英文参考文献原文复印件及译文
5-2 外文文献翻译
外文参考文献与翻译1、外文原文Analysis on the model of Chinese foreign tradeThis paper clarified contact actual implementation in China shall actively future import substitution and export-oriented strategy model combining the compound in view, and expounds the select and implement the strategic mode of economic exhibition should consider the problem.A country's foreign economic development strategy mode can be summarized as import substitution and export-oriented two basic modes of population, the market in China, its large capacity development space, but also vast exist, and per capita underdeveloped productivity development and utilization of natural resources are limited and economic efficiency, low enough and limited capital accumulation restraints. This kind of situation determines that China cannot implement single import-substituted strategy, also cannot implement single export-oriented strategy should be implemented, and import substitution and export-oriented combination of complex strategy, can we make full use of and development of domestic and foreign two resources and markets, to better achieve strategic balance and China's economic development goals.1. Implementation of import substitution and export-orientedstrategy model combining with China1.1 In China since last century the development situation of ppBy the middle of the last century, in a single planned economic system restriction and the influence of political and economic environment at home and abroad, China's foreign economic development strategy, with a single plan experience associated economic system closing economic development strategy mode namely single import-substituted strategy mode. In this economy under the guidance of the strategic thought, from the 1950s to the late 1970s, after 20 years of construction and development, our preliminary realizedindustrialization, creating a more complete suitable for China's national conditions of industrial system, and have achieved some results. However, implementing a single import substitution didn't achieve desired success. When our country is economically backward agricultural country, the construction funds shortage, industrial technology is low, national low per capita income, residents purchasing power and consumption level is very low, this kind of situation has determined the domestic market at the limited space in China. Therefore, in the implementation of import substitution strategy, development in the process of import substitution industry difficulties and of all obstacles. Meanwhile, the industrial system in China in countries under the highly protected is established and developed, enterprise mainly rely on increase production inputs to expand the scale of production, to realize the economic growth, its economic infrastructure, technology strength rather weak, the industrial equipment dated, enterprise's lack of market ideas, a lack of market awareness, consumption, high cost of enterprise and economic high quality and economic benefit is low, the international market competition ability and export disabilities, this kind of situation is serious impact on the alternative levels of improving, and restricted the development of import and export trade in China. First incompetence, and export export ability inadequacy and influenced directly restricts the import, introduce advanced technology from abroad, and the end result is the proportion of China in international trade from the 1953 1.5% dropped to 1977 o. 6%. And in the same period, Japan and other emerging east Asian economies but borrowing and seize this period world economic prosperity and international trade development will bring great opportunity, implement export-oriented strategy, make full use of the international market and its resources, and actively develop export-oriented economy, the development of its economy, its much to raise the economic strength. Unfortunately, our country missed the chance to develop export-oriented economy.1.2 Since China's reform and opening trade developmentIn 1979 China began to gradually implement opening, economic reform policy. Started from a single planned economy into planned economy to market economy, combining economic system then to 1992 established a system of socialist market economy. China's economic development strategy is also associated with the reform of the economic structure and get innovation, in the implementation of import substitution strategy is introduced,meanwhile, export orientation strategy, began to develop export-oriented economy and achieved considerable development. Our country is a developing country, industrialization development process is in the intermediate stage, according to the international development of the general rule of industrialized countries, a period of our country should implement Jackie import substitution and export orientation and development strategy, this is actually "composite" industrialization development strategy. According to the international division of labor theory, a comparative advantage in our country should be within the industry, such as labor-intensive industries through foreign absorbing funds, technology, project, talent and so on a series of can in a relatively short period of time effectively improve our country industrialization level, improve our product international market competition ability of the measures and formulate actively encourage export foreign trade policy, encourage and make efforts to expand the product export. However, in the international