2019年科学学科知识与教学能力初中教师资格考试样卷
2019上半年中学教育知识与能力考试真题及答案
2019 上半年教师资格《中学教育知识与能力》真题及答案一、单项选择题(本大题共21 小题每小题2 分，共42 分)1.传统教育派代表人物赫尔巴特主张的“三中心”是指)(A.教师中心，教材中心和课堂中心B.儿童中心、经验中心和活动中心C.管理中心、活动中心和教学中心D.管理中心、服务中心和教学中心1.A [解析]赫尔巴特是传统教育学派的代表人物，他提出的“三中心”即教师中心、教材中心、课堂中心。
2.苏联教育家赞可夫倡导的是()A.发现学习理论B.教学过程最优化理论 C.教学与发展理论 D.范例教学理论2.C[解析]发现学习理论是布鲁纳提出的，教学过程最优化理论是巴班斯基提出的，范例教学理论是瓦·根舍因提出的。
所以，答案选C 项。
3.18世纪法国思想家卢梭认为，“儿童的自然”决定教育目的。
这种教育目的价值取向属于)(。
A.个人本位论B.社会本位论C.国家本位论D.生活本位论3.A[解析]个人本位论认为，确立教育目的的根据是人的本性，教育的目的是培养健全发展的人，发展人的本性，挖掘人的潜能，增进受教育者的个人价值，个人价值高于社会价值，而不是为某个社会集团或阶级服务。
卢梭认为“儿童的自然”决定教育目的，这是个人本位教育目的观的体现。
4.教育具有自身发展的规律，在某些方面不一定会随着社会的改变而改变，这反映了教育的哪一-特)征。
(A.阶级性B. 生产性C.目的性D.相对独立性4.D[解析]教育的相对独立性主要表现在教育自身的历史继承性、教育与社会发展的不平衡性、教育与其他社会意识形式的平行性。
题干所述是教育相对独立性的表现。
5.人的发展既体现出里的积累，又体现出质的飞跃。
当某代表新质要素的里积累到一定程度时就，会导致质的飞跃，出现新的年龄特征。
这表明人的发展具有()。
A.顺序性B.不平衡性 C.阶段性 D.个别差异性5.C [解析]人的发展既体现出里的积累，又表现出质的飞跃。
当某些代表新质要素的里积累到一定程度时，就会导致质的飞跃，即表现为发展的阶段性。
2019年上半年中学《教育知识与能力》真题及答案
2019上半年教师资格证真题及答案：教育知识与能力(中学)一、单项选择题(本大题共21小题每小题2分，共42分)1. 传统教育派代表人物赫尔巴特主张的“三中心”是指( )A.教师中心，教材中心和课堂中心B.儿童中心、经验中心和活动中心C.管理中心、活动中心和教学中心D.管理中心、服务中心和教学中心1.A [解析]赫尔巴特是传统教育学派的代表人物，他提出的“三中心”即教师中心、教材中心、课堂中心。
2. 苏联教育家赞可夫倡导的是( )A.发现学习理论B.教学过程最优化理论C.教学与发张理论D.范例教学理论2.C[解析]发现学习理论是布鲁纳提出的，教学过程最优化理论是巴班斯基提出的，范例教学理论是瓦，根舍因提出的。
所以，答案选C项。
3.18世纪法国思想家卢梭认为，“儿童的自然”决定教育目的。
这种教育目的价值取向属于()。
A.个人本位论B.社会本位论C.国家本位论D.生活本位论3.A[解析]个人本位论认为，确立教育目的的根据是人的本性，教育的目的是培养健全发展的人，发展人的本性，挖掘人的潜能，增进受教育者的个人价值，个人价值高于社会价值，而不是为某个社会集团或阶级服务。
卢梭认为“儿童的自然”决定教育目的，这是个人本位教育目的观的体现。
4.教育具有自身发展的规律，在某些方面不一-定会随着社会的改变而改变，这反映了教育的哪一-特征( ) 。
A.阶级性B. 生产性C.目的性D.相对独立性4.D[解析]教育的相对独立性主要表现在教育自身的历史继承性、教育与社会发展的不平衡性、教育与其他社会意识形式的平行性。
题干所述是教育相对独立性的表现。
5.人的发展既体现出里的积累，又体现出质的飞跃。
当某代表新质要素的里积累到一定程度时，就会导致质的飞跃，出现新的年龄特征。
这表明人的发展具有( )。
A.顺序性B.不平衡性C.阶段性D.个别差异性5.C [解析]人的发展既体现出里的积累，又表现出质的飞跃。
当某些代表新质要素的里积累到一定程度时，就会导致质的飞跃，即表现为发展的阶段性。
2019上半年《英语学科知识与教学能力(初中》教师资格试题及答案
2019年上半年教师资格考试(初中英语)学科知识与教学能力试题1、Which of the following words has a stress pattern different from the rest?A、prepareB、techniqueC、obviousD、advice试题答案：C2、Which of the following underlined words will be stressed when Julia responds to the person who has mistaken her for Julian?A、B、C、D、试题答案：B3、The word “UNESCO” is called a(n) ( ).A、acronymB、blendC、clipped wordD、coined word试题答案：A4、He looks like a Scottish, but his accent may give him ( ).A、offB、outC、inD、away试题答案：'D5、The book is so well received that it sells ( )the million.A、atB、inC、byD、to试题答案：c6、( )we are successful, we can be sure that we did our best.A、Provided thatB、If onlyC、If or notD、Whether or not试题答案：d7、—Will you be able to go swimming with us?