电气工程与自动化专业英语翻译(第三章)
电气工程及其自动化专业英语介绍

电气工程及其自动化专业英语介绍Introduction:Electrical Engineering and its Automation is a field of study that combines electrical engineering principles with automation techniques. This discipline focuses on the design, development, and implementation of electrical systems and their control using various automation technologies. In this article, we will delve into the various aspects of Electrical Engineering and its Automation, including its scope, key concepts, job opportunities, and future prospects.Body:1. Scope of Electrical Engineering and its Automation:1.1 Importance of Electrical Engineering:- Electrical engineering plays a vital role in various industries, including power generation, telecommunications, transportation, and manufacturing.- It involves the design and maintenance of electrical systems, such as power distribution networks, control systems, and electronic devices.1.2 Automation in Electrical Engineering:- Automation techniques are applied to enhance the efficiency, reliability, and safety of electrical systems.- Automation technologies, such as PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), are used for process control, monitoring, and data acquisition.1.3 Integration of Electrical Engineering and Automation:- The integration of electrical engineering principles with automation technologies enables the development of advanced control systems and intelligent machines.- It facilitates the automation of various industrial processes, leading to increased productivity and reduced human intervention.2. Key Concepts in Electrical Engineering and its Automation:2.1 Electrical Circuit Analysis:- This involves the study of electrical circuits and their behavior using mathematical models and techniques.- Concepts such as Ohm's law, Kirchhoff's laws, and circuit theorems are used to analyze and solve electrical circuit problems.2.2 Power Systems:- Power systems deal with the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy.- Concepts like power generation, power factor correction, and power system protection are essential in ensuring a stable and reliable power supply.2.3 Control Systems:- Control systems involve the regulation and control of electrical processes.- Concepts like feedback control, PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative) controllers, and system stability are crucial in designing and implementing control systems.3. Job Opportunities in Electrical Engineering and its Automation:3.1 Electrical Engineer:- Electrical engineers are responsible for designing, developing, and maintaining electrical systems.- They work in various industries, including power generation, telecommunications, and manufacturing.3.2 Automation Engineer:- Automation engineers specialize in the design and implementation of automation systems.- They develop control strategies, program PLCs, and integrate automation technologies into electrical systems.3.3 Research and Development:- Electrical engineering and its automation offer numerous research and development opportunities.- Researchers work on developing innovative technologies and improving existing systems to meet the evolving demands of industries.4. Future Prospects in Electrical Engineering and its Automation:4.1 Renewable Energy:- The growing focus on renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, presents new challenges and opportunities in electrical engineering and its automation.- Engineers are needed to design and optimize renewable energy systems and integrate them into the existing power grid.4.2 Internet of Things (IoT):- The integration of electrical systems with IoT technologies opens up new avenues for automation and control.- Electrical engineers can leverage IoT to develop smart grids, intelligent buildings, and efficient energy management systems.4.3 Artificial Intelligence (AI):- AI techniques, such as machine learning and neural networks, can be applied to enhance the automation capabilities of electrical systems.- Electrical engineers can explore the use of AI for predictive maintenance, fault detection, and optimization of electrical processes.Conclusion:Electrical Engineering and its Automation is a dynamic field that combines electrical engineering principles with automation technologies. It plays a crucial role in various industries and offers a wide range of job opportunities. The integration of electrical engineering with automation enables the development of advanced control systems and intelligent machines. With the increasing focus on renewable energy, IoT, and AI, the future prospects in this field are promising. As technology continues to advance, electrical engineering and its automation will continue to evolve, driving innovation and shaping the future of industries.。
电气工程及其自动化专业_外文文献_英文文献_外文翻译_plc方面.

