医学英语文献阅读二曹素贞课后答案
医学英语阅读二分册翻译及答案-参考
医学英语阅读二分册翻译及答案-参考对人体的简要概述使我们对两个被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了初步认识，这两个学科就是解剖学与生理学。
然而不把病理学包括进去，这种概述是不完整的，因为病理学是研究疾病引起的结构和功能变化的学科。
实际上，现代对疾病的研究方法强调病理学与生理学的密切关系，并强调在治疗任何人体疾病时了解病理学与生理学基础的必要性。
The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has g iven us a glimpse into two different studies that are consi dered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete withou t considering pathology, the science that deals with the st ructural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasi zes the close relationship of the pathological and physiolo gical aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals o f each in treating any body diseases.那么什么是疾病呢？它可以被定义为正常机能或者部分机能遭受损害时的一种状态。
每一种生物，无论植物还是动物，都会生病。
例如，人类常常被微小的细菌感染，但是细菌又转而可能被更加微小的病毒感染。
医护英语二级阅读讲解 heart 心脏
Para 3
译 文
心脏被分为左部和右部。右 部由右心房和右心室组成，这 两个腔将乏氧血液泵入肺，在 肺内氧重新得到补充。左部由 左心房和左心室组成，这两个 腔收集富含氧气的血液并将其 泵入机体。
Para 4
Four valves keep the blood moving in the appropriate direction. Two of the heart's valves separate the right and left atrium from the right ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้nd left ventricles. Two other valves separate the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery and the left ventricle from the aorta.
Para 1&2
译 文
心 脏 机体在生命过程中需要氧气。动静脉网把 富含氧气的血液运送到机体，将乏氧血液 运送到肺。这个连续过程在中心是和你的 拳头一样大小的跳动肌肉——心脏。心脏 每分钟泵出大约5夸脱的血液，每次心跳 使机体和肺内的血液循环。这个过程得以 进行是因为心脏内部复杂的结构。
Para 3
Para 5
译 文
在一个心动周期中，机体 的乏氧血液通过腔静脉进入右 心房。右心房收缩，将血液通 过三尖瓣推入右心室。接着，右 心室收缩，将血液通过肺动脉 瓣推入肺动脉，肺动脉连接到 肺。
Para 6&7
At the same time, oxygen-rich blood returning from the lungs is delivered to the heart through the pulmonary veins.The pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium, which contracts to push oxygen-rich blood through the mitral valve and into the left ventricle. The left ventricle contracts, pushing the blood through the aortic valve and into the aorta, which distributes bloodt o arteries throughout the body. The heart is supplied with blood through the coronary arteries, which branch off the aorta.
医学英语答案1-3
Unit 11 Normally, the rate of cell reproduction and the process of cell differentiation are precisely controlled so that both of these mechanisms cease once the appropriate numbers and types of cells are formed.2 Cell walls are very thin so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily get through.3 Many cells, especially those of the central nervous system and the heart ,are extremely sensitive to low blood levels of oxygen ,so that lack of oxygen results in serious damage.4 The undifferentiated stem cells that can be triggered to enter the cell cycle are different from the cells that continue to divide and reproduce.5 In the blood there are many red blood cells that serve as vehicles for carrying oxygen.6 Besides neurons, there are other well-differentiated cells that are unable to divide.1细胞的专化程度越高，失去有丝分裂能力的可能性越大。
医学英语会话与阅读答案
16. c
17. e
18. d
19. a
20. b
21. one
22. two
23. four
24. left
25. three
26. one
27. two
28. four
29. non-; not
30. trans-; through, across, beyond
13. -ory
EXERCISE 2-4
1. vertebrae
2. ganglia
3. omenta
4. testes
5. lumina
6. matrices
7. sera
8. meninges
9. foci
10. pelves
11. adenomata
Answers to Chapter Review 2-1
Answers to Chapter Exercises
EXERCISE 3-1
1. one
2. four
3. one
4. half
5. two
6. many
7. four
8. three
9. two
10. di-
11. multi-
12. hemi-
13. uni
EXERCISE 3-2
2. antibiotics
3. abduction
4. adducted
5. dis-; absence, removal, separation
6. re-; again, back
医学英语文献阅读二上海交通大学课后题答案
医学英语文献阅读二上海交通大学课后题答案1、Mary _______ Math. [单选题] *A. is good at(正确答案)B. do well inC. is good forD. is good with2、The language school started a new（）to help young learners with reading and writing. [单选题] *A. course(正确答案)B. designC. eventD. progress3、The bookstore is far away. You’d better _______ the subway. [单选题] *A. sitB. take(正确答案)C. missD. get4、I repeated my question several times. [单选题] *A. 到达B. 惊奇C. 重复(正确答案)D. 返回5、____ father is a worker. [单选题] *A.Mike's and Mary'sB. Mike and Mary's(正确答案)C. Mike's and MaryD. Mike and Marys'6、The students in that university are not fewer than（）in our university. [单选题] *A. the oneB. thatC. themD. those(正确答案)7、--Mom, I will not eat fast food this year. Believe me.--If you make a _______, you must keep it. [单选题] *A. jokeB. noiseC. mistakeD. promise(正确答案)8、Reading（）the lines, I dare say that the government are more worried than they admitted. [单选题] *A. behindB. between(正确答案)C. alongD. among9、1——May I help you? You seem to be having some problems.——_______ , thanks. Ithink I can manage. [单选题] *A. All rightB. No problemC. It’s all right(正确答案)D. There’s no way10、You should take the medicine after you read the _______. [单选题] *A. linesB. wordsC. instructions(正确答案)D. suggestions11、（）of the twins was arrested because I saw them both at a party last night. [单选题] *A. NoneB. BothC. Neither(正确答案)D. All12、Now people can _______ with their friends far away by e-mail, cellphone or letter. [单选题] *A. keep onB. keep in touch(正确答案)C. keep upD. keep off13、He kept walking up and down, which was a sure（）that he was very worried. [单选题] *A. sign(正确答案)B. characterC. natureD. end14、The news is?_______. We are all _______ at it. [单选题] *A. exciting;?excited(正确答案)B. excited;?excitingC. exciting;?excitingD. excited;?excited15、35．Everyone in China ______ Mid-Autumn Day. [单选题] * A．likes(正确答案)B．likeC．is likingD．are like16、Guilin is _______ its beautiful scenery. [单选题] *A. famous for(正确答案)B. interested inC. fond ofD. careful with17、—______ Tom play the piano?