The-Raven(爱伦坡作品)英文读后感说课讲解
theraven爱伦坡意象浅析
The ravenlonely man tries to ease his "sorrow for the lost Lenore," by distracting his mind with old books of "forgotten lore." He is interrupted while he is "nearly napping," by a "tapping on [his] chamber door." As he opens up the door, he finds "darkness there and nothing more." Into the darkness he whispers, "Lenore," hoping his lost love had come back, but all that could be heard was "an echo [that] murmured back the word 'Lenore!'"With a burning soul, the man returns to his chamber, and this time he can hear a tapping at the window lattice. As he "flung [open] the shutter," "in [there] stepped astately Raven," the bird of ill-omen (Poe, 1850). The raven perched on the bust of Pallas, the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology, above his chamber door.The man asks the Raven for his name, and surprisingly it answers, and croaks "Nevermore." The man knows that the bird does not speak from wisdom, but has been taught by "some unhappy master," and that the word "nevermore" is its only "stock and store."The man welcomes the raven, and is afraid that the raven will be gone in the morning, "as [his] Hopes have flown before"; however, the raven answers, "Nevermore." The mansmiled, and pulled up a chair, interested in what the raven "meant in croaking, 慛evermore.? The chair, where Lenore once sat, brought back painful memories. The man, who knows the irrational nature in the raven抯 speech, still cannot help but ask the raven questions. Since the narrator is aware that the raven only knows one word, he can anticipate the bird's responses. "Is there balm in Gilead?" - "Nevermore." Can Lenore be found in paradise? - "Nevermore." "Take thy form from off my door!" - "Nevermore." Finally the man concedes, realizing that to continue this dialogue would be pointless. And his "soul from out that shadow" that the raven throws on the floor, "Shall be lifted -- Nevermore!"SymbolsIn this poem, one of the most famous American poems ever, Poe uses several symbols to take the poem to a higher level. The most obvious symbol is, of course, the raven itself. When Poe had decided to use a refrain that repeated the word "nevermore," he found that it would be most effective if he used a non-reasoning creature to utter the word. It would make little sense to use a human, since the humancould reason to answer the questions (Poe, 1850). In "The Raven" it is important that the answers to the questions are already known, to illustrate the self-torture to which the narrator exposes himself. This way of interpreting signs that do not bear a real meaning, is "one of the most profound impulses of human nature" (Quinn, 2019:441). Poe also considered a parrot as the bird instead of the raven; however, because of the melancholy tone, and the symbolism of ravens as birds of ill-omen, he found the raven more suitable for the mood in the poem (Poe, 1850). Quoth the Parrot, "Nevermore?"Another obvious symbol is the bust of Pallas. Why did the raven decide to perch on the goddess of wisdom? One reason could be, because it would lead the narrator to believe that the raven spoke from wisdom, and was not just repeating its only "stock and store," and to signify the scholarship of the narrator. Another reason for using "Pallas" in the poem was, according to Poe himself, simply because of the "sonorousness of the word, Pallas, itself" (Poe, 1850).A less obvious symbol, might be the use of "midnight" in the first verse, and "December" in the second verse. Bothmidnight and December, symbolize an end of something, and also the anticipation of something new, a change, to happen. The midnight in December, might very well be New Year抯eve, a date most of us connect with change. This also seems to be what Viktor Rydberg believes when he is translating "The Raven" to Swedish, since he uses the phrase "錼ets sista natt var inne, " ("The last night of the year had arrived"). Kenneth Silverman connected the use of December with the death of Edgar抯 mother (Silverman, 1992:241), who died in that month; whether this is true or not is, however, not significant to its meaning in the poem. The chamber in which the narrator is positioned, is used to signify the loneliness of the man, and the sorrow he feels for the loss of Lenore. The room is richly furnished, and reminds the narrator of his lost love, which helps to create an effect of beauty in the poem. The tempest outside, is used to even more signify the isolation of this man, to show a sharp contrast between the calmness in the chamber and the tempestuous night.The phrase "from out my heart," Poe claims, is used, in combination with the answer "Nevermore," to let thenarrator realize that he should not try to seek a moral in what has been previously narrated (Poe, 1850). WordsPoe had an extensive vocabulary, which is obvious to the readers of both his poetry as well as his fiction. Sometimes this meant introducing words that were not commonly used. In "The Raven," the use of ancient and poetic language seems