跨文化交际作业
跨文化交际与汉语教学-国家开放大学电大学习网形考作业题目答案
跨文化交际与汉语教学一、判断题1.文学、艺术等是文化，但桌椅、服装等物品不是文化。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：B2.文化是一个变动的系统，会随着时代的变迁而改变。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A3.如果交际行为是发生在来自不同文化的人们之间的，往往会因为不同文化对于同一信息的解码和阐释不同，而在交际中发生误解。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A4.跨文化交际学诞生于法国。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：B5.国际汉语教师对其他文化应该始终保持好奇和开放的态度，并宽容和尊重不同的文化行为及观念。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A6.在安排教学活动时，来自个体主义国家的人可能不适应团队合作的方式，教师需明确每个人需完成的任务，才能保证团队的效率。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A7.在多维时间文化中，结果的效率比过程的规则更重要，重点是人的参与和事务的完成，而不是僵守事先安排的日程表。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A8.有些学生为了尽快达成用汉语交际的目的，要求教师不教汉字，只教发音和拼音。
这种要求体现了长期导向思想，是可行的。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：B9.“只见树木不见森林”描述的是整体思维的特点。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：B10.对立思维的特点在于强调对立，不承认统一。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：B11.在跨文化交际中，很多人都倾向于认为对方也用与自己同样的方式进行思维。
这种误解常会导致跨文化交际障碍。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A12.一个国家的阴柔气质程度会更清晰地反映在该国女性的价值观上，而不是该国男性的价值观上。
A. 对B. 错13.跨文化交际学研究的重点是来自不同文化背景的人所进行的面对面的交际。
它包含两个侧重点不同的研究领域：跨文化对比研究和跨文化交际过程研究。
A. 对B. 错正确答案：A14.根据霍夫斯泰德的研究，拉丁美洲国家、拉丁语系的欧洲国家、地中海国家和地区、俄罗斯，亚洲的日本、韩国为不确定性规避倾向弱的国家。
高中英语跨文化交际单选题50题
高中英语跨文化交际单选题50题1. In Japan, when you receive a gift, you should:A. open it immediately.B. open it later in private.C. not open it at all.D. give it back to the giver.答案：B。
在日本，收到礼物通常会在之后私下打开，而不是立即打开（A 选项错误），也不是完全不打开（C 选项错误），更不能把礼物还给送礼者 D 选项错误）。
2. In the United States, it is polite to:A. arrive late for a party.B. arrive exactly on time for a party.C. arrive a few minutes early for a party.D. arrive an hour late for a party.答案：C。
在美国，参加聚会提前几分钟到达是礼貌的，迟到（A、D 选项错误）或者完全准时到达（B 选项并非最佳选择）都不如提前几分钟好。
3. In France, when having a meal, you should:A. keep your elbows on the table.B. never put your elbows on the table.C. put only one elbow on the table.D. put your elbows on the table only when eating.答案：B。
在法国，用餐时不应该把胳膊肘放在桌子上。
A、C、D 选项都是错误的做法。
4. In China, when you meet an elder, you should:A. shake hands casually.B. bow deeply.C. nod slightly.D. greet with a hug.答案：B。
跨文化交际大作业
Intercultural Differences of Family and Education ValuesA friend told me a phenomenon that Americans like to find ways to play, for example, driving their own car, starting from Los Angeles, braving the scorching sun of California, driving four to five hundred kilometers to spend weekends, and Chinese in the United States are still busy working. They spend weekendshaving dinner or watching TVwith their family. Why is there a huge gap between Chinese and Americans in the pursuit of enjoyment of life?This is mainly due to the traditional cultural practices of the two countries.So what is culture? A definition from D.Brown is that“A culture is a collection of beliefs, habits, living patterns, and behaviors which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic areas.” As a result, there are many huge differences between those two counties.Someone said:”Chinese are living for others, and Americans are living for themselves.”Chinese peoplework hard for their status and reputation, then desperately to make money. However, earning money is not in order to enjoy life, but for future generations: son, daughter, or even grandchildren.Such as the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, Qin Shi Huang, He wanted his sons to rule on from generation to generation. So he named his son Emperor Junior. The Chinese people love to accumulate up to prepare for the next generation to do something in the future or pension. Although lots of Chinese people having got IDs in the United Statesno longer need to worry about their social welfare and health insurance, but they are still too tired, they have been hoping that their bank deposits in each of the new growth, this year there are tens of thousands, next year I hope to earn hundreds of thousands, then hope for millions of the year after.In sharp contrast to their stingy, Chinese spend very generous in their children. Because they thinkthey have experienced too much suffering, so their children are supposed to live better. The children have much pocket money and enjoy the best resources. And they also pay more attention to their sons, because the traditional Chinese think their sons will feed them when they are old due to the imperfect national welfare system.Americans believe in living for themselves. Therefore, the power of Americans to make money is to enjoy life, the pursuit of a higher quality of life. The parents have their own pensions and social welfare, and children over 18 years of age begin to live independently. There is no difference between the poor and the rich in eating or shopping, and the most expensive spending areundoubtedly the acquisition of residential and tourism. Instead of giving their children money, American parents teach them to learn financial management, or to make money by themselves. American families’focus is on fostering the childrento have the ability to adapt to the environment. Based on this concept, they