—Yes, very well. （）[单选题] *A. Can(正确答案)B. MayC. MustD. Should18、Many children have to _______ their parents. [单选题] *A. divide intoB. put onC. depend on(正确答案)D. take on19、_____from far away, the 600-meter tower is stretching into the sky. [单选题] *A. SeeB. SeeingC. To seeD. Seen(正确答案)20、During the Spring Festival, people in Northern China usually eat _______ as a traditional Chinese food. [单选题] *A. pizzaB. dumplings(正确答案)C. hamburgersD. noodles21、This is not our house. lt belongs to _____. [单选题] *A. the Turners'B. the Turners(正确答案)C. Turner'sD. Turners22、Look! There are some boats ______ the river.（）[单选题] *A. on(正确答案)B. overC. betweenD. in23、You are getting too old for football.You had better _____tennis instead. [单选题] *A.take up(正确答案)B.take inC.take forD.take over24、Boys and girls, _______ up your hands if you want to take part in the summer camp(夏令营)．[单选题] *A. puttingB. to putC. put(正确答案)D. puts25、( ). The old man enjoys ______ stamps. And now he has1300 of them [单选题] *A. collectB. collectedC. collecting(正确答案)D. to collect26、We have made a _______ tour plan to Sydney. [单选题] *A. two dayB. two daysC. two-day(正确答案)D. two-days27、2．The villagers want to have a bridge. Can this dream ________? [单选题] *A．come outB．get awayC．come true(正确答案)D．get out28、( ) Do you have any difficulty _____ these flowers？I’d like to help you if you need.[单选题] *A in planting(正确答案)B for plantingC with plantingD to plant29、The family will have _______ good time in Shanghai Disneyland. [单选题] *A. theB. a(正确答案)C. anD. /30、The traffic jams often happen in _______ hours. [单选题] *A. lunchB. workC. leisureD. rush(正确答案)。
中医药大学作业英语2-5正确答案
四、A型题：1. Identify the errors in the following sentence:That is troubling me is that I don’t have much experience in international commerce.[ 1分] A.That* 2. I don't like the way ______ you laughed at her.[ 1分] B.that* 3. I’m ______ for news about them.[ 1分] C.eager* 4. He mistook me ______ my sister from my receding figure in darkness.[ 1分] A.for* 5. Identify the errors in the following sentence:Bob has mistaken me as Joe.[ 1分] D.as* 6. Identify the errors in the following sentence:She is most eagerly to know where the treasure has been hidden.[ 1分] B.eagerly* 7. He held himself ______ for fear of saying something he would regret.[ 1分] D.in* 8. His mother helped him select the pop music ______ his taste as his birthday gift.[ 1分] C.to* 9. Poor old George has ______ the world since his business failed.[ 1分] e down in* 10. ______ at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.[ 1分] B.So forcefully did he speak* 11. He said he really couldn't ______ to offend such people in those days.[ 1分] D.afford* 12. The boy leaning against the wall ______ and ______ but______ nothing and finally burst into crying.[ 1分]B.listened ... listened, heard* 13. Identify the errors in the following sentence:If one does not work hard, you cannot expect to succeed.[ 1分]C.you* 14. How we______ a chance to visit your great country![ 1分] B.longed for* 15. Only guests of the hotel enjoy the ______of using the private beach.[ 1分] A.privilege* 16. The school bus was _____by a thick fog.[ 1分] A.held up17. The children at the kindergarten ______ from 1 to 100.[ 1分] C.counted out* 18. Jim ______ to act on his own judgment, but he didn't because as a soldier he had to obey the order.[ 1分]B.would have preferred* 19. In order to ______ his face, he concealed his real name from us and pretended to be a noble man.[ 1分]D.save* 20. Identify the errors in the following sentence:After making observations for a week, Sam found why Mr. Hobbs’s short factory was so inefficient.[ 1分] C.found* 21. Identify the errors in the following sentence:Jonnie was not barely able to walk without help because of the bad injury in his leg.[ 1分] A.was not* 22. Identify the errors in the following sentence:Not until my mother told me the sad news last night did I knew that our neighbor Dr. Li was killed in a car accident the week before.[ 1分] C.did I knew* 23. The negotiation has already been broken ______.[ 1分] C.off* 24. Identify the errors in the following sentence:On his way to school yesterday morning Prof. Wang met an old friend and stopped talking with him for quite a while.[ 1分] C.stopped talking* 25. She ______ her things into luggage and was in great excitement for the holiday in the West.[ 1分]D.packed26. I don't think ______ he believed my reason because he had turned a deaf ear to me.[ 1分]D.for a moment* 27. Identify the errors in the following sentence:He wanted to know how the way they behaved.[ 1分]B.ow the way* 28. Identify the errors in the following sentence:Since the beginning of this century, more and more scientists have become interested in the way how the human brain works.[ 1分]D.the way how* 29. The ______power of the people in this town has been decreasing because most young people have left for the big cities.[ 1分] B.purchasing* 30. Identify the errors in the following sentence:Mary was shocked to realizing that it was time for tides to come in.[ 1分] B.realizing* 31. I've never heard ______ such a thing.[ 1分] B.of* 32. Identify the errors in the following sentence:I got two vases in China. All of them are expensive.[ 1分]C.All* 33. If only I ______ the English exam without much hard work.[ 1分] C.could pass* 34. When he heard the news that he was selected to study abroad, he jumped _____ joy.[ 1分] A.with* 35. The space-shuttle will land on the 18th of this month, _____ the 25th.[ 1分] B.instead of* 36. Identify the errors in the following sentence:When I got to the cinema, the film had already started; I ought to get there earlier.[ 1分] C.ought to get37. “We’ll do what we can to get the goods ____on time,” said the manger of the company.[ 1分]B.delivered* 38. Your remarks are rather ______ because every one stands by her.