Mankiw economic lecture04 外部性与公共物品

• For each unit of aluminum produced, the social cost includes the private costs of the producers plus the cost to those bystanders adversely affected by the pollution.
外部性与市场无效率
• 负外部性导致市场生产的量大于社会所希
望的量
• 正外部性导致市场生产的量小于社会所希
望的量
Welfare Economics: A Recap
• The Market for Aluminum
• The quantity produced and consumed in the market equilibrium is efficient in the sense that it maximizes the sum of producer and consumer surplus. • If the aluminum factories emit pollution (a negative externality), then the cost to society of producing aluminum is larger than the cost to aluminum producers.
Lecture Four Externality and Public goods
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
外部性
When the market works as it should…
• Recall: Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” of the marketplace leads self-interested buyers and sellers in a market to maximize the total benefit that society can derive from a market.
Supply (private cost)
Optimum
Equilibrium
Demand (private value) 0 QOPTIMUM QMARKET Quantity of Aluminum
图2. 污染和社会最优
铝的价格
污染成本
社会成本（私人成本加外部成本）
供给（私人成本)
社会最优
均衡
福利经济学: 回顾
• 铝市场
• 每生产一的不利影响给旁观者 带来的成本。
Figure 2 Pollution and the Social Optimum
Price of Aluminum External Cost Social cost (private cost and external cost)
Equilibrium
Demand (private value)
0
QMARKET
Quantity of Aluminum
图1. 铝市场
铝的价格 供给（ 私人成本)
均衡
需求（私人价值) 0
Q市场
铝的数量
Welfare Economics: A Recap
• The Market for Aluminum
外部性与市场无效率
• 外部性——一个人的行为对旁观者福利的 影响，这种影响得不到补偿。 • 外部性导致市场失效，因此单靠市场力量 不能使社会总剩余最大化。
An externality arises… 外部性产生…
. . . when a person engages in an activity that influences the well-being of a bystander and yet neither pays nor receives any compensation for that effect. …当一个人的行为影响到旁观者的福利时， 若此人（给旁观者带来成本时）既不为此 支付成本，（给旁观者带来利益时）又不 能得到补偿，外部性就产生了。
外部性与市场无效率
• 给旁观者带来不利影响的外部性被称为负
外部性。
• 给旁观者带来有利影响的外部性被称为正 外部性。
EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY • Negative Externalities
– Automobile exhaust – Cigarette smoking – Barking dogs (loud pets) – Loud stereos in an apartment building
• The optimal output level is more than the equilibrium quantity. • The market produces a smaller quantity than is socially desirable. • The social value of the good exceeds the private value of the good.
外部性与市场无效率
• 负外部性的例子
– – – – 汽车尾气 吸烟 狂叫的狗 (大声的宠物) 在公寓里大声地放立 体声
EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY
• Positive Externalities
– Immunizations – Restored historic buildings – Research into new technologies
• the government can internalize an externality by imposing a tax on the producer to reduce the equilibrium quantity to the socially desirable quantity.
福利经济学: 回顾
• 铝市场
• “市场均衡时的生产量和消费量是有效率的”， 这句话的意思是说生产者和消费者的总剩余最大。 • 如果铝厂排放污染（负外部性），那么生产铝的 社会成本就比铝生产者的私人成本高。
Figure 1 The Market for Aluminum
Price of Aluminum Supply (private cost)
需求（私人价值)
0
Q最优
Q市场
铝的数量
Negative Externalities
• The intersection of the demand curve and the social-cost curve determines the optimal output level.
• The socially optimal output level is less than the market equilibrium quantity.
正外部性
• 当外部性有利于旁观者时，就存在正外部性
• 物品的社会价值大于私人价值。
• 一个企业的创新或设计不仅给本企业带来效 益，还会增加社会的技术知识存量，给全社 会带来效益，也就是说创新和设计存在着技 术溢出效应，技术溢出效应是一种正外部性
Figure 3 Education and the Social Optimum
外部性与市场无效率
• 正外部性的例子
– 免疫 – 修复历史古迹 – 新技术研发
EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY
• Negative externalities lead markets to produce a larger quantity than is socially desirable. • Positive externalities lead markets to produce a less quantity than is socially desirable.
• The social value of the good exceeds the private value.
• A technology spillover is a type of positive externality that exists when a firm’s innovation or design not only benefits the firm, but enters society’s pool of technological knowledge and benefits society as a whole.
负外部性
• 外部性的内部化——通过改变激励，使人们 考虑他们自己行为的外部效应。 • 为了实现社会最优产量…
• 政府可以向生产者收税以降低市场均衡产量为 社会所希望的产量，将外部性内部化 。
Positive Externalities
• When an externality benefits the bystanders, a positive externality exists.
EXTERNALITIES AND MARKET INEFFICIENCY
• When the impact on the bystander is adverse, the externality is called a negative externality. • When the impact on the bystander is beneficial, the externality is called a positive externality.
QOPTIMUM
Quantity of Education