appropriate, since the poem is about a man spending most of his time with books of "forgotten lore.""Seraphim," in the fourteenth verse, "perfumed by an unseen censer / Swung by seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled..." is used to illustrate the swift, invisible way a scent spreads in a room. A seraphim is one of thesix-winged angels standing in the presence of God."Nepenthe," from the same verse, is a potion, used by ancients to induce forgetfullnes of pain or sorrow."Balm in Gilead," from the following verse, is a soothing ointment made in Gilead, a mountainous region of Palestine east of the Jordan river."Aidenn," from the sixteenth verse, is an Arabic word for Eden or paradise."Plutonian," characteristic of Pluto, the god of the underworld in Roman mythology.The Philosphy of CompositionEdgar Allan Poe wrote an essay on the creation of "The Raven," entitled "The Philosophy of Composition." In that essay Poe describes the work of composing the poem as if it were a mathematical problem, and derides the poets that claim that they compose "by a species of fine frenzy - an ecstatic intuition - and would positively shudder at letting the public take a peep behind the scenes." Whether Poe was as calculating as he claims when he wrote "The Raven" or not is a question that cannot be answered; it is, however, unlikely that he created it exactly like he described in his essay. The thoughts occurring in the essay might well have occurred to Poe while he was composing it. In "The Philosophy of Composition," Poe stresses the need to express a single effect when the literary work is to be read in one sitting. A poem should always be written short enough to be read in one sitting, and should,therefore, strive to achieve this single, unique effect. Consequently, Poe figured that the length of a poem should stay around one hundred lines, and "The Raven" is 108 lines.The most important thing to consider in "Philosophy" is the fact that "The Raven," as well as many of Poe's tales, is written backwards. The effect is determined first, and the whole plot is set; then the web grows backwards from that single effect. Poe's "tales of ratiocination," e.g. the Dupin tales, are written in the same manner. "Nothing is more clear than that every plot, worth the name, must be elaborated to its denouement before anything be attempted with the pen" (Poe, 1850).It was important to Poe to make "The Raven" "universally appreciable." It should be appreciated by the public, as well as the critics. Poe chose Beauty to be the theme of the poem, since "Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem" (Poe, 1850). After choosing Beauty as the province, Poe considered sadness to be the highest manifestation of beauty. "Beauty of whatever kind in its supreme development invariably excites the sensitive soulto tears. Melancholy is thus the most legitimate of all the poetical tones" (Poe, 1850).Of all melancholy topics, Poe wanted to use the one that was universally understood, and therefore, he chose Death as his topic. Poe (along with other writers) believed that the death of a beautiful woman was the most poetical use of death, because it closely allies itself with Beauty. After establishing subjects and tones of the poem, Poe started by writing the stanza that brought the narrator's "interrogation" of the raven to a climax, the third verse from the end, and he made sure that no preceeding stanza would "surpass this in rythmical effect." Poe then worked backwards from this stanza and used the word "Nevermore" in many different ways, so that even with the repetition of this word, it would not prove to be monotonous.Poe builds the tension in this poem up, stanza by stanza, but after the climaxing stanza he tears the whole thing down, and lets the narrator know that there is no meaning in searching for a moral in the raven's "nevermore". The Raven is established as a symbol for the narrator's "Mournful and never-ending remembrance." "And my soul fromout that shadow, that lies floating on the floor, shall be lifted - nevermore!"。
The Raven中英文赏析
哥特式文学首先盛行于18，19世纪的西方世界，旨在描述发生在充满神秘与恐怖氛围中的传奇经历。
许多学者认为，“哥特元素大都运用于小说创作，而诗歌则由于受到情节、节奏与韵律的限制而缺少叙述哥特故事的基础条件” (Tz vetan 25-26)。
但部分学者则坚信“哥特元素不仅存在于小说中，在诗歌当中亦可以分外活跃”（刘守兰：55）。
作为美国哥特文学大师与先驱，埃德加·爱伦坡的短篇小说以及他的诗作都充满了哥特式的神奇色彩。
但是大多数学者仅将研究聚焦于其短篇小说中的哥特研究，而忽视了该元素在其诗歌中也存在的现实。
一、爱伦坡所持的哥特式文学理论爱伦坡对美好事物的凋零有着强烈的迷恋。
追根究底，这还源于他儿时的丧亲之痛，与中年的丧妻之痛。
而已逝女子的影子常在他脑海里盘旋，引领他在诗歌王国里翱翔。
哥特式风格又恰如其分地被其用于诠释他心底深处的恐惧与压抑。
众多作家在描写恐怖情节时，常对外部环境进行大力渲染，而他则更注重对人内心世界的雕琢。
他深信“诗歌的最好主题是死亡，尤其是美丽尤物的死亡，将毫无疑问是世界上最具诗意的主题（Poe：133-140）”。
他用诗歌践行了自己的写作原则，并将一生都奉献给了这种哀伤的美丽。
为更清晰地展现爱伦坡的哥特式写作风格，本文将以《乌鸦》为例并诠释其中所蕴含的死亡之美与哥特式元素。
二、意象塑造1、人与物的塑造《乌鸦》塑造了两个重要形象：年轻男子与乌鸦。
悲伤的男子刚失去他最爱的女子，他企图沉浸于书以忘却伤痛，但一切都是徒劳，他越看书，越被寂寞与悲痛侵蚀；而象征死亡与不祥的乌鸦却在午夜，飞入这间男子曾常与故去情人蕾诺相会的小屋。
此外，诗人还塑造了两个对诗的主旨起重要作用的意象。
其一为黑色，“纯色调可使人产生快乐或抑郁之感”（朱立元：489-490）。
诗中所连续采用的黑色背景，可使读者感到压抑，从而感受男子心底的恐惧与悲痛。
诗中反复出现的“永远不再”亦可看作一种特殊形象。
除该词的原意外，它还具有象征意义。
the raven读后感