[ 1分] C.out of place* 39. Identify the errors in the following sentence:No matter whatever he wanted, she would give it to him.[ 1分]B.whatever* 40. Identify the errors in the following sentence:He always acts as if he is the chairman although he is nothing at C.is* 41. The Chairman of the Trade Union suggested ______ to look into the problem.[ 1分]B.setting up a special committee42. The newly-retired old man looked ______ at the article on display before he made a decision to make a purchase.[ 1分] A.closely* 43. Identify the errors in the following sentence:As soon as I showed her the trick, she bursted out laughing[ 1分]C.bursted out44. The police investigation discovered that three young men were ______in the robbery.[ 1分]B.involved* 45. He felt rather______as he was the only person who wore sportswear at the dinner party.[ 1分]D.out of the place* 46. Vickie had most probably ______her for another sort of girl.[ 1分] C.mistaken* 47. What the ______ is that thing on your head?[ 1分] A.hell* 48. It is the boy’s laziness that ______his failure in the exam.[ 1分] C.result in* 49. We must begin testing this instrument, ______ difficult it is.[ 1分] B.no matter how* 50. Identify the errors in the following sentence:After criticizing our proposal in every detail, the director went on telling us that there was nothing personal in his comments.[ 1分] C.telling us* 51. I remember ______ the book to you the other day when I met you on my way to the library.[ 1分]A.returning* 52. I hired a boat ______ I could go fishing.[ 1分] C.so that* 53. Identify the errors in the following sentence:There are many faults in his homework.[ 1分] C.faults* 54. Identify the errors in the following sentence:Alice is the only one of those neighbors who are always willing to help the old.[ 1分] C.are* 55. I like to get up early so that I can get plenty of work _____before lunch.[ 1分] A.done* 56. The general designer was talking to the builders of the Grand Hotel while pointing ______ the map.[ 1分]D.at* 57. There was a long ______ silence between them after his angry words.[ 1分] B.awkward* 58. I received a ______parcel yesterday and I am still wondering who may have sent it.[ 1分]D.mysterious* 59. Children are always longing ______ Christmas because they can be presented with a lot of gifts under the Christmas tree.[ 1分] C.for* 60. Identify the errors in the following sentence:"Excuse me," he said, with more dignity than I would thought of possible considering his appearance.[ 1分] B.thought of五、A型题：* 1. Identify the errors in the following sentence:Of the two lectures, the first was by far the best one, partly because the person who delivered it had such a pleasant voice.[ 1分] B. the best* 2. When their coach came in, all the players stopped watching, whispering and ______.[ 1分]ughing* 3. The movie star ______with your sister, didn’t he?[ 1分] ed to dance* 4. “You’re a liar!” she （exclaimed）.[ 1分] B.cried out* 5. Identify the errors in the following sentence:The old grandmother, dressed in her finest clothes and accompanied by lots of grandchildren,were smiling happily in the living room.[ 1分]B.finest clothes* 6. Identify the errors in the following sentence:She insisted that we gave her thirty minutes for preparation.[ 1分] B.gave* 7. Mother insisted that______.[ 1分] C.they be back before nine in the evening* 8. I answered the letter （immediately）.[ 1分] A.at once* 9. The police are （looking into） the mysterious disappearance of a two-year-old girl from home in Florida.[ 1分] D.investigating* 10. To give up such a chance would be an ______ decision.[ 1分] A.ill-advised* 11. Do you think that these new methods will _____?[ 1分] C.work* 12. The judge （suspected） the truth of the evidence provided by the witness.[ 1分] A.doubted* 13. Identify the errors in the following sentence:I can’t help to think it would be fun to play such an exciting game with them.[ 1分] A.to think* 14. ______, you must show your ticket to go into the cinema.[ 1分] B.Whoever you are* 15. Japanese differs ______ Chinese in many respects.[ 1分] A.from* 16. It was in that small room_____ they worked hard and dreamed of better days to come.[ 1分] D.that* 17. （As long as） you keep trying, you’ll certainly succeed.[ 1分] D.If* 18. The executive art editor planned to be secretly married _____ his beloved girl who had been in love for three years.[ 1分] D.to* 19. They （occasionally） stop by to see us.[ 1分] D.once in a while20. Identify the errors in the following sentence:Because of her sympathy for this poor old man, the shop girl took lesser money than the actual charge for the puddings.[ 1分] B.lesser* 21. Identify the errors in the following sentence:When I got to the cinema, the film had already started; I ought to get there earlier.[ 1分] C.ought to get* 22. Identify the errors in the following sentence:Comparing with the corresponding period of last year, the output in the first quarter rose by 10%.[ 1分] paring* 23. ______ the end of the meeting ______ he had made a serious mistake.[ 1分]C.Not until ... did the chairman find* 24. Identify the errors in the following sentence:You may sell the used books to the new students at the university at a cheaper price than youpaid for them.[ 1分] B.a cheaper* 25. Are you （positive） that the boy you saw in the hotel corridor was Peter?[ 1分] C.sure* 26. When will the wedding ______?[ 1分] B.take place* 27. Identify the errors in the following sentence:Having rejected by everybody, the student representative resigned the committee.[ 1分] A.Having rejected* 28. Identify the errors in the following sentence:The foreign tourist said that he was lucky because that was the second time that he visited there.