词汇空缺与英语法律术语的翻译
法律词汇汉英互译1
5.方茴说："那时候我们不说爱，爱是多么遥远、多么沉重的字眼啊。
我们只说喜欢，就算喜欢也是偷偷摸摸的。
"6.方茴说："我觉得之所以说相见不如怀念，是因为相见只能让人在现实面前无奈地哀悼伤痛，而怀念却可以把已经注定的谎言变成童话。
"1."噢，居然有土龙肉，给我一块！"2.老人们都笑了，自巨石上起身。
而那些身材健壮如虎的成年人则是一阵笑骂，数落着自己的孩子，拎着骨棒与阔剑也快步向自家中走去。
案件 case案件受理费 litigation fee案由 nature of case 颁布 issue颁布 promulgate 办案 handle a case 办理 deal with包庇罪 crime of concealing the murder 保税区 bonded area 保险法 insurance law保险凭证 insurance certificate 保证 warranty 保证 guarantee 保证金 bail 保证金 margins 保证金帐户 margin account 保证人，担保人 guarantor 保证书 indemnity保证书 covenant of warranty 保证条款 warranty保值利率 inflation-proof interest rate 被裁定为 be adjudged to be 从重处罚 heavier punishment 从重处罚 severe punishment存款机构 deposit-taking institution 挫折 frustration 措词 worded错漏 error|mistake 答复 Reply 批复 Reply打官司 initiate legal proceeding 打击 struggle against打假 crack down on counterfeit goods 打假办 Office of Cracking down on Fake Products大厂回族自治县 Dachang Hui Nationality Autonomous Region 大股 substantial shareholder大股东控权人 majority shareholder controller大化瑶族自治县 Dahua Yao Nationality Autonomous County 大连市 Daliang Municipality 大律师 barrister大律师的收费 counsel's fees 大律师登记册 roll of baristers 大律师公会 Hong Kong Bar Association大律师见习职位 pupillage 被陈述人 representee被告人辨解 statement of the defendant驳回 dismiss 驳回 reject 驳回上诉 reject an appeal补偿报酬 compensatory payment 不具有法律效力 null 不具有法律效力 void不履行合同 breach of contract 不履行合约 repudiation of the contract不名誉的行为及手法 dishonourable conduct and practices不能成立 unable to establish 不时frequently不予支持 unassisted 不作为 omission财产分割 properties division 财产所有权 property right 裁定 ruling 裁定 order产权制度 property order 产权关系 property relations 撤消并发回给 reversed and remanded to the original court 陈述 state 承担 assume承担责任 to be responsible for 承典人 pledgee 承典人 pawnee 承认 confess城市住宅局 City House Bureau 出典人 pledgor 出典人 pawnor出口退税制度 the system ofrefunding taxes on exported goods 出口押汇 bill purchased出资比例 ratio of investments 处罚 penalty 触犯 violate传销 pyramid selling 串通 collaborate从宽处理 lenient punishment, liberal punishment从轻处罚 lesser punishment 从轻处罚 lighter punishment从轻处罚 impose a lenient sentence 从轻原则 the principle of lighter punishment 从事 commit大律师名册 panels of counsels 大律师事务所 barristers' chambers, chambers of counsel大律师书记 barrister's clerk 律师行业 the practice of law 大批 bulk代理检察员 acting prosecutor 代理人 agent代理审判员 acting judge代通知金 payment in lieu of notice 代销 sales by proxy丹东市 Dandong Municipality 丹阳市 Danyang Municipality 单位 entity unit单务合同 unilateral contract5.方茴说："那时候我们不说爱，爱是多么遥远、多么沉重的字眼啊。
浅析词汇空缺及其翻译
浅析词汇空缺及其翻译词汇空缺是指一门语言中存在一些特定的概念或词汇无法用当前语言的词汇进行准确的表达或翻译。
这是在跨文化沟通或者翻译中面临的一个普遍问题。
针对这个问题，翻译人员采取的方法有很多种，解决的方式也因情况而异。
一般来说，如何翻译词汇空缺的问题，要考虑到源语和目标语两种语言文化的差异和特点，进而进行有所取舍的翻译。
这里需要强调的是，避免使用字典或在线翻译工具的固定翻译，而是要根据实际情况进行灵活的处理，充分考虑语境和文化差异。
首先，要充分理解原文中词汇所指的概念、语境和文化背景。
比如，在英语中有“awkward”这个词，它的意思是困窘、尴尬，但如果直译成中文，不能充分表达原意，因为中文中没有完全对应的词汇。
其次，在面对词汇空缺时，可以借助“描述式翻译”来增强表达的准确度和完整性。
比如，对于英文中的“happiness”这个词，在汉语中并没有对应的单一词语可以完全对应，但可以使用“幸福、欢乐、快乐”等不同形式的词语来描述这个概念，从而在翻译中增强表达的准确度和完整性。
第三，为了充分表达原文中的概念、情感和文化内涵，有时需要进行语用翻译，换言之，就是在翻译过程中充分考虑到目标语言的叙述方式和表达习惯，以增强表达的流畅性和自然度。
例如，当某一种文化中存在某些特殊的概念或习俗时，需要将这些习俗或概念进行适当的解释或注释，以便理解和接受。
最后，对于想法或概念无法在语言文化间直接翻译的情况，可以选择使用类比或借鉴的方法，通过对比或转化，寻找与目标语言或文化的对应或相似之处，从而实现符合文化习惯的表达。
总之，解决词汇空缺的问题需要考虑到源语与目标语之间的文化差异、语言差异以及上下文等方面因素，以灵活的态度进行翻译处理。
这样可以在翻译的过程中，更好地实现信息的准确传达以及沟通的顺畅。
法律常用术语分类中英对照
法律常用术语分类中英对照法律常用术语【（一）、法令】rule 条例law 法律criminal law 刑法interpret 解释（法律）the legislature 立法机构the legal system/ the judicial system/ court system 法律体系【(二)、主体】the judge 法官the lawyer 律师（总称）the jury 陪审团the juror 陪审团成员the prosecutor（刑事案件）原告人；检察官，公诉人；the plaintiff (民事案件) 原告人the injured party/victim被害人witness/eyewitness 见证人，目击者the prosecution 原告及其代理律师；代表原告的律师the accused/defendant 被告人the defense lawyer/counselor 被告辩护律师【（三）、违法】【案件种类】case 案件crime - criminal adj.a criminal case 刑事案件a civil case民事案件【行为/罪名--criminal behavior】guilt n. [Antonym] innocence guilty adj. [Antonym]innocentguilty of a crime/chargeinnocent of a crime/chargecommit a crime violate a criminal lawmurder 谋杀罪 first-degree murder (deliberately)一级谋杀罪；故意杀人罪manslaughter (not intentionally) 一般杀人罪；过失杀人罪forgery 伪造罪 sexual harassment 性骚扰malfeasance 渎职罪criminal: n. 罪犯 a convicted criminal ：one who has been judged guilty in a court of law a hardened criminal ：someone who has committed many crimes stab v. 用刀具行凶，捅，刺 to kill or hurt someone by pushing a knife or other sharp object into their body stab someone to death 刺死flick knife /switch blade/knife 弹簧刀mug v. =rob 抢劫 to attack someone in a public place and steal their money, jewellery, or other possessions 【（四）、程序】【逮捕】arrestpick up ：to arrest someone and take them away in a car 【调查】investigationconduct a criminal investigation intocriminal proceedings ：the process of examining a crime in a court of lawcross-examination 【诉讼】find someone guilty/not guilty ofsomething :officially decide that they are guilty/not guiltyto be charged with/to be accused ofto accuse sb. of certain crimecharge v. to charge sb. with certain crime be charged with (doing) sth e.g. They are the jury forthe trial of a boy charged with murdering his father.prosecute -prosecution n. to prosecute sb. for sth. face prosecution overto bring a prosecution against sb. 对…提起诉讼escape prosecutioncriminal charges ：official statements saying that sb is accused by the police of committing a crime claim v. to say that someone’s actions are the cause of something 【法庭种类】a criminal court刑事法庭,e.g. The scene is a jury room in a criminal court.a civil court 民事法庭children’s court 少年法庭The Supreme Court 最高法院【监督】supervise 监督【作证】to testify v.作证 to make a statement about something you saw, know, or experienced, usually in a court of law testify for/against someone testimony 证词proofdefinite proof provide the proofpresent the proofevidence 证据，证物 to identify 鉴别flimsy adj. not very reliable flimsy evidence accurate adj. correct or true in every detail unshakable adj. 不可动摇的 self-contradiction 自相矛盾alibi n. 不在场的证据 someone who has an alibi can prove that they were somewhere else when a crime was committed and so can claim to be not guilty 【庭审】question v.questi on/suspect sb’s motive【辩护】to defend sb为…辩护to refute 反驳--refutable adj.--refutation n. 【陪审团讨论】the jury 陪审团a grand jury 大陪审团the juror 陪审团成员the jury room 陪审室discuss - discussion 讨论proposal 提议vote 投票abstain v. 弃权vote for/in favor of/againsttake a preliminary vote e.g. I think it’s customary to take a preliminary voteanalyze 分析assume v. 假定ballot n. 无记名投票to argue with 争论agreement 一致意见disagreement 反对意见a reasonable doubtto hang the jury: to make the jury unable to reach a unanimous decisiondeclare a hung juryreach a unanimous decisionbe deemed innocent/guilty 被认为无罪/有罪prove innocent/guilty 被证明无罪/有罪【审判】guilty/ not guilty(innocent)trial/ the jury trial 审判a fair trialset free / acquitted 无罪释放admit v. agree that something is true 承认plead guilty to something : say that you areguilty e.g. He pleaded guilty to all charges. 【（五）、处罚--punishment】【场所】reform school 感化院,jail/ prison n.监狱【方式】jail v. to put someone in jail to be in jailjail someone for somethinggo/ be sent to jailto serve a jail termbe executedthe executionerto pull the switchto send sb. to the chair =send someone to the electric chair /to sentence sb. to be electrocuted 电刑 to sentence sb. to death give the sentence 施刑get out of jail 【其他】have the right to do 有权 on behalf of 代表draft 法案，草案 Government bill 政府议案 to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案 to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律 ratification, confirmation 批准 law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效 decree 法令 clause 条款minutes 备忘录 report 判例汇编 codification 法律汇编legislation 立法 legislator 立法者 jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学 legitimation 合法化 legality, lawfulness 法制，合法 legal, lawful 合法的,依法的 to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法 outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的 offender 罪犯 to abolish 废止，取消 rescission, annulment 废除，取消 repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律)cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废 annulment 撤消(遗嘱) repeal rescission 撤消(判决) revocation 撤消immunity 豁免，豁免权 disability, legal incapacity 无资格 nonretroactive character 不溯既往性 prescription 剥夺公权 attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutional law 宪法 canon law 教会法规 common law 习惯法 criminal law 刑法 administrative law 行政法civil law 民法 commercial law, mercantile law 商法 law of nations 万国公法，国际法 international law 国际法natural law 自然法 labour laws 劳工法 fiscal law 财政法 Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法Military Law 军法 Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法 penal code 刑法典 code of mercantile law 商法典 civil rights 民事权利，公民权利right of asylum 避难权 human rights, rights of man 人权 (customs) duties 关税 death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税。
法律词汇汉英互译
