银行管理信息系统

II.Bank Risk Management Systems
The banking industry has long viewed the problem of risk management as the need to control four of the above risks which make up most, if not all, of their risk exposure, viz., credit, interest rate, foreign exchange and liquidity risk. While they recognize counterparty and legal risks, they view them as less central to their concerns. Where counterparty risk is significant, it is evaluated using standard credit risk procedures, and often within the credit department itself. Likewise, most bankers would view legal risks as arising from their credit decisions or, more likely, proper process not employed in financial contracting.
Accordingly, the study of bank risk management processes is essentially an investigation of how they manage these four risks. In each case, the procedure outlined above is adapted to the risk considered so as to standardize, measure, constrain and manage each of these risks. To illustrate how this is achieved, this review of firm-level risk management begins with a discussion of risk management controls in each area. The more difficult issue of summing over these risks and adding still other, more amorphous, ones such as legal, regulatory or reputational risk, will be left to the end.
银行风险管理系统
银行业长期以来都面临着风险管理的难题。

对于风险曝光等问题，即使不是构成此难题的所
有原因，但以下最为关键重要的四个问题却必须在监管掌控之下得到妥善处理，即信贷业务，
利息率，对外结算以及流动资产偿还能力的风险性。

当银行确定合约双方以及其法律风险的
之后，他们就会减少对合约方的限制。

当交易对方风险重大的情况下，银行会启用包括信用
部门本身在内的标准信用风险评估程序。

同样的，大多数银行由于自身的信贷决策，或者更
多的是在金融合同中未被采用的适当条款，都会以严格的，高标准的目光去审视其法律风险。

因此，银行风险管理工作研究的本质是对如何处理这四个风险的研究。

在所有情况下，所有
上述程序都会在深思熟虑的之后决定是否适合规范、估量、约束和管理每一个这样的风险。

举例说明如何实现这个问题——对于公司层面的风险管理来说，这些问题的源头就是能否控
制每一个区域的风险。

即使算上这些问题，并且加上一些其他的原因，但更困难的却在于一
些无形的问题上，诸如法律，规章制度，信用风险，这些都将决定其能否走到最后。