[ 1分] B.that* 29. During the past few months, the young girl has shown great ______ as a good dancer.[ 1分]B.potential* 30. Identify the errors in the following sentence:Entered the room, he took off his hat and coat and hung them up.[ 1分] A.Entered* 31. He has no other interests ______ he is fond of collecting stamps.[ 1分] C.except that* 32. Identify the errors in the following sentence:By reading the directions carefully, some mistakes in the examination cold have been avoided.[ 1分] A.By reading* 33. When the bus arrived at the station, he got off and made _____to go home.[ 1分] A.his way* 34. That opera is based ______ an actual occurrence.[ 1分] D.on* 35. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, ______.[ 1分] D.her linger hair flowing in the breeze* 36. Identify the errors in the following sentence:The chairman proposed that every speaker must limit himself to fifteenth minutes.[ 1分] B.must limit* 37. ______that the left side of the human brain is responsible for logic.[ 1分] C.It is generously believed* 38. We must prevent this disease ______ spreading.[ 1分] B.on* 39. Identify the errors in the following sentence:This visit has remained a deep impression on her mind.[ 1分]B.remained* 40. Identify the errors in the following sentence:He was singing an Anti-Japanese song, as if remembered those unforgettable days.[ 1分] C.remembered* 41. At the age of four, the outstanding champion of the World Cup Athlete Tournament could stand there ______ to watch the game for a few hours.[ 1分] A.silently* 42. Betty was （nervous） whenever she saw her history teacher.[ 1分] D.tense* 43. Identify the errors in the following sentence:John said his mother would buy him a five-speeds racing bicycle for his sixteenth birthday.[ 1分] B.five-speeds* 44. The local police are ______ the fires that have occurred recently[ 1分] C.looking into* 45. Pay special attention to ______ your teacher speaks English.[ 1分] D.the way* 46. You may borrow my book ______ you promise to return it tomorrow.[ 1分] B.as long as* 47. The old couple in this flight took ______ window seats and helped themselves.[ 1分] A.over* 48. Scientists didn’t know much about lung cancer______.[ 1分] B.until recently* 49. Mount Qomolangma, the Roof Ridge of the world is covered______ snow all the year around.[ 1分]D.with* 50. Identify the errors in the following sentence:That is troubling me is that I don’t have much experience in international commerce.[ 1分]A.That* 51. I couldn’t understand why he pretended______ in the bookstore.[ 1分] B.not to see me* 52. The ______ to the house was a narrow path and was often held up by traffic jams.[ 1分]A.approach* 53. Identify the errors in the following sentence:Do you know anybody who had been injured in the accident happened on the street yesterday?[ 1分] B.had been injured in* 54. Identify the errors in the following sentence:It was very late to save the drowning boy as he had gone down for the third time.[ 1分] A.very late* 55. The professor paused as if ______his students to ask question on point he had just made.[ 1分]A.expecting* 56. We waited more than half an hour for Beth but （eventually） we had to leave without her.[ 1分]B.in the end* 57. The tour bus slopped in Times Square, picked up some visitor and______.[ 1分]C.on through* 58. The classroom was almost empty ______a desk or two.[ 1分]B.except for* 59. All her doubts （vanished） after she read the letter from Jimmy.[ 1分]B.disappeared* 60. Identify the errors in the following sentence:It was suggested that we tried to use gas to start a fire.[ 1分]D.start a fire。
职称英语综合类阅读判断练习及答案(2)
职称英语考试/模拟试题2016年职称英语综合类阅读判断练习及答案（2）Stem Cell Therapy May Help Repair the Heart According to scientists in the USA,stem cell therapy may one day be able to repair the hearts of people with heart failure.Researchers at Pittsburgh University School of Medicine examined 20 patients who had severe heart failure and were going to have surgery.They injected stem cells into the parts of their hearts that were damaged.They then compared their hearts with those of people who had undergone surgery without having the stem cells injected into them(they had also suffered from severe heart failure).The patients who had the stem cells injected had hearts that were able to pump(用泵抽水)more blood than the others.According to Professor Robert Kormos,one of,the researchers,these results could revolutionize heart treatment.Although previous studies had indicated that there might be a benefit,this is the first study that has actually proved that stem cell therapy can help the failing heart work better.All the patients in this study had hearts that could not pump blood properly.The scientists measured their ejection fraction(射血分数).This is a measure of heart performance;you measure how much blood is being pumped out by the left ventricle(心室).Healthy people's ejection fraction is about55%.These patients had ejection fraction of under 35%.They all had by-pass surgery(搭桥手术)performed on them.Some of the patients had stem cells taken from their hip bones and injected into 25-30 sites in the damaged heart muscle.Six months later their ejection fraction rate was 46.1% while those who just had surgery but no stem cell injections averaged 37.2%.No side effects were reported.Heart failure is a common problem all over the world.In the UK alone about 650,000 people suffer from heart failure every year.As the number of people suffering from heart failure increases in the world in general these findings areparticularly significant.Current treatments relieve the symptoms.This new stem cell therapy actually repairs the damaged muscle in the heart and has the potential of curing the disease.1.The 20 patients had stem cell injections instead of surgery.