法律词汇汉英互译（一）发表时间：2005-11-18 13:54:00 阅读数次：306案件case案件受理费litigation fee案由nature of case颁布issue颁布promulgate办案handle a case办理deal with包庇罪crime of concealing the murder保税区bonded area保险法insurance law保险凭证insurance certificate保证warranty保证guarantee保证金bail保证金margins保证金帐户margin account保证人，担保人guarantor保证书indemnity保证书covenant of warranty保证条款warranty保值利率inflation-proof interest rate被裁定为be adjudged to be从重处罚heavier punishment从重处罚severe punishment存款机构deposit-taking institution挫折frustration措词worded错漏error|mistake答复Reply批复Reply打官司initiate legal proceeding打击struggle against打假crack down on counterfeit goods打假办Office of Cracking down on Fake Products大厂回族自治县Dachang Hui Nationality Autonomous Region 大股substantial shareholder大股东控权人majority shareholder controller大化瑶族自治县Dahua Yao Nationality Autonomous County 大连市Daliang Municipality大律师barrister大律师的收费counsel's fees大律师登记册roll of baristers大律师公会Hong Kong Bar Association大律师见习职位pupillage被陈述人representee被告人辨解statement of the defendant驳回dismiss驳回reject驳回上诉reject an appeal补偿报酬compensatory payment不具有法律效力null不具有法律效力void不履行合同breach of contract不履行合约repudiation of the contract不名誉的行为及手法dishonourable conduct and practices不能成立unable to establish不时frequently不予支持unassisted不作为omission财产分割properties division财产所有权property right裁定ruling裁定order产权制度property order产权关系property relations撤消并发回给reversed and remanded to the original court陈述state承担assume承担责任to be responsible for承典人pledgee承典人pawnee承认confess城市住宅局City House Bureau出典人pledgor出典人pawnor出口退税制度the system of refunding taxes on exported goods 出口押汇bill purchased出资比例ratio of investments处罚penalty触犯violate传销pyramid selling串通collaborate从宽处理lenient punishment, liberal punishment从轻处罚lesser punishment从轻处罚lighter punishment从轻处罚impose a lenient sentence从轻原则the principle of lighter punishment从事commit大律师名册panels of counsels大律师事务所barristers' chambers, chambers of counsel大律师书记barrister's clerk律师行业the practice of law大批bulk代理检察员acting prosecutor代理人agent代理审判员acting judge代通知金payment in lieu of notice代销sales by proxy丹东市Dandong Municipality丹阳市Danyang Municipality单位entity unit单务合同unilateral contract担保guarantee担保人guarantor担保书certificate of guarantee但书proviso当事人litigant当事人起诉要求the litigants sue for党政分工division of labour between the Party and the government档案工作人员file clerk法律词汇汉英互译（二）发表时间：2005-11-21 10:50:00 阅读数次：429盗窃枪支crime of stealing firearms and ammunition盗窃武器装备theft of military equipment道真仡佬族苗族自治县Daozheng Mulao Nationality Autonomous County 得到证实to be believed得利者beneficiary抵触contravene抵押mortgage抵押品pledge抵押物mortgage地方人民检察院Local People's Procuratorate地役权easement第二审判庭second tribunal第三者the third party第一审判庭first tribunal典当物pledge调查investigation调查报告investigation调查取证investigate and collect evidence调解mediate调解和强制措施mediation and enforcement measure调解书mediation agreement调解书字号Written Mediation No.订货合同卡片a card of contract订立formation定案结论verdict定案理由reason for decision定金deposit定期减免所得税regular reduction of income tax定性determination on the nature丢弃waive东北人民政府Northeast People's Government东乡族自治县Dongxiang Nationality Autonomous County董事会board of directors动机intention, motive冻干健康人血浆frozen dry healthy human blood冻干血浆frozen dry blood plasma冻结freeze, suspend都安瑶族自治县Duan Yao Nationality Autonomous County毒品罪narcotic drug crime渎职罪crime of dereliction of duty独立的不法行为independent wrong独立个案individual cases独立核算工业企业independent accounting unit独立请求书independent claim独立审判independent adjudication断绝cease提出具体意见submit detailed opinions on对等原则principle of reciprocity对等原则并参照国际惯例the principle of reciprocity and in reference to the international practice 对合同词句应当按照事情是有效的而不是无效的来理解verba ita sunt intelligenda ut res magis valeat guam pareat对金钱借贷的规定regulations of money lending对滥用职权的法律补救legal remedy for abuses of power对立的一方opposite party对令状的发出作确认acknowledge the issue of the writ对上诉抗辩oppose an appeal对书面文件的词句应当按照对提出词句的当事人尤为不利的原则来解释verba chartarum fortius accipiuntur contra proferentem对外经济法律顾问处Foreign Economic Legal Consultancy Office对外经济律师事务所foreign trade law firm对外经济贸易仲裁委员会Foreign Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic对物诉讼令状writ in rem对帐reconcile, reconciliation多边公约multilateral convention多边国际公约multi-latreal international conventions多分a larger share多头long position, bull position多头仲裁multiple arbitration多于一名人士2 or more persons多元立法体制plural legislative structure多元主义pluralism峨边彝族自治县Ebian Yi Nationality Autonomous County恩施土家族苗族自治县Enshi Tujia Nationality Miao Nationality Autonomous County恩恤付款ex gratia payment二审second instance二审裁定书order of second instance二审法院Court of Second Instance二审判决书written order of Second Instance二者只能择其一the inclusion of one is the exclusion of the other发回重审remand a lawsuit for a new trial发货人consignor, shipper发生法律效力be legally effective发现discovery发行审核委员会the Issuance Examination Commission发展规划development plan罚款Fin法案bill法定部门statutory machinery法定代表律师Official Solicitor法定代表人legal representative法定代理人legal agent法定继承legal inheritance法定继承人legal heir法定监护人legal guardian法定期限time limit provided by law法定义务legal duty法定语言legal language法定主管当局statuory authority法官法judges law法官考评委员会committee for the examination and appraisal of judges 法规laws and regulations法纪Law and Discipline法纪监督supervision over legal discipline法理背景jurisprudential background法理背景jurisprudential base法理学jurisprudence法令decree法律程序文件written process法律冲突conflict of laws法律服务所Legal Service Office法律概念legal concept法律顾问处Legal Consultant Office法律后果legal effect法律解释权power of law interpretation法律面前人人平等equality before the law合法的legitimate法律上的财产处分legal disposition of property法律上的能力legal capacity法律效果legal effect法律行律juristic act法律行为act under the law法律性legality法律性文献legal document法律虚无主义legal nihilism法律依据legal basis法律制裁legal sanctions法律制度structure of the law法人legal person法人代表legal representative法人单位legal entity法人委托书power of attorney法庭程序文件process of court法团公司incorporated company法系地区relevant law area法学派别School of Legal Scholare法学研究所Institute of Law法医medicolegal法院court法院组织法organic law of the courts法制委员会Commission on Legislation Affairs翻新revision反驳disprove反对通知书notice of objection反革命宣传煽动罪crime of counter revolutionary propaganda and incitement 反革命罪crime of counter-revolution反悔repudiate, resile反诉counter-claim反要约counter offer反走私anti-smuggling返还restitution返还性损害赔偿金restitutionary damages犯commit犯人convict犯罪分子offender犯罪客观方面objective aspect of crime犯罪客体object of crime犯罪事实particulars of offense犯罪心意mens rea犯罪行为actus reus犯罪中止discontinuation of a crime犯罪主观subject of crime犯罪主观方面subjective aspect of crime贩卖毒品crime of drug trafficking贩卖假药罪crime of selling bogus medicines贩卖淫秽物品罪crime of selling pornographic articles贩运伪造的国家货币罪crime of trafficking in counterfeit national currency方便与公平的原则principles of convenience and fairness防城各族自治县Fangcheng Ge Nationality Autonomous County防止性禁制令prohibitory injunction妨碍pervert妨碍司法公正interfere with the course of justice妨碍司法公正obstruction of justice妨害公务罪crime of interference with public administration妨害公务罪crime of interference with state functions妨害社会管理秩序罪crime of disrupting the order of social administration妨害他人婚姻家庭罪crime of disrupting marriage and the family房款凭证evidence of purchasing money for real estate房屋的产权property right in real estate房屋估价单home appraisal report房屋继承successor in title, transferee in real estate, transferee mottoes放火罪crime of arson放弃relinquish放弃waive放行条release pass非专业人士lay persons非法unlawful非法illegal非法查封unlawful foreclosure非法查封财产unlawfully seal up property非法逮捕, 拘禁或搜身unlawful arrest, detention, and search非法的告发wrongful prosecution非法的检举wrongful prosecution非法购买illegally purchasing非法拘禁罪crime of unlawful detention非法同居关系cohabiting unlawfully非法制造枪支及弹药罪crime of illegally manufacturing firearms and ammunition 非法转让unlawful assign men非婚生子女illegitimate child诽谤defame法律词汇汉英互译（三）发表时间：2005-11-22 11:47:00 阅读数次：229废除repeal分割partition分居live separate and apart分离severance分期付款installment payment分期付款by instalment分期支付by instalment分权共有人co-owner分权学说doctrine of separation of powers分摊apportion分租sub-lease纷争的解决settlement to disputes丰宁满族自治县Fengning Manchu Autonomous Region风险投资venture capital封宗法主意思想feudal legal thought佛山市Foshan Municipality否定repudiate否决权veto power否认deny否认立约non est factum夫妻spouse夫妻感情goodwill as between spouses夫妻共同所有财产joint property of the spouses夫妻关系spousal relationship夫妻关系中的子女a child of a union of concubinage夫妻间有互相扶养的义务mutual obligation between spouses for maintenance of one another 夫妻名义pugitive spouses夫妻身份spousal relationship夫妻在婚姻关系存续期间while a spousal relationship subsists扶养的义务mutual maintenance support obligation扶养费maintenance符号sign福利社会welfare society福州市Fuzhou Municipality抚顺市Fushun Municipality抚养foster抚养费cost of maintenance抚养关系的继父子foster father and son relationship父母权parental right付购re-purchase付清余款paid the residual balance负责be responsible附带民事诉讼supplementary civil action附录Appendix附件Appendix附属公司subsidiary附属于collateral to阜新蒙古族自治县Fuxin Mongolia Autonomous Country复合氨基酸compound amino acid复核审法院Court of Review复息compound interest复议review复员费decommission pay复员军人demobilized serviceman副检察长Deputy Chief Procuratoy富川瑶族自治县Fuchuan Yao Nationality Autonomous改过自新remorse and reform盖章seal干部cadre干扰disturb干扰证人interfere with a witness干预intervention甘肃省Gansu Province肝炎hepatitis感化influence感情破裂loss of affection赣州市Ganzhou Municipality港币发行权authority to issue Hong Kong currency革委会revolutionary committee格式合同standard form of contract个人财产personal property个体户individual household个体劳动者所有权individual worker's ownership各级at different levels各级地方政府local government at several levels各尽所能from each according to his ability各省of all provinces给予assign给予适当的经济帮助render suitable financial assistance给予援助令状Writ of Assistance根本法律fundamental law根据成文法推定的默示条款terms implied by legislation根据法院判决推定的默示条款terms implied by courts根据惯例推定的默示条款terms implied by usage根据婚姻法的规定according to Marriage Law provisions更改alter更换replacement工矿产品合同试行条例The Trial Implementing Regulations on Contracts of Industrial and Mineral Product工矿区industrial and mining district工农联盟Alliance of Workers and Peasants工商统一税unified industrial-commercial tax工作场所work place公检法机关organs of