market competition developed countries in manipulation and control status, developing countries at a not equal status, developing country exports primary products imported products for export trading prices of primary products, developing countries disadvantage. Therefore, our country should in product, price, cost of a comparative advantage not capital intensive industries and tech-intensive industry field, continue to implement the strategy of import substitution to set up, consolidate, the development of domestic industrial base, perfect our country's industrial development system.2. Import substitution and combination of export-orientedstrategy is necessary2.1 China international and domestic market2.1.1 China trade development prospectsFor our country, our domestic market for development space, although economic volume is broad, only accounted for 25% of the Japanese, American 12%. But China's economic growth rate faster growth rate of 7% - every year, more than 9%, far higher than the 3% to 4% in developed countries. The national economy growth, determines the rapid growth of the national income, the rapid growth of the national income personal income increase makes residents, thereby improving the residents purchasing power and consumption levels, itexpanded the total social needs. Then, if the single export-oriented strategy, mainly rely on imported from abroad commodity to meet the need of domestic market consumption market, obviously doesn't work, is also unable to realize. Can predict, in our country's huge population base in front, the future of social purchasing power and aggregate demand will continue to improve, new consumer market will keep formation and appear. The expansion of domestic market this market and the growth of total, is not only the market "quantity" of simple expansion, and the market's "mass ' 'get promoted continuously. From this point, China's domestic market in the future for quite a long time, it is quite wide development space for the enterprise, it will be a huge market opportunities, it is import substitution industrial development opens up a broad prospect and space. Therefore, our country industrialization development direction, and its overall goal should be facing domestic market, its product market objectives should be also the domestic market of the consumers. That is, through meet domestic market demand, from domestic market to promote economic development. Therefore, impossible to China's economy as a whole and all industrial areas have included the export-oriented orbit.2.1.2 China's import and export orientedOf course, we cannot therefore refute export-oriented, if not export orientation, do not expand export, import substitution industry also could not succeed. In the development of import substitution of economy at the same time, should because when, in parts of the situation, part industry, part of the enterprise the export orientation strategy, establish the export-oriented economy. In order to make full use of the international economic conditions obtained through the development of export, import advanced technology and foreign equipment, production replace imported products supply domestic market, economic globalization and regional economic integration has become the trend of the economic development, if we put too much emphasis on the domestic market and ignore the huge international market is untimely; Similarly, if put too much emphasis on the international market and ignore the domestic market on economic growth role is one-sided. We should make full use of both domestic and overseas market to provide power for sustained economic growth, which is implemented to China's national conditions, namely, the economic development strategy, import substitution and export orientation and development strategy, essence is a "composite ' 'industrialization development strategy.3. Economic development strategy model selection anddetermined3.1 Should be taken into account in the domestic and international economic and political environment impactFor a nation to choose economic development strategy, establish economic development model, we should consider international economic and political environment, domestic social economic system and national economic development foundation and development goals of influence and restriction role. Must a country period of economic development strategy, economic development pattern should adapt and obey the period of international economic and political environment, domestic social economic system and the development of domestic economy based and development objectives, and with the international economic and political environment, domestic social economic system and the development of domestic economy foundation and development goals change constantly adjusted by due to the above, avoid the development of influence and restriction factor to changes in the economic and strategic decision making mistakes. International economic and political environment contains the international political environment and change period, international security environment and change, the international economic relations and its development trend, the international market dynamic and change trend and international economic relations theory and theories of the emergence, development, innovation and its role and influence. International economic and political environment is to develop export-oriented mode have to first consider the question, of course, international economic and political environment on import