— ( ).A、I’m afraid notB、I’m afraidC、I’m not afraidD、I’m not afraid so试题答案：a8、( ) is the custom,the investigators carried out a painstaking search of the debris after the air crash.A、WhatB、AsC、WhichD、That试题答案：b9、There are different words for paternal grandmother (nainai) and maternal grandmother(waipo) in Chinese, but in English the word “grandmother” is generally used in both cases, which suggests that ( ).A、equal importance is given to maternal and paternal grandparents in ChinaB、equal importance is given to maternal and paternal grandparents in BritainC、language may influence people’s ways of thinking to a large extentD、people of different languages categorize things in different ways试题答案：d10、Which of the following is employed by a speaker who addresses senior people as “the elderly” rather than “the old”?A、Social dialect.B、Taboo.C、Lingua franca.D、Euphemism.试题答案：d11、By asking the question, “Can you list your favorite food in English?” , the teacher is using the technique of ( ).A、elicitationB、monitoringC、promptingD、recasting试题答案：a12、If a teacher wants to check how much students have learned at the end of a term, he/she would give them a(n) ( ).A、diagnostic testB、placement testC、proficiency testD、achievement test试题答案：d13、What learning style does Xiao Li exhibit if she tries to understand every single word when listening to a passage?A、Field-dependence.B、Intolerance of Ambiguity.C、Risk-taking.D、Field-independence.试题答案：b14、If a teacher asks students to put jumbled sentences in order in a reading class, he/she intends to develop their ability of ( ).A、word-guessing through contextB、summarizing the main ideaC、understanding textual coherenceD、scanning for detailed information试题答案：c15、When a teacher says “What do you mean by that?”,he/she is asking the student for ( ).A、repetitionB、suggestionC、introductionD、clarification试题答案：d16、When a teacher says “You’d better talk in a more polite way when speaking to the elderly.”,he/she is drawing the students’ attenti on to the of language use( ).A、fluencyB、complexityC、accuracyD、appropriacy试题答案：d17、Which of the following is a display question?A、What part of speech is “immense”?B、How would you comment on this report?C、Why do you think Hemingway is a good writer?D、What do you think of the characters in this novel?试题答案：a18、Which of the following represents a contextualized way of practising “How often ...” ?A、Make some sentences with “how often” .B、Use “how often" and the words given to make a sentence.C、I go shopping twice a week. How often do you go shopping?D、Please change the statement into a question with “how often” .试题答案：c19、Which of the following are controlled activities in an English class?A、Reporting, role-play and games.B、Reading aloud, dictation and translation.C、Role-play, problem solving and discussion.D、Information exchange, narration and interview.