the public security, the procuracy and the court公安Public Security Officers公安部Ministry of Public Security公安部法规局The Bureau of Policies and Regulations of the Ministry of Public Security公安处Public Security Office公安机关Public Security Organs公安机关行政处罚决定Public Security Penalty Decision公安局Public Security Bureau公安派出所local police station公安人员Public Security Officers公共开支public expenditure公共性public character公共帐目的审计制度system for auditing public accounts公共政策public policy公共政策的原则principle of public policy公共秩序public order公共主管当局competent authority公积金public accumulation funds公检法public security organs, procuratorial organs and people's courts公开disclose公开聆讯方式public hearing公开审理public hearing公民citizen公民劳动义务civic duty to work公平fair公社commune公司enterprise公司存在期限duration of company公司章程Articles of Association公诉public prosecution公诉机关public prosecution organ公诉人public prosecutor公诉书bill of indictment公务人员public official公有制public ownership system公约国Convention country公约证明书Convention certificates公证承付notarial act of honour公证会计师办事处Notarial Accountants' Office公证机关notary public公证人public notary公证证明notarial certification公职public office公众假期public holiday公众假日public holiday公众利益public advantage供认confession供述confession供销合作社supply and marketing co-operative共负盈亏share profits and losses共谋collude共青团中央The Central Committee of the Communist Young League 共识政府Government by consensus共同被告人co-defendant共同财产common property共同犯罪joint offence共同纲领common programme共同权利a joint right共同实施违法行为jointly committed the offence共同误解common mistake共同原告co-plaintiff共同债务joint debts共享软件shareware勾结collude构成要件constitutive requirements估计assess股东大会stock-holder meeting股份有限公司stock limited company固定资产fixed capital故意intention故意的动机intentional motive故意破坏公私财物罪crime of intentionally sabotaging public or private property故意杀人罪crime of intentional homicide故意伤害intentional injury故意伤害致人死亡intentional infliction of bodily injury resulting in a person's death故意伤害致死罪crime of intentionally injuring another which resulted in death故意伤害罪crime of intentional injury故意投毒spreading poison with intent雇佣合同employment contract寡妇widow挂靠be subordinate to挂牌公司company-in-name拐卖人口罪crime of abducting and trafficking human beings关键pivotal issue关税壁垒customs barrier关系恶化worsening of relations关系过远remote关押custody关员级人员customs officer官僚主义bureaucracy官职public office管卡压interference, obstruction and oppression管理办法Administrative Measures行政措施Administrative Measures管辖范围scope of jurisdiction管辖权jurisdiction管有令状writ of possession管制control管制public surveillance管制regulate贯彻执行executed in fact广东省Guangdong Province广西壮族自治区Guangxi Zhuang Nationality Autonomous Region归还restitution规范regulate规则rule规章directive桂林市Guilin Municipality锅炉压力容器检验所Inspection Institution for Boiler Pressing Containers国防部Ministry of National Defense国防科学技术工业委员会National Defense Scientific Technological Industry国际供应合同international supply contract国际惯例international common practice国际惯例international practice国际海事卫星组织公约Convention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization 国际私法private international law国际运输international transport国家安全局The State Administration of National Security国家版权局State Copyright Bureau国家保密局State Bureau of Protection of Confidential Documents国家编制委员会State Organization Commission国家标准局State Standard Bureau国家测绘局State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping国家城市建设总局State City Construction General Bureau国家出版局State Publication Bureau国家出入境检验检疫局The State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine国家档案局State Archives Bureau国家地震局State Seismology Bureau法律词汇汉英互译（四）发表时间：2005-11-28 13:21:00 阅读数次：303国家电力公司State Electric Power Corporation国家发展计划委员会State Development & Planning Commission国家防汛总指挥郭办公室State Flood Prevention General Command Office国家房管局State Housing Management Bureau国家纺织工业局State Administration on Textile Industry国家纺织工业局State Textile Industry Bureau国家工商行政管理局State Administration for Industry and Commerce国家公诉人State Prosecutor国家广播电影电视总局The State Broadcasting Film and Television Administration国家国防动员委员会National Defense Mobilization Commission国家国内贸易局State Administration for Domestic Trade国家国有资产管理局State State-owned Assets Administration Bureau国家海洋局State Oceanic Administration国家核安全局State Nuclear Safety Bureau国家环境保护总局State Environment Protection Administration国家黄金管理局State Gold Administration Bureau国家机关人民防空办公室State Organ People Air Defence Office国家机械工业局State Administration of Machinery Industry国家基本建设委员会State Infrastructure Commission国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission国家计划委员会State Planning Commission国家计量局State Metrological Bureau机部机械设备成套总局General Office of Complete Set of Machinery of the First Machinery Industry Ministry of the State Construction Commission国家建筑材料工业局State Construction Materials Industry Administration国家教育委员会State Education Commission国家结构state structure国家进出口管理委员会State Import & Export Regulatory Commission国家进出口银行State Import & Export Bank国家禁毒委员会National Ban Drugs Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economy & Trade Commission国家经济体制改革委员会State Commission for Restructuring Economy国家经济委员会State Economy Commission国家开发银行State Development Bank国家开发银行办公厅General Office of State Development Bank国家科委自然科学奖励委员会State Science Commission国家科学发明评选委员会State Science Commission Invent Selection Commission 国家科学技术委员会State Scientific and Technological Commission国家劳动总局State Labour Bureau国家粮食储备局State Grain Reserves Bureau国家林业局State Bureau of Forestry国家旅游局State Bureau of Tourism国家煤炭工业局State Coal Industry Administration国家密码管理委员会办公室State Secret code Regulatory Commission Office国家民族事务委员会State National Affairs Commission国家南极考察委员会National South Pole Investigation Commission国家能源投资公司State Energy Resources Investment Corporation国家能源委员会State Energy Resources Commission国家农业委员会State Agriculture Commission国家农业综合开发办公室State Agriculture Comprehensive Development Office国家破产储量管理局State Minerals Reserves Administration Bureau国家器具state apparatus国家轻工业局State Light Industry Administration国家轻工业局State Light Industry Bureau国家人防委员会State People's Air Defense Commission国家人事局State Personnel Bureau国家商标局State Trademark Bureau国家商检局State Commodity Inspection Bureau国家石油和化学工业局State Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家水产总局State Aquatic Product General Bureau国家税务局National Taxation Head Office国家税务总局State Administration on Taxation国家所有权state ownership国家体育运动委员会State Physical Culture and Sports Commission国家体育总局State Administration of Sports国家统计局State Statistics Bureau国家土地State owned land国家土地管理局China Land Administration Bureau国家外国专家局State Foreign Expert Bureau国家外汇管理局State Foreign Exchange Administration Bureau国家文物局State Cultural Relic Bureau国家无线电管理委员会State Radio Regulatory Commission国家物价局State Price Control Bureau国家物资局State Commodities Bureau国家新闻出版署National News Publication Bureau (National Copyright Bureau) 国家行政区域划分demarcation of national administrative zones国家行政学院Chinese Academy of Engineering Sciences国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration国家冶金工业局State Metallurgical Industry Bureau国家邮政局State Post Office Bureau国家有色金属工业局State Non-Ferrous Metal Industry Bureau国家语言文字工作委员会State Language Affairs Commission国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Bureau国家制度state system国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality Technical Supervision国家中医药管理局State Chinese Medicine Administration Bureau国家主席President of the State国家自然科学基金委员会State Natural Science Funds Commission国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs国库券treasury bills国民政府National Government国体polity国土资源部Ministry of Natural Resources国务院State Council国务院Safety manufacture Commission of the State Council国务院办公厅General Office of the State Council国务院参事室Counsellor Office of the State Council国务院出版事业管理局Publication Cause Administration Bureau of the Council国务院电子振兴领导小组办公室Electronic Rejuvenation Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院发展研究中心The State Development Research Center国务院法制办Legal Affairs Office of the State Council国务院法制局Bureau of the Legislative Affairs under the State Council国务院扶贫开发办Aid-the-Poor Development Office of the State Council国务院港澳办Hong Kong and Macao Office of the State Council国务院工资制度改革小组Salary Reform Group of the State Council国务院关税税则委员会Customs tariff Commission of the State Council国务院环境保护领导小组Environment Protection Leading Group of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Bureau of Institutional Affairs of the State Council国务院计划生育领导小组Family Planning Leading Group of the State Council国务院减轻企业负担部际联席会议Lighten the Burden on the CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY国务院经法规研究中心Research Centre for Economic Legislation Under the State Council国务院经济法规研究中心Economic Law Research Center of the State Council国务院经济贸易办公室Economic and Trade Office of the State Council国务院纠正行业不正之风办公室Correcting Industrial Illegitimate Practice Office of the State Council国务院军队转业干部安置工作小组Demobilized Army Cadre Emplacement Leading Group of the State Council国务院科技干部局Science and Technology Cadre Bureau of the State Council国务院科技教育领导小组办公室Science and Technology Education Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院口岸领导小组Port Leading Group of the State Council国务院农村发展研究中心Rural Development Research Center of the State Council国务院贫困地区经济开发领导小组Impoverished Area Economic Development Leading Group of the State Council国务院企业管理委员会Enterprise Regulatory Commission of the State Council国务院侨务办公室Oversea Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council国务院清产核资领导小组Liquidition