1、外文原文A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le -c hi p m ic ro co mp ut er i s t he c ul mi na ti on of both t h e de ve lo pm en t of the dig it al com pu te r an d th e in te gr at ed c i rc ui t arg ua bl y t h e tow m os t s ig ni f ic an t i nv en ti on s o f t he 20th c e nt ur y [1].Th es e tow type s of arch it ec tu re are foun d in sin g le -ch i p m i cr oc om pu te r. Som e empl oy the spli t prog ra m/da ta me mo ry of the H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re , sh ow n in Fig.3-5A -1, oth ers fo ll ow the p h il os op hy , wi del y ada pt ed for gen er al -p ur po se com pu te rs and m i cr op ro ce ss o r s, o f ma ki ng no log i ca l di st in ct ion be tw ee n p r og ra m and dat a me mo ry as in the Pr in ce to n arch ite c tu re , show n i n Fig.3-5A-2.In gen er al ter ms a sin gl e -chi p mic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y t he i nc or po ra ti on of a ll t he un it s of a co mp uter i n to a sin gl e d ev i ce , as sho wn inFi g3-5A -3.Fig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM.R OM is usua ll y for the pe rm an ent,n o n-vo la ti le stor a ge of an app lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs and m are inte nd e d for high -v ol um e ap pl ic at ions a n d he nc e t h e eco n om ic al man uf act u re of th e de vic e s re qu ir es t h at t he cont en t s o f t he prog ra m me m or y be co mm it t ed perm a ne ntly d u ri ng the man ufa c tu re of ch ip s .Cl ea rl y, thi s im pl ie s a r i go ro us app ro ach to ROM cod e deve l op me nt sin ce cha ng es can not b e mad e afte r manu f a c tu re .Th is dev e lo pm en t proc ess may invo lv e e m ul at io n us in g aso ph is ti ca te d de ve lo pm en t sy ste m wit h a h a rd wa re emu la tio n cap ab il it y as w el l as the use o f po we rf ul s o ft wa re too ls.So me man uf act u re rs pro vi de add it io na l RO M opt i on s by i n cl ud in g in their ra n ge dev ic es wit h (or int en de d fo r use wit h u s er pro gr am ma ble me mo ry. Th e sim p le st of th es e is usu al ly d e vi ce whi ch can op er at e in a micro p ro ce ssor mod e by usi ng som e o f the inp ut /outp u t li ne s as an ad dr es s an d da ta b us fora c ce ss in g ex te rna l mem or y. Thi s t y pe of de vi ce can beh av ef u nc ti on al ly as th e sing le chip mi cr oc om pu te r from whi ch it is d e ri ve d al be it wit h re st ri ct ed I/O and a mod if ied ex te rn al c i rc ui t. The use of thes e d ev ic es is com mo n eve n in prod uc ti on c i rc ui ts wher e t he vo lu me does no tj us ti f y t h e d ev el o pm en t c osts o f c us to m o n -ch i p R OM [2];t he re c a n s ti ll bea s ignif i ca nt saving i n I /O and o th er c h ip s com pa re d to a conv en ti on al mi c ro pr oc es sor b a se d ci rc ui t. Mor e ex ac t re pl ace m en t fo r RO M dev i ce s ca n be o b ta in ed in th e fo rm of va ri an ts w it h 'p ig gy -b ack 'E P RO M(Er as ab le pro gr am ma bl e ROM s oc ke ts or dev ic e s with EPROM i n st ea d o f RO M 。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语第三章课文翻译

Semiconductor switches are very important and crucial components in power electronic systems.these switches are meant to be the substitutions of the mechanical switches,but they are severely limited by the properties of the semiconductor materials and process of manufacturing. 在电力电子系统,中半导体开关是非常重要和关键部件。
半导体开关将要替换机械开关,但半导体材料的性质和生产过程严重限制了他们。
Switching losses开关损耗Power losses in the power eletronic converters are comprised of the Switching losses and parasitic losses. 电力电子转换器的功率损耗分为开关损耗和寄生损耗the parasitic losses account for the losses due to the winding resistances of the inductors and transformers,the dielectric losses of capacitors,the eddy and the hysteresis losses. 寄生损失的绕组电感器、变压器的阻力、介电损耗的电容器,涡流和磁滞损耗the switching losses are significant and can be managed. 这个开关损耗是非常重要的,可以被处理。