试题答案：b20、The ( )is designed according to the morphological and syntactic aspects of a language.A、structural syllabusB、situational syllabusC、skill-based syllabusD、content-based syllabus试题答案：a阅读理解The brain is truly a marvel. A seemingly endless library, whose shelves house our most precious memories as well as our lifetime’s knowledge. But is there a point where it reaches capacity? In other words, can the brain be “full”?The answer is a resounding no, because, well, brains are more sophisticated than that. A study published in Nature Neuroscience earlier this year shows that instead of just crowding in, old information is sometimes pushed out of the brain for new memories to form.Previous behavioral studies have shown that learning new information can lead to forgetting. But in this study, researchers used new neuroimaging techniques to demonstrate for the first time how this effect occurs in the brain.The paper’s authors set out to investigate what happens in the brain when we try to remember information that’s very similar to what we already know. This is important because similar information is more likely to interfere with existing knowledge, and it’s the stuff that crowds without being useful.To do this, they examined how brain activity changes when we try to remember a “target” memory, that is, when we try to recall something very specific, at the same time as trying to remember something similar (a “competing” memory). Participants were taught to associate a single word (say, the word sand) with two different images—such as one of Marilyn Monroe and the other of a hat.They found that as the target memory was recalled more often, brain activity for it increased. Meanwhile, brain activity for the competing memory simultaneouslyweakened. This change was most prominent in regions near the front of the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex, rather than key memory structures in the middle of the brain, such as the hippocampus, which is traditionally associated with memory loss.The prefrontal cortex is involved in a range of complex cognitive processes, such as planning, decision making, and selective retrieval of memory. Extensive research shows this part of the brain works in combination with the hippocampus to retrieve specific memories.If the hippocampus is the search engine, the prefrontal cortex is the filter determining which memory is the most relevant. This suggests that storing information alone is not enough for a good memory. The brain also needs to be able to access the relevant information without being distracted by similar competing pieces of information.In daily life, forgetting actually has clear advantages. Imagine, for instance, that you lost your bank card. The new card you receive will come with a new personal identification number (PIN). Research in this field suggests that each time you remember the new PIN, you gradually forget the old one. This process