and Assets Check Group of the State Council国务院清产核资领导小组办公室Liquidation Assets Check Leading Group Office of the State Council 国务院清理三角债导小组Clearing "Chain Debts" Leading Group of the State Council国务院清理固定资产投资项目领导小组Liquidition Fixed Asset Investment Projects Leading Group of the State Council国务院三峡工程建设委员会Three Gorges Project Construction Commission of the State Council国务院三线建设调整改造规划办公室San Xian Construction Adjustment Reorganization Planning Office of the State Council国务院生产办公室Manufacture Office of the State Council国务院水土保持委员会Water Soil Conservation Commission of the State Council国务院税收财务物价大检查办公室) Taxation Accounting Commodity Price Examination Office of the State Council国务院台湾事务办公室Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council国务院特区办公室Special Zone Office of the State Council国务院体制改革办公室System Reform Office of the State Council国务院统一着装管理委员会Uniform Regulatory Commission of the State Council国务院退伍军人和军队离退休干部安置领导小组Demobilized Soldier and Army Retired Cadre Emplacement Leading Group of the State Council国务院外事办Foreign Affairs Bureau of the State Council国务院稀土领导小组Rare-Earth Leading Group of the State Council国务院新闻办公室News Office of the State Council国务院信息化工作领导小组Information Work Leading Group of the State Council国务院学位委员会Academic Degree Commission of the State Council国务院证券委员会Securities Commission of the State Council国务院知青办Intellectual Young People Office of the State Council国务院知识产权办公会议办公室Intellectual Property Working Meeting Office of the State Council国务院住房制度改革领导小组Housing System Reform Leading Group of the State Council国有股state-owned shares国有股减持reduce state's stake in listed companies国债投资treasury bond investment国债专项资金special fund for treasury bond哈尔滨市Harbin Municipality海关法customs law海关税customs duties海关总署General Customs Administration海军司令部Commander Department of the Navy 海事法院admiralty court海洋公约the Hague Convention含糊ambiguity邯郸市Handan Municipality汉族Han people合并merger合法lawful合法的房屋所有权legitimate land ownership right 合法继承人lawful successor合法权益lawful benefit合法权益lawful right合法收入legitimate income合法受让人lawful assignee合法性legality合肥市Hefei Municipality合伙生意partnership合计惩处aggregate punishment合理的reasonable合理的考虑reasonable contemplation合理的预见reasonable foresee ability合理期限reasonable time合理时限reasonable time法律词汇汉英互译（五）发表时间：2005-12-3 1:01:00 阅读数次：893合理性方面的要求requirement of reasonableness 合理性要求requirement of reasonableness合谋conspire合谋诈骗conspiratorial swindling合适的处分appropriate penalty合适的处分just penalty合适人选fit person合同变更modification of contract合同当事人contracting parties合同当事人相互关系privity of contract合同法law of contract合同前仲裁pre-contract arbitration合同条款的分类classification of terms合同转让assignment of contract合议纪要summary of discussion合议庭Collegiate Bench合议制collegiate system合营期限duration of joint ventures合约contract合约一方party合约责任contractual obligation合作经营企业co-operative venture和解accord河北省高级人民法院High People's Court of Hebei Province核实verify核实证据verified evidence黑龙江省Heilongjiang Province横向关系horizontal relationship衡平法equity衡平法赋予的自由裁量权equitable discretion衡平法上的补救措施equitable remedy衡阳市Hengyang Municipality哄抢财产roaring seizure后法优于前法lex posterior derogat lex priori后果的严重程度severity of consequence后续条件condition subsequent呼和浩特市Huhehaote Municipality互免签证协议visa exemption agreement互相帮助assist each other互相抵押mutual security互相供养的责任感a sense of mutual obligation to support one another 互相印证corroborate互选elect from among themselves互争权利诉讼interpleader proceedings户口尚未解决residence account in the city not yet properly arranged 华侨事务委员会Oversea Chinese Affairs Commission淮南市Huainan Municipality缓期执行suspension of execution缓刑suspended sentence患精神病mentally ill, psychologically ill恢复resume恢复行使主权resume the exercise of sovereignty挥霍浪费spendthrift挥霍浪费waste徽章honour回报return回报payoff回报率rate of return回避withdrawal回购协议repurchase agreement回扣commit悔改remorse悔改repent悔罪repentance汇票draft贿赂bribery惠州市Huizhou Municipality婚外性关系sexual relations outside marriage婚姻登记所Marriage Registration Office婚姻法marriage law婚姻基础basis for marriage婚姻授产协议marriage settlement混合饲料mixed provender货证bill of lading获得procurement机械工业委员会Machinery Industry Commission基本法Basic Law基本法律basic statute基本权利和义务fundamental rights and duties基本人权fundamental human rights基本性国家法律overriding national law基本政策fundamental policies基层公安机关grassroots public security agencies基层人民法院Basic People's Court基层人民法院副院长Basic People's Court vice-president基层人民法院院长Basic People's Court president缉私anti-smuggling及时promptness即此函达尚希见复为荷respectfully submitted for clearance 极刑capital punishment集会结社assembly and association集体企业collectively owned enterprise集体所有collective ownership集体所有制单位unit under collective ownership集体土地collective-owned land计划经济planned economy计划生育family planning技术产权交易所technology equity market济南市Jinan Municipality济宁市Jining Municipality继承in succession继承纠纷succession dispute继承权right in succession继承人successor继承人多many successors and beneficiaries and not suitable for division 继承遗产take as a beneficiary under an estate继父母step parent继续进行to proceed继子女step-child寄递consignment寄养子女foster child寄运consignment加权平均值weighted average加重刑罚Aggravate Punishment佳木斯市Kiamusze Municipality家庭财产分割协议marriage settlement家庭成员family members家庭法family law家庭副业family sideline production假冒商标passing of trademark假冒商标罪crime of passing off trademarks假释parole假证据false evidence奸淫幼女罪crime of having sexual intercourse with a minor坚决要求firmly demanded间接法indirect rule兼容性compatibility监察部Ministry of Supervision监察局Supervisory Bureau监督supervise监护人guardian监内执行execution of punishment inside the prison监视surveillance监视居住residential surveillance监狱Prison and Detention houses减轻处罚reduced punishment减轻损失mitigation检查鉴定结论conclusion after examination检查员censor检察长chief procurator检察机关procuratorate检察人员procurator检察委员会Procuratorial Committee检察委员会会员Procuratorial Committee member检察委员会检察员Procuratorial Committee procurator检察委员会书记员Procuratorial Committee clerk检察委员会助理检察员Procuratorial Committee assistant procurator检举accusation检控institute a public prosecution检验examination简单合同simple contract。
法律常用术语分类中英对照
法律常用术语【（一）、法令】rule 条例law 法律criminal law 刑法interpret 解释（法律）the legislature 立法机构the legal system/ the judicial system/ court system法律体系【(二)、主体】the judge 法官the lawyer律师（总称）the jury陪审团the juror陪审团成员the prosecutor（刑事案件）原告人；检察官，公诉人；the plaintiff (民事案件) 原告人the injured party/victim 被害人witness/eyewitness 见证人，目击者the prosecution 原告及其代理律师；代表原告的律师the accused/defendant 被告人the defense lawyer/counselor 被告辩护律师【（三）、违法】【案件种类】case 案件crime - criminal adj.a criminal case 刑事案件a civil case 民事案件【行为/罪名--criminal behavior】guilt n. [Antonym] innocenceguilty adj. [Antonym]innocentguilty of a crime/chargeinnocent of a crime/chargecommit a crimeviolate a criminal lawmurder 谋杀罪first-degree murder (deliberately)一级谋杀罪；故意杀人罪manslaughter (not intentionally) 一般杀人罪；过失杀人罪forgery 伪造罪sexual harassment 性骚扰malfeasance 渎职罪criminal: n. 罪犯a convicted criminal ：one who has been judged guilty in a court of lawa hardened criminal ：someone who has committed many crimesstab v. 用刀具行凶，捅，刺to kill or hurt someone by pushing a knife or other sharp object into their bodystab someone to death 刺死flick knife /switch blade/knife 弹簧刀mug v. =rob抢劫to attack someone in a public place and steal their money, jewellery, or other possessions【（四）、程序】【逮捕】arrestpick up ：to arrest someone and take them away in a car【调查】investigationconduct a criminal investigation intocriminal proceedings ：the process of examining a crime in a court of lawcross-examination【诉讼】find someone guilty/not guilty of something :officially decide that they are guilty/not guiltyto be charged with/to be accused ofto accuse sb. of certain crimecharge v.to charge sb. with certain crimebe charged with (doing) sthe.g. They are the jury for the trial of a boy charged with murdering his father.prosecute -prosecution n.to prosecute sb. for sth.face prosecution overto bring a prosecution against sb. 对…提起诉讼escape prosecutioncriminal charges ：official statements saying that sb is accused by the police of committing a crimeclaim v. to say that someone’s actions are the cause of something 【法庭种类】a criminal court 刑事法庭,e.g. The scene is a jury room in a criminal court.a civil court 民事法庭children’s court 少年法庭The Supreme Court 最高法院【监督】supervise监督【作证】to testify v.作证to make a statement about something you saw, know, or experienced, usually in a court of lawtestify for/against someonetestimony证词proofdefinite proofprovide the proofpresent the proofevidence 证据，证物to identify 鉴别flimsy adj. not very reliableflimsy evidenceaccurate adj. correct or true in every detailunshakable adj. 不可动摇的self-contradiction 自相矛盾alibi n. 不在场的证据someone who has an alibi can prove that they were somewhere else when a crime was committed and so can claim to be not guilty【庭审】question v.question/suspect sb’s motive【辩护】to defend sb 为…辩护to refute 反驳--refutable adj.--refutation n.【陪审团讨论】the jury陪审团a grand jury 大陪审团the juror陪审团成员the jury room 陪审室discuss - discussion讨论proposal 提议vote 投票abstain v. 弃权vote for/in favor of/againsttake a preliminary votee.g. I think i t’s customary to take a preliminary vote analyze 分析assume v. 假定ballot n. 无记名投票to argue with 争论agreement 一致意见disagreement 反对意见a reasonable doubtto hang the jury: to make the jury unable to reach a unanimous decisiondeclare a hung juryreach a unanimous decisionbe deemed innocent/guilty 被认为无罪/有罪prove innocent/guilty被证明无罪/有罪【审判】guilty/ not guilty(innocent)trial/ the jury trial审判a fair trialset free / acquitted 无罪释放admit v. agree that something is true 承认plead guilty to something : say that you are guiltye.g. He pleaded guilty to all charges.