attach to the children's exercise. They generally believe that the children's growth must rely on their own strength. So parents prefer training exercisetheir self-awareness and ability to live independently. The so-called exercise reflects in many respects,the exercise of labor and will. But the most fundamental is to adapt to the exercise of a variety of difficult environments and the ability to work. Through physical training, the kids develop the habits of independent consciousness. And their will also develop their own capacity strengths, wisdom, patience, independent viability and social responsibility.There are also some differences in family value. We Chinese all know that there are some important festivals through a year, such as Mid-autumn Festival and Spring Festival. When the festival comes, we need to come back home to have a sumptuous dinner with all the family members. This movement shows that Chinese are collectivism which is completely different with Americans. This point of view is much broader than Westerners’ which definition is limited to parents and children, and the following definitions are talking about the "family" may be used. First, the core of three generations of Chinese-style familyincludes three generations: grandparents, parents and children. This is the most commonly basic family unit.And the traditional Chinese family also includes generations of ancestors, although they have long been buried. Many people who have the same surname are recorded in the genealogies and often have their own family rules and family motto, and descendants for generations have to comply with. Some Chinese people have a strong sense of pride and proud of their long family history, and even some family can be traced back thousands of years ago.The special feelings of the family and respect for ancestorsof Chinese people make them feel cordial for those who are from the same city or region.Chinese people's "family" also extends to the concept of "nation", and "nation" of the Chinese character includes Chinese character "home". The Chinese people they belong to the "country" as the "home". As a result Chinese people have strong concept of nation, so old man would like to go back to hometown no matter where he is.However, the traditional American family is a "nuclear family." A nuclear family refers to a couple and their children. The average American family today has two or three childrenand maybe a few pets. In some cultures, people live close to their extended family. Several generations may even live together. But in America, only in a few cases does more than one household live under one roof.Many homes are run like a democracy. Each family member can have a say. A sense of equality often exists in American homes. Instead of fearing Mom and Dad, children may think of them as good friends. From an early age, children gain responsibility in handling money. They may receive a weekly allowance or even work part-time jobs. Often parents give children freedom to make their own decisions. Preschoolers choose what clothes to wear or which toys to buy. Young adults generally make their own choices about what career to pursue and whom to marry.After children being adult, they will leave their parents and even won’t come back for many years.Although we can find many differences between Chinese and American, we do not need to be afraid of communicating with them. If we can realize the differences and we can avoid being embarrassing and misunderstanding. That is why we learn Intercultural Communication.。
跨文化交际问题作业
Get prepared for intercultural communication?Communication——your ability to share your beliefs, values, ideas, and feelings ——is the basis of all human contact. Whether you live in a city in Canada, a village in India, a commune in Israel, you cannot avoid communication with each other. But how about communication between different cultures? Are you well prepared for that? Before you do that, there are a few points you’d better keep in mind as stated below.What is intercultural communicationIntercultural communication in its most basic form refers to an academic field of study and research. Its seeks to understand how people from different countries and cultures behave, communicate and perceive the world around them. The findings of such academic research are then applied to 'real life' situations such as how to create cultural synergy between people from different cultures within a business or how psychologists understand their patients. The definition of intercultural communication must also include strands of the field that contribute to it such as anthropology, cultural studies, psychology and communication.Intercultural communication is not new. As long as people from different cultures have been encountering one another there has been intercultural communication. What is new, however, is the systematic study of exactly what happens when cross-culture contacts and interaction take place—when message producer and message receiver are from different cultures. Increased contact among cultures makes it imperative for people to make