"The Raven" is a narrative poem written by the American writer Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published on January 29, 1845, in the New York Evening Mirror. Although the poem has about 108 lines, but it’s perfectly readable at one sitting. What’s more, it w as noted by its musicality, stylized language and supernatural atmosphere. It tells a mysterious conversation between the narrator and a talking raven on the narrator’s lost beauty, Lenore in a bleak December night. All 18 verses have the same form, as the narrator's night terrors increase. It creates a feeling of steadily growing tension and anxiety from the narrator’s reaction of what the raven said.It built up a figure of beauty in reader’s mind. Following its sense of melancholy over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervading the whole poem, we can easily catch the character of the narrator. He feels sadness through his lost of the beautiful Lenore. His grief being turned to madness under the steady one-word repetition of the talking bird introduced right at the beginning of the poem. The torture which the bird has brought to the narrator was already in the narrator's ruminating character—the bird only brought out what was inside. Poetic imagination displayed itself in the illusion of a raven as well as enhanced the effect of the tragedy of the death of his beloved beautiful girl in this way.Death without cause is theme in a poem, so as the beauty. It seems that the beauty is everyone desired and the death is everyone hated, so when they come together, it will come a mixed and complicated feeling.Is the beautiful Lenore died because of her beauty? All the wish the narrator has is the beauty of Lenore can last forever .Additionally, the narrator recalls the memory, for that is all he has left. What the raven has taken from him so cruelly is his loneliness—but this cruelty he brought upon himself, for he cannot resist the urge to interrogate the raven. He is fascinated by the bird's repeated, desolate reply. The narrator repeatedly asks it questions in the hope that it will say "yes"—or perhaps out of a morbid desire to be again told "no."Although we cannot figure out the reason of Lenore’s death, but it is not hard to find out the narrator’s contradiction of the desire to forget with the desire to remember. In Poe's own words, "The human thirst for self-torture", so it is in “The Raven” we still feel the narrator’s self-torture. However, in some degrees, the self-torture of the narrator is not only reflected from the madness of himself, but also reflected by the words of the talking raven says. So the poem writer creates a maze for us. The raven maybe is true, or not true. Perhaps the raven is indeed a creature exist that night, however, as we all know that the raven can’t talk. The words what the ravensays maybe is the illusion by the young man or even all the raven is a illusion of the young man.。
the--raven-爱伦坡意象浅析讲解学习
The ravenlonely man tries to ease his "sorrow for the lost Lenore," by distracting his mind with old books of "forgotten lore." He is interrupted while he is "nearly napping," by a "tapping on [his] chamber door." As he opens up the door, he finds "darkness there and nothing more." Into the darkness he whispers, "Lenore," hoping his lost love had come back, but all that could be heard was "an echo [that] murmured back the word 'Lenore!'"With a burning soul, the man returns to his chamber, and this time he can hear a tapping at the window lattice. As he "flung [open] the shutter," "in [there] stepped a stately Raven," the bird of ill-omen (Poe, 1850). The raven perched on the bust of Pallas, the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology, above his chamber door.The man asks the Raven for his name, and surprisingly it answers, and croaks "Nevermore." The man knows that the bird does not speak from wisdom, but has been taught by "some unhappy master," and that the word "nevermore" is its only "stock and store."The man welcomes the raven, and is afraid that the raven will be gone in the morning, "as [his] Hopes have flown before"; however, the raven answers, "Nevermore." The man smiled, and pulled up a chair, interested in what the raven "meant in croaking, 慛evermore.? The chair, where Lenore once sat, brought back painful memories. The man, who knows the irrational nature in the raven抯 speech, still cannot help but ask the raven questions. Since the narrator is aware that the raven only knows one word, he can anticipate the bird's responses."Is there balm in Gilead?" - "Nevermore." Can Lenore be found in paradise? - "Nevermore." "Take thy form from off my door!" -"Nevermore." Finally the man concedes, realizing that to continue this dialogue would be pointless. And his "soul from out that shadow"that the raven throws on the floor, "Shall be lifted -- Nevermore!"SymbolsIn this poem, one of the most famous American poems ever, Poe uses several symbols to take the poem to a higher level. The most obvious symbol is, of course, the raven itself. When Poe had decided to usea refrain that repeated the word "nevermore," he found