【（五）、处罚--punishment】【场所】reform school 感化院,jail/ prison n.监狱【方式】jail v. to put someone in jailto be in jailjail someone for somethinggo/ be sent to jailto serve a jail termbe executedthe executionerto pull the switchto send sb. to the chair =send someone to the electric chair /to sentence sb. to be electrocuted电刑to sentence sb. to deathgive the sentence 施刑get out of jail【其他】have the right to do 有权on behalf of 代表draft 法案，草案Government bill 政府议案to pass a bill, to carry a bill 通过议案to enact a law, to promulgate a law 颁布法律ratification, confirmation 批准law enforcement 法律的实施to come into force 生效decree 法令clause 条款minutes 备忘录report 判例汇编codification 法律汇编legislation 立法legislator 立法者jurist 法学家jurisprudence 法学legitimation 合法化legality, lawfulness 法制，合法legal, lawful 合法的,依法的to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的offender 罪犯to abolish 废止，取消rescission, annulment 废除，取消repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律) cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废annulment 撤消(遗嘱)repeal rescission 撤消(判决)revocation 撤消immunity 豁免，豁免权disability, legal incapacity 无资格nonretroactive character 不溯既往性prescription 剥夺公权attainder 公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutional law 宪法canon law 教会法规common law 习惯法criminal law 刑法administrative law 行政法civil law 民法commercial law, mercantile law 商法law of nations 万国公法，国际法international law 国际法natural law 自然法labour laws 劳工法fiscal law 财政法Civil Suit Law, Code of civil law 民事诉讼法Military Law 军法Conscript Law 兵役法Copyright Law 著作权法penal code 刑法典code of mercantile law 商法典civil rights 民事权利，公民权利right of asylum 避难权human rights, rights of man 人权(customs) duties 关税death duty, death tax 遗产税royalties 版税。
汉英法律词汇大全 法律翻译词汇
汉英法律词汇大全法律翻译词汇案件：case案件受理费：litigation fee案由：nature of case暗补：implicit subsidy暗亏：hidden loss颁布：issue颁发营业执照：license; to grant a license to办案：handle a case办理：deal with办理存款业务：take deposits包庇罪：crime of concealing the murder保护农民的生产积极性：protect farmers' incentive to produce保税区：bonded area保险法：insurance law保险凭证：insurance certificate 保证：warranty保证：guarantee保证金：bail保证金：margins保证金帐户：margin account保证人，担保人：guarantor保证书：indemnity保证书：covenant of warranty保证条款：warranty保值利率：inflation-proof interest rate备付金：excess reserves被裁定为：be adjudged to be被陈述人：representee被告人辨解：statement of the defendant奔小康：strive to prosper本外币并账：consolidation of domestic and foreigncurrency accounts本外币对冲操作：sterilization operation本位利益：localized interest币种搭配不当：currency mismatch币种构成：currency composition避税：tax avoidance变相社会集资：disguised irregular fund raising表外科目：off-balance-sheet items驳回：dismiss驳回：reject驳回上诉：reject an appeal薄弱环节：weaknesses补偿报酬：compensatory payment不变成本：fixed cost不变价：at constant price不动产：real estate不具有法律效力：null不具有法律效力：void不良贷款：problem loans不履行合同：breach of contract不履行合约：repudiation of the contract不名誉的行为及手法：dishonorable conduct and practices不能成立：unable to establish不时：frequently不予支持：unassisted不作为：omission财产分割：properties division财产所有权：property right财务公司：finance companies财政赤字：fiscal deficit财政挤银行：fiscal pressure on the central bank财政政策与货币政策的配合：coordination of fiscaland monetary policies裁定：ruling裁定：order采取循序渐进的方法：in a phased and sequencedmanner操纵汇率：manipulate exchange rate操作弹性：operational flexibility产品构成：product composition产品积压：stock pile产权关系：property relations产权制度：property order产销率：current period inventory产销衔接：marketability产业政策：industrial policy长期国债：treasury bonds敞口头寸：open position炒股：speculate in the stock market撤消并发回给：reversed and remanded to the originalcourt陈述：state成套机电产品：complete sets of equipment; completeplant承担：assume承担责任：to be responsible for承典人：pledgee承典人：pawnee承购包销：underwrite承认：confess城市合作银行：urban cooperative banks; municipalunited banks城市商业银行：municipal commercial banks城市信用社：urban credit cooperatives城市住宅局：City House Bureau城乡居民收入增长超过物价涨幅：real growth inhousehold income持续升温：persistent overheating筹资渠道：funding sources出典人：pledgor出典人：pawnor出口统一管理、归口经营：canalization of exports出口退税：export tax rebate出口退税制度：the system of refunding taxes on exported goods出口押汇：bill purchased出资比例：ratio of investments初见成效：initial success储蓄存款：household deposits储蓄分流：diversion of household deposits储源萎缩：decline in the availability of household savings处罚：penalty触犯：violate传导机制：transmission mechanism 传销：pyramid selling串通：collaborate从价税：ad valorem tax从紧控制：tight control从宽处理：lenient punishment, liberal punishment从轻处罚：lesser punishment从轻处罚：lighter punishment从轻处罚：impose a lenient sentence从轻原则：the principle of lighter punishment从事：commit从重处罚：heavier punishment从重处罚：severe punishment存贷款比例：loan ratio存款保险体系：deposit insurance system存款货币银行：deposit money banks存款机构：deposit-taking institution存款准备金：required reserves挫折：frustration措词：worded错漏：error|mistake答复：Reply打白条：issue IOU打官司：initiate legal proceeding打击：struggle against打假：crack down on counterfeit goods打假办：Office of Cracking down on Fake Products大厂回族自治县：Dachang Hui NationalityAutonomous Region大额存单：certificate of deposit大额提现：withdraw deposits in large amounts大股：substantial shareholder大股东控权人：majority shareholder controller大化瑶族自治县：Dahua Yao NationalityAutonomous County大连市：Daliang Municipality大律师：barrister大律师的收费：counsel's fees大律师登记册：roll of baristers大律师公会：Hong Kong Bar Association大律师见习职位：pupillage大律师名册：panels of counsels大律师事务所：barristers' chambers,chambers of counsel大律师书记：barrister's clerk大面积滑坡：wide-spread decline大批：bulk大一统的银行体制：mono-bank system呆账（请见"坏账"）：bad loans呆账准备金：loan loss reserves呆滞贷款：idle loans代理国库：act as fiscal agent代理检察员：acting prosecutor代理金融机构贷款：make loans on behalf of otherinstitutions代理人：agent代理审判员：acting judge代通知金：payment in lieu of notice代销：sales by proxy贷款沉淀：non-performing loans贷款分类：loan classification贷款限额管理：credit control; to impose credit ceiling贷款约束机制：credit disciplinary mechanism戴帽贷款：ear-marked loans丹东市：Dandong Municipality丹阳市：Danyang Municipality单位：entity unit单务合同：unilateral contract担保：guarantee担保人：guarantor担保书：certificate of guarantee但书：proviso当事人：litigant当事人起诉要求：the litigants sue for党政分工：division of labour between the Party andthe government档案工作人员：file clerk倒逼机制：reversed transmission of the pressure foreasing mone-tary condition盗窃枪支：crime of stealing firearms and ammunition盗窃武器装备：theft of military equipment道德风险：moral hazard道真仡佬族苗族自治县：Daozheng MulaoNationality Autonomous County得到证实：to be believed得利者：beneficiary抵触：contravene抵押：mortgage抵押品：pledge抵押物：mortgage地方人民检察院：Local People's Procuratorate地区差别：regional disparity地役权：easement递延资产：deferrable assets第二产业：the secondary industry第二审判庭：second tribunal第三产业：the service industry; the tertiary industry 第三者：the third party第一产业：the primary industry第一审判庭：first tribunal典当物：pledge调查：investigation调查报告：investigation调查取证：investigate and collect evidence调节流动性：influence liquidity level调解：mediate调解和强制措施：mediation and enforcementmeasure调解书：mediation agreement调解书字号：Written Mediation No.订货不足：insufficient orders订货合同卡片：a card of contract订立：formation定案结论：verdict定案理由：reason for decision定金：deposit定期存款：time deposits定期减免所得税：regular reduction of income tax定向募集：raising funds from targeted sources定性：determination on the nature丢弃：waive东北人民政府：Northeast People's Government东道国：host country东乡族自治县：Dongxiang Nationality AutonomousCounty董事会：board of directors动机：intention, motive冻干健康人血浆：frozen dry healthy human blood冻干血浆：frozen dry blood plasma冻结：freeze, suspend都安瑶族自治县：Duan Yao Nationality AutonomousCounty毒品罪：narcotic drug crime渎职罪：crime of dereliction of duty独立的不法行为：independent wrong独立个案：individual cases独立核算：independent accounting独立核算工业企业：independent accounting unit独立请求书：independent claim独立审判：independent adjudication短期国债：treasury bills断绝：cease对冲操作：sterilization operation; hedging对等原则：principle of reciprocity对等原则并参照国际惯例：the principle of reciprocity and in reference to the international practice对非金融部门债权：claims on non-financial sector对合同词句应当按照事情是有效的而不是无效的来理解：verba ita sunt intelligenda ut res magis valeat guam pareat对金钱借贷的规定：regulations of money lending对滥用职权的法律补救：legal remedy for abuses of power对立的一方：opposite party对令状的发出作确认：acknowledge the issue of the writ对上诉抗辩：oppose an appeal对书面文件的词句应当按照对提出词句的当事人尤为不利的原则来解释：verba chartarum fortiusaccipiuntur contra proferentem对外经济法律顾问处：Foreign Economic LegalConsultancy Office对外经济律师事务所：foreign trade law firm对外经济贸易仲裁委员会：Foreign Economic andTrade Arbitration Commission对外贸易经济合作部：Ministry of Foreign Trade andEconomic对物诉讼令状：writ in rem对帐：reconcile, reconciliation多边公约：multilateral convention多边国际公约：multi-latreal internationalconventions多分：a larger share多头：long position, bull position多头仲裁：multiple arbitration多于一名人士：2 or more persons多元立法体制：plural legislative structure多元主义：pluralism多种所有制形式：diversified ownership峨边彝族自治县：Ebian Yi Nationality AutonomousCounty恶性通货膨胀：hyperinflation恩施土家族苗族自治县：Enshi Tujia NationalityMiao Nationality Autonomous County恩恤付款：ex gratia payment二级市场：secondary market二审：second instance二审裁定书：order of second instance二审法院：Court of Second Instance二审判决书：written order of Second Instance二者只能择其一：the inclusion of one is theexclusion of the other发回重审：remand a lawsuit for a new trial发货人：consignor,shipper发生法律效力：be legally effective发现：discovery发行货币：issue currency发行审核委员会：the Issuance Examination Commission发行总股本：total stock issue发展规划：development plan罚款：Fin法案：bill法定部门：statutory machinery法定代表律师：Official Solicitor法定代表人：legal representative法定代理人：legal