a concerted effort to get along with and understand those whose believes and backgrounds may be vastly different from their own. Successful intercultural communication is a matter of highest importance if humankind and society are to survive. Thus, theoretical and practical knowledge about intercultural communication process and ability, through increased awareness and understanding, to coexist peacefully with people who do not necessarily share our own life styles or values, is essential to guarantee successful communication.Language is a way of marking cultural identity. Language differs, on the other hand, from other phenomena in that it is used to refer to other phenomena and hasusually to be used to refer beyond itself. Language in use by particular speakers is constantly referring beyond itself irrespective at the intentions of the speaker: language cannot be used without carrying meaning and referring beyond itself, even in the most sterile environment of the foreign language class. The meanings of a particular language point to the culture of a particular social group, and the analysis of those meanings—their comprehension by learners and other speakers—involves the analysis and comprehension of that culture. It disregards the nature of language to treat language independently of the culture which it constantly refers to. No doubt all language teaching contains some explicit reference to the culture; the whole from which the particular language is taken. The interdependence of language learning and culture learning is so evident that we can draw the conclusion that language learning is culture learning and consequently that language teaching is culture teaching.What are elements of human communicationElements of human communication are the context of the communication, the participants, the messages being communicated, the channels through which the communication occurs, the presence or absence of “noise”, and the verbal and nonverbal responses known as feedback.As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonverbal response. Paying attention to both verbal and nonverbal feedback allows us to behave in ways that increase understanding of our messages. Feedback serves useful functions for both senders and receivers: in provides senders with the opportunity to measure how they are coming across, and it provides receivers with the opportunity to exert some influence over the communication process. Verbal communication is, "the ways in which you use the words in a language to generate meaning." It is essentially any communication that uses language, whether it is oral or written. Symbols are used throughout verbal communication as sounds combined to make words-they symbolize ideas, thoughts, etc. Without symbols, communication would be meaningless.How High-context and Low- context cultures influence intercultural communicationAccording to Hall, cultures differ on a continuum that ranges from high to low context. High-context cultures prefer to use high- context messages which are implicit, indirect, conveyed primarily through the context or the social situation. Low-context cultures prefer to use low-context messages, in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code. There are manifestations of high-context and low-context cultures that influence intercultural communication. for example, members of low-context cultures expect messages to be detailed, clear-cut, and definite. If there are not enough data, or if the point being made is not apparent, members of these cultures will ask very blunt, even curt, questions. They feel uncomfortable with the vagueness and ambiguity often associated with limited data. On the other hand, high-context people are not apt to become impatient and irritated when low- context people insist on giving them information they don’t need. The communication differences between high-context and low-context cultures are also apparent in the manner in which each approach conflict. For example, because high-context cultures tend to be less open, they hold that conflict is damaging to most communication encounters. For them, conflict should be dealt with discreetly and subtly.What is the relationship between language and cultureAccording to Sapir (1921), “language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desire by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” Language is a part of culture and a part of human behavior. It is obvious that language plays a paramount role in developing, elaborating and transmitting culture and language, enabling us to store meanings and experience to facilitate communication. The function of language is so important in communication that it is even exaggerated by some scholars. The most famous one is the hypothesis of linguistic determinism concerning the relationship between language and culture, which Nida regards as misconceptions constituting serious difficulties forcross-cultural understanding.Each culture has its own peculiarities and throws special influence on the language system. For example, referring to the same common domestic animal, English