substitution industrialization is also a major influence. For the domestic social and economic system, main is to focus on this period of national economic system present situation and future trends and possible targets and related measures and policiesAnd regulations, etc. Domestic economic development foundation or refers to a country, including this situation of resource endowment, economic development at the stage and level, the domestic market product supply and demand relation and changes, economic structure and industrial technology present situation and upgrade of economic development tendency, and strategic goals and positioning, etc.Comprehensive national conditions, China's economic system, the international environment and the internal factors of economic and strategic consideration, the implementation of import substitution and export-oriented combination of economic development strategy will be long-term choice of science, and in the process of continuously according to information feedback, promptly to economic development strategy and the corresponding economic model appropriate adjustments, innovation, taking the strain of the new situation hair and requirements.3.2 The applicable conditions strategic mode to implement step, multilayered composite strategyFor this problem, should be taken into account in import substitution type and export-led strategic advantage and applicable environment and conditions, and two strategic mutual stimulative effect. Generally speaking, should not a comparative advantage in the capital tech-intensive industry, continue to import substitution competency of strategy. Because our country is still more weak industrial base, and economic development, industrial development imbalance in foundation is bad, the industry in the field of production the durable alternative consumer products is necessary, shall continue in the durable consumer goods industries in implementing import substitution, achieved certain industrial scale and industrial level, its import substitution fields namely expanded to the consumer durables industry and basic industries and development to export-oriented industries. And in industry developing fast, technical level is higher, and even reached the international advanced level of industrial areas should implement durable consumer goods, and to replace export-driven economic development. Meanwhile, a comparative advantage in China within the labor-intensive industries in introducing foreign capital, continued through a series of measures to increase competitiveness, adopt of export encouraged policies implementation export-led strategy.3.3 The government should take the necessary compound protection policy and incentivesImplement complex strategic pattern, the government should take the necessary compound protection policy and incentives. As to the import substitution industry cultivationand the protection and promotion of the industrial level, export orientation industry support and encourage and promote the original import substitution industry upgrading and translated into export-oriented industries. Practice has proved, import substitution and export-oriented model smoothly with whether the implementation of its success, all need consistent with the condition, need corresponding policy means and tools, and forming a corresponding mechanism and play a role. Meanwhile, the hybrid strategy model selection and implementation should also be considered, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of different market subjects, coordinating all social economic subject, in all sectors of the economy and regional balance development, and continuing to inject new vitality into the economic development and power, make development, the innovation to become the aware behavior, make enterprises from different social economic subject parties bits, all levels play its internal power and vigor, form complex economic model effect.3.4 Should export orientation and comprehensive evaluation of import-substituted strategy modeFor import substitution and export-oriented strategy pattern appraisal, should combine two strategic mode the essential contents of the structure and the development conditions and environmental analysis scientific conclusions could be drawn. The same countries in different stages of development of implementing import-substituted strategy or export-oriented strategy in the allocation of resources when different emphasis. Import-substituted strategy emphasize development and use of domestic market resources, export orientation strategy emphasized in comparative advantage, emphasize the international division of labor, develop and utilize international market resources. These two ideas respectively expounds import-substituted strategy and export-oriented strategy thinking of the meaning, but he does not throw import-substituted strategy or export-oriented strategy paper tries to know, combined, evaluation and utilization, no comprehensive analysis of their interaction and mutual influence and consequences, because appear not too full. Only put import-substituted strategy and export-oriented strategy development strategic comprehensive up comprehensive analysis, by comparing to clear their respective advantages, suitable condition and selection weaknesses and negative effect, can achieve in the implementation developing its long, avoid its short, realize two strategy model of complementary and alternative, accomplished alreadyfully develop domestic market, and develop international market; Made full use of domestic resources, and make full use of international resources.2、中文翻译中国对外贸易模式研究本文联系实际阐明我国今后应积极实施进口替代和出口导向相结合的复合型战略模式的观点，并阐述了在选择和实施经济展战略模式时应考虑的问题。