agent法定继承：legal inheritance法定继承人：legal heir法定监护人：legal guardian法定期限：time limit provided by law法定义务：legal duty法定语言：legal language法定主管当局：statuory authority法定准备金：required reserves; reserve requirement法官法：judges law法官考评委员会：committee for the examination andappraisal of judges法规：laws and regulations法纪：Law and Discipline法纪监督：supervision over legal discipline法理背景：jurisprudential background法理背景：jurisprudential base法理学：jurisprudence法令：decree法律程序文件：written process法律冲突：conflict of laws法律服务所：Legal Service Office法律概念：legal concept法律顾问处：Legal Consultant Office法律后果：legal effect法律解释权：power of law interpretation法律面前人人平等：equality before the law法律上的财产处分：legal disposition of property法律上的能力：legal capacity法律效果：legal effect法律行律：juristic act法律行为：act under the law法律性：legality法律性文献：legal document法律虚无主义：legal nihilism法律依据：legal basis法律制裁：legal sanctions法律制度：structure of the law法人：legal person法人代表：legal representative法人单位：legal entity法人股：institutional shares法人股东：institutional shareholders法人委托书：power of attorney法庭程序文件：process of court法团公司：incorporated company法系地区：relevant law area法学派别：School of Legal Scholare法学研究所：Institute of Law法医：medicolegal法院：court法院组织法：organic law of the courts法制委员会：Commission on Legislation Affairs 法治：rule of law翻新：revision反驳：disprove反对通知书：notice of objection法律翻译公司反革命宣传煽动罪：crime of counter revolutionarypropaganda and incitement反革命罪：crime of counter-revolution反悔：repudiate, resile反诉：counter-claim反要约：counter offer反走私：anti-smuggling返还：restitution返还性损害赔偿金：restitutionary damages犯：commit犯人：convict犯罪分子：offender犯罪客观方面：objective aspect of crime犯罪客体：object of crime犯罪事实：particulars of offense犯罪心意：mens rea犯罪行为：actus reus犯罪中止：discontinuation of a crime犯罪主观：subject of crime犯罪主观方面：subjective aspect of crime贩卖毒品：crime of drug trafficking贩卖假药罪：crime of selling bogus medicines贩卖淫秽物品罪：crime of selling pornographicarticles贩运伪造的国家货币罪：crime of trafficking incounterfeit national currency方便与公平的原则：principles of convenience andfairness防城各族自治县：Fangcheng Ge NationalityAutonomous County防止性禁制令：prohibitory injunction妨碍：pervert妨碍司法公正：interfere with the couse of justice妨碍司法公正：obstruction of justice妨害公务罪：crime of interference with public administration妨害公务罪：crime of interference with state functions妨害社会管理秩序罪：crime of disrupting the order of social administration妨害他人婚姻家庭罪：crime of disrupting marriage and the family房地产投资：real estate investment房款凭证：evidence of purchasing money for real estate房屋的产权：property right in real estate房屋估价单：home appraisal report房屋继承：successor in title,transferee in real estate, transferee mottoes放火罪：crime of arson放弃：relinguish放弃：waive放松银根：ease monetary policy放行条：release pass非法：unlawful非法：illegal非法查封：unlawful foreclosure非法查封财产：unlawfully seal up property非法逮捕, 拘禁或搜身：unlawful arrest, detention,and search非法的告发：wrongful prosecution非法的检举：wrongful prosecution非法购买：illegally purchasing非法拘禁罪：crime of unlawful detention非法同居关系：cohabiting unlawfully非法制造枪支及弹药罪：crime of illegallymanufacturing firearms and ammunition非法转让：unlawful assignment非婚生子女：illegimate child非现场稽核：off-site surveillance非银行金融机构：non-bank financial institutions非赢利性机构：non-profit organizations非专业人士：lay persons诽谤：defame废除：repeal分割：partition分居：live separate and apart分离：severance分期付款：installment payment分期付款：by instalment分期支付：by instalment分权共有人：co-owner分权学说：doctrine of separation of powers分税制：assignment of central and local taxes; taxassignmentsystem分摊：apportion分业经营：segregation of financial business services分灶吃饭重点建设：key construction projects分租：sub-lease纷争的解决：settlement to disputes丰宁满族自治县：Fengning Manchu Autonomous Region风险暴露：risk exposure风险敞口：risk exposure风险管理：risk management风险投资：venture capital风险意识：risk awareness风险资本比例：risk-weighted capital ratios风险资本标准：risk-based capital standard封宗法主意思想：feudal legal thought佛山市：Foshan Municipality否定：repudiate否决权：veto power否认：deny否认立约：non est factum夫妻：spouse夫妻感情：goodwill as between spouses夫妻共同所有财产：joint property of the spouses夫妻关系：spousal relationship夫妻关系中的子女： a child of a union ofconcubinage夫妻间有互相扶养的义务：mutual obligationbetween spouses for maintenance of one another夫妻名义：pugitive spouses夫妻身份：spousal relationship夫妻在婚姻关系存续期间：while a spousalrelationship subsists扶贫：poverty alleviation扶养的义务：mutual maintenance support obligation扶养费：maintenance服务事业收入：public service charges符号：sign福利社会：welfare society福州市：Fuzhou Municipality抚顺市：Fushun Municipality抚养：foster抚养费：cost of maintenance抚养关系的继父子：foster father and son relationship父母权：parental right付购：re-purchase付清余款：paid the residual balance负责：be responsible负增长：negative growth附带民事诉讼：supplementary civil action附件：Appendix附录：Appendix附属公司：subsidiary附属于：collateral to阜新蒙古族自治县：Fuxin Mongolia AutonomousCountry复合氨基酸：compound amino acid复核审法院：Court of Review复式预算制：double-entry budgeting复息：compound interest复议：review复员费：decommission pay复员军人：demobilized serviceman副检察长：Deputy Chief Procuratoy富川瑶族自治县：Fuchuan Yao Nationality Autonomous改革试点：reform experimentation改过自新：remorse and reform盖章：seal干部：cadre干扰：disturb干扰证人：interfere with a witness 干预：intervention甘肃省：Gansu Province肝炎：hepatitis感化：influence感情破裂：loss of affection赣州市：Ganzhou Municipality港币发行权：authority to issue Hong Kong currency杠杆率：leverage ratio杠杆收购：leveraged buyout高息集资：raise funds by offering high interest革委会：revolutionary committee格式合同：standard form of contract格言：maxim个人财产：personal property个人股：non-institutional shares个体户：individual household个体劳动者所有权：individual worker's ownership各级：at different levels各级地方政府：local government at several levels各尽所能：from each according to his ability各省：of all provinces给予：assign给予适当的经济帮助：render suitable financialassistance给予援助令状：Writ of Assistance根本法律：fundamental law根本扭转：fundamental turnaround根据成文法推定的默示条款：terms implied bylegislation根据法院判决推定的默示条款：terms implied bycourts根据惯例推定的默示条款：terms implied by usage根据婚姻法的规定：according to Marriage Lawprovisions更改：alter更换：replacement工矿产品合同试行条例：The Trial Implementing Regulations on Contracts of Industrial and Mineral Product工矿区：industrial and mining district工农联盟：Alliance of Workers and Peasants工商统一税：unified industrial-commercial tax工业成本利润率：profit-to-cost ratio工业增加值：industrial value added工作场所：work place公安：Public Security Officers公安部：Ministry of Public Security公安部法规局：The Bureau of Policies and Regulations of the Ministry of Public Security公安处：Public Security Office公安机关：Public Security Organs公安机关行政处罚决定：Public Security Penalty Decision公安局：Public Security Bureau公安派出所：local police station公安人员：Public Security Officers公共开支：public expenditure公共性：public character公共帐目的审计制度：system for auditing publicaccounts公共政策：public policy公共政策的原则：principle of public policy公共秩序：public order公共主管当局：competent authority公积金：public accumulation funds公检法：public security organs, procuratorial organsand people's courts公检法机关：organs of the public security, theprocuracy and the court公开：disclose公开聆讯方式：public hearing公开审理：public hearing公开市场操作：open market operations公款私存：deposit public funds in personal accounts公民：citizen公民劳动义务：civic duty to work公平：fair公社：commune公司：enterprise公司存在期限：duration of company公司章程：Articles of Association公诉：public prosecution公诉机关：public prosecution organ公诉人：public prosecutor公诉书：bill of indictment公务人员：public official公用事业：public utilities公有经济：the state-owned sector公有制：public ownership system公有制：public ownership公约国：Convention country公约证明书：Convention certificates公证承付：notarial act of honour公证会计师办事处：Notarial Accountants' Office 公证机关：notary public公证人：public notary公证证明：notarial certification公职：public office公众假期：public holiday公众假日：public holiday公众利益：public advantage供大于求：supply exceeding demand供认：confession供述：confession供销合作社：supply and marketing co-operative共负盈亏：share profits and losses共谋：collude共青团中央：The Central Committee of theCommunist Young League共识政府：Government by consensus共同被告人：co-defendant共同财产：common property共同犯罪：joint offence共同纲领：common programme共同权利：a joint right共同实施违法行为：jointly committed the offence共同误解：common mistake共同原告：co-plaintiff共同债务：joint debts共享软件：shareware勾结：collude构成要件：constitutive requirements估计：assess股东大会：stock-holder meeting股份合作企业：joint-equity cooperative enterprises股份有限公司：stock limited company股份制企业：joint-equity enterprises股份制银行：joint-equity banks鼓励措施：incentives固定资产：fixed capital固定资产贷款：fixed asset loans故意：intention故意的动机：intentional motive故意破坏公私财物罪：crime of intentionallysabotaging public or private property故意杀人罪：crime of intentional homicide故意伤害：intentional injury故意伤害致人死亡：intentional infliction of bodilyinjury resulting in a person's death故意伤害致死罪：crime of intentionally injuring another which resulted in death故意伤害罪：crime of intentional injury故意投毒：spreading poison with intent雇佣合同：employment contract寡妇：widow挂靠：be subordinate to挂牌公司：company-in-name拐卖人口罪：crime of abducting and trafficking human beings关键：pivotal issue关税壁垒：customs barrier关税减免：tariff reduction and exemption关税减让：tariff concessions关税优惠：tariff incentives; preferential tariff treatment关系恶化：worsening of relations关系过远：remote关押：custody关员级人员：customs officer官僚主义：bureaucracy官职：public office管卡压：interference, obstruction and oppression管理办法：Administrative Measures管辖范围：scope of jurisdiction管辖权：jurisdiction管有令状：writ of possession管制：control管制：public surveillance管制：regulate贯彻执行：executed in fact广东省：Guangdong Province广西壮族自治区：Guangxi Zhuang NationalityAutonomous Region归还：restitution规范：regulate规范行为：regularize behavior规模效益：economies of scale规则：rule规章：directive桂林市：Guilin Municipality锅炉压力容器检验所：Inspection Institution forBoiler Pressing Containers国防部：Ministry of