chooses the word “dog”, while Chinese has its own character“狗”; Chinese has the phrase“走狗”while English has the e xpression “running dog”, but the meanings attributed to the two expressions are completely different according to Chinese culture and Western culture respectively. To Westerners, “running dog” has a positive meaning since the word “dog”, in most cases, is associated with an image of an animal pet－the favorite friend, thus they have the phrases “lucky dog”（幸运儿）, “top dog”（胜利者）, “old dog”（老手）, “gay dog”（快乐的人）, and it is usually used to describe everyday life and behavior, as in “Love me, love my dog”（爱屋及乌），“Every dog has its day”（凡人皆有得意日）. But in Chinese“走狗”refers to a lackey, an obsequious person. Since Chinese associates derogatory meaning to the character“狗”depending on the cultural difference, Chinese has such expressions as “狗东西”，“狗腿子”，“狗仗人势”，“狗胆包天”，“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”，“狼心狗肺”，“痛打落水狗”，“狗急跳墙”.We can obviously see that the meaning attributed to language is cultural-specific.A great deal of cross-cultural misunderstanding occurs when the “meanings” of words in two languages are assumed to be the same, but actually reflect different cultural patterns. Some are humorous as when a Turkish visitor to the U.S. refused to eat a hot dog because it was against his beliefs to eat dog meat. Some are much more serious as when a French couple on a trip to China took their pet poodle into a restaurant and requested some dog food. The dog was cooked and returned to their table on a platter!We can summarize the relationship between culture and language as the following: language is a key component of culture. It is the primary medium for transmitting much of culture. Without language, culture would not be possible. Children learning their native language are learning their own culture; learning a second language also involves learning a second culture to varying degrees. On the other hand, language is influenced and shaped by culture. It reflects culture. Cultural differences are the most serious areas causing misunderstanding, unpleasantness andeven conflict in cross-cultural communication.What are cultural stereotypes and prejudicesStereotypes consist basically in shared beliefs or thoughts about a particular human group. A stereotype is an ensemble of characteristics that sums up a human group usually in terms of behaviour, habits, etc.The objective of stereotypes is to simplify reality: "they are like that". Bosses are tyrannical; these people are lazy, those are punctual; the people in that part of town are dangerous - one or some of them may have been, but all? Sometimes we use stereotypes about the group to which we feel we belong in order to feel stronger or superior to others. (Or, indeed, to excuse faults in ourselves - "What can I do about it? We are all like that!"). Stereotypes are usually based on some kind of contact or images that we have acquired in school, through mass media or at home, which then become generalised to take in all the people who could possibly be linked.A prejudice is a judgement we make about another person or other people without really knowing them. Prejudices can be negative or positive in character. Prejudices are learned as part of our socialisation process and they are very difficult to modify or eradicate. Therefore it is important that we are aware that we have them.To explain this concept more directly it could help to examine how deeply we know all of our friends. We may have different friends for different occasions, for going to the cinema, going walking, helping with homework, playing football, going to concerts. Do we know what music our football friends enjoy? Or do we just guess? Making assumptions is easy and common. If it is that simple to make assumptions about friends, think how easy it is to make false judgments about people you don't know.How to adapt to a new cultureThere are a few stages for you to experience if you want to experience a new culture. And later I’ll give some practical suggestions for you to better settle in a new culture.HoneymoonVisitors in the honeymoon stage view the new culture as something exciting and fresh. Differences in culture and appearance seem fascinating, while similarities stand out as common bonds. The energy associated with this stage often leads visitors to explore their surroundings and treat their new environment as a source of joy. The honeymoon can last anywhere from a few days to a few weeks. Vacationers and similar casual visitors rarely move past this stage, since the length of their stay is limited and they focus their activities in service-oriented areas such as hotels and tourist sites.RejectionAs the first stage fades, the visitor confronts feelings of frustration and resentment. Cultural and language differences create complications in mundane tasks. Feelings of inadequacy predominate, and the reality of the visitor's new life starts to hit home. Disappointments tend to build upon each other, while members of the surrounding culture may treat the visitor like a child or a fool. The visitor becomes extremely