improves access to relevant information, without old memories interfering.When we acquire new information, the brain automatically tries to incorporate it within existing information by forming associations. And when we retrieve information, both the desired and associated but irrelevant information is recalled.The majority of previous research has focused on how we learn and remember new information. But current studies are beginning to place greater emphasis on the conditions under which we forget, as its importance begins to be more appreciated.21、Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word“resounding” in Paragraph 2?A、Definite.B、Repetitive.C、Echoing.D、Impressive.22、According to the passage, why can’t our brain be “full”?A、It can forget what we want to remember.B、It can memorize what we want to remember.C、It can store limitless information like a library.D、It forgets the old information while absorbing the new.23、According to the passage, which part of our brain is traditionally considered to be fundamental to the formation of new memories?A、The frontal cortex.B、The middle of the brain.C、The prefrontal cortex.D、The back part of the brain.24、What is the main purpose of writing this article?A、To interpret why our memory loss occurs.B、To elaborate how we retrieve specific memories.C、To explain why our memory capacity seems to be limitless.D、To present the balance between remembering and forgetting.25、Which of the following is likely to be discussed in the subsequent study?A、The influence of memory.B、The conditions related to forgetting.C、The ways used to prevent forgetting.D、The factors involved in memory formation.试题答案：[['A'],['D'],['B'],['C'],['B']]For most American kids, it wouldn’t be Halloween w ithout trick-or-treating for candy; however, that wasn’t always the case. When the custom of trick-or-treating started in the 1930s and early 1940s, children were given everything fromhomemade cookies and pieces of cake to fruit, nuts, coins and toys. In the 1950s, candy manufacturers began to get in on the act and promote their products for Halloween, and as trick-or-treating became more popular, candy was increasingly regarded as an affordable, convenient offering. It wasn’t until the 1970s, though, that wrapped, factory-made candy was viewed as the only acceptable thing to hand out to all the little ghosts and goblins that showed up on people’s doorsteps. A key reason for this was safety, as parents feared that real-life boogeymen might tamper with goodi es that weren’t store-bought and sealed.Today, when it comes to Halloween candy, a number of the most popular brands are enduring classics. For example, the first Hershey’s Milk Chocolate bar was produced in 1900 and Hershey’s Kisses made their debut in 