they can be further divided into three components:(a)the on-state losses,(b)the off-state losses and the losses in the transition states. 他们可以分为三个部分: 通态损耗,断态损耗和转换过程中产生的损耗。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语介绍

电气工程及其自动化专业英语介绍Introduction:Electrical Engineering and its Automation is a specialized field that combines the principles of electrical engineering with automation technology. This article aims to provide an overview of this discipline and its importance in various industries.I. Importance of Electrical Engineering and its Automation:1.1 Advancements in technology: Electrical Engineering and its Automation play a vital role in the development of new technologies. It enables the design and implementation of innovative electrical systems and automation solutions.1.2 Efficiency and productivity: By optimizing electrical systems and automating processes, this discipline helps in improving efficiency and productivity in industries such as manufacturing, power generation, and transportation.1.3 Safety and reliability: Electrical Engineering and its Automation ensure the safety and reliability of electrical systems by incorporating protective measures and fault detection mechanisms.II. Key Concepts in Electrical Engineering and its Automation:2.1 Electrical circuits and systems: This field extensively deals with the analysis and design of electrical circuits and systems. It includes topics such as circuit theory, electronic devices, and power systems.2.2 Control systems: Control systems are an integral part of automation. This area focuses on designing algorithms and controllers to regulate and optimize the behavior of dynamic systems.2.3 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs): PLCs are widely used in industrial automation. They are programmable devices that control and monitor various processes, ensuring seamless operation and fault detection.III. Applications of Electrical Engineering and its Automation:3.1 Power generation and distribution: Electrical Engineering and its Automation are crucial in the generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical power. It involves designing efficient power systems, grid management, and renewable energy integration.3.2 Industrial automation: This discipline plays a significant role in automating industrial processes, improving efficiency, and reducing human intervention. It includes robotics, motion control, and process automation.3.3 Smart grids and energy management: Electrical Engineering and its Automation contribute to the development of smart grids, enabling efficient energy distribution, load management, and demand response systems.IV. Career Opportunities in Electrical Engineering and its Automation:4.1 Electrical engineer: Graduates in this field can work as electrical engineers, involved in the design, installation, and maintenance of electrical systems and automation solutions.4.2 Automation engineer: Automation engineers focus on designing and implementing control systems, PLC programming, and integrating automation technologies into various industries.4.3 Research and development: Electrical Engineering and its Automation offer ample opportunities for research and development in areas such as renewable energy, power electronics, and advanced control systems.V. Conclusion:In conclusion, Electrical Engineering and its Automation is a dynamic field that combines electrical engineering principles with automation technology. It plays a crucial role in advancing technology, improving efficiency, and ensuring the safety and reliability of electrical systems. Graduates in this field have diverse career opportunities in various industries. As technology continues to evolve, the importance of ElectricalEngineering and its Automation will only increase, making it an exciting and promising field of study.。