外文参考文献译文及原文【范本模板】
广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献译文及原文系部城建学部专业土木工程年级 2011级班级名称 11土木工程9班学号 23031109000学生姓名刘林指导教师卢集富2015 年5 月目录一、项目成本管理与控制 0二、Project Budget Monitor and Control (1)三、施工阶段承包商在控制施工成本方面所扮演的作用 (2)四、The Contractor’s Role in Building Cost Reduction After Design (4)一、外文文献译文（1）项目成本管理与控制随着市场竞争的激烈性越来越大,在每一个项目中，进行成本控制越发重要。
本文论述了在施工阶段,项目经理如何成功地控制项目预算成本。
本文讨论了很多方法。
它表明，要取得成功，项目经理必须关注这些成功的方法.1。
简介调查显示,大多数项目会碰到超出预算的问……功控制预算成本.2.项目控制和监测的概念和目的Erel and Raz (2000）指出项目控制周期包括测量成……原因以及决定纠偏措施并采取行动。
监控的目的就是纠偏措施的。
.。
标范围内。
3.建立一个有效的控制体系为了实现预算成本的目标，项目管理者需要建立一……被监测和控制是非常有帮助的。
项目成功与良好的沟通密。
决（ Diallo and Thuillier， 2005）.4.成本费用的检测和控制4.1对检测的优先顺序进行排序在施工阶段，很多施工活动是基于原来的计……用完了。
第四,项目管理者应该检测高风险活动，高风险活动最有。
..重要（Cotterell and Hughes, 1995)。
4.2成本控制的方法一个项目的主要费用包括员工成本、材料成本以及工期延误的成本。
为了控制这些成本费用，项目管理者首先应该建立一个成本控制系统：a)为财务数据的管理和分析工作落实责任人员b)确保按照项目的结构来合理分配所有的……它的变化-—在成本控制线上准确地记录所有恰..。
我的外文文献原文及译文附件
证券承销业务的商业银行：激励冲突,范围经济和工程质量乔治.卡纳塔斯我们研究这个问题的证券承销业务，分析检验这些激励冲突，出借所面临的中介机构和证券承销，从而将成本加强给他们的客户寻求融资。
尽管这个成本，如果有足够大的范围和承销经济体联合贷款，公司可以使用此类中间层。
我们证实监管分离这样的组合中介可能是最好的，如果公司认识到中介的后续激励，冲突在选择资助的项目和如果有一个社会银行融资成本低质量的项目。
我们还检查条件作中间的信誉建立以减轻冲突的动机不需要监管。
争论涉及监管分离借贷和承销加剧了最近的商业银行寻求新的机遇来取代他们的传统业务，正面临日益激烈的竞争。
一个参数分离与银行的动机，否则就必须为其质量差，证券承销的借款人，然后将所得承还这些贷款。
这种利益冲突的出现被认为从有关的金融中介机构的作用进行了详细描写，例如在钻石（1984）和室里罗摩克里希啦和塔克尔（1984）。
银行在租借期间挖掘信息表明质量差的借款人有动机后来作为承销商歪曲这个质量资本市场，从而帮助发行证券的有效的，在某种程度上承还银行贷款。
而商业银行被视为特殊借款人发掘信息的过程中，他们的监测的借款人在租借期间，投资银行被认为评估公司为他们打算承销证券，并为他们提供一个质量认证。
承销商没有股权在进行客户公司不想隐瞒信息获得的准备过程中，证券市场。
并不是所有的同意这种激励的重要性冲突是提供一个理由监管分离借贷和承销。
一些，例如贝斯顿（1990）都认为，这样一个不存在利益冲突的历史。
别人的位置，即使他确实存在，银行的关心其声誉将减轻这种潜在的问题，它的重要性已经大大夸大了。
尽管观点都在支持和反对格拉斯斯蒂格尔已经频繁的表达，还没有足够的证据对其需要，比如说，克罗兹纳，雷简（1994），普里（1994）。
我们的目的不是评价的重要意义，中介的潜在利益冲突结合贷款和承销。
相反，我们将假定存在这样激励冲突并检查它如何与潜在的利益相结合的两种形式的中介以及激励它提供企业家在选择项目需要融资的质量。
外文参考文献译文及原文
目录1介绍 (1)在这一章对NS2的引入提供。
尤其是，关于NS2的安装信息是在第2章。
第3章介绍了NS2的目录和公约。
第4章介绍了在NS2仿真的主要步骤。
一个简单的仿真例子在第5章。
最后，在第.8章作总结。
2安装 (1)该组件的想法是明智的做法，以获取上述件和安装他们的个人。
此选项保存downloadingtime和大量内存空间。
但是，它可能是麻烦的初学者，因此只对有经验的用户推荐。
(2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在unix-based系统 (2)安装一套ns2的all-in-one在Windows系统 (3)3目录和公约 (4)目录 (4)4运行ns2模拟 (6)ns2程序调用 (6)ns2模拟的主要步骤 (6)5一个仿真例子 (8)6总结 (12)1 Introduction (13)2 Installation (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Unix-Based Systems (15)Installing an All-In-One NS2 Suite on Windows-Based Systems (16)3 Directories and Convention (17)Directories and Convention (17)Convention (17)4 Running NS2 Simulation (20)NS2 Program Invocation (20)Main NS2 Simulation Steps (20)5 A Simulation Example (22)6 Summary (27)1介绍网络模拟器(一般叫作NS2)的版本，是证明了有用在学习通讯网络的动态本质的一个事件驱动的模仿工具。
模仿架线并且无线网络作用和协议(即寻址算法，TCP，UDP)使用NS2，可以完成。
一般来说，NS2提供用户以指定这样网络协议和模仿他们对应的行为方式。
英文参考文献原文复印件及译文
英文参考文献原文复印件及译文专业：自动化08级1班姓名：学号：080412122指导教师：赵奇完成日期年月SCM theory and the minimum MCU AdventWith the development of automation technology and microelectronics technology, as well as the fieldbus technology becomes more mature, numerical control technology in the production process is applied more and more widely, on the site of the signal collection, transmission and data processing is put forward higher requirements.Intelligent transmitter is composed of sensor and microprocessor ( computer ) and the phase structure. It makes full use of the microprocessor computing and storage capacity, the sensor data processing, including the measurement signal processing (such as filtering, amplification, A/D conversion ), data display, automatic calibration and automatic compensation.The microprocessor is the core of intelligent transmitter. It can not only carry on the data computation, storage and data processing, but also through a feedback loop to adjust to the sensor, data acquisition to achieve the best. The microprocessor has a variety of software and hardware function, so it can complete the traditional transducer difficult task. So intelligent transmitter reduces sensor manufacturing difficulty, and largely improves the performance of the sensor lord. In addition, intelligent transmitter also has the following characteristics:1 with automatic compensation ability, through the software on the sensor's nonlinear, temperature drift, drift and automatic compensation.Self diagnosis, after power for the sensor to check all parts of self, the sensor is normal, and make judgments.Data processing is convenient and accurate, according to internal procedures, automatic data processing, such as statistical processing, removal of abnormal value.2 with two-way communication function. The microprocessor can receive and process the sensor data, can also be information feedback to the sensor, thus the process of measurement adjustment and control.The information can be stored and can be stored in memory, the characteristics of sensor data, configuration information and compensation characteristics.3 has a digital interface output function, the output of the digital signal conveniently and computer or field bus connectionThe difference between the transmitter and sensorIn editing software in the process of joining the watchdog circuit. Theapplication of watchdog circuit, so that the chip can be in no condition to realize continuous work. But there are still some problems:1the watchdog circuit at run-time, meaning, system error. 