment out on me.We shouldn’t put t he shortage down to bad planning.5. 形容词加介词about --- anxious，careful，careless，certain，considerate，enthusiastic，guilty，happy，mad，particular，sad，sure，timid，unhappy，etcat --- awkward，bad，clever，disappointed，disgusted，good，marvellous，quick，skilful，skilled，useless，weak，etcfor --- convenient，eligible，grateful，homesick，hungry，necessary，noted，perfect，responsible，etcfrom --- evident，exempt，inseparable，safe，tired，etcin --- deficient，expert，liberal，quick，rich，successful，weak，etc of --- apprehensive，characteristic，critical，destructive，envious，hard，inconsiderate，impatient，dependent，jealous，positive，scared，sensible，short，sick，suspicious，typical，worthy，etcon --- dependent，keen，intent，etcto --- acceptable，accessible，agreeable，alive，attentive，blind，comparable，courteous，deaf，destructive，essential，favourable，hostile，indifferent，married，obedient，parallel，preferable，related，responsible，sensitive，suitable，unjust，etcwith --- awkward，bored，careful，disappointed，generous，identical，ill，impatient，popular，sick，wrong，etcⅤ连词1. 并列连词1) 表达意义引申：and，both…and，not only…but(also)，as well as，and …as well，neither…nor2) 表达选取：or，either…or3) 表达转折：but，while，whereas，yet，however/nevertheless(也可以为是副词)4) 表达因果：for，so，therefore，hence2. 从属连词1) 表达时间：when，while，as，after，before，since，until(till)，as soon as，once2) 表达因素：because，as，since，now that，seeing that3) 表达条件：if，unless，in case，provided(that)，suppose，as long as，on condition (that)，4) 表达其她关系：(al)though，than，as/so…as，lest，in order that，so…thatⅥ定语从句1. 限制和非限制性定语从句：限制性定语从句是名词词组不可缺少一种构成某些，去掉了会导致病句或意义不明确；非限制性定语从句属于补充阐明性质，去掉了不会影响重要意义，通惯用逗号与它先行词分开.The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained. The boys，who wanted to play football，were disappointed when it rained.如果定语从句先行词是专有名词，或是带有形容词性物主代词(my，his，etc)或形容词性批示代词(this，that，etc)作限定词，其后定语从句普通都是非限制性:Mary Smith，who is in the corner，wants to meet you.Her mother，who had long suffered form arthritis，died last night.All these books，which have been donated by visiting professors，are to be used by the postgraduates.在非限制性定语从句中只能用who/whom指人，用which指物,普通不用that代替.My father，who had been on a visit to America，returned yesterday.All the books，which had pictures in them，were sent to the little girl.2. 定语从句引导词1) that，who，whom：非限制性定语从句，如果修饰人，普通用who，有时用that (作主语时用who较多). 如果关系代词在从句中作宾语，就应当用宾格whom 或that，但在大多数状况下都可以省略掉，在口语中可用who代替whom.Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for.He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes.There are some people here who I want you to meet.但在介词后只能用whom:This is the man to whom I referred.但在口语中普通都把介词放到句子背面去，这时可用that，但省略时更多某些.Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?Have you met the person (that) he was speaking aboutThe girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.2) 限制性定语从句如果修饰“物”，用关系代词that时候较多，也有时用which.. 当这个代词在从句中是用作宾语时，在绝大多数状况下都是省略，特别是口语中(特别是当被修饰词是all，everything等词时): Have you everything you need?(Is there) anything I can do for you?All you have to do is to press the button.在介词后只能用which，在口语中普通都把介词放到从句后部去，这时可以用that，但省略时候更多某些:The tool with which he is working is called a wrench.The tool (that) he is working with is called a wrench.This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.。

2021年12月大学英语四级语法知识考点

2021年12月大学英语四级语法知识考点（2021最新版）作者：______编写日期：2021年__月__日【篇一】2021年12月大学英语四级语法知识考点延续动词与瞬间动词1) 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。

