老托福2000年5月阅读解析第五篇
2000年考研第五篇真题及解析
2000年Passage 5①（27）If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③（28）In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal.④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly.②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③（29）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ［431 words］27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.［A］its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.［A］customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal［D］impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.［A］they think of it as immoral［B］their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained. ［A］secretly and vigorously ［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］easily and momentarily ［D］verbally and spirituallyPassage 5一、核心词汇注释acquisitivea. wanting very much to buy or get new possessions渴求获取财物的，贪婪的； acquire v. 获得，得到，取得anglen.［C］1.角，角度*2. a position from which you look at sth or photograph it; a way of considering a problem or situation 视角，（拍摄）角度；(看问题或情况的)角度，立场例：We need to look at the issue from a different angle从一个不同的角度来看这个问题vt. to present information, a report etc from a particular point of view or for a particular audience从某一特定角度提出，以某观点提供信息例：a report which was angled in favour of the victim 从有利于受害者的角度提出的报告vi. 1.钓鱼，垂钓 2.to try to get sth by making suggestions and remarks instead of asking directly(以暗示等方法)猎取，谋求例：angle for a pay rise 拐弯抹角地请求加薪distinctionn. 1. ［C］（相似事物之间的）差别，区别，不同 2. ［U］（事物或人按其质量、品质、等级等的）区分，区别对待例：The school makes no distinction between male and female students. 学校并没有对男女学生区别对待。
2000年阅读解析讲解
2000年全真试题Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1一、核心词汇注释at a loss困惑，不知所措例：I’m at a loss what to do next. 我对下一步做什么心里没谱。
casualtyn. 1. ［C］(事故或战斗中的)伤亡人员*2. ［C］（某特定事件或情况造成的）受害者，损坏物例：Small shops have been a casualty of the recession. 小商店在经济萧条中深受其害。
3. ［U］急救室，急诊室fadevi. *1.to gradually disappear逐渐消失例：Her beauty has faded a little. 她的美貌已有点失色。
2. to become weaker physically(身体)变得虚弱（尤指因此导致重病或死亡）vt.&vi.（使）褪色；（使）失去光泽例：The sun had faded the curtains. 太阳把窗帘晒得褪了色。
glowinga. 1.发红光的，白热的2.热烈赞扬的，热情洋溢的，例：a glowing account/report热情洋溢的叙述/报道*3.光明的，辉煌的；glow v.发热，发光，发红n.光亮，光辉handicapvt. give or be a disadvantage to sb/sth对（某人、某物）设置不利条件; 被施加不利条件例：be handicapped by a lack of education 因文化水平低而吃亏n.［C］1.（由于受到损坏而产生的身体或智力上的）残障，残疾*2.障碍，不利条件例：Illiteracy is a serious handicap in life. 不能读写是生活中的严重障碍。
3.（比赛或竞赛中加给强手的）不利条件（以示公平）例：She had a handicap of 7 in golf. 她在高尔夫球比赛中让了7杆。
2000考研英语阅读真题及详细解析
Part OneA history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight t imes larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid 1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. （Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.）Foreign made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid 1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."1. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because ________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy2. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ________.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market3. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.4. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the ____[A] turning of the business cycle [B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management [D] success in educationUnit 7 （2000）Part1重点词汇：1．handicap （v.阻碍；使不利）←hand+i（n）+cap，据说源自古代一种赌博：将罚金置于帽子里，手进入帽子抽签，抽中者处不利地位。
2000年考研英语阅读全文翻译
2000年考研英语阅读全文翻译2000Passage 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causesas a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubthas yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。
2000年考研英语阅读全文翻译
2000年考研英语阅读全文翻译2000Passage 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causesas a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubthas yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。
2000年完形阅读译文
考虫考研英语研究院2000 年考研英语试题译文2000 年考研英语试题译文【完形填空译文】：一个农民要想成功，就必须在消费和生产之间努力保持着较大的差距。
他必须存储大量的粮食而不是立即把所有的粮食都消费掉。
只有生产有剩余，农民才能继续养活自己及家人。
他必须用以下三种方式来使用这些余粮：留作种子，留作预防恶劣天气影响的保障措施，以及作为商品卖掉，来更换旧农具和购买化肥给土壤施肥。
他可能还需要钱来修建灌溉水渠，或在其他方面改善自己的农场。
如果没有余粮，农民就不能自给自足，他就只得变卖部分家产或通过贷款寻求额外的资金。
自然，他会尽量争取低息贷款，但这种贷款不是经常能够得到的。
【阅读理解第一篇译文】：一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。
二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。
美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。
美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达不到的。
随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。
从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。
到了80年代中期，面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。
面对国外竞争，一些大型的美国工业，如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。
到1987年，美国只剩下Zenith这一家电视生产商。
（现在一家也没有了：Zenith于当年7月被韩国LG电器公司收购。
）外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。
美国的机床工业也即将灭亡。
人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。
所有这一切导致了信任危机。
美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。
他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了，也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。
2000考研英语text5
The Power of Perseverance in the Pursuit ofDreamsIn the fast-paced and often unpredictable world of modern life, the journey towards achieving one's dreams can be a challenging and demanding endeavor. This is especially true when faced with obstacles and setbacks that seem insurmountable. However, as the fifth text of the 2000 Graduate Entrance Examination (GEE) aptly illustrates, perseverance and determination are the key ingredients in overcoming these challenges and ultimately achieving success.The text, which focuses on the life and achievements of a renowned scientist, Dr. Jane Goodall, serves as a powerful reminder of the transformative power of perseverance. Despite facing numerous difficulties and doubts in her quest to study chimpanzees in their natural habitat, Dr. Goodall never gave up. Her坚定的信念和不屈不挠的精神enabled her to overcome obstacles and make groundbreaking discoveries about chimpanzee behavior.The lesson here is clear: perseverance is not just about stubbornly sticking to one's goals despite setbacks,but about learning from failures, adapting to changing circumstances, and never losing