that it wouldbe most effective if he used a non-reasoning creature to utter the word. It would make little sense to use a human, since the human could reason to answer the questions (Poe, 1850). In "The Raven" it is important that the answers to the questions are already known, toillustrate the self-torture to which the narrator exposes himself. This way of interpreting signs that do not bear a real meaning, is "one of the most profound impulses of human nature" (Quinn, 1998:441).Poe also considered a parrot as the bird instead of the raven; however, because of the melancholy tone, and the symbolism of ravens as birds of ill-omen, he found the raven more suitable for the mood in the poem (Poe, 1850). Quoth the Parrot, "Nevermore?"Another obvious symbol is the bust of Pallas. Why did the raven decide to perch on the goddess of wisdom? One reason could be, because it would lead the narrator to believe that the raven spoke from wisdom, and was not just repeating its only "stock and store," and to signify the scholarship of the narrator. Another reason for using "Pallas" in the poem was, according to Poe himself, simply because of the "sonorousness of the word, Pallas, itself" (Poe, 1850).A less obvious symbol, might be the use of "midnight" in the first verse, and "December" in the second verse. Both midnight and December, symbolize an end of something, and also the anticipation of something new, a change, to happen. The midnight in December, might very well be New Year抯 eve, a date most of us connect with change. This also seems to be what Viktor Rydberg believes when he is translating "The Raven" to Swedish, since he uses the phrase "錼ets sista natt var inne, " ("The last night of the year had arrived"). Kenneth Silverman connected the use of December with the death of Edgar抯 mother (Silverman, 1992:241), who died in that month; whether this is true or not is, however, not significant to its meaning in the poem. The chamber in which the narrator is positioned, is used to signify the loneliness of the man, and the sorrow he feels for the loss of Lenore. The room is richly furnished, and reminds the narrator of his lost love, which helps to create an effect of beauty in the poem. The tempest outside, is used to even more signify the isolation of this man, to show a sharp contrast between the calmness in the chamber and the tempestuous night.The phrase "from out my heart," Poe claims, is used, in combination with the answer "Nevermore," to let the narrator realize that he should not try to seek a moral in what has been previously narrated (Poe, 1850).WordsPoe had an extensive vocabulary, which is obvious to the readers of both his poetry as well as his fiction. Sometimes this meant introducing words that were not commonly used. In "The Raven," the use of ancient and poetic language seems appropriate, since the poem is about a man spending most of his time with books of "forgotten lore."∙ "Seraphim," in the fourteenth verse, "perfumed by an unseen censer / Swung by seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled..." is used to illustrate the swift, invisible way a scent spreads in a room. A seraphim is one of the six-winged angels standing in the presence of God.∙ "Nepenthe," from the same verse, is a potion, used by ancients to induce forgetfullnes of pain or sorrow.∙ "Balm in Gilead," from the following verse, is a soothing ointment made in Gilead, a mountainous region of Palestine east of the Jordan river.∙ "Aidenn," from the sixteenth verse, is an Arabic word for Eden or paradise.∙ "Plutonian," characteristic of Pluto, the god of the underworld in Roman mythology.The Philosphy of CompositionEdgar Allan Poe wrote an essay on the creation of "The Raven," entitled "The Philosophy of Composition." In that essay Poe describes the work of composing the poem as if it were a mathematical problem, and derides the poets that claim that they compose "by a species of fine frenzy - an ecstatic intuition - and would positively shudder at letting the public take a peep behind the scenes." Whether Poe was as calculating as he claims when he wrote "The Raven" or not is a question that cannot be answered; it is, however, unlikely that he created it exactly like he described in his essay. The thoughts occurring in the essay might well have occurred to Poe while he was composing it.In "The Philosophy of Composition," Poe stresses the need to express a single effect when the literary work is to be read in one sitting.A poem should always be written short enough to be read in one sitting, and should, therefore, strive to achieve this single, unique effect. Consequently, Poe figured that the length of a poem should stay around one hundred lines, and "The Raven" is 108 lines.The most important thing to consider in "Philosophy" is the fact that "The Raven," as well as many of Poe's tales, is written backwards. The effect is determined first, and the whole plot is set; then the web grows backwards from that single effect. Poe's "tales of ratiocination," e.g. the Dupin