英文参考文献原文复印件及译文

专业：电气工程及其自动化

姓名：曹丽倩

学号：100062630

指导教师：高敬格

完成日期2014 年 6 月

Relays

The Programmable Logic Controller

Early machines were controlled by mechanical means using cams, gears, levers and other basic mechanical devices. As the complexity grew, so did the need for a more sophisticated control system. This system contained wired relay and switch control elements. These elements were wired as required to provide the control logic necessary for the particular type of machine operation. This was acceptable for a machine that never needed to be changed or modified, but as manufacturing techniques improved and plant changeover to new products became more desirable and necessary, a more versatile means of controlling this equipment had to be developed. Hardwired relay and switch logic was cumbersome and time consuming to modify. Wiring had to be removed and replaced to provide for the new control scheme required. This modification was difficult and time consuming to design and install and any small "bug" in the design could be a major problem to correct since that also required rewiring of the system. A new means to modify control circuitry was needed. The development and testing ground for this new means was the U.S. auto industry. The time period was the late 1960's and early 1970's and the result was the programmable logic controller, or PLC. Automotive plants were confronted with a change in manufacturing techniques every time a model changed and, in some cases, for changes on the same model if improvements had to be made during the model year. The PLC provided an easy way to reprogram the wiring rather than actually rewiring the control system.

The PLC that was developed during this time was not very easy to program. The language was cumbersome to write and required highly trained programmers. These early devices were merely relay replacements and could do very little else. The PLC has at first gradually, and in recent years rapidly developed into a sophisticated and highly versatile control system component. Units today are capable of performing complex math functions including numerical integration and differentiation and operate at the fast microprocessor speeds now available. Older PLCs were capable of

only handling discrete inputs and outputs (that is, on-off type signals), while today's systems can accept and generate analog voltages and currents as well as a wide range of voltage levels and pulsed signals. PLCs are also designed to be rugged. Unlike their personal computer cousin, they can typically withstand vibration, shock, elevated temperatures, and electrical noise to which manufacturing equipment is exposed.

As more manufacturers become involved in PLC production and development, and PLC capabilities expand, the programming language is also expanding. This is necessary to allow the programming of these advanced capabilities. Also, manufacturers tend to develop their own versions of ladder logic language (the language used to program PLCs). This complicates learning to program PLC's in general since one language cannot be learned that is applicable to all types. However, as with other computer languages, once the basics of PLC operation and programming in ladder logic are learned, adapting to the various manufacturers’ devices is not a complicated process. Most system designers eventually settle on one particular manufacturer that produces a PLC that is personally comfortable to program and has the capabilities suited to his or her area of applications.

It should be noted that in usage, a programmable logic controller is generally referred to as a “PLC” or “programmable controller”. Although the term “programmable controller” is generally accepted, it is not abbreviated “PC” because the abbreviation “PC” is usually used in reference to a personal computer. As we will see in this chapter, a PLC is by no means a personal computer.

Programmable controllers (the shortened name used for programmable logic controllers) are much like personal computers in that the user can be overwhelmed by the vast array of options and configurations available. Also, like personal computers, the best teacher of which one to select is experience. As one gains experience with the various options and configurations available, it becomes less confusing to be able to select the unit that will best perform in a particular application.

中文翻译

可编程序控制器

早期的机器用机械的方法采用凸轮控制、齿轮、杠杆和其他基本机械设备。增长的复杂性,因此需要一种更了复杂的控制系统。该系统包含有线继电器和开关控制元素。这些元素,要求提供有线控制逻辑的必要特定类型的机器上运行。这是一台机器,不接受需要变更或修改,但作为制造技术改进和植物转换为新产品变得更加理想的和必要的,一个更加多才多艺该设备具有控制手段,发展。继电器和开关特性的逻辑是笨重,费时要修改。线路必须拆卸和更换提供新的控制方案的要求。这个修改是针对设计、安装、消费的设需要正确接线系统。一个新的方式修改控制电路是需要的。开发和测试基地为这个新的方法美国的汽车工业。晚的时间是1960年代至1970年代初,结果是采用可编程序控制器PLC。面对汽车需要改变生产工艺改变每一次模型,在某些情况下,改善同一模型是在做了模型的一年。PLC提供一个简单的方法来重组接线,而不是实际电路重组的控制系统。

开发了PLC,在这段时间里是不太容易计划的。这PLC语言是难于书写和需要受过高度训练的程序员。这些早期的仅仅是传递装置,可以随心所欲的做很少就可以完成预先的任务。PLC在近年来迅速发展成为一种具有非常高的通用性控制系统的组成部分。今天已经能够执行复杂的运算功能包括数值积分的分化与已开放操作快速处理器的速度。曾经的PLC可只处理离散输入输出(即开关式信号),而今天的系统能够接受并产生模拟的电压和电流以及广泛的电压水平和脉冲信号。PLC设计的目的也是非常明确的。不像个人电脑,它们可以典型地操作振动、冲击、高温、电子噪声、生产设备暴露等。