sensitive and may develop significant fears about the surrounding culture. IsolationThe disillusionment created by the second stage causes the visitor to retreat into a shell. He becomes extremely critical of the surrounding culture and thinks of his home culture in idealized terms. Homesickness can become pronounced and emotional anxiety increases dramatically. The visitor may experience crying jags, changes in sleep patterns and continued irritation over comparatively minor issues. The exact length of this stage varies from case to case, but often lasts from one to two months, according to Bellini.Assimilation and AcceptanceIn order to function, the visitor begins adapting to his new circumstances. Slowly, the new culture begins to make more sense. He finds fellow countrymen who have adapted to their new culture, or makes new friends in the surrounding culture who help him feel more at home. He integrates more readily into his surroundings: basic tasks become easier and the local language and customs present fewer problems thanthey did before. Eventually, he's able to function in both his new and old circumstances with ease, balancing his cherished past with the promise of his future. Here are some suggestions for you:Maximize exposure to the host culture before departure. Read about everyday life in the destination. Visit appropriate hometown ethnic restaurants and grocery stores to gain exposure to the new culture's food and develop familiarity with the flavors. In addition to gaining as much linguistic proficiency as possible, develop familiarity with popular music and entertainment in the host country. Watch films and stream radio broadcasts or music videos for exposure.Upon arrival, develop a daily routine as quickly as possible. Establish a sleep schedule, eat healthfully and exercise at regular times. Make a point to establish familiarity by finding favorite local coffee shops and parks to avoid culture shock that can arise due to feelings of complete loss of control over life. Some choices may be limited due to language barriers or having to adjust to being the guest of a host family. But maximize available choices through reading materials and ways to spend free time.Maintain relationships with family and friends at home through video chat, letters and email. Create a website or share photographs electronically to engage longtime friends in your experience. Building new friendships in the host culture can also be critical to happiness. Be friendly and invite schoolmates, workmates or neighbors to go walking or out for coffee.Strive to maintain a flexible, positive attitude. Living in a foreign country is an invaluable opportunity full of excitement and challenges. Though it may seem extremely difficult, remember to be a student of the host country's way of life. Laugh at your social or linguistic mistakes. Experience new foods and traditions with an open mind. Flexibility is a critical component of successful adjustment.When you get all theses questions settled, you will be on your smooth way to experiencing a rather new culture and being a qualified cross-cultural communicator.。
跨文化交际作业一
跨文化交际作业一．Race和ethnicaccording to the dictionary：race：each of the major divisions of humankind, having distinct physical characteristicsethnic：Individuals who consider themselves, or are considered by others, to share common characteristics that differentiate them from the other collectivities in a society, and from which they develop their distinctive cultural behavior, form an ethnic group.简言之，Race应该翻译成种族，它是以“外表”来区别，正如我们常说的黄种人，白种人，黑种人。
种族歧视主义的英文就为Racist而Ethnicity应该定义成族群，它是以后天的”文化认同“来区别，由于共同的信仰，语言，文化习俗和历史背景而产生的归属感，是一种主观的自我认定而形成的。
所以少数民族是minority ethnic group，种族歧视我们说是racial discrimination二．Cross-cultural / inter-culture/ intra-cultural communication1.intercultural，不同文化间的。
（文化间，跨文化）强调的是对等和相互，而这往往暗示各文化间的价值平等和共性，比如intercultural communication/ understanding / appreciation / exchange；intercultural communication文化交际，强调不同，突出对比2.Cross-cultural，（跨文化）似乎更多的承认不同文化的异质，继而需要以某种特别的方式、技巧和能力来打破这种隔阂，达成目的，比如the cross-cultural techniques that enable cross-cultural evangelism / cross-cultural interaction 等等。
Brief 081041107 李雨亭 跨文化交际作业Introduction of Masculinity and Femininity
In masculine culture, power means the right to make others do what you want them to do.Mausculine people like to show off by being the biggest,best,and fastest.
Characteristics of Masculinity Culture
1,There is a little occupational segregation by gender. 2,There is relative gender equality. 3,Carees for males are optional. 4,More women are in powerful jobs. 5,Nurturing is highly valued. 6,The level of job-related stress is low.
Feminine Culture
In feminine societies, men and women are considered socially equal. Homosexuality is not a threat. Love and tenderness are for men and women alike. Intimate relationships without sex are allowed. Children need love, and parents spend much time with them.
While a country of low masculinity culture has a low level of differentiation and discrimination between genders. In these culture, females are treated equally as males in all aspects of the society.