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned2.The experiment proved to be satisfactory.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned3.The control group patients regretted not having had stem cell injections.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned4.The study actually proved for the first time the benefit of stem cell therapy.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned5.The ejection fraction rate of the patients with stem cell injections decreasedA.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned6.Heart failure is more common in the UK than anywhere else in the world.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned7.Stem cell therapy seems to have great prospects.A.RightB.WrongC.Not mentioned参考答案：1.B 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A2016年职称英语综合类阅读判断练习及答案（2）.doc [全文共1516字] 编号：6136966。
医学学术英语(医学)课文翻译以及课后问题答案
Unit11、Some factors that may lead to the complaint:·Neuron overload·Patients* high expectations·Mistrust and misunderstanding between the patient and the doctor2、Mrs. Osorio’s condition:·A 56-year-old woman·Somewhat overweight·Reasonably well-controlled diabetes and hypertension·Cholesterol on the high side without any medications for it·Not enough exercises she should take·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan3、Good things:·Blood tests done·Glucose a little better·Her blood pressure a little better but not so great Bad things:·Cholesterol not so great·Her weight a little up·Her bones a little thin on her last DEXA scan 44、The situation:·The author was in a moderate state of panic: juggling so many thoughts about Mrs. Osorio’s conditions and trying to resolve them all before the clock ran down.·Mrs. Osorio made a trivial request, not so important as compared to her conditions.·Mrs. Osorio seemed to care only about her “innocent —and completely justified —request”：the form signed by her doctor.·The doctor tried to or at least pretended to pay attention to the patient while completing documentation.5、Similarities:·In computer multitasking, a microprocessor actually performs only one task ata time. Like microprocessors, we human beings carft actually concentrate ontwo thoughts at the same exact time. Multitasking is just an illusion both in computers and human beings.Differences:·The concept of multitasking originated in computer science.·At best, human beings can juggle only a handful of thoughts in a multitasking manner, but computers can do much better.·The more thoughts human beings juggle, the less human beings are able to attune fully to any given thought, but computers can do much better.6、·7 medical issues to consider·5 separate thoughts, at least, for each issue·7 x 5 = 35 thoughts·10 patients that afternoon·35 x 10 = 350 thoughts·5 residents under the authors supervision·4 patients seen by each resident·10 thoughts, at least, generated from each patient·5 x 4 x 10 = anther 200 thoughts·350 + 200 = 550 thoughts to be handled in total·If the doctor does a good job juggling 98% of the time, that still leaves about10 thoughts that might get lost in the process.7、Possible solutions:·Computer-generated reminders·Case managers·Ancillary services·The simplest solution: timeUnit21、The author implies:• Peoples inadequate consciousness about the consequence of neglecting the re- emerging infectious diseases·Unjustifiability of peoples complacency about the prevention and control of the infectious diseases·Unfinished war against infectious diseases2、Victory declarations:·Surgeon General William Stewart's hyperbolic statement of closing “the book on infectious disease”.·A string of impressive victories incurred by antibiotics and vaccines·The thought that the war against infectious diseases was almost overWhat followed ever since:·Appearance of new diseases such as AIDS and Ebola·Comeback of the old afflictions:» Diphtheria in the former Soviet Union» TB in urban centers like New York City» Rising Group A streptococcal conditions like scarlet fever·The fear of a powerful new flu strain sweeping the world3、Elaborate on the joined battle:·WHO established a new division devoted to worldwide surveillance and control of emerging disease in October 1995.·CDC launched a prevention strategy in 1994.·Congress raised fund from $6.7 million in 1995 to $26 million in 1997.4、The borders are meaningless to pathogenic microbes, which can travel from one country to another remote country in a very short time.5、TB:·Prisons and homeless shelters as ideal places for TB spread·Emerging of drug-resistant strain or even multi-drug-resistant strain·A ride on the HIV w^on by attacking the immunocompromisedGroup A strep:·A change in virulence·Mutation in the exterior of the bacteriumFlu:Constant changes in its coat (surface antigens) and resultant changes in its level of virulence6、Examples:·Experiment in England is seeing the waning immunity because of no vaccination.·Du e to poor vaccination efforts, the diphtheria situation in the former Soviet Union is serious. '• The vaccination rates are dropping in some American cities, and it will lead to more diphtheria and whooping cough.7、The four areas of focus:·The need for surveillance·Updated science capable of dealing with discoveries in the field ·Appropriate prevention and control·Strong public health infrastructure8、The infectious diseases such as TB, flu, diphtheria and scarlet fever will never really go away, and the war against them will never end.Unit31、Terry's life before·She loved practicing Tae Kwon Do·She loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments.·She competed nationally, even won bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games.·She attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine resident, and became an academic general internist.·She got married and got a son and a daughter.2、The symptoms of MS and autoimmune disease:·Loss of stamina and strength·Problems with balance·Bouts of horrific facial pain·Dips in visual acuity3、Terry did the following before she self-experimented:·She started injections.·She adopted many pharmacotherapies.·She began her own study of literature:» She read articles on websites such as PubMed.» She searched for articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.»She turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types —dementia，Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Lou Gehrig's disease.»She relearned basic sciences such as cellular physiology, biochemistry, and neurophysiology.4、Approaches Terry mainly used:·Self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models·Self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation which is not an approved treatment for MS·Online search to identify the sources of micronutrients and having a new diet ·Reduction of food allergies and toxic load5、Cases mentioned in the text:·Increased mercury stores in the brains of people with dental fillings·High levels of the herbicide atrazine in private wells in Iowa·The strong association between pesticide exposure and neurodegeneration ·The association of single nucleotide polymorphisms involving metabolism of sulfur and/or B vitamins·Inefficient clearing of toxins6、With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, andautoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than the genes, we can take many health problems and the health care crisis under our control, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit41、Two concepts:·Complementary medicine refers to the use of conventional therapies together with alternative treatments such as using acupuncture in addition to usual care to help lessen pain. Complementary and alternative medicine is shortened as CAM.·Alternative medicine refers to healing treatments that are not part of conventional therapies —like acupuncture, massage therapy, or herbal medicine. They are called so because people used to consider practices like these outside the mainstream.2·TCM does not require advanced, complicated, and in most cases, expensive facilities.·TCM employs needles, cups, coins, to mention but a few.·Most procedures and operations of TCM are noninvasive.·The substances used as medicine are raw herbs or abstracts from them, and they are indeed all natural, from nature.·TCM has been practiced as long as the Chinese history, so the efficiency i s proven and ensured.·Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM3、It may be used as an adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for a number of conditions: post-operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, post-operative dental pain, addiction, stroke rehabilitation, headache, menstrual cramps, tennis elbow, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, osteoarthritis, low back pain, carpal tunnel syndrome, and asthma.4、A well-justified NO:·More intense research to uncover additional areas for the use of acupuncture ·Higher adoption of acupuncture as a common therapeutic modality not only in treatment but also in prevention of disease and promotion of wellness ·Exploration and perfection of innovative methods of acupuncture point stimulation with technological advancement·Improved understanding of neuroscience and other aspects of human physiology and function by basic research on acupuncture·Greater interest by stakeholders·An increasing number of physician acupuncturists5、·Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance:» Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient» Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas·Digression from either of the above guidence will lead to misuses of herbs, and will result in complications in patient6、·Randomized controlled trialsAdvantages:»Elimination of the potential bias in the allocation of participants to the intervention group or control group» Tendency to produce comparable groups» Guaranteed validity of statistical tests of significanceLimitations:» Difficulty in generalizing the results obtained from the selected sampling to the population as a whole» A poor choice for research where temporal factors are anissue»Extremely heavy resources, requiring very large samplegroups• Quasi-experimentsAdvantages:» Control group comparisons possible» Reduced threats to external validity as natural environments do notsuffer the same problems of artificiality as compared to awell-controlled laboratory setting.» Generalizations of the findings to be made about population since quasiexperiments are natural experimentsLimitations：» Potential for non-equivalent groups as quasi-experimental designsdo not use random sampling in constructing experimental and controlgroups.» Potential for low internal validity as a result of not using random sampling methods to construct the experimental and control groups• Cohort studiesAdvantages:»Clear indication of the temporal sequence between exposure andoutcome» Particular use for evaluating the effects of rare or unusual exposure» Ability to examine multiple outcomes of a single risk factorLimitations:» Larger, longer, and more expensive» Prone to certain types of bias» Not