2circulation process error too many times, the watchdog can not effectively resolved3 in measurement and control system in the period of time in one-chip, computer peripheral devices such as a large amount of time, is not running, waiting for orders. In these cases, the hardware watchdog is to use a timer, to monitor the main program operation, that is to say in the main program of the operatio n process, we will in time to time before the timer is reset if the dead cycle, or PC pointers can't come back. Then time to time will make chip reset.SCM is the main computer components are integrated on a single chip microcomputer. It is a collection of counting and many interfaces in one microcontroller, is widely used in intelligent products and industrial automation, and51 SCM SCM is the most typical and the most representative one.Signal generator in the teaching, testing, monitoring and other fields have a very wide range of applications, but also with the modern electronic communications technology development, often requires high precision and adjustable frequency signal generator.The design of direct use A T89C51 SCM as an important component of the wave generator, coupled with clever software design and simple external circuit, a frequency, adjustable amplitude sine wave, triangle wave, sawtooth wave and Fang Bo and other signals. Signal frequency, amplitude, through the keyboard input directly, by the LED display. And various types of existing waveform generator comparison, ATMEL AT89C51 is a highly effective micro controller, which produces a small number of signal interference, output stability, high reliability, especially the simple and convenient operation, low cost, very suitable for teaching and experimental physics laboratory use.Microchip security, SCM and technology development department vice president Steve Drehobl said:" Microchip continuously expand 8microcontroller applications, creating a new generation of ultra compact flash memory device, using PIC MCU into non-traditional applications. These6pin device with high cost-effectiveness replaces the discrete logic or mechanical function, reduces the number of components and board space, also give engineers more design flexibility.The United States of America microchip technology company ( Microchip Technology ) recently launched the world 's smallest6 pin package chip ( MCU ), thePIC microcontroller architecture powerful functions into ultra small volume of the SOT-23 package, the single chip microcomputer application domain expands further, in some space is extremely limited and cost requirements for lower application field is expected to have a brilliant future.Traditional single chip market, MCU products can be used on a number of different fields, such as home appliances to the automotive, communications, office automation and industrial control. According to market analysis firm IC Insight global MCU market data,2003total sales of $10400000000, at $12200000000 in2004. Although each main MCU suppliers have already introduced 16bit,32 bit single chip, but the market is still used in most8 bit single chip microcomputer products, accounted for the overall market of about 40%. Therefore8 bits single chip computer still has large application market, mainly in such products in the ease of use, cost advantages, while performance can meet most of the needs of applications. This Steve Drehobl said:"8 bit single chip has the advantages of easy operation and use characteristics, design staff will soon be able to master the principles and methods of using8 bit single chip microcomputer; design cycle is short, design tool is more than 16,32design tool much cheaper; third, in reality, we are more according to what kind of application can produce what kind of performance to determine how many bits MCU used. If in those using8 bit single chip can meet the needs of the application, you must use 16 bit and 32 bit, from the function, more abundant, but the cost rise. Again, the current problems should not be ignored. If the excessive use of electric current, battery power consumption is relatively large单片机理论与最小MCU问世随着自动化技术的发展和微电子技术的进步，以及现场总线技术的日益成熟，数控技术在生产过程中的应用越来越广泛，对现场信号的采集、传输和数据处理提出更高的要求。
外文文献原稿和译文
外文文献原稿和译文原稿The water level control circuit designWater source total ranks sixth in the world, per capita water resources is only a quarter of the world per capita consumption, and geographical distribution is very uneven, the vast region north of the Yangtze River, northin most parts of the medium-sized cities in the dry state, water shortage has become an important factor restricting China's economic development. Reasonable use of water resources has become an important issue for China is now facing. In order to achieve the rational use of water resources, in addition to in beefing water conservancy projects and enhance the people's awareness of water conservation efforts to improve. But more important is the application of new technical information, real-time to accurately understand and master a variety of hydrological information in order to make the right water scheduling and management, so that preventive measures to minimize water wastage . Coupled with long-standing water level measurement of water level has been an important issue in hydrology, water resources department. For the timely detection of the signs of the accident, precautionary measures in the future, economical and practical, reliable water level wireless monitoring systems will play a major role. The water level of dam safety, one of the important parameters for water drainage and irrigation scheduling, water storage, flood discharge.Provides a good foundation for the automation of monitoring, transmission and processing of the water level