随着越来越多的厂商卷入了可编程序控制器(PLC)的生产和开发,以及可编程序控制器(PLC)能力的拓展,编程语言也就随之增强了。需要这些先进的编程能力是有必要的。同时,制造商往往发展自己版本的使用于语言程序(PLC)的梯形逻辑语言。这个复杂可编程逻辑控制器(PLC)在学习编程的时候,既然一个可适用于所有的类型语言不能完全做到了解。然而,就像其他的计算机语言一样,可编程序控制器(PLC)的基本操作和编程逻辑是有学习阶段，去适应不同厂家的设备，这不是一个复杂的过程。大多数的系统设计师最终在一个特定的制造厂商自己产生

一个可编程序控制器(PLC)的程序并具备适合它的地区性的应用能力。

应该指出的是,使用一个可编程逻辑控制器,普遍被称为“PLC”或“可编程控制器”。虽然术语“可编程控制器”已被普遍接受,但它并不是缩写“PC”，因为简称的“PC”通常用于个人电脑。正如我们所看到的, PLC控制绝不是一台个人电脑。

可编程控制器(缩短名字用于可编程逻辑控制器)像个人电脑用户可以做出了巨量的选择和配置。来到使用者面前,就像个人电脑，是最好老师的一个很好的选择。考虑到不同的收益和配置的选择,它就可以选择单位，使其变得能够将最好地履行在一个特定的应用。

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附件1：外文原文（复印件） The Development of E-commerce A perfect market May 13th 2004 From The Economist print edition E-commerce is coming of age, says Paul Markillie, but not in the way predicted in the bubble years When the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dotcoms are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true. The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Department of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “bricks-and-mortar” world. But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of https://www.360docs.net/doc/1119321444.html, and https://www.360docs.net/doc/1119321444.html,, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online. Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada. And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned by internet auction sites, but not the value of goods that are sold: an astonishing $24 billion-worth of trade

英文文献翻译

Preparation and characterization of Ag-TiO2 hybrid clusters powders[1] （Ag-TiO2混合团簇粉末的制备和表征） Abstract：液相电弧放电法被用于制备纳米Ag-TiO2复合超细粉末。XRD和TEM图表明颗粒呈葫芦状形态，分布狭窄。我们讨论了实验条件对产品的影响，比较了这种方法制备的粉末和其他γ射线辐照法制备的粉末。 Introduction：材料合成技术，提高了研究特定电子和光学特性的能力。这也导致了设备和不同效应的快速发展，如集成光学型偏振器[1]和量子霍耳效应。所需的长度尺度对于这些结构的控制是在纳米级别的[ 2 ]。科学家面临的一个新的挑战是半导体量子点的生长，它具有新的光学响应，引起了对其基础物理方面和三阶非线性光致发光的应用等的研究兴趣。这方面的一个例子是Ag-TiO2复合材料通过胶体方法合成[ 3 ]或由γ射线辐照法合成[ 4 ]。对比其他制备超细金属颗粒的方法，γ射线辐照法能在室温的环境压力下产生粉末。在这封信中，我们开发了一种新的方法，即液相电弧放电法，用以制备纳米复合材料，当它经水热处理可以得到纳米级别的超细粉。 Preparation and photocatalytic activity of immobilized composite photocatalyst (titania nanoparticle/activated carbon)[2] 固定化复合光催化剂（TiO2纳米颗粒/活性炭）的制备和光催化活性研究 Abstract：制备了一种固定化复合光催化剂——TiO2纳米颗粒/活性炭（AC），并研究了它在降解纺织染料的光催化活性。AC通过油菜籽壳制备。碱性红18（BR18）和碱性红46（BR46）被用来作为模型染料。并采用了傅里叶变换红外（FTIR），波长色散X射线光谱（WDX），扫描电子显微镜（SEM），紫外可见分光光度法，化学需氧量（COD）和离子色谱（IC）分析。反应参数的影响，如活性炭的重量百分比的（重量%），pH值，染料浓度和阴离子（NO3?，Cl-，SO42?，HCO3?和CO32-）也用于研究染料降解。数据表明，当使用新型固定化复合光催化剂时，染料脱色和降解。甲酸，乙酸和草酸根阴离子作为主导的脂肪族中间体被检测到，并进一步缓慢氧化释放CO2。硝酸盐，氯化物和硫酸盐离子作为染料光催化的矿化产品被检测到。结果表明，含2%AC的新型固定化复合光催化剂，对于降解染料是最有效的新型固定化复合光催化剂。 Introduction： Preparation of Ag nanoparticle-decorated polypyrrole colloids and their application for H2O2 detection[3] 银纳米颗粒修饰聚吡咯胶体的制备及其在过氧化氢检测中的应用 Abstract：本文报道了通过加热硝酸银的水溶液和预形成的的聚吡咯胶体溶液，在没有任何外部还原剂的条件下制备的银纳米粒子修饰聚吡咯胶体的制备（AgNP-PPyCs）。结果表明，这些AgNP-PPyCs表现出对还原H2O2的显着催化性能。无酶的过氧化氢传感器展现了快速的少于小于2秒的电流响应时间，在信号噪声比为3的条件下，相应的线性范围和检测限估计分别是从0.1mM到90mM（r = 0.998）变化和1.05 μM。 Introduction：H2O2参与了广泛的酶促反应，在化学，生物学领域，临床控制和环境保护都有重要的作用，因此对H2O2的检测引起了广泛的研究兴趣[ 1-3 ]。目前，许多技术包括光谱法，滴定法，化学发光，电化学已经用于测定H2O2 [ 4–8 ]。其中，电化学技术由于构造简单，低成本的传感器，且灵敏度高，选择性好，操作方便，被认为是一种很有前途的工具，[ 8 ]。以往的对这一课题的研究，涉及酶的使用可以加速电极和过氧化氢之间的电子转移[ 9，10 ]。构建基于酶的传感器，丰富的纳米材料如生物聚合物，纳米结构，和溶胶-凝胶矩阵也被用于固定化酶，同时减少蛋白质的变性[11–14 ]的可能性。然而，它们的应用因为酶价格