tales, are written in the same manner. "Nothing is more clear than that every plot, worth the name, must be elaborated to its denouement before anything be attempted with the pen" (Poe, 1850).It was important to Poe to make "The Raven" "universally appreciable." It should be appreciated by the public, as well as the critics. Poe chose Beauty to be the theme of the poem, since "Beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem" (Poe, 1850). After choosing Beauty as the province, Poe considered sadness to be the highest manifestation of beauty. "Beauty of whatever kind in its supreme development invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. Melancholy is thus the most legitimate of all the poetical tones" (Poe, 1850).Of all melancholy topics, Poe wanted to use the one that was universally understood, and therefore, he chose Death as his topic. Poe (along with other writers) believed that the death of a beautiful woman was the most poetical use of death, because it closely allies itself with Beauty.After establishing subjects and tones of the poem, Poe started by writing the stanza that brought the narrator's "interrogation" of the raven to a climax, the third verse from the end, and he made sure that no preceeding stanza would "surpass this in rythmical effect." Poe then worked backwards from this stanza and used the word "Nevermore" in many different ways, so that even with the repetition of this word, it would not prove to be monotonous.Poe builds the tension in this poem up, stanza by stanza, but after the climaxing stanza he tears the whole thing down, and lets the narrator know that there is no meaning in searching for a moral in the raven's "nevermore". The Raven is established as a symbol for the narrator's "Mournful and never-ending remembrance." "And my soul from out that shadow, that lies floating on the floor, shall be lifted - nevermore!"。
the raven读后感
the raven读后感（原创版2篇）目录（篇1）1.引言：介绍《乌鸦》的背景和作者2.《乌鸦》的情节概述3.对诗歌中乌鸦形象的解读4.诗歌中的象征意义和主题思想5.总结：对《乌鸦》的读后感及启示正文（篇1）《乌鸦》是美国著名诗人埃德加·爱伦·坡的一首著名诗歌。
诗歌通过讲述一只乌鸦与一个失去挚爱的男子之间的故事，表达了哀伤、孤独和绝望的情感。
诗歌的情节大致如下：一个失去挚爱的男子在梦中听到一只乌鸦的叫声，乌鸦告诉他，他的挚爱已永远离去，不会再回来。
男子在梦中惊醒，发现乌鸦就站在他的窗前。
在接下来的日子里，乌鸦始终陪伴在他身边，直到他最终因哀伤而死去。
在《乌鸦》中，乌鸦这一形象具有深刻的象征意义。
乌鸦通常被视为死亡和绝望的象征，它在诗歌中的出现，预示着男子的挚爱已永远离去，不会再回来。
此外，乌鸦还象征着男子内心的绝望和哀伤，它始终陪伴在他身边，如同他内心的阴影，反映出他无法摆脱的痛苦和悲伤。
除了乌鸦形象，诗歌中的其他元素也具有象征意义。
诗歌中的窗户和镜子，象征着男子内心的隔阂和自我反省。
他通过窗户看到了乌鸦，通过镜子看到了自己的形象，这些都反映出他对自己和现实的反思。
而诗歌中的“永不复返”这一主题，则表达了人对失去的挚爱的无尽思念和无法挽回的遗憾。
总的来说，《乌鸦》是一首表达哀伤、孤独和绝望情感的诗歌。
通过乌鸦这一形象，诗歌揭示了人内心深处的痛苦和悲伤，以及对失去的挚爱的无尽思念。
目录（篇2）1.引言2.文章主题和背景3.个人感受和理解4.文章中的象征意义5.结论正文（篇2）【引言】《the raven》是一首由著名诗人埃德加·爱伦·坡所写的诗歌，诗歌中充满了神秘的气息和深刻的象征意义。
在阅读完这首诗歌后，我深深地被其独特的魅力所吸引，下面是我的读后感。
【文章主题和背景】《the raven》主要描述了一只乌鸦在窗前不停地叫唤，引发了诗人的思考和联想。
诗人通过与乌鸦的对话，表达了自己内心的痛苦和迷茫，同时也揭示了人类面对死亡和未知时的无助和恐惧。
The Raven中英文赏析
哥特式文学首先盛行于18，19世纪的西方世界，旨在描述发生在充满神秘与恐怖氛围中的传奇经历。
许多学者认为，“哥特元素大都运用于小说创作，而诗歌则由于受到情节、节奏与韵律的限制而缺少叙述哥特故事的基础条件” (Tzvetan 25-26)。
但部分学者则坚信“哥特元素不仅存在于小说中，在诗歌当中亦可以分外活跃”（刘守兰：55）。
作为美国哥特文学大师与先驱，埃德加·爱伦坡的短篇小说以及他的诗作都充满了哥特式的神奇色彩。
但是大多数学者仅将研究聚焦于其短篇小说中的哥特研究，而忽视了该元素在其诗歌中也存在的现实。
一、爱伦坡所持的哥特式文学理论爱伦坡对美好事物的凋零有着强烈的迷恋。
追根究底，这还源于他儿时的丧亲之痛，与中年的丧妻之痛。
而已逝女子的影子常在他脑海里盘旋，引领他在诗歌王国里翱翔。
哥特式风格又恰如其分地被其用于诠释他心底深处的恐惧与压抑。
众多作家在描写恐怖情节时，常对外部环境进行大力渲染，而他则更注重对人内心世界的雕琢。
他深信“诗歌的最好主题是死亡，尤其是美丽尤物的死亡，将毫无疑问是世界上最具诗意的主题（Poe：133-140）”。
他用诗歌践行了自己的写作原则，并将一生都奉献给了这种哀伤的美丽。
为更清晰地展现爱伦坡的哥特式写作风格，本文将以《乌鸦》为例并诠释其中所蕴含的死亡之美与哥特式元素。
二、意象塑造1、人与物的塑造《乌鸦》塑造了两个重要形象：年轻男子与乌鸦。
悲伤的男子刚失去他最爱的女子，他企图沉浸于书以忘却伤痛，但一切都是徒劳，他越看书，越被寂寞与悲痛侵蚀；而象征死亡与不祥的乌鸦却在午夜，飞入这间男子曾常与故去情人蕾诺相会的小屋。
此外，诗人还塑造了两个对诗的主旨起重要作用的意象。
其一为黑色，“纯色调可使人产生快乐或抑郁之感”（朱立元：489-490）。
诗中所连续采用的黑色背景，可使读者感到压抑，从而感受男子心底的恐惧与悲痛。
诗中反复出现的“永远不再”亦可看作一种特殊形象。
除该词的原意外，它还具有象征意义。
爱伦·坡《乌鸦》的美学解读——最后的挽歌
爱伦·坡《乌鸦》的美学解读——最后的挽歌［Abstract］Edgar Allan Poe is one of the most unique writers in American. “The Raven”，as his masterpiece and one of the representative poems，skillfully demonstrates his poetic theories. The motif of the death and the beauty he pursues are fully embodied in the poem. Meanwhile，Poe in the poem creates a grievous dirge for the death of a beloved beautiful young woman through exquisite form and grievous melody，fantastic content in melancholy tone，which is also the last grieving for his lost Lenore of the young man. Its aesthetic charming will remain fresh and the echo “Nevermore” will resonate in man’s ears forever.［Key words］“The Raven”，the death，the beautyI. IntroductionEdgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) is one of the greatest writers in American literary history. Like many other eminent writers in the world，Poe’s life experience was among the most miserable ones. In his whole life，he could not escape from the shadow of the death，especially the death of his beloved beautiful women，which left a big scar on his heart and motivated him to fall in deep meditation on death. Therefore，the combination of terrible death and pathos love is adopted as an eternaltheme nearly in all of Edgar Allan Poe’s literary creation. He concludes that “the de ath a beautiful woman is unquestionably，the most poetical in the world” (常耀信，2003：106). In the deaths of beauties，Poe tries his best to give readers the feeling of regret and heartache and makes readers feel sad and somber as the protagonists do in his stories. “The Raven”，one of Poe’s representative poems，is by no means excluded，in which a melancholy sense over the death of a beloved beautiful young woman pervades the whole poem. Thus，it is more worth analyzing the theme，tone and musical qualities of Poe’s “The Raven” to have a better understanding Poe’s literary creation.