reservoir modernization. Need to monitor the water level in many areas of industrial and agricultural production. The site may not be able to close without the manpower to monitor, we can RMON, sitting in the control room facing the instrument can be monitored on-site, convenient and save manpower. In order to ensure the safe production of hydroelectric power station to improve power generation efficiency,Hydropower production process need to monitor the water level in the reservoir, trash rack, pressure drop and the tail water level. However, due to the different power plants with a different factual situations, have different technical requirements, and the measurement methods and location of the water level parameters and also the requirements of the monitoring equipment. This often results in the monitoring system equipment of a high degree of variety, interchangeability is not conducive to the maintenance of equipment will increase the equipment design, production, installation complexity. Therefore, on the basis of the actual situation and characteristics of the comprehensive study of hydropower water level monitoring, the use of modern electronic technology, especially single-chip technology and non-volatile memory technology, designed to develop a versatile, high reliability, easy maintenance, the applicable a variety of monitoring the environment, multi-mode automatic water level monitoring system has important practical significance. The subject according to the reservoir water level measurement needs, design a remote microcontroller water level monitoring system, the system automatically detects the water level, time processing, Data GPRS remote upload function. The design of the monitoring system will be significant savings in manpower and resources, low-power 24 hours of continuous monitoring and upload real-time control reservoir water level, to better adapt to the needs of the modern water level measurement, the safety of the dam reservoir, impoundment spillway to provide a basis.Microcontroller embedded microcontrollers are widely used in industrial measurement and control systems, intelligent instruments and household appliances. In real-time detection and automatic control of microcomputer application system, the microcontroller is often as a core component to use. The basic requirements of the water tower water level control system in the case of unattended automatic limit automatically start the motor to reach the water level in the water level in the water tower to the water tower water supply; water tower water level reached the water level upper limit is automatically off the motor to stop water supply. And unusual time to sound the alarm and troubleshooting in the water supply system at any time to ensure that the towers of the external normal water supply role. The water tower is often seen in daily life and industrial applications, water storage devices, external water supply through the control of its water level to meet the needs of its waterlevel control is universal. Regardless of socio-economic rapid water plays an important role in people's normal life and production. Once off the water, ranging from great inconvenience to the people's living standards, weight is likely to cause serious accidents and losses, and thus a higher demand of water supply system to meet the timely, accurate, safe and adequate water supply. If you still use the artificial way, the labor-intensive, low efficiency, safety is hard to guarantee the transformation of the automated control system, which must be carried out. In order to achieve sufficient amount of water, smooth water pressure, water towers, water level automatic control design low-cost, high practical value of the controller. The design uses a separate circuit to achieve high and low warning level processing, and automatic control, save energy, improve the quality of the water supply system.SCM is an integrated circuit chip, VLSI technology with data processing capability of the central processing unit CPU random access memory RAM, read only memory ROM, and a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer other functions (which may also include a display driver circuit, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multi-channel converter, A / D converter and other circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small computer system. The basic features are as follows: the chip is small, but complete, SCM is one of the main features. Its internal program memory, data memory, a variety of interface circuit. Large processor speed is higher, the median more of the arithmetic unit, processing ability, but need to be configured in the external interface circuit; microcontroller clocked generally 100MHZ less suitable for small products for independent work, cited pin number from a few hundred. The application is simple, flexible, and free assembly language and C language development of SCM products. The working process of the microcontroller: microcontroller automatically complete the tasks entrusted to it, that is, single-chip implementation of the procedure for a section of the instruction execution process, the so-called directive requirements for single-chip implementation of the various operations used in the form of the command is to write down , which corresponds to a basic operation of designers assigned to it by the instruction set, an instruction; Full instructions can be executed by the microcontroller, the microcontroller instruction set, the different types of single-chip, and