英文参考文献原文复印件及译文

英文参考文献原文专业：自动化姓名：张学超学号：120410116 指导教师：王书强完成日期2016 年 4 月

Integrated Substation Automation System Analysis Abstract In recent years, as computers and digital communication technology, secondary substation equipment is basically a computer-based. Computer protection, computer monitoring device in the substation have been widely used, which greatly raised the level of automation in power system reliability and operation, has achieved a lot of unmanned substations. However, due to differences in professional standards, different manufacturers used in the design of substation automation programs are not the same, thus leaving the majority of users at a loss. Substation relay protection, fault recorder, local and remote monitoring not only of different functions, and the realization of the principles and techniques are also different. Thus, the long-standing expertise in different technologies and the corresponding management departments. With the microprocessor-based protection, computer control and remote computer devices, such as widely used, it was noted that despite the different functions of these devices, the hardware configuration is the same, the collection and to control many of the same object. Thus, it appears from the overall situation to consider the idea of substation automation. However, in substation automation technologies, the implementation process of the relay, measure, control, remote features, as well as the relationship between them, are still some problems worthy of our study. Keywords: substation automation The following currently used for many domestic substation automation design practical, from the secondary system analysis and comparison of several aspects. 1 System structure The whole system level by the station management, industrial bus network layer and spacing layer is composed of three parts, the system of all monitoring, protective equipment are modular units of the structural design, according to the voltage substation level, the size can be flexible and user requirements. Because of the centralized system is no longer used, it is no longer here, the following describes only the structure of distributed systems.

英文参考文献及译文

Investment Real Estate Accounting and corporate income tax treatment comparison First, investment real estate with the initial measurement to confirm the accounting treatment and comparison of corporate income tax treatment (A) the provisions of the new Accounting Standards for Enterprises Investment real estate, refers to earn rent or capital appreciation, or both holding real estate. Including (1) has leased the land use rights; (2) holds and is prepared to add value to the land use right transfer; (3) has been leased buildings. (B) The enterprise income tax provisions of relevant laws and regulations The taxpayer's fixed assets, is the use for a period exceeding one year houses, buildings, machines, machinery, transportation and other production and business-related equipment, appliances, tools, etc.. Intangible assets refer to the taxpayer but there is no long-term use physical forms of assets, including patents, trademarks, copyrights, land use rights, non-patent technology and goodwill. (C) investment real estate in the corporate income tax on fixed assets and intangible assets recognized as Recognition in accounting for investment in real estate land use rights, in the corporate income tax on the recognized as intangible assets, intangible assets should be the relevant provisions of the tax treatment. Second, invest in real estate took place follow-up of accounting and corporate income tax expenses in handling more (A) Investment in real estate up spending the provisions of the new accounting standards Enterprise Accounting Guidelines, investment real estate took place follow-up expenses, if the spending will cause the associated economic benefits are likely flow to the enterprise, and the costs incurred can be reliably measured, it should be capitalized and included in investment real estate costs; if you can not meet the above conditions, it should be included in the event of a direct current when the profit and loss. (B) The enterprise income tax provisions of relevant laws and regulations Corporate income tax-related laws and regulations, one of the following conditions are met fixed asset repairs, improvements should be considered as fixed expenses: (1) place the repair expenditures reached more than 20% of