跨文化交际作业
• 再来说说张绍刚，尊称一声张老师吧。我在这里 淡定客观的用两种情绪分析（最后另一种是代表 一些网民的声音）。首先说说鄙人自己的看法： 张老师作为一个著名的主持人不该在节目中带入 个人的情绪，更不该在比自己年轻很多且是一个 女孩子面前失去风度，随之也会让自己在公众面 前失去更多，一个有着20多年的主持经验和人生 阅历的你这些没想到过？如此就hold不住岂不是 落人笑柄？ 作为一名公众人物，主持人应该多一些睿智 和风趣，还有就是要大度，不然就贻笑大方了。
•关于刘俐俐 不张绍刚
刘俐俐一出场还是很正常的，没有什么特别。她给我的印象是态度 积极，口齿清晰。三年海外游学经历是一个亮点。但是有一点不伒丌 同的是她说她喜欢莎士比亚的“英雄体”诗。这引起了张的兴趣，提 了提问题。这个我想讨论这个问题双方都有些困难，毕竟主持人丌懂， 而刘俐俐充其量是个票友，所以没有太多扯的。而下面很快场上风云 突变，主持人不刘俐俐关系紧张起来，也就是从这个时候起，刘俐俐 开始显示出她独特的一面。 • 面对主持人的提问她显得戒备十足，戒泛泛而答，戒反唇相讥。面对 那些老板她也是真锋相对，为自己辩护。而主持人被她的反客为主， 步步占先的应对弄得心情大坏，有时无言以对。立时间，应聘现场如 同两军对垒，空气极为紧张。表面看，张绍刚和“评委”们都在指责 刘俐俐的缺点，攻势有点一面倒。刘俐俐人孤势单，岌岌可危。但实 际上，这种批评戒责难丌但没有让她退缩，反而更加激収了她的自卫 意识，反击更加强烈，对所有批评一律丌接受，逐一反驳。那种自信 不丌屑已经完全占据了理性的空间。她的这种强大的气场将对方人数 和年龄的伓势完全逼退。整个舞台仿佛在无形中围绕她旋转，边上所 有人都成了她的配角。节目此时也达到了高潮，刘俐俐光芒四射的同 时，周围亮着的灯却都灭掉了。
今年年初，一段源于天津卫视求职类节 目《非佝莫属》的视频“海归女对掐主 持人”在网络爆红，事件主角张绍刚因 “毒舌”言论遭到伒多网友的口诛笔伐， 而作为“弱势群体”的刘俐俐则引来伒 人的同情和力撑。刘俐俐借势活跃于荧 屏上，先后在《非常了得》《东方直播 室》等节目里亮相。时隔两月，任职于 中国传媒大学的张绍刚终于打破沉默， 接受了与访。对于那天的表现，他淡定 回应：“如果重新来一次，结果一样。” 我一点都丌装
跨文化交际作业
跨文化交际作业《跨文化交际学》选修课试卷2011-2012学年第二学期题目：中西方非言语交际的差异姓名：*********学号：********院系：******专业：应用心理学中西方非言语交际的差异【摘要】：世界全球化、一体化进程日益加快,中西文化的交流与合作越来越多,非言语交际的重要性也越来越明显。
但是,中西文化赋予非言语行为的不同内涵,也带来了交际上的障碍。
本文通过理解非言语交际的定义，着重论述了非言语交际中中国和西方国家上差异，以发现非言语行为在中西文化的交流与合作活动中不同的文化含义及作用,从而避免文化冲突,增强跨文化交际能力，帮助人们踏平社交的道路，成功实现跨文化交际。
【关键词】：非言语交际；中西方；差异；跨文化交际一、非言语交际定义人类交流有两种形式：言语交际和非言语交际，这两种形式在人类沟通的过程中都发挥了重要的作用。
非言语交际是指所有超越语言的交际行为（1），它充和完善了言语交际的不足，是整个沟通过程中必不可少的重要组成部分。
非言语有目光接触、面部表情、姿势表达、空间语言手语等多种表现形式。
人类在进行交流、表达思想、传递信息时，除了使用语言进行传达外，大量的信息还依靠非语言符号。
非言语在传递信息和表达情感中具有语言所不能替代的功能。
萨莫瓦曾说：“在面对面的交际中，信息的社交内容只有35％左右是语言行为，其它都是通过非语言行为传递的。
”（2）(Samovar，1985：155)人们通过服神、面部表情、手势、身姿等诸多无声的体态语，将有声语言形象化、情感化、生动化，以达到先声夺人、耐人寻味的效果，且能充分弥补有声语言表达的乏力和不足，特别是人类在“词不达意”“只可意会不可言传”的情况下，非言语就能发挥其独特的作用，圆满表达情意，达到“此时无声胜有声”的效果。
礼仪，是物质文明和精神文明共同作用产生的成果，是特殊的文化组成形式，其实质还是文化。
不同国家之间的诸多差异造就了各自独特的礼仪文化。
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1.1眼神。
“眼睛是心灵的窗户”，无论那个国家交际活动都离不开目光交流，但是目光的交流含义又因不同的文化而不同。
中国人认为紧盯着对方的目光会令人不安；在美国，谈话时的目光接触表示自信、诚恳，但要注意的是，男人之间的长时间凝视有可能被误认为是同性恋；英国男人交往直视对方的眼睛体现绅士风度；在南美，直接的注视则表示信任；阿拉伯人在倾听尊长或宾朋谈话时，两眼总要直勾勾地注视着对方，以示敬重；法国人在公共场合凝视陌生女性见惯不怪，那是欣赏对方的美丽；日本人、韩国人认为长时间看着别人是一种粗鲁的行为，是威胁对方，或者可能是性欲暗示。
In fact, Westerners lack of eye contact as a lack of interest.