1907. Company founder Milton Hershey was a pioneer in the mass- production of milk chocolate and turned what previously had been a luxury item for the well-to- do into something affordable for average Americans. In the early 1900s, he also built an entire town, Hershey, Pennsylvania, around his chocolate factory. In 1917, Harry Burnett Reese moved to Hershey, where he was a dairyman for the chocolate company and later worked at its factory. Inspired by Milton Hershey’s success, Reese, who eventually had 16 children, began making candies in his basement. In the mid-1920s, he built a factory of his own and produced an assortment of candies, including peanut butter cups, which he invented in 1928 and made with Hershey’s chocolate. During World War II, a shortage of ingredients led Reese to pull the plug on his other candies and focus on his most popular product, peanut butt cups. In 1963, Hershey acquired the H.B Reese Candy Company.In 1923, a struggling, Minnesota-born candy maker, Frank Mars, launched the Milky Way bar, which became a best-seller. In 1930, he introduced the Snickers bar, reportedly named for his favorite horse, followed in 1932 by the 3 Musketeers bar. Frank’s son Forrest eventually joined the company, only to leave after a falling out with his father. Forrest Mars relocated to England, where he created the Mars bar in the early 1930s. In 1941, he launched M&Ms. Mars anticipated that World War II would produce a cocoa shortage, so he partnered with Bruce Murrie, son of aHershey executive, in order to have access to a sufficient supply of ingredients; the candy’s name stands for Mars and Murrie.Another crowd-pleasing Halloween candy, the Kit Kat bar, was first sold in England in 1935 as a Rowntree’s Chocolate Crisp and in 1937 was rechristened the Kit Kat Chocolate Crisp. The name is said to be derived from a London literary and political group, the Kit-Cat (or Kit Kat) club, established in the late 17th century. The group’s moniker is thought to be an abbreviation of the name of the man who owned the shop where the group originally gathered. Since 1988, the brand has been owned by Nestle, maker of another perennial trick-or-treat favorite, the Nestle Crunch bar, which debuted in the late 1930s.What are the main features of Halloween candy in the 1970s?A、Safe, wrapped and factory-made.B、Original, homemade and expensive.C、Delicious, manufactured and expensive.D、Convenient, homemade and inexpensive.Who does the underlined word “boogeymen” in Paragraph 1 refer to?A、Evil spirits haunting kids.B、People with evil intentions.C、Kids in Halloween costumes.D、Candy makers and store keepers.Which of the following correctly describes Milton Hershey?A、He mass-produced milk chocolate bars for the wealthy.B、He duplicated the