practical for rare outcomes• Case-control studiesAdvantages:»The only feasible method in the case of rare diseases and those with long periods between exposure and outcome»Time and cost effective with relatively fewer subjects as compared to other observational methodsLimitations：» Unable to provide the same level of evidence as randomized controlled trials as it is observational in nature» Difficult to establish the timeline of exposure to disease outcome• “N=1” trialsAdvantages» Easy to manage» InexpensiveLimitations：» Findings difficult to be generalized to the whole population» Weakest evidence due to the number of the subject7、• Synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on:» The completeness of the literature search (unavailable for foreign studies) » The accuracy of evaluation·There are situations in which no answer can be found for the questions of interest in RCTs and database analyses.·There's the requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data”8、·Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society·Research and education·Political, economic, and social factorsUnit51、·Dis-ease refers to the imbalance arising from：» Continuous stress» Pain» Hardships·Disease is a health crisis ascribable to various dis-eases.·Prompting elimination of dis-eases can alleviate some diseases.2、·Wellness is a state involving every aspect of our being: body, mind and spirit.·Manifestations of a healthy person:» Energy and vitality» A certain zip in gait» A warm feeling of peace of heart seen through behavior3、·Constant messages, positive and negative，are sent to our mind about the health of our body.·Physical symptoms are suppressed by people who go through life on automatic pilot.·Being well equals to being disease- or illness-free in the minds of them. ·They confused wellness with an absence of symptoms.4、·People's minds are infected by spin:» Half-truth» Fearful fictions» Blatant deceit: some as a form of self-deceit·Spin is a result of unconscious living.·The kind of falseness is pandemic.5·Our body intelligence is suppressed or dormant from a lack of use.·There are tremendous amount of stress on a daily basis.·Our bodies are easily ignored for years because of a lack of recreation time. ·Limiting, self-defeating and even self-destructive behaviors undermine our wellbeing and keep them from achieving our full potential.6·We grow more reluctant to take risks.·We lose the ability to feel and acknowledge our deepest feelings and the courage to speak our truth.·We continue to deny and repress our feelings to protect ourselves. ·Fear, denial and disconnection from our bodies and feelings become an unconscious, self-protective habit, a kind of default response to life.7·A multi-faceted process:» Looking for roots of and resolutions for the issues in different dimensions » Building our wellness toolbox slowly» Picturing our whole state of being·Attention to the little stuff:» Examining our lives honestly and setting clear intentions to change» Striving to maintain a balance of our mind, body and spirit» Taking small steps in the way to perceive and resolve conflict8·Try to awaken and evolve in order to live more consciously.·Get in touch with our genuine feelings and emotions.·Come to terms with the toxic emotionsUnit61、In the past, most people died at home. But now, more and more people arecared in hospitals and nursing homes at their end of life, which of course brings a new set of questions to consider.2、·Sixty-four years old with a history of congestive heart failure·Deciding to do everything medically possible to extend his life·Availability of around-the-clock medical services and a full range of treatment choices, tests, and other medical care·Relaxed visiting hours, and personal items from home3、Availability of around-the-clock medical resources, including doctors, nurses,and facility.4、·Taking on a job which is big physically, emotionally, and financially·Hiring a home nurse for additional help·Arranging for services (such as visiting nurses) and special equipment (like a hospital bed or bedside commode)5、·Health insurance·Planning by a professional, such as a hospital discharge plaimer or a social worker·Help from local governmental agencies·Doctor's supervision at home6、·Traditionally, it is only about symptom care.·Recently, it is a comprehensive approach to improving the quality of life for people who are living with potentially fatal diseases.7、·Stopping treatment specifically aimed at curing an illness equals discontinuing all treatment.·Choosing a hospice is a permanent decision.Unit71、·A dying patient·Decision whether to withdraw life-support machines and medication and start comfort measures·The family's refusal to make any decision or withdraw any treatments2、·The doctor as exclusive decision-maker·The patient as participant with little say in the final choice3、·Respect for the patient, especially the patient s autonomy·Patient-centered care·The patient as decision-maker based on the information provided by the doctor4、·Patients are forced to make decisions they never want to.·Patients, at least a large majority of them, prefer their doctors to make final decisions.·Shifting responsibility of decision-making to patients will bring about more stress to patients and their families, especially when the best option for the patient is uncertain.5、Doctors are very much cautious about committing some kind of ethicaltransgression.6、·Shouldering responsibility together with the patient may be better than having the patient make decisions on their own.