He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项工作。

(表结果)I’ve known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。

(表经历)2) 用于till / until从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"He didn’t come back until ten o’clock.他到10 点才回来。

He slept until ten o’clock.他一直睡到10点。

【篇二】2021年12月大学英语四级语法知识考点let 的用法1)当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。

They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go.2) 若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow 或permit 代替。

The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.【篇三】2021年12月大学英语四级语法知识考点主动形式表示被动意义1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive…The book sells well. 这本书销路好。

大学英语四级语法指导详解

大学英语四级语法指导详解大学英语四级语法指导详解大学英语四级语法指导(1)非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子(或者句子，短语)当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。

(它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语)。

独立主格的结构1：名词(代词)+ 分词 [现在分词、过去分词]现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为;过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。

作题时要通过判断动作与名词(代词)之间的关系来确定是使用现在分词还是过去分词。

当动作由名词(代词)发出时使用现在分词，而名词(代词)是受动者时则用过去分词。

1. Silver is the best conductor of electricity， copper _B_ it closely.A followedB followingC to followD being followed2. All things _A_， the planned trip will have to be called off.A consideredB be consideredC consideringD having consideredcall off 取消; cancel vt. 取消; 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。

独立主格的结构2：with + 名词(代词)+ 分词 [句子当中作状语]3. After the Arab states won independence， great emphasis was laid on expanding education， with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school.A to be encouragedB been encouragedC being encouragedD be encouragedas well as 和(相当于and); be encouraged不会考。

英语四级考试语法结构与词汇

英语四级考试语法结构与词汇一、语法结构部分。

1. 时态。

- 一般现在时。

- 用法：表示经常发生的动作、存在的状态或客观事实。

- 结构：主语 + 动词原形（第三人称单数主语时动词加 -s或 -es）。

例如：I play football every Sunday.（play，动词原形，[pleɪ]）He plays football every Sunday.（plays，动词第三人称单数形式，[pleɪz]）- 一般过去时。

- 用法：表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

- 结构：主语+动词的过去式。

例如：I saw a movie yesterday.（saw，see的过去式，[sɔː]，动词）- 现在进行时。

- 用法：表示现在正在进行的动作。

- 结构：主语+be动词（am/is/are）+动词的 -ing形式。

例如：She is reading a book.（is，be动词第三人称单数形式，[ɪz]；reading，动词的 -ing形式，['ri ːdɪŋ]）- 过去进行时。

- 用法：表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。

- 结构：主语+be动词（was/were）+动词的 -ing形式。

例如：He was watching TV at 8 o'clock last night.（was，be动词第一、三人称单数过去式，[wɒz]；watching，动词的 -ing形式，['wɒtʃɪŋ]）2. 从句。

- 定语从句。

- 概念：在句中作定语，修饰名词或代词。

- 关系代词：who（指人，主格，[huː]），whom（指人，宾格，[huːm]），which（指物，[wɪtʃ]），that（指人或物，[ðæt]）。

例如：The boy who/that is standing there is my brother.（这里who/that引导定语从句修饰the boy）- 名词性从句。

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【篇一】2021年上半年英语四级语法用法讲解一、用作及物动词1. 意为"保存;保留;保持;保守"。

如：could you keep these letters for me, please? 你能替我保存这些信吗?i'll keep a seat for you.我给你留个座位。

it can help to keep vegetables, fruit and meat for a long time in hot summer. 在炎热的夏天，它有助于蔬菜、水果和肉类长时间保鲜。