参考文献,中英文翻译

参考文献 [1] 段汉明.城市详细规划设计[M].北京：科学出版社，2006． [2] 王受之.当代商业住宅区的规划与设计.中国建筑工业出版社.2001 [3] 吴良镛.人居环境科学导论.中国建筑工业出版社.2001 [4] 扬·盖尔.交往与空间EM3.北京：建筑工业出版社，2002 [5] 王薇薇.居住区交往空间环境设计初探 EJ3.江苏建筑，2007,6(1)：17— 18 [6] 赵庆华.浅谈居住区的户外交往空间EJ3.山西建筑，2002，28 (6)：12— 13 [7] 陈向东.创造良好的居住环境一居住区归属感的探索EM3.北京：时代建筑出版社， 1998 [8] 张程.浅析居住区邻里交往空间设计的要点EJ3.山西建筑，2006，32(9)：21—22 [9] 夏更寿.园林建筑小品的应用研究[J].安徽农业科学，2004，32(4)：640— 642 [10] 陈易.自然之韵——生态居住社区设计[M].上海：同济大学出版社，2003． [11] 黄越、刘建德．“市场与经济”主导“形式与空间”[J].建筑学报，2005(10)：56— 57． [12] 王彦军.走向新社区——城市居住社区整体营造理论与方法.南京：东南大学出版社， 2003 [13] 邓述平、王伸谷.居住区规划设计资料集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社，1996 [14] 黄一如.现代居住环境的探索和实践.北京:中国国建筑工业出版社，2002 [15] 王华.居住社区中的“邻里交往”与“空间环境”分析[J].建筑知识，2004(3):13—1 5． [16] 城市居住区规划设计规范 (GB50180--93) [17] GB50220-95.城市道路交通规划设计规范[S]

外文文献及翻译

（（英文参考文献及译文）二〇一六年六月本科毕业论文题目：STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED IN THE AUDIT 学生姓名：王雪琴学院：管理学院系别：会计系专业：财务管理班级：财管12-2班学校代码： 10128 学号： 201210707016

Statistics and Audit Romanian Statistical Review nr. 5 / 2010 STATISTICAL SAMPLING METHOD, USED IN THE AUDIT - views, recommendations, fi ndings PhD Candidate Gabriela-Felicia UNGUREANU Abstract The rapid increase in the size of U.S. companies from the early twentieth century created the need for audit procedures based on the selection of a part of the total population audited to obtain reliable audit evidence, to characterize the entire population consists of account balances or classes of transactions. Sampling is not used only in audit – is used in sampling surveys, market analysis and medical research in which someone wants to reach a conclusion about a large number of data by examining only a part of these data. The difference is the “population” from which the sample is selected, ie that set of data which is intended to draw a conclusion. Audit sampling applies only to certain types of audit procedures. Key words: sampling, sample risk, population, sampling unit, tests of controls, substantive procedures. Statistical sampling Committee statistical sampling of American Institute of Certified Public Accountants of (AICPA) issued in 1962 a special report, titled “Statistical sampling and independent auditors’ which allowed the use of statistical sampling method, in accordance with Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (GAAS). During 1962-1974, the AICPA published a series of papers on statistical sampling, “Auditor’s Approach to Statistical Sampling”, for use in continuing professional education of accountants. During 1962-1974, the AICPA published a series of papers on statistical sampling, “Auditor’s Approach to Statistical Sampling”, for use in continuing professional education of accountants. In 1981, AICPA issued the professional standard, “Audit Sampling”, which provides general guidelines for both sampling methods, statistical and non-statistical. Earlier audits included checks of all transactions in the period covered by the audited financial statements. At that time, the literature has not given particular attention to this subject. Only in 1971, an audit procedures program printed in the “Federal Reserve Bulletin (Federal Bulletin Stocks)” included several references to sampling such as selecting the “few items” of inventory.

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References and their Importance in Research Introduction A reference, also known as a citation, is a way to acknowledge and provide evidence of the sources used in a research paper or academic work. By including references, researchers can show their readers where they obtained their information and ideas, enabling others to verify and build upon their work. This article will explore the importance of references in research and discuss how to format them properly. The Importance of References Enhances Credibility 1.References enhance the credibility of a research paper by providing a solid foundation of existing knowledge on the topic. 2.By citing reputable sources, researchers show that they have conducted a thorough literature review and considered various perspectives. 3.Proper references help readers evaluate the reliability and validity of the research findings. Avoids Plagiarism 1.References are essential for avoiding plagiarism, which is the act of presenting someone else’s work or ideas as one’s own. 2.By properly citing the sources, researchers give credit to the original authors and acknowledge their contributions. 3.Failure to provide proper references can result in serious academic consequences and damage the researcher’s reputation. Facilitates Further Research 1.References provide a roadmap for further research by directing readers to related studies and works that have influenced the current research.