National Defense国防科学技术工业委员会：National DefenseScientific Technological Industry国计民生：national interest and people's livelihood国际分工：international division of labor国际供应合同：international supply contract国际惯例：international common practice国际惯例：international practice国际海事卫星组织公约：Convention on theInternational Maritime Satellite Organization国际收支：balance of payments国际私法：private international law国际运输：international transport国家安全局：The State Administration of National Security国家版权局：State Copyright Bureau国家保密局：State Bureau of Protection of Confidential Documents国家编制委员会：State Organization Commission国家标准局：State Standard Bureau国家测绘局：State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping国家城市建设总局：State City Construction General Bureau国家出版局：State Publication Bureau国家出入境检验检疫局：The State Administration for Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine国家档案局：State Archives Bureau国家地震局：State Seismology Bureau国家电力公司：State Electric Power Corporation国家对个人其他支出：other government outlays toindividuals国家发展计划委员会：State Development &Planning Commission国家防汛总指挥郭办公室：State Flood PreventionGeneral Command Office国家房管局：State Housing Management Bureau国家纺织工业局：State Administration on TextileIndustry国家纺织工业局：State Textile Industry Bureau国家风险：country risk国家工商行政管理局：State Administration forIndustry and Commerce国家公诉人：State Prosecutor国家广播电影电视总局：The State BroadcastingFilm and Television Administration国家国防动员委员会：National DefenseMobilization Commission国家国内贸易局：State Administration for DomesticTrade国家国有资产管理局：State State-ouned AssetsAdministration Bureau国家海洋局：State Oceanic Administration国家核安全局：State Nuclear Safety Bureau国家环境保护总局：State Environment ProtectionAdministration国家黄金管理局：State Gold Administration Bureau国家机关人民防空办公室：State Organ People AirDefence Office国家机械工业局：State Administration of MachineryIndustry国家基本建设委员会：State InfrastructureCommission国家计划生育委员会：State Family PlanningCommission国家计划委员会：State Planning Commission国家计量局：State Metrological Bureau国家建筑材料工业局：State Construction MaterialsIndustry Administration国家教育委员会：State Education Commission国家结构：state structure国家进出口管理委员会：State Import & Export Regulatory Commission国家进出口银行：State Import & Export Bank国家禁毒委员会：National Ban Brugs Commission国家经济贸易委员会：State Economy & Trade Commission国家经济体制改革委员会：State Commission for Restructuring Economy国家经济委员会：State Economy Commission国家开发银行：State Development Bank国家开发银行办公厅：General Office of State Development Bank国家科委自然科学奖励委员会：State Science Commission国家科学发明评选委员会：State Science Commission Invent Selection Commission国家科学技术委员会：State Scientific and Technological Commission国家劳动总局：State Labour Bureau国家粮食储备局：State Grain Reserves Bureau国家林业局：State Bureau of Forestry国家旅游局：State Bureau of Tourism国家煤炭工业局：State Coal Industry Administration国家密码管理委员会办公室：State Secret codeRegulatory Commission Office国家民族事务委员会：State National AffairsCommission国家南极考察委员会：National South PoleInvestigation Commission国家能源投资公司：State Energy ResourcesInvestment Corporation国家能源委员会：State Energy ResourcesCommission国家农业委员会：State Agriculture Commission国家农业综合开发办公室：State AgricultureComprehensive Development Office国家破产储量管理局：State Minerals ReservesAdministration Bureau国家器具：state apparatus国家轻工业局：State Light Industry Administration国家轻工业局：State Light Industry Bureau国家人防委员会：State People's Air DefenseCommission国家人事局：State Personnel Bureau国家商标局：State Trademark Bureau国家商检局：State Commodity Inspection Bureau国家石油和化学工业局：State Petroleum andChemical Industry国家水产总局：State Aquatic Product GeneralBureau国家税务局：National Taxation Head Office国家税务总局：State Administration on Taxation国家所有权：state ownership国家体育运动委员会：State Physical Culture andSports Commission国家体育总局：State Administration of Sports国家统计局：State Statistics Bureau国家土地：State owned land国家土地管理局：China Land Administration Bureau国家外国专家局：State Foreign Expert Bureau国家外汇管理局：State Foreign Exchange Administration Bureau国家文物局：State Cultural Relic Bureau国家无线电管理委员会：State Radio Regulatory Commission国家物价局：State Price Control Bureau国家物资局：State Commodities Bureau国家新闻出版署：National News Publication Bureau (National Copyright Bureau)国家行政区域划分：demarcation of national administrative zones国家行政学院：Chinese Academy of Engineering Sciences国家烟草专卖局：State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家药品监督管理局：State Drug Administration国家冶金工业局：State Metallurgical Industry Bureau国家邮政局：State Post Office Bureau国家有色金属工业局：State Non-Ferrous MetalIndustry Bureau国家语言文字工作委员会：State Lanuage AffairsCommission国家知识产权局：State Intellectual Property Bureau国家制度：state system国家质量技术监督局：State Bureau of QualityTechnical Supervision国家中医药管理局：State Chinese MedicineAdministration Bureau国家主席：President of the State国家自然科学基金委员会：State Natural ScienceFunds Commission国家宗教事务局：State Bureau of Religious Affairs国库券：treasury bills国民政府：National Government国体：polity国土资源部：Ministry of Natural Resources国务院：State Council国务院：Safety manufacture Commission of the StateCouncil国务院办公厅：General Office of the State Council国务院参事室：Counsellor Office of the StateCouncil国务院出版事业管理局：Publication CauseAdministration Bureau of the Council国务院电子振兴领导小组办公室：ElectronicRejuvenation Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院发展研究中心：The State DevelopmentResearch Center国务院法制办：Legal Affairs Office of the StateCouncil国务院法制局：Bureau of the Legislative Affairsunder the State Council国务院扶贫开发办：Aid-the-Poor DevelopmentOffice of the State Council国务院港澳办：Hong Kong and Macao Office of theState Council国务院工资制度改革小组：Salary Reform Group ofthe State Council国务院关税税则委员会：Customs tariff Commission of the State Council国务院环境保护领导小组：Environment Protection Leading Group of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局：Bureau of Institutional Affairs of the State Council国务院计划生育领导小组：Family Planning Leading Group of the State Council国务院减轻企业负担部际联席会议：Lighten the Burden on the CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY国务院经法规研究中心：Research Centre for Economic Legislation Under the State Council国务院经济法规研究中心：Economic Law Research Center of the State Council国务院经济贸易办公室：Economic and Trade Office of the State Council国务院纠正行业不正之风办公室：Correcting Industrial Illegitimate Practice Office of the State Council国务院军队转业干部安置工作小组：Demobilized Army Cadre Emplacement Leading Group of the State Council国务院科技干部局：Science and Technology CadreBureau of the State Council国务院科技教育领导小组办公室：Science andTechnology Education Leading Group Office of the StateCouncil国务院口岸领导小组：Port Leading Group of theState Council国务院农村发展研究中心：Rural DevelopmentResearch Center of the State Council国务院贫困地区经济开发领导小组：ImpoverishedArea Economic Development Leading Group of the StateCouncil国务院企业管理委员会：Enterprise RegulatoryCommission of the State Council国务院侨务办公室：Oversea Chinese Affairs Officeof the State Council国务院清产核资领导小组：Liquidition and AssetsCheck Group of the State Council国务院清产核资领导小组办公室：LiquidationAssets Check Leading Group Office of the State Council国务院清理固定资产投资项目领导小组：Liquidition Fixed Asset Investment Projects LeadingGroup of the State Council国务院清理三角债导小组：Clearing "Chain Debts"Leading Group of the State Council国务院三峡工程建设委员会：Three Gorges ProjectConstruction Commission of the State Council国务院三线建设调整改造规划办公室：San XianConstruction Adjustment Reorganization Planning Officeof the State Council国务院生产办公室：Manufacture Office of the StateCouncil国务院水土保持委员会：Water Soil ConservationCommission of the State Council国务院税收财务物价大检查办公室)：TaxationAccounting Commodity Price Examination Office of theState Council国务院台湾事务办公室：Taiwan Affairs Office ofthe State Council国务院特区办公室：Special Zone Office of the StateCouncil国务院体制改革办公室：System Reform Office ofthe State Council国务院统一着装管理委员会：Uniform RegulatoryCommission of the State Council国务院退伍军人和军队离退休干部安置领导小组：Demobilized Soldier and Army Retired CadreEmplacement Leading Group of the State Council国务院外事办：Foreign Affairs Bureau of the State Council国务院稀土领导小组：Rare-Earth Leading Group of the State Council国务院新闻办公室：News Office of the State Council国务院信息化工作领导小组：Information Work Leading Group of the State Council国务院学位委员会：Academic Degree Commission of the State Council国务院证券委员会：Securities Commission of the State Council国务院知青办：Intellectual Young People Office of the State Council国务院知识产权办公会议办公室：Intellectual Property Working Meeting Office of the State Council国务院住房制度改革领导小组：Housing System Reform Leading Group of the State Council国有独资商业银行：wholly state-owned commercial banks国有股：state-owned shares国有股减持：reduce state's stake in listed companies国有经济：the state-owned sector国有企业：state-owned enterprises国有制：state-ownership国有资产流失：erosion of state assets国债回购：government securities repurchase国债投资：treasury bond investment国债一级自营商：primary underwriters ofgovernment securities国债专项资金：special fund for treasury bond过度竞争：excessive competition过度膨胀：excessive expansion过热迹象：signs of overheating哈尔滨市：Harbin Municipality海关法：customs law海关税：customs duties海关总署：General Customs Administration海军司令部：Commander Department of the Navy海事法院：admiralty court海洋公约：the Hague Convention含糊：ambiguity邯郸市：Handan Municipality汉族：Han people合并：merger合法：lawful合法的：legitimate合法的房屋所有权：legitimate land ownership right合法继承人：lawful successor合法权益：lawful benefit合法权益：lawful right合法收入：legitimate income合法受让人：lawful assignee合法性：legality。
浅析词汇空缺及其翻译
浅析词汇空缺及其翻译词汇空缺（lexical gap）是指一种现象，即某一种语言中缺乏表达特定概念或情感的词汇。
词汇空缺的存在对于翻译者来说是一个挑战，因为在进行跨文化沟通时可能需要寻找替代词汇或使用更为抽象的表达方式来传达原文中的意思。
在本文中，我们将浅析词汇空缺及其翻译，探讨其在跨文化交流中的影响以及应对策略。
一、词汇空缺的原因词汇空缺的存在可能是由于文化差异、社会环境、历史背景、地理条件等多种因素造成的。
一些特定的动物、植物、食物、传统习俗等在不同文化中可能有着不同的命名和概念，因此在进行翻译时可能会出现词汇空缺的情况。