要注意眼神交流，西方人的交往中特别注重眼神和肢体语言的交流，如果你常常微笑，常常给外教眼神回应，他们会觉得你真正地在参与交流，而且很尊重他，他会自然而然地很注意你的回应，并与你作更深层次的交谈。
别不相信，外教自己也会紧张，你的眼神甚至还可以帮助他觉得舒服和自然，就更容易投入交流了。
1,在欧美文化中，没有眼神的沟通几乎是不可能的，与对方讲话时，或听对方讲话时，一定眼看着对方，否者将被视为对谈话内容没有兴趣，或心理有鬼不敢正视对方，或是性格过于羞怯。
就是在低位不相等的人之间也是如此。
2.但在东方文化中，目光接触就不一定要有。
但两个地位不等的人对话时，地位低的那一个一般不看对方，因为只是会被认为是一种不尊重的行为。
中国人和西方人之间在目光交流方面的确存在一些难以具体描述的差异。
西方人的目光交流尽管不如阿拉伯国家的人那样热烈，却比中国人热情得多。
中国人总不断地抱怨西方人在交谈时总爱死盯着人，甚至在公开谈话的场合也不例外。
毋庸置疑，西方人较注重眼色交流，实际上眼色交流也比中国人频繁得多。
用反应原则作一推测，就可以预料到西方人可能会发现中国人表情羞羞答答，目光躲躲闪闪，认为其时故作腼腆。
在中国，不论男女，眼睛垂视往往比西方人勤而就不是要求别人看一眼后马上目光避开，而是表示：“我看见你了”、“我知道你是通人情的”、“我并不怕你”、“我不会干涉你的私事的”，还可能表示“我对你的个性很感兴趣”。
中外都有这样的动作模式。
但中国人这种含义深刻的回顾时间要比西方人短。
其结果是西方人，特别是西方女子眼神中本来并无其他含义，中国人，特别是中国男子却以为对方还有别的意思。
英语国家的人在法国也遇到了同样的问题，在那里，人们对他人注视的中性回顾时间甚至比英语国家的人还长。
中西绝大多数人都爱轻易地将中国人凝视他人的表现是个与文化层次有关的问题。
认为中国文化人对外国人不会围观凝视这是对的。
但是围观现象可能也有其他因素在起作用。
我们不妨冒昧地揣测一下，中国人是不是将整个世界看成一个大舞台了，在这个舞台上，不认识的人就像公开演出的演员一样，可以听任人们凝视围观。
西方人对待凝视有一套繁杂的内心抑制方法。
中国却采用了精心设计的外在抑制方法。
中国的高墙、屏风、房屋与车辆的窗帘、底层住房的千奇百怪的百叶窗和窗纱，恋人在公园遮羞的洋伞、扇子等等，都帮助人们得出这样的推测：人或物皆可端详凝视，限制它的责任不在凝视者而落在被凝视者身上。
这一区分也许还不能完全说明问题。
不过既然中西公私观念相去甚远，既然西方国家在凝视问题上的习俗显然在于尊重别人的独处，而汉语在历史上却连表达“独处”的词都不存在，那么就可以有理由地认为，普通中国人在凝视模式上与西方人的根本不同至少部分原因在于这种公私观念上的根本不同。
在拥挤的人行道或马路上，审视他人的模式中西之差虽然微小，却仍然存在。
两人对面而行时，在距离2.5米左右之外是可以互相仔细端详的；近于这一距离，西方人就会目光旁移，以尊重别人的独处。
在此如果有什么区别的话那就是中国人端详的时间要长一些，是等对方与自己相距较近时才目视它方，以避开与对方视线相遇。
中国人打量别人时也不像西方人那样躲躲闪闪的。
中西这种凝视模式的不同在相互不发生接触时问题还不大，可是当他们相互交往时，就会引起极不相同的奇特的反应，有时会使彼此难以忍受。