can you keep a secret? 你能保守秘密吗?2. 意为"照顾;养活"等。

如：she kept her sister for a week while her sister was ill.她妹妹有病时，她照看她了一个星期。

i have a family to keep.我得养活一家人。

3. 意为"留下;不必还"。

如：you can keep the pen if you like it.你要是喜欢就把钢笔留下吧。

keep the change.不用找零钱了。

4. 意为"遵守;维护"。

如：everyone must keep the rules. 人人必须遵守规章制度。

the teacher is keeping order in class.老师正在课堂上维持秩序。

5. 意为"售;卖"。

如：the shop keeps everything you need.那家商店里出售的东西应有尽有。

he keeps everything you will drink.他出售你想喝的各种饮料。

6. 意为"记(日记、帐等)"。

如：she keeps a diary every day.她坚持每天记日记。

he keeps exact accounts of the money he spends and a diary of the events of his holidays.他详细地记载他所花的钱数和假期中所发生的事情。

7. 意为"使……保持某种(状态、位置或动作等)"。

这时要在keep的宾语后接补足语，构成复合宾语。

其中宾语补足语通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词和过去分词等充当。

如：we should keep our classroom clean and tidy.(形容词)我们应保持教室整洁干净。

you'd better keep the child away from the fire.(副词)你让孩子离火远一点。

the bad weather keeps us inside the house.(介词短语)坏天气使我们不能出门。

don't keep me waiting for long.(现在分词)别让我等太久。

the other students in the class keep their eyes closed.(过去分词)班上其他同学都闭着眼睛。

二、用作连系动词构成系表结构：keep+表语，意为"保持，继续(处于某种状态)"。

其中表语可用形容词、副词、介词短语等充当。

如：you must look after yourself and keep healthy.(形容词)你必须照顾好自己，保持身体健康。

keep off the grass.(副词)请勿践踏草地。

traffic in britain keeps to the left.(介词短语)英国的交通是靠左边行驶的。

注意：一般情况下，keep后接形容词较为多见。

再如：she knew she must keep calm.她知道她必须保持镇静。

please keep silent in class.课堂上请保持安静。

三、与介词或副词搭配，构成动词短语1.keep away意为"(使)离开;(使)不接近"，其后常接介词from。

如：would you keep your dog away from my boy, please? 请把狗拉得离我孩子远点好吗?keep everybody away from the accident.人人远离事故!2.keep back意为"阻止;留在后面"。

如：she sat down quietly, but she couldn't keepback her tears.她静静地坐下来，却忍不住流下了眼泪。

3.keep together意为"在一起;动作协调"。

如：keep together, please.请聚在一起。

the eight men kept together during the boat race as though they were one.赛船时，这8个人动作协调，好像一个人似的。

4.keep up意为"持续;使不低落"。

如：the noise kept up all night.噪音整夜持续着。

to keep your strength up, eat well and get enough sleep.为了保持力气，要吃好、睡足。

5.keep up with意为"跟上;和……来往"。

如：i'm trying my best to keep up with the others in class.我正在设法赶上班里的其他人。

do you still keep up with tom? 你和汤姆还有联系吗?6.keep...in mind意为"把……记在心里"。

如：the teacher asked us to keep these sentences in mind.老师要我们把这些句子记在心里。

四、含keep的常用句型1.keep doing sth. 意为"继续干某事"，表示不间断地持续干某事，keep 后不能接不定式或表示静止状态的v-ing形式，而必须接延续性的动词。

如：he kept working all day, because he wanted to finish the work on time.他整天都在不停地工作，因为他想准时完成工作。