its instruction set is also different. So that the microcontroller canautomatically complete a specific task, the problem to be solved must be compiled into a series of instructions (these instructions must be selected microcontroller to the identification and implementation of the Directive), a collection of this series of instructions to become the program, the program need to pre- stored in the components - memory storage capabilities. Memory is composed by a number of storage units (the smallest unit of storage), like a large building has many rooms composed of the same, the instructions stored in these units, the instruction fetch unit and perform like the rooms of large buildings, each assigned to only a room number, each memory cell must be assigned to a unique address number, the address is known as the address of the storage unit, so as long as you know the address of the storage unit, you can find the storage unit that stores instructions can be removed, and then be executed. Programs are usually executed in the order, instruction program is a sequential storage, single-chip in the implementation of the program to be able to a section of these instructions out and be implemented, there must be a component to track the address of instruction where this part the program counter PC (included in the CPU), the start of program execution, endowed the address where the first instruction of the program to the PC, and then made for each command to be executed, the PC in the content will automatically increase, increase The amount is determined by the instruction length of this article may be 2 or 3, to point to the starting address of the next instruction to ensure the implementation of the instruction sequence.Microcontroller tower water level control system is the basic design requirements: inside the tower, we have designed a simple water level detection sensor used to detect the three water level, the low water level, the normal water level, water level. Low water to give a high single-chip, driven pumps and water, the red light; water level in the normal range, the pump add water, the green light; high water when the pump without water, the yellow light. The design process using the sensor technology, microcomputer technology, and light alarm technology and weak control the strong power of technology. Technical parameters and design tasks: 1, the use of the MCU to control the water level on the tower;, the water level in the water level detection sensor probe was the tower to give the microcontroller in order to achieve the water pump and water system and display system control; 3, the light alarm display system circuit, pumps and hydropower route relaycontrol;, analysis is drawn on the working principle of the system structure and a system block diagram using the microcontroller as a control chip, the main work process when the water in the tower low water level, water level detection sensor gave a high microcontroller, microcontroller-driven pump to add water and display system so that the red light lit; pump add water when the water level within the normal range, the green light, when the water level in the high-water mark, The microcontroller can not drive the water pump to add water, the yellow light. Light alarm circuit, the relay control circuit it works: When the water level in the low water, low water level detection sensor line is not +5 V power supply guide pass into the regulator circuit is treated in the output of the voltage regulator circuit has a high level, into the P1.0 port of the microcontroller, another high voltage circuit output of the microcontroller P1.1 port SCM After analysis, the P1.2 port outputs a low red light, drive, P1. 5 out a signal so that the optocoupler GDOUHE guide through so that the relay is closed, so that the water pump to add water; when the water level in the normal range, water pump plus P1.3 pin to a low level, so that the green light; when the water level in the high-water zone, the sensor of the two detection lines are conduction, are +5 power conduction into the SCM, SCM After analysis, the P1.4 pin out of a low yellow light, The optocoupler guide a low out of the P1.5-side can not pass, so that the relay can not be closed, the pump can not add water; failure when three flashing light indicates the system.译文水位控制电路设计中国水之源总量居世界第六位，人均占有水资源量仅为世界人均占有量的四分之一，并且在地域上分布很不平衡，长江以北的广大地区，特别是北方大、中城市大部分地区处于缺水状态，水资源短缺已成为制约我国经济发展的一个重要因素。
外文文献翻译原文及译文
华北电力大学毕业设计（论文）附件外文文献翻译学号： 200701000324 姓名:杨曦所在院系：电力工程系专业班级：电气化0707指导教师：安勃原文标题： Research on Smart Grid in China2011年06月20日对中国智能电网的研究1摘要——智能电网是电力系统的未来发展的新方向。
在本文中，首先是智能电网的背景，意义，以及概念和结构。
典型的智能电网图如下所示.然后,在美国和欧洲智能电网的发展现状进行了描述，并对这些国家未来发展思路的趋势进行了总结和比较及分析。
此外，分析了中国智能电网发展的必要性，详细介绍了在目前与中国与有关项目，并对特高压电网和智能电网之间的的关系进行了讨论。
最后，对智能电网在未来在中国电网的潜在作用进行了展望和并为中国的智能电网发展指明新方向.索引词,智能电网，特高压电网，规划,经营，管理一导言随着世界经济全球化的推广,石油价格一直维持在一个上升的趋势。
还值得注意的是世界范围内的的能源供应短缺，对资源和环境的压力越来越大,同时，由于目前电网的低效率，在能源输送过程中损失了巨大的电力。
此外,由于不断增长的电力需求和用户对电力可靠性和质量日益增长的要求，电力工业正面临着前所未有的挑战和机遇。
因此，一个有环境友好,经济，高性能，低投资，安全性，可靠性和灵活性特点的的电力系统一直是电力工程师的目标。
尽管如此，基础设施和先进的仪表出现互联网更广泛地的使用加速了这个过程[1］。
自1990年以来随着分布式发电越来越多地使用，已经对对电网的强度提出更多的需求和要求［2][3]。
对于这些问题，为了找出最佳的解决方案，电力公司应接受新的思路，采用新技术，对现有的能源系统进行潜力挖掘，对技术和应用加以改进。
来自不同国家的学者和专家已经达成共识：未来电网的必须能够满足不同的需求及能源发电，高度市场化的电力交易的需求，由此可以满足客户的自我选择。
所有这些都将成为未来智能电网的发展方向。
外文文献原稿和译文