Ⅱ. The Death and the Beauty in “The Raven”In this poem，Poe employs the first person to narrate the dialogue between the raven and”I”as well as gives “my”psychology description. Poe perfectly combines the death and the beauty to achieve the melancholy and terrible effect. For Poe，the death and the beauty are not juxtaposed with each other. Poe elaborates his images of beauty with a mystery and visional air，because he does not treat beauty just as something common or worldly，but immortal and sacred. The death can illustrate the immortality and sacredness of beauty in a better way. Through death beauty can shake off the yoke of life and the mortal world. Beauty，when combined with death，appears mystery as never beforeand finally becomes sacred.Poe，obsessed with the death，is closely related to his miserable life，so the death of a beautiful woman is his everlasting motif of his poems. In regard to Poe’s preoccupation of beautiful woman，critics usually tend to associate it with his biography. Biographically，Poe lost several beautiful women who played in turn important roles in his life and creation：his mother Eliza Poe，his foster mother Fanny Allan，the mother of one of his friends and his intimate comforter，Jane Stanard，and his own wife Virginia Clemm，whose lingering and consuming death exerted the deepest influence upon Poe. The beautiful woman created by Poe usually passes away from this world silently even before the poem sets off. She seems willing to die as if she is a creature not belonging to this world. She longs to exalt from the physical world；and her narrator seems expecting the bereavement over her death. This pattern of symbolical feminine ideal finds its way well penetrating into Poe’s writings，poems and tales alike. Poe says in “The Philosophy of Composition” that Beauty is the atmosphere and the essence of the poem. In “The Poetic Principle，” Poe has given full expression to this idea，noting that：the aspiration for pure Beauty，embodied by the feminine ideal，reflects the spiritual yearnings for mortal human being. The loss of the beauty itself can excite the sensitive soul to tears. In addition，the missing of the lost lover is more grievous. The dead has not been being，but the living still sings the dirge in sad mood，which is more melancholy.In Poe’s opinion，the sorrow brought out by death is attractive. And the death of a beautiful woman is the most beautiful. Obviously，in “The Raven”，the young man，who indulges himself in the solitary and dismal and tries in vain to bring back the beloved，gradually loses hold on reality and steps slowly toward imaginative madness，after the death of Lenore-symbol of the lost Beauty，the young man exists in a state of death-in-life. He outpours his sorrow in his semi-sleep on the appearance of the bird，but the ill-omen raven suggests that what has been lost will “nevermore” come back. The idea that the death of a beautiful woman is the most poetical use of death is clearly delineated in “The Raven”. Actually，“The Raven” describes an allegory， a dream，which externalizes a disturbed consciousness’futile efforts to pursue Beauty. The loss of Lenore is the lost beauty，so the death and the beauty are perfectly combined. From the strong affection for his lost Lenore of the young man，it is asserted that Lenore is the most beautiful angel and her death is the most beautiful in the world，so one can not help sorrowing for Lenore，let alone how grievous the young man is. The death itself is melancholy，and the shadow of the deathand beauty lingering in the young man’s mind is more melancholy and sorrow.Ⅲ. The Tone of “The Raven”The melancholy in“The Raven”is an ultimate poetical beauty，it is radical and cynic but no conservative and decadent at core. Poe chooses beauty and death to be the theme of the poem，since beauty is the sole legitimate province of the poem. “Beauty of whatever kind in its supreme development invariably excites the sensitive soul to tears. Melancholy is thus the most legitimate of all the poetical tones” (常耀信，2003：106). “The Raven” is like a special oil painting. Poe does his utmost to employ various colors and light to excite the readers’senses，but the main tone is gray and melancholy. The poet from the just beginning lines creates a grievous，horrified and despairing atmosphere. The ghastly gloomy world condenses into image of a stately raven，The Raven may be a sub-conscious fancy，an illusory image，not a real one our hero’s over plunging into the missing of his lover results in the appearance of the image. Poe’s true intention is his expression