一些特定的情感、心理状态、道德观念等也有可能在不同语言中缺乏对应的词汇，因此在跨文化交流中可能会出现理解上的困难。
词汇空缺的存在可能会对跨文化交流产生一系列的影响。
词汇空缺可能导致原文中的意思无法准确表达，在翻译过程中可能需要使用更为抽象的表达方式，这可能会导致信息的丢失或传达不到位。
词汇空缺可能会导致翻译者在翻译过程中陷入困境，需要花费更多的精力和时间来寻找合适的表达方式。
词汇空缺也可能会导致翻译的结果缺乏一定的文化特色，无法真实地反映原文中所蕴含的文化内涵和情感色彩。
三、应对策略在面对词汇空缺的情况下，翻译者可以采取一些应对策略来尽量减少词汇空缺带来的影响。
翻译者可以尝试使用更为抽象的词汇或表达方式来替代原文中的词汇空缺，以尽量准确地传达原文中的意思。
翻译者还可以借助相似的词汇或表达方式来进行补充或替代，以尽量减少翻译过程中的困难。
翻译者还可以通过对文化背景、历史背景等方面的深入了解，来寻找更为贴切的词汇或表达方式来进行翻译。
词汇空缺是在跨文化交流中常见的现象，其存在对于翻译者来说是一个挑战。
通过采取一些应对策略，翻译者可以尽量减少词汇空缺带来的影响，以实现翻译的准确和贴切。
希望本文的浅析能对读者有所启发，让大家在进行跨文化交流和翻译时更加注重词汇空缺的存在及其影响。
法律英语词汇的特点以及词汇空缺
法律英语词汇的特点及翻译中的词汇空缺班级：2013213101姓名：吴桐摘要：随着全球化进程的发展，国际交往日益频繁。
法律翻译在人们生活中发挥着越来越大的影响和作用。
本文阐述了法律英语词汇的几大特点以及剖析了法律英语翻译过程中词汇空缺现象产生的原因。
最后，作者还对法律翻译提出了建议。
关键字：法律英语，词汇空缺，法律翻译Abstract: Globalization makes the international communicationmuch more frequent. Legal terms translation becomes more and more important.In view of the special influence and functions oflaw and legal translation, this article sets forth several important characteristics of legal terms, and analyses the reason of lexical gap phenomenon occurring in the legal terms translation process. In the end, the authoralso offers a proposal about legal translation.Key words: legal English, lexical gap, legal terms translation法律英语，在英语国家中被称为Legal Language或Language of the Law, 即法律语言。
法律英语不同于普通英语，法律英语的翻译鉴于其专业性、严谨性、特殊性，相比于普通英语的翻译，其翻译原则要更多并更加严谨。
在法律英语的学习中，法律英语词汇是一大关键。
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第４期戴拥军：词汇空缺与英语法律术语的翻译维护社会稳定和安全的作用），法律翻译首先要保证｝擗用语的严谨准确性，以维护法律文本的严肃性和权威性；其次，法律翻译也要求目的语与原语在法律功能上的一致性，即法律功能上的对等。
作为法律用语中基本的也是重要的组成部分，法律术语在使用上的规范性反映的是法律用语的文体特征和某一法律文化中法律体系（体制）的典型特征。
对于存在词汇空缺的英语法律术语的翻译，我们必须谨慎从事，一是要符合汉语词语结构规律和我国人们的用语习惯，二要保证源术语在汉语中具有相等或相似的法律功能。
本文只讨论存在词汇空缺的英语法律术语的翻译，关于其他英语或汉语法律术语的翻译不在本文的讨论范围之内。
ｌ、尊重惯译，保持既定译名的规范与统一一些英语法律术语，特别是一些沿用已久的法律术语，当其译文经过实践即时间的检验已被世人接受并广为使用时，似不宜再“推陈出新”，以免产生混乱甚至造成误解。
例如，Ｃｏｍｍｏｎ１ａｗ长期以来国内译界一直将其译为“普通法”，拟与以德、法为主的大陆法系相区别。
但陈忠诚教授认为，Ｃｏｍ—ｍｏｎｌａｗ应根据上下文的具体含义将其译为“习惯法”、“案例法”、“非制定法”和“英美法”等等［ｓ］；潘大为教授主张Ｃｏｍｍｏｎｌａｗ应译为“习惯法”，并说明Ｃｏｍｍｏｎｌａｗ与其他法律名词并用时常展现出不同的意义。
实际上，Ｃｏｍｍｏｎｌａｗ译为“普通法”并非错误，没有必要也不应该在不同上下文中用“普通法”以外的其它词语作为Ｃｏｍｍｏｎｌａｗ的译名（赵德云）。
类似的情况还有Ｅｑｕｉｔｙｌａｗ（衡平法）和Ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｔｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ（知识产权）等。
２、直译，以引进新的法律概念在翻译某些存在词汇空缺的英语法律术语时，我们采用直译法的好处是既准确的转达了源术语的本意，又引进了新的法律概念，丰富了我国法律语言词汇。
比如，ｓｔａｔｕｔｏｒｙｒａｐｅ现被译为“法定强奸罪”［６］，用来指“未经或经法定年龄以下的女性同意与其发生性接触的犯罪行为”。
该术语曾被译为“奸污少女构成的强奸罪”，看似清楚明了，实则不够准确，不能达到与源术语相等的法律功能。
究其原因，一是因为“法定年龄以下的女性”不一定是“少女”（也可能是“幼女”），二是此处“强奸”非通常意义上之“强奸”，这种行为人虽未行使强暴（即被害人同意）亦按行使强暴论，根据制定法规定，仍要以强奸罪论［７］。
译为“法定强奸罪”既使人耳目一新，又符合法律语言严谨准确之要求，达到了源术语所具有的法律功能。
再如，把ＦａｍｉｌｙＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎ译为“家事庭、家庭法庭”，把ＣｈａｎｃｅｒｙＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎ译为“大法官法庭”，把Ｑｕｅｅｎ’ｓＢｅｎｃｈＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎ译成“王座法庭、王法庭”就是使用了直译法。
中国法律制度中没有“家事庭、家庭法庭”、“大法官法庭”、“王座法庭、王法庭”这些概念，直译创造了新词，丰富了我国现有的法律语言词汇。
·３、直译加解释，兼顾准确与理解在存在词汇空缺的英语法律术语翻译过程中，有时直译虽然可以直观地传达源术语的含义，但也会给读者的理解造成一定的困难，在此情况下，就需要采用直译加解释的方法。
例如，上文提到过的ａＪｉｍｏｎｙ，如果直译为“抚养费”就会让读者感到困惑，因为汉语里的“抚养费”有多种解释。
鉴于此，不妨在“抚养费”前面加上解释“经法院判决在分居或离婚以前一方付给另一方的”，这样，读者在理解上就不会有困难。
再如，ｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ是英美诉讼法上所特有的制度，指双方当事人在审判前（ｐｒｅ—ｔｒｉａｌ）互相询问对方或其证人作为采证（ｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｙ）。
因为是在审判前，又是在庭外进行，如果直译为“录取证词”或“采证”都不够准确。
陈忠诚教授建议译为“（庭外采取的）证词或供词的笔录”较为妥当。
［８］在美国侵权法中，ｌｉｂｅｌ和ｓｌａｎｄｅｒ都表示侵害他人的名誉权，若两者都译为“诽谤”必然引起读者的困惑。
根据Ｂｌａｃｋ’ｓＬａｗＤｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ的解释，ｌｉｂｅｌ指的是“以印刷、文字、图画或符号等手段的一种毁损名誉的方式”（ａｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｆｄｅｆａｍａｔｉｏｎｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｅｄｂｙｐｒｉｎｔ，ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ，ｐｉｃｔｕｒｅｓ，ｏｒｓｉｇｎｓ）；而ｓｌａｎｄｅｒ贝Ｈ指的是“欲损害他人之名誉、职务、职业、业务或生计而说出之贬低或毁誉性言辞”（ｔｈｅｓｐｅａｋｉｎｇｏｆｂａｓｅａｎｄｄｅｆａｍａｔｏｒｙｗｏｒｄｓｔｅｎｄｉｎｇｔｏｐｒｅｊｕｄｉｃｅａｎｏｔｈｅｒｉｎｈｉｓｒｅｐｕｔａｔｉｏｎ，ｏｆｆｉｃｅ，ｔｒａｄｅ，ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ，ｏｒｍｅａｎｓｏｆ１ｉｖｅｌｉｈｏｏｄ）。
由此可见，ｌｉｂｅｌ指的是以文字或其他书面形式对人进行诽谤，不妨译为“（书面）诽谤”，而ｓｌａｎｄｅｒ则指的是以口头的形式诽谤他人，可译为“（口头）诽谤”，这样读者就一目了然了，同时也表达了源术语的确切含义。
４、解释性翻译便于，更好地让读者接受因为法律制度（体系）和语言之间的较大差异，某些存在词汇空缺的英语法律术语采用直译或直译加解释的方法都不能准确表达源术语的整体含义，在这种情况下，可以采用解释性翻译法。
虽然这种方法有时会使源术语的法律功能受到影响，但对于读者了解异域法律文化却有很大帮助，便于读者更好地领悟和接受。
例如，在英美普通法法律制度中关于不动产（ｒｅａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ）的规定中有三个较难的法律术语：ｔｅｎａｎｃｙｉｎｃｏｍｍｏｎ，ｊｏｉｎｔｔｅｎａｎｃｙ和ｔｅｎａｎｃｙｂｙｅｎｔｉｒｅｔｙ。
从字面上看，三个术语似乎意义相近，因为都有ｔｅｎａｎｃｙ一词，且ｃｏｍｍｏｎ，ｊｏｉｎｔ和ｅｎｔｉｒｅｔｙ７９安徽理工大学学报（社会科学版）第６卷也含义相近，这使不懂英美不动产权利方面的读者如坠五里雾中。
如果望文生义，照字面意思直接翻译，则必定文不对题。
查阅相关法律词典，方知这里的ｔｅｎａｎｃｙ非指“租赁”，实指“二人以上对同一动产（通常是土地）或动产（例如银行存款账户）同时拥有所有权”，即法律上所谓的“共有”。
、根据英美法律有关不动产的规定，ｔｅｎａｎｃｙｉｎｃｏｍｍｏｎ接近大陆法系中德国及日本民法的“分别共有”，ｊｏｉｎｔｔｅｎａｎｃｙ却指“总同共有”，ｔｅｎａｎｃｙｂｙｅｎｔｉｒｅｔｙ仅适用于夫妻之间，故译为“夫妻共有，，［引。
再如ｃｒｏｓｓ—ｅｘａｍｉｎａ—ｔｉｏｎ，按照英美法系的审判制度，起诉人（ｐｌａｉｎｔｉｆｆ）和被告方（ｄｅｆｅｎｄａｎｔ）均可要求法院传唤证人（ｗｉｔ—ｎｅｓｓ）出庭作证，在庭上先由要求传证人的一方向证人提问，然后再由对方向证人提问，也就是起诉方讯问被告方的证人或被告方讯问起诉方的证人，即交叉讯问证人，这就是ｃｒｏｓｓ—ｅｘａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎ，可译为“交叉讯问”。
如果按字面翻译成“跨越（十字）考试”之类，那就令人啼笑皆非了。
四、结语正如笔者在尊重惯译方法中所指出，法律术语往往并无定译。
有时，同一个法律术语通常有一个通用或常用的译法，可是这个译法并不适合，甚至是错误的。
因此，法律翻译界要加强法律术语的规范和统一工作。
有关部门和组织应该不定期地召开译员研讨会，交流经验，加强法律法规乃至法律术语的规范和统一工作。
只有保持法的统一性、完整性，规范法律法规乃至法律术语的翻译，才能保证有效的对外法制宣传和对外交流。
如果人们翻译法律法规时各行其是，翻译结果千差万别，就无法得到国外对中国法制建设的认同和赞许，也势必影响到中国正在参与的世界经济全球化进程。
参考文献：［１］朱定初．美国法律新词试译［Ｊ］．中国翻译，２０００，（４）：４５—５ｌ－［２］曾尔恕．外国法制史［Ｍ］．北京：北京大学出版社，２００３．［３］Ｎｅｗｍａｒｋ，Ｐｅｔｅｒ．ＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｔｏＴｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ［Ｍ］．ＨｅｍｅｌＨｅｍｐｓｔｅａｄ：ｐｒｅｎｔｉｃｅＨａＩｌ，１９８８．［４］Ｓａｒｃｅｖｉｃ，ｓｕｓａｎ．ＮｅｗＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓｔｏＬｅｇａｌＴｒａｎｓｌａ—ｔｉｏｎ［Ｍ］．ＴｈｅＨａｇｕｅ：ＫｌｕｗｅｒＬａｗＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ，１９９７．［５］陈忠诚．法窗译话［Ｍ］．北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，１９９２．［６］程逸群．英汉一汉英双向法律辞典［Ｋ］．北京：法律出版社，１９８５．［７］肖云枢．英汉法律术语的特点、词源及翻译Ｄ］．中国翻译，·２００１，（３）．［８］朱定初．评复旦大学《法律英语》中的译注［Ｊ］．中国翻译，２００２，（３）：６５—７０．［９］陈文玲．试论英汉法律术语的不完全对等现象与翻译Ｄ］．山东外语教学．２００４，１０ｌ（４）：９８一１０１．［１０］董世忠，赵建．法律英语［Ｍ］．上海：复旦大学出版社，１９９７．［１１］刘蔚铭．法律语言学研究［Ｍ］．北京：中国经济出版社，２００３．［１２］陈忠诚．英汉法律用语正误辨析［Ｍ］．北京：法律出版社，１９９８．［１３］杜金榜．中国法律法规英译的问题与解决［Ｊ］．中国翻译，２００４，（３）：７２—７６．ＬｅｘｉｃａｌｇａｐａｎｄＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ１ｅｇａｌｔｅｒｍｓｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎＤＡＩＹｏｎｇ—ｊｕｎ，ＺＨＡＮＧＤｅ—ｒａｎｇ（ＣｏＵｅｇｅｏｆＦｏｒｅｉｇｎＬａｎｇｕａｇｅｓ，ＡｎｈｕｉＮｏｒｍａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｗｕｈｕ，Ａｎｈｕｉ２４１０００，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｈｅｐｈｅｈｏｍｅｎｏｎｏｆｌｅｘｉｃａｌｇａｐｉｓａｃｏｍｍｏｎｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｉｎｃｒｏｓｓ—ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｉｃｈｃａｕｓｅｓｔｒｏｕｂｌｅｔｏｃｒｏｓｓ—ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｌｙｔｏｉｎｔｅｒ—ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ．ＴｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒａｎａｌｙｚｅｓｔｈｅｆｏｕｒｍａｉｎｃａｕｓｅｓｌｅａｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｌｅｘｉｃａｌｇａｐｉｎｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｎ９１ｉｓｈｌｅｇａｌｔｅｒｍｓ：ｌｅｇａｌｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎ，ｒｅａｌｌｉｆｅ，ｓｏｃｉａｌｓｙｓｔｅｍａｎｄａｐｅｏｐｌｅ’ｓｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｙｗｉｔｈｉｎａｌｅｇａｌｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ，ａｎｄｐｕｔｓｆｏｒｗａｒｄｓｐｅ—ｃｉｆｉｃｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓａｎｄｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｅｓｔｏｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈ１ｅｇａｌｔｅｒｍｓ．Ａｔｔｈｅｅｎｄｏｆｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ，ｔｈｅａｕ—ｔｈｏｒｍａｋｅｓｓｏｍｅｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｉｏｎｓｏｎｔｈｅｒｅｇｕＩａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｕｎｉｔｙｏｆｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｌｅｇａｌｔｅｒｍｓ．１【ｅｙｗＯｒｄｓ：ｌｅｘｉｃａＩｇａｐ；Ｅ：ｎｇｌｉｓｈｌｅｇａｌｔｅｒｍｓ；ｃａｕｓｅｓ；ｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｉｏｎ词汇空缺与英语法律术语的翻译作者：戴拥军， 张德让作者单位：安徽师范大学外国语学院,安徽,芜湖,241000刊名：安徽理工大学学报（社会科学版）英文刊名：JOURNAL OF ANHUI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY(SOCIAL SCIENCE)年，卷(期)：2004,6(4)被引用次数：10次1.朱定初美国法律新词试译 2000(04)2.曾尔恕外国法制史 20033.Newmark Peter. Approaches to Translation 19884.Sarcevic Susan New Approaches to Legal Translation 19975.陈忠诚法窗译话 19926.程逸群邓小平文选 19857.肖云枢英汉法律术语的特点、词源及翻译[期刊论文]-中国翻译 2001(03)8.朱定初评复旦大学《法律英语>中的译注[期刊论文]-中国翻译 2002(03)9.陈文玲试论英汉法律术语的不完全对等现象与翻译[期刊论文]-山东外语教学 2004(04)10.董世忠;赵建法律英语 199711.刘蔚铭法律语言学研究 200312.陈忠诚英汉法律用语正误辨析 199813.杜金榜中国法律法规英译的问题与解决[期刊论文]-中国翻译 2004(03)1.张爱真.李爱军.ZHANG Ai-zhen.LI Ai-jun汉英翻译中的词汇空缺及其对策[期刊论文]-安徽工业大学学报（社会科学版）2008,25(5)2.孙丽娟.SUN Lijuan从词汇空缺角度透视中西文化之别[期刊论文]-辽宁工程技术大学学报（社会科学版）2009,11(4)3.杨永和词汇空缺与语用翻译中的"文化补遗"[期刊论文]-湖南工程学院学报（社会科学版）2004,14(4)4.文旭词汇空缺的发现程序和认知理据[期刊论文]-四川外语学院学报2003,19(3)5.方慧英汉法律术语的对比分析[期刊论文]-黑河学刊2010(12)6.何子章.HE Zi-zhang外宣翻译中"词汇空缺"现象翻译探讨——由"龙"与"dragon"想到的[期刊论文]-襄樊学院学报2008,29(7)7.杨琳.Yang Lin口译中词汇空缺现象产生的原因[期刊论文]-南京广播电视大学学报2009(3)8.孙丹词汇空缺及其对跨文化背景下语言交际技能的制约[期刊论文]-中国科技纵横2010(8)9.李华.LI Hua议英汉互译中文化差异引起的词汇空缺[期刊论文]-南京工业职业技术学院学报2003,3(4)10.侯琳琳从文化差异的角度浅析英汉词汇空缺的翻译[期刊论文]-聊城大学学报（社会科学版）2010(2)1.贾超琴词汇空缺与中医术语词素层翻译[期刊论文]-河北联合大学学报（医学版） 2012(3)2.李俊梅词汇空缺与中医术语的翻译[期刊论文]-中国中西医结合杂志 2007(3)3.高战荣论法律翻译的等效性[期刊论文]-科技信息（科学·教研） 2007(30)4.吴淑琼法律词汇空缺的理据研究[期刊论文]-贵州师范学院学报 2012(8)5.周俊博英语法律援引缩略语及援引汉译[期刊论文]-海外英语(中旬刊) 2010(7)6.朱雪林文化视野中的法律翻译[期刊论文]-中国科教创新导刊 2007(23)7.翁林颖法律英语词语翻译中应重视"法的精神"[期刊论文]-福建商业高等专科学校学报 2008(5)8.戴拥军法律英语的修辞特征及其翻译策略[期刊论文]-安徽工业大学学报（社会科学版） 2008(5)9.孙荣栋.满薇英汉法律翻译中的无等值物词汇及翻译对策[期刊论文]-新余高专学报 2007(6)10.向楠.刘刚中医术语文化因素英译浅议[期刊论文]-世界中西医结合杂志 2010(6)引用本文格式：戴拥军.张德让词汇空缺与英语法律术语的翻译[期刊论文]-安徽理工大学学报（社会科学版）2004(4)。