电气工程及其自动化专业 外文文献 英文文献 外文翻译 plc方面

1、外文原文(复印件)A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerTh e si ng le-ch i p mi cr oc om pu ter is t he c ul mi nat i on o f bo th t h e d ev el op me nt o f th e d ig it al com p ut er an d t he int e gr at ed ci rc ui ta r gu ab ly th e t ow m os t s i gn if ic ant i nv en ti on s o f t h e 20t h c en tu ry[1].Th es e to w typ e s of a rc hi te ctu r e ar e fo un d i n s in gl e-ch ip m i cr oc om pu te r. So m e em pl oy t he sp l it p ro gr am/d ata me mo ry o f th e H a rv ar d ar ch it ect u re, sh ow n i n -5A, ot he rs fo ll ow th e ph i lo so ph y, w i de ly a da pt ed fo r g en er al-p ur pos e c om pu te rs an d m i cr op ro ce ss or s, o f m a ki ng no lo gi c al di st in ct io n b e tw ee n p ro gr am a n d da t a m em ory a s i n th e Pr in cet o n ar ch it ec tu re,sh ow n in-5A.In g en er al te r ms a s in gl e-chi p m ic ro co mp ut er i sc h ar ac te ri zed b y the i nc or po ra tio n of al l t he uni t s o f a co mp ut er i n to a s in gl e dev i ce, as s ho wn in Fi g3-5A-3.-5A-1 A Harvard type-5A. A conventional Princeton computerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).R OM i s u su al ly f or th e p er ma ne nt, n o n-vo la ti le s tor a ge o f an a pp lic a ti on s pr og ra m .M an ym i cr oc om pu te rs an d mi cr oc on tr ol le r s a re in t en de d fo r h ig h-v ol ume a p pl ic at io ns a nd h en ce t he e co nom i ca l ma nu fa ct ure of t he d ev ic es r e qu ir es t ha t the co nt en ts o f the pr og ra m me mo ry b e co mm it te dp e rm an en tl y d ur in g th e m an uf ac tu re o f c hi ps . Cl ear l y, th is im pl ie sa ri g or ou s a pp roa c h t o R OM co de d e ve lo pm en t s in ce c ha ng es ca nn otb e m ad e af te r man u fa ct ur e .T hi s d e ve lo pm en t pr oce s s ma y in vo lv e e m ul at io n us in g a s op hi st ic at ed deve lo pm en t sy st em w i th a ha rd wa re e m ul at io n ca pa bil i ty a s we ll a s th e u se of po we rf ul so ft wa re t oo ls.So me m an uf act u re rs p ro vi de ad d it io na l RO M opt i on s byi n cl ud in g i n th ei r ra ng e de vi ce s wi th (or i nt en de d fo r us e wi th) u s er pr og ra mm ab le m em or y. Th e s im p le st of th es e i s us ua ll y d ev ice w h ic h ca n op er ate in a m ic ro pr oce s so r mo de b y usi n g so me o f th e i n pu t/ou tp ut li ne s as a n ad dr es s an d da ta b us f or acc e ss in g e xt er na l m e mo ry. T hi s t ype o f d ev ic e c an b e ha ve fu nc ti on al l y a s t he si ng le c h ip mi cr oc om pu te r fr om wh ic h i t i s de ri ve d a lb eit w it h r es tr ic ted I/O an d a mo di fie d e xt er na l ci rcu i t. T he u se o f t h es e RO Ml es sd e vi ce s is c om mo n e ve n in p ro du ct io n c ir cu it s wh er e t he v ol um e do es n o t ju st if y th e d e ve lo pm en t co sts of c us to m on-ch i p RO M[2];t he re c a n st il l b e a si g ni fi ca nt s a vi ng in I/O a nd ot he r c hi ps co mp ar ed t o a c on ve nt io nal mi cr op ro ce ss or b as ed c ir cu it. M o re e xa ctr e pl ac em en t fo r RO M d ev ic es c an b e o bt ai ne d in t he f o rm o f va ri an ts w i th 'pi gg y-ba ck'EP RO M(Er as ab le p ro gr am ma bl e ROM)s oc ke ts o rd e vi ce s w it h EP ROM i ns te ad o f R OM 。
(最新整理)(完整版)电气工程及其自动化专业英语

电气工程及其自动化专业教研室
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• The exciting or magnetizing current (励磁电流)can thus be very small. Further, the proportion of the total flux which is linked mutually by the two coils is greatly increased.