brand of Hershey’s Kisses in 1907 for Halloween.C、He employed Harry Burnett Reese who later founded his own company.D、He encouraged Forrest Mars and Bruce Murrie to jointly produce M&Ms.How was the name “Kit Kat Chocolate Crisp” derived?A、It was renamed by Nestle, another maker of the Halloween candies.B、It was borrowed from the name of Rowntree’s Chocolate Crisp.C、It was named after a London literary and political group.D、It was abbreviated from the name of a shop owner.What is the passage mainly about?A、The names and brands of Halloween candies.B、The origin and history of Halloween candies.C、The popularity and fame of Halloween candies.D、The consumers and manufacturers of Halloween candies.试题答案：[['A'],['B'],['C'],['C'],['B']]23、根据题目要求完成下列任务,用中文作答。
2019年中学教师资格考试教育知识与能力真题及答案
2019年中学教师资格考试教育知识与能力真题及答案第一篇：2019年中学教师资格考试教育知识与能力真题及答案2019年中学教师资格考试教育知识与能力真题及答案注意事项：1.考试时间为120分钟，满分150分。
2.请按规定在答题卡上填涂、作答。
在试卷上作答无效，不予评分。
一、单项选择题（本大题共21小题，每小题2分，共42分）1.提出“泛智”教育思想，探究“把一切事物交给一切人类的全部艺术”的教育家是（）。
A.夸美纽斯 C.赞可夫B.赫尔巴特D.布鲁纳2.教育与人类社会共始终，为一切人一切社会所需品，是新生的一代的成长和社会生活的延续和发展不可缺少的手段。
这表明教育具有（）。
A.阶级性C.永恒性B.历史性 D.平等性3.社会成员经由教育的培养、筛选和提高，可以在不同的社会区域、社会层次、职业岗位以及科层组织之间转化和调动。
这种教育功能是（）。
A.社会流动功能C.社会改造功能B.文化传递功能 D.人口控制功能4.法国启蒙思想家卢梭于1762年发表了小说体的教育名著，系统地阐述了他的自然主义教育思想，这部教育名著是（）。
A.《理想国》C.《教育论》B.《巨人传》D.《爱弥儿》5.不同时期、地域、民族和阶层中生活的人的思想、品行、才能和习性，无不打上历史、地域、民族和阶层的烙印，表现出很大的差别，这种现象表明的影响人发展的因素是（）。
A.遗传素质C.教育影响B.社会环境 D.个体实践6.教育目的的制定受到诸多因素的影响，其中决定教育目的的性质、方向和内涵的因素是（）。
A.受教育者的身心发展特点想C.生产力水平和政治经济制度统7.李老师在教育过程中，深入了解学生，针对学生不同的发展水平、兴趣、爱好和特长，引导学生扬长避短，发展个性，不断促进学生的自由发展。
李老师的这种做法适应了人身心发展的哪一特点（）。
A.顺序性C.连续性B.阶段性 D.差异性D.文化传统和教育传B.哲学思想和教育思8.像任何事物的发展一样，学生生品德的发展也是由其内部矛盾推动的。
2019初中科学教师资格学科知识与教学能力试题样本
2019年初中教师资格科学学科知识与教学能力样题模块比例题型单项选择题科学知识与教学知识40﹪简答题教学设计25﹪教学设计题教学案例分析题教学实施与教学评价35﹪简答题单项选择题：约27﹪合计100﹪非选择题：约73﹪1．某金属元素R，它的氢氧化物的相对分子质量为，它的氯化物的相对分子质量为。
则该金属元素R的化合价为A．B．C．D．2．题图是生物圈中碳循环的示意图，下列分析不符合图中信息的是A．图中③表示的生理过程是呼吸作用B．图中甲代表的生物是腐生细菌和真菌等C．图中乙、丙、丁三者组成的食物链是：乙→丙→丁D．能量沿着食物链流动，在丁这一级生物体内积累最多3．下列说法正确的是A．地球、北斗星、火星都是环绕太阳转动的行星B．流水、风、冰川都是导致地形变化的外力因素C．地球上有昼夜交替现象的主要原因是地球的公转D．清明节、端午节、中秋节都是以月相变化周期为依据确定的4．一个质点在几个力同时作用下的位移为。
其中一个力为恒力，则这个力在质点移动位移的过程中所作的功为A．67J B．91J C．17J D．-67J5．以“原子结构的模型”教学为例，简述科学史在科学教学中的功能。
三、案例分析题6．下面是一道作业题及某同学的解答：问题（1）指出该同学解答中的错误，并分析出错的原因。
（5分）（2）设计一个能帮助该同学学习解决这一问题的教学过程。
（15分）四、教学设计题7．材料一某初中科学教材“遗传是有规律的”一节的内容节选如下：材料二《义务教育初中科学课程标准（2011年版）》关于“遗传是有规律的”的“内容标准”为：。
2019下半年教师资格考试中学教育知识与能力真题及参考答案
2019年下半年中小学教师资格考试教育知识与能力试题（中学）(科目代码：302)一、单项选择题(本大题共21小题，每小题2分，共42分)1.撰写于我国战国末期，被认为世界上最早专门论述教育问题的文献是( )A.《学记》B.《论语》C.《大学》D.《中庸》2.“近朱者赤，近墨者黑”反映了下列哪一因素对人的发展的影响?( )A.遗传B.环境C.教育D.个体活动3.近年来我国对农村中小学的布局结构进行了调整。
这主要反映了下列哪一因素对教育的影响?( )A.政治制度B.经济制度C.人口变化D.文化传统4.2015年修订的《中华人民共和国教育法》中明确规定，我国教育的性质和方向是( )A.教育必须为社会主义现代化建设服务，为社会生活服务B.教育必须为社会主义现代化建设服务，为人民服务C.教育必须为社会主义物质文明建设服务，为精神文明建设服务D.教育必须为社会主义建设服务，为人的发展服务5.我国唐代中央官学设有“六学二馆”，其入学条件中明文规定不同级别官员的子孙进入不同的学校。