of melancholy sorrow by this image. Meanwhile，another symbol of the raven comes immediately after the beginning lines，namely，it symbolizes the ghost of Lenore and emblematical of mournful and never-ending remembrance. The appearance of the raven heavily tints the poem in a dreamy and hallucinatory color and brings the young man in a state of semi-stupor. In fact，“The Raven” is a dream，a rather special dream.Besides，Poe chooses the particular time and space to create a bleak and mysterious atmosphere. Both “midnight” in the first verse and “December” in the second verse symbolize an end of something，and also the anticipation of something new，a change，to happen. The chamber，in which the narrator is positioned，is used to signify the loneliness of the man，and the sorrow he feels for the loss of Lenore. The room is richly furnished，and reminds the narrator of his lost love，which helps to create an effect of beauty in the poem. The tempest outside，is used to even more signify the isolation of this man，to show a sharp contrast between the calmness in the chamber and the tempestuous night. Other symbols，such as dying ember，the silken，sad，uncertain rustling of each purple curtain，and perfume from an unseen censer and so on also create an upset and melancholy atmosphere.More importantly，Poe repeats “nothing more” and “Nevermore” in the whole poems to strengthen the melancholy effects. The first seven stanzas create an atmosphere of desolation，which is primarily spiritual，but also vaguely implies the desolation in the material world outside the door. This sense of desolation is well manifested by the refrain phrase，“nothing more”. He uses the word “Nevermore” as the last word in each of the last 11 stanzas of the poem. He has judged its meaning and pronunciation and believes that it can keep the melancholy best. Poe uses the word “Nevermore” in many different ways，so that even with therepetition of this word，it would not prove to be monotonous. Poe builds the tension in this poem，stanza by stanza，but after the climaxing stanza he tears whole thing down，and lets the narrator know that there is no meaning in searching for a moral in the raven’s “Nevermore”. Undoubtedly，the mechanical repetition of the raven “Nevermore” keeps breaking upon the young man’s psychic wound and ceaselessly as do the waves on the sea shore until his depression and endless despair reach the breaking point. The answer of the raven to the different questions asked by the young man is the same，invariably “Nevermore”. In the midnight in bleak December，the echo of “Nevermore” lingers in the cold chamber and in the young man’s mind，pushes him in the despaired and collapsed abyss and finally drives him mad. His longing for seeing the ber eaved lover is broken down by the ruthless “Nevermore”，which is an indifferent refusal and a sharp arrow. “Nevermore” is also like a grievous man’s plangent weeping in a blue mood. The echo of the ominous bird also makes people blood-curdling.Ⅳ. The Dirge for the BeautyAccording to Poe，a poem manifests its message through sound and tone，through its qualities of music rather than through meaning or philosophy. He stressed rhythm，defines true poetry as the rhythmical creation of beauty. “The Raven” itse lf is a dirge sung by the young man tohis lost Lenore. The melancholy and low melody resonate in readers’ears. Poe demonstrates his poetic theories：beauty，brevity and purity in “The Raven”. In “The Philosophy of Composition，” Poe stresses the need to express a single effect when the literary work is to be read in one sitting. A poem should always be written short enough to be read in one sitting，and should，therefore，strive to achieve this singp In Poe’s opinion，poetry does not have to inculcate a moral and he calls for “pure” poetry. So Edgar Allan Poe enjoys the musical qualities of the language that he uses. He employs different sounds to call upon different feeling，exaggerated atmosphere. Music is the perfection of the soul，or idea，of poetry. I t can be seen that much of the melody of “The Raven” arises from alliteration，and the studious use of similar sounds in unusual places. In the whole poem，the vowels used are mainly such front vowels as /i/，/i：/，/e/ and back vowels like /u：/，/u/，/o：/，etc.. The articulation of sonorous vowels always requires more strength，but the young man is already “weary” in his deep mourning，which finds better expression in the thin，deep vowels mentioned above.One of the eminent characteristics is that the repetition of the /o：/ sound in “The Raven” implies grief and melancholy，which is like the young man’s continuous weeping. Poe chooses “lore” “shore”，“door”，“floor”，“Lenore”，“explore”，“yore”，“shore”，“store”，“nevermore” and so on as his rhyming words to enhance the effect thequality of music in the poem. Besides，the repetition of the /i/ sound in this poem suggest a sigh，such as napping，tapping，dying，repeating，entreating，hesitating，wondering，fearing，peering，dreaming，burning，beguiling，smiling，agreeing，sitting，sinking，guessing，expressing，reclining，gloating，flitting，seeming，streaming floating，rustling and so on，which reveal the young man’s endless despair and helplessness. The sign of his pessimistic melancholy mirrors his disturbed consciousness. The dirge is also the last melancholy and despairing voice of the young man.