·Balancing between paternalism and respect for patients autonomy constitutes a large part of medical practice.Unit81、·Research:An activity to test hypothesis, to permit conclusions to be drawn, and thereby to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge·Practice:Interventions solely to enhance the well-being of an individual patient or client and that have a reasonable expectation of success·Blurred distinction:»Cooccurrence of research and practice like in research designed to evaluate a therapy» Notable departures from standard practice being called “experimental”with the terms “experimenta l”and “research” carelessly defined2、·Autonomy：Individuals treated as autonomous agents .·Protection:Persons with diminished autonomy entitled to protection·A case in point:Prisoners involved in research3·“Do no harm” as the primary principle·Maximization of possible benefits and minimization of possible harms . ·Balance between benefits and potential risks involved in every step of seeding the benefits4、·“Do no harm” as a fundamental principle of medical ethics·Extension of it to the realm of research by Claude Bernard·Benefits and risks as a set “duet” in both medical practice and research5、·Unreasonable denial of entitled benefit and unduly imposed burden：Enrolment of patients in new drug trial: Who should be enrolled and who should not?·Equal treatment of equals:Determining factors of equality: age, sex, severity of the condition, financial status, social status6、·Definition:The opportunity to choose what shall or shall not happen to them ·Application:» A process rather than signing a written form» Adequate information as the premise» A well-informed decision as the expected result7、·Requirements for consent as entailed by the principle of respect for persons ·Risk/benefit assessment as entailed by the principle of beneficence·More requirements of fairness as entailed by the principle of justice: » At the individual level: fairness» At the social level: distinction between classesUnit 1 Text A神经过载与千头万绪的医生患者经常抱怨自己的医生不会聆听他们的诉说。
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医学英语文献阅读二曹素贞课后答案
1、The soldiers would rather die than give in. [单选题] *
A. 呈交
B. 放弃
C. 泄露
D. 投降(正确答案)
2、I repeated my question several times. [单选题] *
A. 到达
B. 惊奇
C. 重复(正确答案)
D. 返回
3、Since we have _____ money left,we can't afford the expensive computer. [单选题] *
A. a little
B. a few
C. little(正确答案)
D. few
4、The old woman doesn’t feel _______ though she lives _______. [单选题] *
A. alone; lonely
B. alone; alone
C. lonely; lonely
D. lonely; alone(正确答案)
5、—Do you know ______ box it is? —It is ______.（）[单选题] *
A. who; my
B. whose; me
C. who; her
D. whose; hers(正确答案)
6、32．There are about __________ women doctors in this hospital. [单选题] * A．two hundred of
B．two hundreds of
C．two hundreds
D．two hundred (正确答案)
7、It took a long time to _______ Tom to go shopping with me. [单选题] *
A. speak
B. tell
C. persuade(正确答案)
D. talk
8、--The last bus has left. What should we do?--Let’s take a taxi. We have no other _______ now. [单选题] *
A. choice(正确答案)
B. reason
C. habit
D. decision
9、44．—Hi, Lucy. You ________ very beautiful in the new dress today.—Thank you very much. [单选题] *
A．look(正确答案)
B．watch
C．look at
D．see
10、In the closet（）a pair of trousers his parents bought for his birthday. [单选题] *
A. lying
B. lies(正确答案)
c. lie
D. is lain
11、The teachers don't make us wear a school uniform and we can wear _____ we like. [单选题] *
A. any
B. that
C. as
D. what(正确答案)
12、Julia’s on holiday in Shanghai _______. [单选题] *
A. in a moment
B. after a moment
C. at the moment(正确答案)
D. at any moment
13、_______ win the competition, he practiced a lot. [单选题] *
A. Because
B. In order to(正确答案)
C. Thanks to
D. In addition to
14、The manager was quite satisfied with his job. [单选题] *
A. 担心的
B. 满意的(正确答案)
C. 高兴的
D. 放心的
15、There may be something wrong with her _______. She can’t see things clearly. [单选题] *
A. eyes(正确答案)
B. ears
C. mouth
D. nose
16、Sam is going to have the party ______ Saturday evening. （）[单选题] *
A. in
B. on(正确答案)
C. at
D. to
17、_________ we don't stop climate change, many animals and plants in the world will be gone. [单选题] *
A.Although
B.While
C.If(正确答案)
D.Until
18、36．The students will go to the Summer Palace if it __________ tomorrow. [单选题] * A．won’t rain
B．isn’t raining
C．doesn’t rain (正确答案)
D．isn’t rain
19、There are about eight ______ students in my school.（）[单选题] *
A. hundred(正确答案)
B. hundreds
C. hundred of
D. hundreds of
20、—______ do you pay for it? —Over the Internet. （）[单选题] *
A. What
B. How much
C. How(正确答案)
D. When
21、We have _______ a double room with a bath for you in the hotel. [单选题] *
A. bought
B. reserved(正确答案)
C. made
D. taken
22、Tom will _______ me a gift from Japan. [单选题] *
A. take
B. get
C. carry
D. bring(正确答案)
23、—Do you like to watch Hero?—Yes. I enjoy ______ action movies. （）[单选题] *
A. watch
B. watching(正确答案)
C. to watch
D. watches
24、Could you please ______ why you can’t come to attend the meeting? [单选题] *
A. explain(正确答案)
B. understand
C. give
D. reach
25、The plane arrived at London airport _______ Wednesday morning. [单选题] *
A. on(正确答案)
B. at
C. in
D. for
26、97．Go ______ the square and you will find the theatre. [单选题] *
A．above
B．at
C．across(正确答案)
D．on
27、--What’s the weather like today?--It’s _______. [单选题] *
A. rain
B. windy(正确答案)
C. sun
D. wind
28、Experts are making an investigation on the spot. They want to find a way to（）the tower. [单选题] *
A. Restore(正确答案)
B. resume
C. recover
D. reunite
29、It was _____ that the policy of reform and opening up came into being in China. [单选题] *
A. in the 1970s(正确答案)
B. in 1970s
C. in the 1970s'
D. in 1970's
30、11．________ big furniture shop it is! [单选题] *
A．How
B．What
C．What a (正确答案)
D．What an。