这主要体现了我国封建社会教育制度的哪一特征?( )A.继承性B.等级性C.历史性D.民族性6.我国古代教育内容中的“六艺”、欧洲古代教育内容中的“七艺”和工业革命以后出现的物理、化学等课程属于( )A.学科课程B.活动课程C.综合课程D.融合课程7.2001年我国颁布的《基础教育课程改革刚要(试行)》明确规定，我国基础教育课程实行( )A.国家一级管理B.国家、地方二级管理C.国家、地方、学校三级管理D.国家、地方、学校、教研室四级管理8.近代教育史上曾出现过形式教育论和实质教育论的论争，其根本分歧是( )A.以学习直接经验为主还是以学习间接经验为主B.以理论教学为主还是以实践教学为主C.以学科教学为主还是以活动教学为主D.以传授知识为主还是以培养能力为主9.班主任王老师在对学生评价的过程中，详细记录了学生学习、品德、体育锻炼等各方面的日常表现，较客规地反映了学生的进步与成长。
2019下半年中学教师资格证教育知识与能力真题及答案
2019下半年中学教师资格证教育知识与能力真题及答案一、单项选择题(本大题共21小题。
每小题2分，共42分)在每小题列出的四个备选项中只有一个符合题目要求。
错选、多选或未选均无分。
1、在教育，提出的”白板说”和完整的绅士教育理论的学者是( )A. 夸美纽斯B. 洛克C. 裴斯泰洛齐D.赫尔巴特[答案]：B2、在教育目标的分类中，美国教育学心理学家布鲁姆就学生学习结果划分的三大领域是()A. 知识，技能和技巧B. 知识，理解和应用技能C. 认知、情感和动作技能D.认知、应用和评价功能[答案]：C3、马克思认为，复杂劳动等于倍加的简单劳动，这主要说明教育具有哪种功能()A. 经济功能B. 政治功能C. 文化功能D.人口功能[答案]：A4、在”中学为体，西学为用”的思想指导下，我国从清末开始试图建立现代学制，在颁布的诸多学制中，第一次正式实施的是()A. 壬寅学制B. 癸卯学制C. 壬子癸丑学制D.壬戌学制[答案]：B5、教育的本质特点是()A. 影响人的身心发展B. 促动社会发展C. 有目的地培养人D.完善人的自身生产[答案]：C6、在我国新一轮基础教育课程改革中，要求义务教育课程实行()A. 六三分段设置B. 五四分段设置C. 九年整体设置D.多种形式设置共存[答案]：D7、主张课程的内容和组织应以儿童的兴趣或需要为基础，鼓励学生”做中学”，通过手脑并用以获得直接经验，这反映的课程类型是()A 学科课程 B活动课程C 分科课程 D综合课程[答案]：B8、教师实行教学的直接依据是()A.课程计划B.课程目标C. 课程标准D.教科书[答案]：D9、罗老师讲解”观潮”这篇课文时，通过播放视频，让学生真切感受到钱塘江大潮的雄伟壮观。
他在教学中贯彻了()A.直观性原则B. 科学性和思想性相结合原则C. 循序渐进原则D.巩固性原则[答案]：A10、陈老师在讲”二氧化碳性质”时，讲台上放着两瓶没有标签的无色气体，其中一瓶是二氧化碳，一瓶是空气，怎么区分它们呢?陈老师边说边将燃烧的木条分别深入两个集气瓶中，告诉学生使木条熄灭的是二氧化碳，使木条继续燃烧的是空气，这种教学方法是()A. 实验法B. 讲授法C.演示法D.谈话法[答案]：C11、张老师在工作中，注重以自己的高尚品德、人格魅力以及对学生的深切期望和真诚的爱来触动、感化学生，促使学生思想转变。
2019年3月全国教资统考初中科学学科知识与能力试题答案
2019 年3 月全国教资统考初中科学学科知识与能力试题答案二、简答题(本大题共 2 小题，每小题10 分，共20 分)11.参考答案：(1) 模型使不能直接观察的事物具体化、形象化。
原子结构本在是肉眼无法观察的，容易在学生学习过程中形成阻碍。
引入一个模型，学生就能直观地对其观察、分析，使其形象化、具体化，减轻了学生的思维负担。
(2) 模型能揭示微观现象。
利用原子结构模型能揭示微观的现象。
学生会就抛去表象，而抓住学科的本质了。
12.参考答案：首先，科学的观察是获得并积累感性材料的重要渠道。
观察所直接获得的第一手材料，是理性方法所赖以进行的基础与依据。
在“经纬网”这一课例中，教师只有引导学生观察示意图，才能使学生获得对经纬网的感性认识，才能使学生通过观察到的信息归纳分析经线和纬线、经度和纬度的特点，得出划分东西半球的经线。
其次，观察是及时获取反馈信息、验证结论的必要手段。
教师借助观察法能及时获得学生对教学情况的反馈，有效地验证结论。
教师通过观察学生的反应，才能够及时引导学生、调整教学。
同时，教师可以引导学生通过观察验证结论，如经线连接南北两极，是半圆等。
所以，观察法是科学教学中必不可少的教学方法。
三、阅读案例，并回答问题。
(本大题共 2 小题，第13 题20 分，第14 题30 分，共50 分)13.参考答案：(1)C。
A 项，只能证明金属活动性顺序铜>银，无法证明铁的金属活动性和铜、银的关系;B 项，可燃物燃烧的条件为：可燃物、要有氧气、温度必须达到着火点，而红磷的着火点是240 ℃，所以题目中的实验装置无法验证磷的燃烧是否需要氧气;C 项，二氧化碳遇澄清石灰水变浑浊，题目所给实验装置能证明木炭燃烧生成二氧化碳;D 项，如果测定空气中的氧气的体积比例，就需要将瓶中的氧气消耗完毕，右瓶中使用的液体不能和生成物反应。
(2) ①取适量三种金属分别加适量硫酸溶液，反应一段时间，观察现象，铁会反应消失，溶液变成浅黄色;铜、银无变化.证明：铁>铜、银;②取适量银丝放入硫酸铜溶液里,会发现不能置换出铜,溶液无变化.证明：铜>银。
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...2019年初中科学教师资格学科知识与教学能力样题
1．某金属元素R，它的氢氧化物的相对分子质量为m ，它的氯化物的相对分子质量为n 。
则该金属元素R 的化合价为A．18.5m n
-+B．18.5n m
-+C．18.5
m n +-D．18.5
n m
+-2．题图是生物圈中碳循环的示意图，下列分析不符合图中信息
的是
A．图中③表示的生理过程是呼吸作用
B．图中甲代表的生物是腐生细菌和真菌等
C．图中乙、丙、丁三者组成的食物链是：乙→丙→丁
D．能量沿着食物链流动，在丁这一级生物体内积累最多
3．下列说法正确的是
A．地球、北斗星、火星都是环绕太阳转动的行星
B．流水、风、冰川都是导致地形变化的外力因素
C．地球上有昼夜交替现象的主要原因是地球的公转
D．清明节、端午节、中秋节都是以月相变化周期为依据确定的。