Ⅴ. Conclusion“The Raven” gives readers an unspeakable plangent feeling and the sense of beauty，in which Poe demonstrates his poetic theories proposed in “The Philosophy of Composition” and “The Poetic Principle”. He combines poetic and musical“flowing beauty”with painting and architectural“fixed beauty” to artistically create the effects of sounds，light，color，odors and etc. as well as a melancholy love，a gothic setting and a desolate atmosphere，which serves for the portrayal of a young man grieving for his lost Lenore and creation of a melancholy dirge of the death. The death and the melancholy beauty are embodied perfectly in “The Raven” and the echo of “Nevermore” can resonate in man’s ears forever.【References 】［1］爱伦·坡.爱伦·坡集——诗歌与故事［M］.曹明伦，译.三联书店，1995.[2] 曹曼.爱伦·坡死亡主题的内涵读解［J］.华中师范大学学报，2000（2）.[3] 曹曼.从“效果一说”看爱伦·坡作品主题的艺术表现构架［J］.外国文学研究，2005（3）.[4] 常耀信.A Survey of American Literature［M］.南开大学出版社，2003.[5] 常耀信.Selected Readings in American Literary Criticism［M］.南开大学出版社，1992.[6] 刘建国.埃德加·艾伦·坡的诗论在《乌鸦》中的体现［J］.贵州师范大学学报（社会科学版），2002（1）.［摘要］埃德加·艾伦·坡是美国最具特色的作家之一。
诗歌解析英文The-raven
The Raven
by Edgar Allan Poe
Line:
Technique:
Atmosphere and symbolism in poetry.
LO’s:
By the end of this lesson students will... • Understand what atmosphere and symbolism are.
• Be able to apply this knowledge by analysing a poem.
诗歌解析英文the raven 搜索 atmosphere and symbolism in poetry. lo's: by the end of this lesson students will...? understand what atmosphere and symbolism are.? be able to apply this knowledge by analysing a poem. describe the feelings that come to mind after reading these words: dreary bleak ghost lost sorrow darkness melancholy grave stillness stern all of these words are from a very famous poem. make some guesses about the setting and atmosphere of the poem such as:? what time of day is it?? what time of year?? how is the author feeling?? is he alone or with other people? the raven by edgar allan poe line: technique: effect: what might have happened to the character before the events of the poem happen? why does edgar allan poe use a raven instead of another bird as the major symbol of this poem? why not...? what might we associate with ravens? so… we could say that edgar allan poe sets the scene and creates an atmosphere by... also he uses the raven to symbolise… atmosphere and symbolism in poetry. lo's: by the e
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Shavian once claimed that America had bred two magnificent authors, that is, Edgar·Allan·Poe and Mark Twain. After reading Edgar·Allan·Poe’s masterpiece---The Raven, it occurred to me that Allan·Poe lives up to his reputation which is the pioneer in Ameri can literature and representative of American Romantics. Edgar·Allan·Poe, born in a family of acting, has led a miserable life but came up with a great many works of art and have contributed a lot to American literature. Poe once said, “to me, the poem is not a purpose, but a passion.” And this poem—The Raven is a perfect embodiment of his literary theory. To achieve the beauty of rhythm, he adopted the “abcbbb” pattern, and the b rimes, which are based on the constant refrain, “Nevermore.” And every time I finish reading it, I couldn’t resist the excitement of appreciating such an article that blends with the beauty of music. This poem tells a story happened between a weary young man and a raven that kept repeating one single sentence, “Nevermore.” And wit h the raven’s repetition, the rhythm becomes stronger and more pronounced as the poem reaches its emotional climax. Through this story, we can see the grief in Poe after losing his beloved Lenore as well as his excellent skill in writing.
Besides, in this poem, “…separate ember wrought its ghost upon the floor…” “the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain” and some other descriptions of the environment build a scene full of sadness
in our minds whenever we come to read this poem. And Poe also used large sums of graceful words to help build the scene and further express his feelings and foreshadow the climax of the poem which made him outstanding in American literature.
But for me, The Raven has other meanings for me. For one thing, it is the first English poem I read and through it I learnt a great lot about the literature of English-speaking countries. And the most important of all, for the first time I learnt how to read and appreciate poems and how to find out the bright spots in poems. For another, the time when I read The Raven is actually the time when I was in deep sorrow. This great poem was a perfect reflection of my feelings at the time. For now I can still remember the most moving part of the poem, that is, “my soul from out that shadow that lies floating on the floor .Shall be lifted---nevermore!”。