of two coils in close proximity. One coil of N1 turns is excited with
alternating current and therefore establishes a flux φ11 which alternates with the current (随时间交变). The other coil is linked
• the applied voltage 外施电压
• zero-power-factor 零功率因数
• the no-load power factor 空载功率因数
• formulate 用公式表示,系统地阐述
• saturation 饱和
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电气工程及其自动化专业教研室
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Unit 11 The Transformer on No Load
a result (因此), is called the secondary winding.
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电气工程及其自动化专业教研室
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• It should not be difficult to realize that the two functions are interchangeable: if coil 2 were excited instead, a mutual e.m.f. would be induced in coil 1 which would then become the secondary winding(二次绕组).
电气工程及其自动化英语英译汉

1```In the generator mode ,it,s operating speed isslightly higger than it,s synchronous speed and ie needs magnetizing revctive pover form the symtem that it is connected to in order to suuply pover .在发电方式下他的工作速度比同步转速稍高些,并了解供电力,他需要他所连接的系统吸收磁化无功功率。
2```in the barking mode of operyetion ,a three –phase indection motor running at a steady –speedcan be brought to a quick stop by interchanging two of stator leads感应电机运行电动状态时,其转速低于同步转速,运行在发电状态时,其转速高于同步转速,这就需要从与之间相连的系统电源提供励磁的无功功率。
3```obviously ,dc machine applications are very significant,but the advantages of the dc machinemmust be weighed against its greatr initial investment cost and the maintenance problems associated with its brush-commutator system..同步是指状态运行时点击以恒定的转速和频率运行。
4```with a cylindyical rotor the reluctance of the magnetic circuit of the field is independent of itsactual diretion and relative to the direct axis.圆柱形转子的磁场磁路的磁阻与直轴有关,而与磁场的实际方向无关。
电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译

电气工程及其自动化专业英语翻译.Electric Power Systems.The modern society depends on the electricity supply more heavily thanever before. It can not be imagined what the world should be if the electricity supply were interrupted all over the world. Electric power systems (or electric energy systems), providing electricity to the modern society, have become indispensable components of the industrial world. The first complete electric power system (comprising a generator, cable, fuse, meter, and loads) was built by Thomas Edison –the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882. This was a DC system consisting of a steam-engine-driven DC generator supplying power to 59 customers within an area roughly 1.5 km in radius. The load, which consisted entirely of incandescent lamps, was suppliedat 110 V through an underground cable system.. Within a few years similar systems were in operation in most large cities throughout the world. Withthe development of motors by Frank Sprague in 1884, motor loads were addedto such systems. This was the beginning of what would develop into oneof the largest industries in the world. In spite of the initial widespreaduse of DC systems, they were almost completely superseded by AC systems. By 1886, the limitations of DC systems were becoming increasingly apparent. They could deliver power only a short distance from generators. To keep transmission power losses ( I 2 R ) and voltage drops to acceptable levels, voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission. Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power; therefore, a convenient means for voltage transformation became a necessity.The development of the transformer and AC transmission by L. Gaulard and JD Gibbs of Paris, France, led to AC electric power systems. In 1889, the first AC transmission line in North America was put into operation in Oregon between Willamette Falls and Portland. It was a single-phase line transmitting power at 4,000 V overa distance of 21 km. With the development of polyphase systems by Nikola Tesla, the AC system became even more attractive. By 1888, Tesla held several patents on AC motors, generators, transformers, and transmission systems. Westinghouse bought the patents to these early inventions, and they formed the basis of the present-day AC systems. In the 1890s, there was considerable controversy over whether the electric utility industry should be standardized on DC or AC. By the turn of the century, the AC system had won out over the DC system for the following reasons:(1)V oltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems, thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages forgeneration, transmission, and consumption.(2)AC generators are much simpler than DC generators.(3)AC motors are much simpler and cheaper than DC motors.The first three-phase line in North America went into operation in 1893.——a 2,300 V, 12 km line in southern California. In the early periodof AC power transmission, frequency was not standardized. This poses a problem for interconnection. Eventually 60 Hz was adopted as standardin North America, although 50 Hz was used in many other countries. The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to use progressively high voltage levels.To avoid the proliferation of an unlimited number of voltages, theindustry has standardized voltage levels. In USA, the standards are 115, 138, 161, and 230 kV for the high voltage (HV) class, and 345, 500 and 765 kV for the extra-high voltage (EHV) class. In China, the voltage levels in use are 10, 35, 110 for HV class, and 220, 330 (only in Northwest China) and 500 kV for EHV class . The first 750 kVtransmission line will be built in the near future in Northwest China. With the development of the AC/DC converting equipment, high voltage DC (HVDC) transmission systems have become more attractive and economical in special situations. The HVDC transmission can be used for transmissionof large blocks of power over long distance, and providing an asynchronouslink between systems where AC interconnection would be impracticalbecause of system stability consideration or because nominal frequenciesof the systems are different. The basic requirement to a power systemis to provide an uninterrupted energy supply to customers with acceptablevoltages and frequency. Because electricity can not be massively storedunder a simple and economic way, the production and consumption ofelectricity must be done simultaneously. A fault or misoperation in anystages of a power system may possibly result in interruption ofelectricity supply to the customers. Therefore, a normal continuousoperation of the power system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance. Power system stability may bebroadly defined as the property of a power system that enables it to remainin a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditionsand to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjectedto a disturbance.. Instability in a power system may be manifested inmany different ways depending on the system configuration and operatingmode. Traditionally, the stability problem has been one of maintaining synchronous operation. Since power systems rely on synchronous machinesfor generation of electrical power, a necessary condition forsatisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remainin synchronism or, colloquially in step. This aspect of stability isinfluenced by the dynamics of generator rotor angles and power-angle relationships, and then referred to rotor angle stability译文:电力系统现代社会比以往任何时候更多地依赖于电力供应。