（空一行）原□□稿（空一行） IntroductionThe "jumping off" point for this paper is Reengineering the Corporation, by Michael Hammer and James Champy . The paper goes on to review the literature on BPR. It explores the principles and assumptions behind reengineering, looks for commonfactors behind its successes or failures, examines case studies, and presents alternatives to "classical" reengineering theory . The paper pays particular attention to the role of information technology in BPR. In conclusion, the paper offers somespecific recommendations regarding reengineering. Old Wine in New BottlesThe concept of reengineering traces its origins back to management theories developedas early as the nineteenth century . The purpose of reengineering is to "make all your processes the best-in-class." Frederick Taylor suggested in the 1880's that managers use process reengineering methods to discover the best processes for performing work, and that these processes be reengineered to optimize productivity. BPR echoes the classical belief that there is one best way to conduct tasks. In Taylor's time, technology did not allow large companies to design processes in across-functional or cross-departmental manner. Specialization was the state-of-theart method to improve efficiency given the technology of the time.（下略）正文内容：新罗马“TimesNewRoman ”字体，小四号字。
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英文参考文献原文复印件及译文专业：电气工程及其自动化姓名：曹丽倩学号：100062630指导教师：高敬格完成日期2014 年 6 月RelaysThe Programmable Logic ControllerEarly machines were controlled by mechanical means using cams, gears, levers and other basic mechanical devices. As the complexity grew, so did the need for a more sophisticated control system. This system contained wired relay and switch control elements. These elements were wired as required to provide the control logic necessary for the particular type of machine operation. This was acceptable for a machine that never needed to be changed or modified, but as manufacturing techniques improved and plant changeover to new products became more desirable and necessary, a more versatile means of controlling this equipment had to be developed. Hardwired relay and switch logic was cumbersome and time consuming to modify. Wiring had to be removed and replaced to provide for the new control scheme required. This modification was difficult and time consuming to design and install and any small "bug" in the design could be a major problem to correct since that also required rewiring of the system. A new means to modify control circuitry was needed. The development and testing ground for this new means was the U.S. auto industry. The time period was the late 1960's and early 1970's and the result was the programmable logic controller, or PLC. Automotive plants were confronted with a change in manufacturing techniques every time a model changed and, in some cases, for changes on the same model if improvements had to be made during the model year. The PLC provided an easy way to reprogram the wiring rather than actually rewiring the control system.The PLC that was developed during this time was not very easy to program. The language was cumbersome to write and required highly trained programmers. These early devices were merely relay replacements and could do very little else. The PLC has at first gradually, and in recent years rapidly developed into a sophisticated and highly versatile control system component. Units today are capable of performing complex math functions including numerical integration and differentiation and operate at the fast microprocessor speeds now available. Older PLCs were capable ofonly handling discrete inputs and outputs (that is, on-off type signals), while today's systems can accept and generate analog voltages and currents as well as a wide range of voltage levels and pulsed signals. PLCs are also designed to be rugged. Unlike their personal computer cousin, they can typically withstand vibration, shock, elevated temperatures, and electrical noise to which manufacturing equipment is exposed.As more manufacturers become involved in PLC production and development, and PLC capabilities expand, the programming language is also expanding. This is necessary to allow the programming of these advanced capabilities. Also, manufacturers tend to develop their own versions of ladder logic language (the language used to program PLCs). This complicates learning to program PLC's in general since one language cannot be learned that is applicable to all types. However, as with other computer languages, once the basics of PLC operation and programming in ladder logic are learned, adapting to the various manufacturers’ devices is not a complicated process. Most system designers eventually settle on one particular manufacturer that produces a PLC that is personally comfortable to program and has the capabilities suited to his or her area of applications.It should be noted that in usage, a programmable logic controller is generally referred to as a “PLC” or “programmable controller”. Although the term “programmable controller” is generally accepted, it is not abbreviated “PC” because the abbreviation “PC” is usually used in reference to a personal computer. As we will see in this chapter, a PLC is by no means a personal computer.Programmable controllers (the shortened name used for programmable logic controllers) are much like personal computers in that the user can be overwhelmed by the vast array of options and configurations available. Also, like personal computers, the best teacher of which one to select is experience. As one gains experience with the various options and configurations available, it becomes less confusing to be able to select the unit that will best perform in a particular application.中文翻译可编程序控制器早期的机器用机械的方法采用凸轮控制、齿轮、杠杆和其他基本机械设备。