sight of the end goal. Itis about finding the balance between persistence and flexibility, between staying focused and being open to new possibilities.In the world of academics, perseverance is perhaps even more crucial. The journey towards acquiring knowledge and achieving academic success often requires years of hard work, dedication, and perseverance. Students must bewilling to put in the hours, endure the frustrations, and persevere in the face of difficulties. Only through consistent effort and dedication can they hope to achieve their academic goals.Moreover, perseverance also plays a vital role in personal growth and development. It is through persevering in the face of challenges that we learn to grow and become stronger. Whether it's overcoming a personal fear, achieving a fitness goal, or simply staying committed to a daily routine, perseverance is the key to success.However, it is important to note that perseverance does not mean stubbornly sticking to a single path. Sometimes,the wisest course of action is to reevaluate one's goals and objectives in the light of changing circumstances. This kind of flexible perseverance allows us to adapt to new situations and seize new opportunities that may arise.In conclusion, the power of perseverance is an invaluable asset in the pursuit of dreams. It is thedriving force that propels us forward in the face of difficulties and setbacks. By combining perseverance with adaptability and a willingness to learn from failures, we can achieve anything we set our minds to. Let us draw inspiration from Dr. Jane Goodall's life and embrace the power of perseverance in our own journey towards success. **坚持梦想的力量**在现代社会快节奏且充满不确定性的生活中，追求梦想的旅程往往充满挑战和艰辛。
托福阅读TPO5原文+译文+答案
小编给小托儿们带来了托福TPO5阅读原文+译文+答案，希望备考TPO真题的同学一定要认真的看题、做题，多研究积累才能实现自我提升，预祝各位考生都取得理想的成绩。
Minerals and PlantsResearch has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normalgrowth and development. The soil is the source of these minerals, which areabsorbed by the plant with the water from the soil. Even nitrogen, which is agas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions.Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unableto support most plant life. So-called serpentine soils, for example, aredeficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of thismineral can survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is amajor concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients backto the soil.研究表明，某些矿物质是植物正常生长发育所必需的。
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2000年5月第五篇Questions 41-50According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, Line such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, althoughsupport to individual members.Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other groupmembers. They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to(25) suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote(30) distant respect.题目解析：41. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The problems faced by leaders(B) How leadership differs in small and large groups(C) How social groups determine who will lead them(D) The role of leaders in social groups解析：本文第1段和第2段讲了一个团体中领导的产生，第3段和第4段着重阐述了领导的角色，即功用型领导和亲和型领导。
因此正确选项为D。
42. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT(A) recruitment(B) formal election process(C) specific leadership training(D) traditional cultural patterns解析：文中第2行”In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership…”，说明 traditional cultural patterns 是 people become leaders 的一种方式，第3行”In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.” 说明 formal election process和 recruitment 是people become leaders 的方式，因此，ABD三个选项都在原文中被提及了，正确选项为C。
43. In mentioning “natural leaders” in lines 8-9, the author is making the point that(A) few people qualify as “natural leaders”(B) there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist(C) “natural leaders’ are easily accepted by the members of a social group(D) “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics解析：文中第7行至第9行…decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.”这句话的意思是说数十年的研究却没有揭示出存在任何一类“天然领导者”的可靠证据。
因此正确选项为B。
44. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?(A) person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.(B) Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.(C) A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.(D) Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.解析：文中第9行至第11行”It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common” 意思是说看来并不存在一个所有的领导者共有的个人品质的集合，即某一群体的好领导不一定是另一个群体的好领导。
因此正确选项为A。
45. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on(A) ensuring harmonious relationships(B) sharing responsibility with group members(C) identifying new leaders(D) achieving a goal解析：文中第14行至第15行”Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group.” 功用型领导是一种强调完成某社会群体任务的领导力。
文中第23行至第24行”They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals.” 意思是他们主要下达命令并且约束那些妨碍群体目标达成的成员。
因此可以得出功用型的领导主要关注目标的达成。
正确选项为D。
46. The word “collective” in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A) necessary(B) typical(C) group(D) particular解析：collective在句中应该表示名词的含义，从文中第17行原句中最后的group member 可知，collective在此表示group的含义。
47. The word “them” in line 19 refers to(A) expressive leaders(B) goals of the group(C) group members(D) tension and conflict解析：从文中第19行的them回溯前文，文中提到了group member，是说亲和型的领导对成员提供情感支持并将他们之间的紧张和冲突最小化，不难看出这里的“他们”是指团队的成员。
因此正确选项为C。
48. A “secondary relationship” mentioned in line 22 between a leader and the members of a group could best be characterized as(A) distant(B) enthusiastic(C) unreliable(D) personal解析：文中讲述了功用型领导和团队成员之间的感情联系比较薄弱，主要关注的的是任务的完成，领导和成员之间的关系是有距离的。
因此正确选项为A。
49.The word “resolve” in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) avoid repeating(B) talk about(C) avoid thinking about(D) find a solution for解析：文中第27行至第28行”try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group”，意思是亲和型的领导会尽力解决可能导致群体分裂的问题，在这里resolve表示解决的意思，因此正确选项为D。
50. Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in term of(A) examples that illustrate a problem(B) cause and effect analysis(C) narration of events(D) comparison and contrast解析：文中第3段和第4段讲述了功用型领导和亲和型领导在和团队成员关系方面、关注重心、工作方式等方面的特点和差异。