keep passing the ball to each other, and you'll be ok.坚持互相传球，你们就行。

2.keep on doing sth. 意为"持续做某事"。

如：the pupil kept on asking me the same question.这个学生不断地问我同一个问题。

i kept on thinking about the match in the afternoon.我总是想起下午的那场比赛。

3. keep...from doing sth.意为"阻止/防止……做某事"。

如：the heavy snow kept us from going out.大雪使我们不能出去。

【篇二】2021年上半年英语四级语法用法讲解few / a few用来修饰可数名词，few表示否定意义，没有，几乎没有;他这里没朋友，他感觉寂寞。

He has few friends here, he feels lonely.a few表示有肯定意思，有几个。

例如：There are a few eggs in the basket.篮子里有几个鸡蛋。

little / a little用来修饰不可数名词，little表示否定意思，没有，几乎没有。

a little 表示肯定意思，有一点儿。

例如：There is little ink in my bottle, can you give me alittle ink?我的瓶子里没有墨水了，你能给我点儿墨水吗?[考考你]1. My father has manybooks, but he has_____ English books.A. littleB. a littleC. fewD.a few Answer2. The twins can speak only ___ French.A. a fewB.few C. little D. a little Answer[辩析]1. few 与 little作形容词用，都表示“几乎没有”，相当于一个否定词。

具体区别：(1) few 后面跟复数可数名词。

e.g. few books fewstudents(2) little 后面跟单数不可数名词。

e.g. little water little foode.g. Hehas few friends. 他没有几个朋友。

They has little money. 他们没有什麽钱2. a few 与 alittle 都表示肯定的意思，指“有一点，有一些”。

具体区别：(1) a few 后加可数名词复数(2)a little后加不可数名词单数。

e.g. I'm going to buy a few bananas.I can speak only alittle Chinese.3. a little 与 little 也可以用作副词，表示“有点”“稍稍”表示“很少”e.g.----Can you speak English?----Yes, but only a little.This book is alittle more difficult than that one.( 可修饰形容词比较级)She slept little lastnight. 昨天晚上，她没有怎么睡觉。

【篇三】2021年上半年英语四级语法用法讲解动词suggest有如下一些用法:一、有"建议"的意思.advise, propose 也有此义,请比较它们用法的异同:1) 都可接名词作宾语She suggested / advised / proposed an early start. 她建议早一点出发.We suggested / advised / proposed a visit to the museum the next day. 我们建议明天去参观博物馆.2) 都可接动名词作宾语I suggested / advised / proposed putting off the sports meet. 我建议将运动会延期.They suggested / advised / proposed waiting until the proper time. 他们建议(我们)等到恰当的时机才行动.3) 都可接that 宾语从句,that从句用should+动词原形,should可以省略.She suggested / advised / proposed that the class meeting (should) not be held on Saturday. 她建议班会不要在星期六举行.We suggested / advised / proposed that he (should) go and make an apology to his teacher. 我们建议他去向老师道歉.4) advise 可接动词不定式复合宾语,propose 可接不定式作宾语.I advised him to give up the foolish idea.=I suggested / proposed his / him giving up the foolish idea. 我建议他放弃那愚蠢的念头.(suggest和propose在口语里可接动名词的复合宾语).We proposed to start early.=We proposed starting early. 我们建议早一点出发.(接不定式不用suggest和advise)二、有"提出"的意思.如:He suggested a different plan to his boss. 他向老板提出了一个不同的计划.Xiao Wang suggested a way to solve the problem. 小王提出了一个解决这个问题的办法.三、有"暗示、表明"的意思.其主语往往是事物,而不是人.1)接名词或动名词作宾语.The simple house suggested a modest income. 这座简朴的房子表明(房主的)收入并不高.Her pale face suggested bad health. 她脸色苍白,看来身体不好.The thought of summer suggests swimming. 一想到夏天就使人们联想到游泳.2)接宾语从句,从句用陈述语气.如:The decision suggested that he might bring his family. 这个决定表明他可以把家属带来.The expression on his face suggested that he was very angry. 他脸上的表情表明他很生气.四、在主语从句It is suggested that... 及名词suggestion 后面表示具体建议的表语从句、同位语从句都应用should+动词原形,should可以省略.如:It was suggested that we (should) give a performance at the party. 人们建议我们在晚会上表演节目.His suggestion was that the debts (should) be paid off first. 他的建议是先把债务还清.The doctors made a suggestion that the new hospital (should) not be set up on the hill. 医生们建议不要把新医院建在山上.。