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晶体管和电子管
在大多数电器和电子设备,晶体管几乎完全取代电子管。
晶体管作为电子管执行相同的功能。
但是,它们也有几个重要的优点。
大公较小,从而使更紧凑的产品成为可能。
晶体管也比电子管更坚固耐用。
它通常会提供更好的性能,在一段较长的时间。
最重要的是,晶体管通常需要少得多的电流和电压下正常工作。
这样可以节省能源。
例如,12V汽车收音机使用管吸引约2.5A。
一个类似的晶体管汽车收音机提请只有一小部分的安培。
低功耗晶体管电路的需求尽可能小,重量轻,随身便携产品的工作很长一段时间,小,低小的电池。
各种各样的晶体管
最常见的两种类型的晶体管是NPN型晶体管和PNP晶体管。
它们通常被称为双极型晶体管,因为他们的操作取决于被布置为二极管连接在一个“背背”的方式这两种材料的移动。
这样的安排形成三个区域的发射极,基极和集电极。
这些地区被确定由符号E,B,和C。
的一晶体管的区域接合引线或标签,它连接在晶体管电路。
晶体管封装在金属外壳经常有第四铅被称为盾铅的。
将此导线安装在壳体内部,并连接到电路中的一个公共点。
金属外壳的屏蔽层附近晶体管表格的静电和磁场。
符号解释: 有一个方便的方式来记住的符号是否代表了一个结晶体管NPN 或PNP型。
注意代表发射器的箭头指向什么方向。
如果箭头指向相差形成的基,它可以被认为是“不指向N”,因此,该符号代表一个NPN晶体管。
如果箭头指向底座,它可以被认为是的“指向N”。
因此,这个符号代表的P-N-P晶体管。
鉴定: 大多数晶体管标识由一些字母代码,例如2N,然后通过一系列的数字,例如,2N104,2N337,2N556。
其它晶体管都确定了一系列的数字或数字和字母,例如40050,40404,和4D20的组合。
晶体上手册: 设备是否是NPN或PNP型的晶体管的识别码不表示。
晶体管手册或规格表中发现这样的技术数据。
这些手册也给各种不同的电路中使用的晶体管的信息。
晶体管外形图提供了详细的信息,它们的大小,形状和连接。
晶体管的连接通常是确定了在晶体管的基极的底视图。
替代:
NPN和PNP晶体管无法被直接彼此替换。
然而,晶体管通常可以替换为其他的晶体管具有不同的标识,但被设计为执行相同的功能。
上市可以代替其它晶体管晶体管晶体管替代指南或手册。
晶体上的操作:
放大器是一个设备或电路,可以增加电压或电流的值。
晶体管作为放大器的移动设备。
这是因为在其输入电路的小信号,可以控制一个更大的信号,它的输出电路。
这一行动被称为功率增益。
称为偏置电压的电压,施加到晶体管的那些部分形成的输入和输出电路。
时,输入电路的偏置电压是多种多样的,在晶体管的行为作为一个可变电阻,其电阻的增加或减少。
晶体上的N-P-N:
最咸不淡的晶体管放大器电路被称为一个常见合会发射极电路。
之所以如此命名,是因为发射极咸不淡,或者是一个组成部分,同时在输入和输出电路。
在这个电路中,输入电路的基极 - 发射极间的PN结正向偏置时,由电池B1。
电池有更高的电压比电池B1,B2,是跨接在输出电路中的发射极晶体管构成的集电极。
这使得更积极的相对于比基为正相对于发射极的发射极的集电极。
的碱是负的集电极。
的基极 - 集电极PN结被反向偏置。
随着基极 - 发射极的PN结正向偏置时,自由电子的发射极朝着交界。
在同一时间内的基本走向的交界处的孔。
交界处附近的区域中的空穴和电子的结合。
这将产生一个在外部的基极 - 发射极电路的电流。
基极区域是非常薄的。
因此,大多数的走向的基极 - 发射极结的电子通过到集电极。
这些电子被吸引到电池B2的正极端子。
在同一时间,电子从负极端子的电池B2移动到发射极。
外部的集电极 - 发射极的外把电路中的电流远远大于在输入电路中的电流。
因此,该电路作为放大器。
的输出电流的控制
晶体管放大器电路还有另外一个非常重要的特征。
的输出电流可以通过改变输入电路中的电流控制。
在图2中示出如何可以做到这一点。
这里一个电位器
R1是跨接在输入电路单元格B1。
由于滑动臂移向a点,基极 - 发射极的PN结变得越来越少正向偏置的。
其结果是,在输入电路中的电流减小。
这将导致更大的输出电路中的电流减少。
P-N-P晶体管
当一个PNP晶体管的放大电路中使用的,施加的偏置电压的极性的基极 - 发射极和基极 - 集电极PN结是在NPN短暂的电路相反。
NPN晶体管电路,这将导致基极 - 发射极结正向偏置,基极 - 集电极结反向偏置。
在电路中,在发射器中的孔的基极 - 发射极间的PN结的走向。
基地内的电子也走向交界。
交界处附近的区域中的空穴和电子的结合。
然而,大多数的孔穿过的基极和到收集器中。
在这里,空穴被吸引到结束的集电极连接到电池B2的负极端子。
作为这种情况持续下去,从电池的负极端子的电子进入收集器结合的孔。
在同一时间,在发射器中的电子数目相等打破它们的电子对债券和输入的电池的正极端子。
这又产生一个更大的电流比在输入电路中的外部输出电路。
实用放大器电路
一个简单,但实用,一个晶体管放大器电路如图4所示。
请注意,在这个电路中,偏置电压的PNP晶体管的由单一光源的能量,电池B1的供应商。
电阻器R1充当电流限制器,以提供适当的基极偏置电流。
在任何晶体管放大器电路,基收藏家PN结反向偏置。
从一个音频的频率源,例如一个微电话,输入信号被施加到输入电路。
据的基础上,通过电容器C1耦合到。
由于输入信号的电压变化值,并尊的极性,它有助于,反对的正向偏压施加到晶体管的基极 - 发射极结由电池。
这将导致在输入电路中的电流成正比例变化的音频信号。
这会导致较大的输出电流以相同的方式发生变化。
由于电流在输出电路中的值的变化,输出电路中的R 2两端的电压降也改变值。
的晶体管,电阻器R2和电池构成的串联电路。
因此,作为输出电流增加,电阻R1增大两端的电压降。
晶体管两端的输出电压,从集电极到发射极的下降。
当输出电路中的电流减小, R1两端的电压降减少。
输出电压的增加。
在输出信号电压的变化大于在输入信号电压。
因此,输入信号被放大。
放大的输出电压,然后应用到耳机。
在那里,它被改变成声波。
更强大的放大器电路,使用两个或更多个晶体管。
它们连接,使每个晶体管的输出信号被施加到下一个
晶体管的输入电路。
每个晶体管作为放大器。
因此,这提供了一个更大的原始输入信号的电压放大。
使用晶体管:
虽然晶体管是坚固的设备,可能会损坏。
过多的热量可能会永久损坏晶体晶格结构的材料。
散热器
晶体管必须进行大量的电流,通常安装在散热片,让他们从过热。
散热片吸收热量从一个晶体管和消散,或抛出,更迅速地比晶体管本身。
这让晶体管工作在较低的温度。
连接:
晶体管被连接到电路,在以下两种方式之一。
要么它们的引线焊接到电路端子,或将其插入晶体管插座(图5)。
套接字使其更容易投入或取出晶体管。
他们还消除晶体管过热的危险。
引线焊接到电路时,过热的情况可能发生。
当晶体管焊接铅,最好是使用电烙铁,不产生更多的热量比需要做的工作。
额定功率为30 W至50 W的电烙铁通常是足够的热。
散热片应始终连接到晶体管引线被焊接。
这可以是一个尖嘴钳或一些其他类型的散热片的下颌。
一种晶体管,应始终采取的插座时,插座端子焊接或虚焊。
偏置电压
决不把一个晶体管电路,直到你确定合适的偏置电压值将被应用到其终端。
由于NPN或PNP晶体管的基极 - 发射极的偏置电压向集电极电压供给时,晶体管导通。
由于NPN或PNP晶体管的基极 - 发射极的偏置电压向集电极电压供给时,晶体管导通。
拜谢电压作为偏置电压中的NPN或PNP晶体管的集电极电压供应移向面积电晶体是打开的。
作为碱电压相差的集电极电压移动时,晶体管被关闭。
甲基极 - 发射极电压,例如,建立通常的切断和最大工作区域的中间位置。
对于放大器的工作,基极 - 发射极的直流偏置约0.3V锗硅晶体管的晶体管和0.6V。
晶体管的PN结施加电压过高将导致晶体管进行更多的电流比它可以处理安全。
晶体管应该永远不会被取出或放入现场的电路。
否则,损坏的浪涌电流可以通过晶体管。
正确的极性
如果偏置电压极性接错被应用到它,可能会损坏的晶体管。
这种损害的危险少得多,共发射极电路。
然而,它始终是一个好主意,仔细检查。
与已建成的店铺,被用于第一次的电路,这是特别真实。
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