十八世纪启蒙文学

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18世纪文学

18世纪文学

启蒙运动的基本特征
“理性”:启蒙运 动形成的资产阶级 思想体系的核心 “启蒙”:从封建 的、宗教的意识中 解脱出来
启蒙运动主要内容
• 否定天主教的神权权威,提出信仰自由。 • 否定封建专制制度和等级制度的合理性, 提出“天赋人权”、“在法律面前人人 平”。 • 崇尚理性,把理性作为批判旧制度的武器,
2、斯威夫特(Swift 1661—1745)
英国讽刺作家, 代表作是寓言小说《格 列佛游记》 (Gulliver’s Travels, 1726),开创了英国文 学中的讽刺传统。
• 出于对当时游记作品浪漫化倾向的不 满。 • 是对《鲁滨逊漂流记》的讽刺模仿。
• 通过主人公格列佛四次航海,先后到 小人国、大人国、飞岛国、贤马国等 地的历险,影射讽刺英国政治、法律、 社会、党争和哲学。
感伤主义特点
• 感伤主义的特点是崇尚感情,把情感放在理性之上,重 视个性和个人精神生活,描写自然风景,留恋宗法社会。 强调表现善良人的不幸,在充满伤感情愫的描写中,唤 起读者对人物命运的同情与怜悯,在涩泪涟涟中表现美 和崇高,以激起读者的强烈反响。 • 感伤主义得名于英国作家斯泰恩的游记《感伤旅行》 (A Sentimental Journey 1768 )。英国感伤文学主要 有感伤诗(sentimental poem)、感伤喜剧 (sentimental comedy)和感伤小说(sentimental novel),其中影响最大的是感伤小说。
斯泰恩
• 斯泰恩(Laurence Sterne, 1713—1768) 感伤小说代表作家之一。他对后世文学的 影响表现在他对小说技巧、风格的革新。
《商第传》
• 《商第传》(Tristram Shaudy,1759—1767)描 写项狄弟兄的生平故事,但主人公的故事只在书 中占很小篇幅。 • 该书的最大成就是叙述手法标新立异。全书没有 情节,充满随意性的插话、插曲、颠倒时序、心 理描写、考证、论辩和滑稽场面。成段引用拉丁 文,喜用破折号、断句,大量的星号、白页、黑 页、虎皮纹页、图解等。 • 作品基本情调是幽默、善意的戏谑、感伤暗示。 • 它对英国文学的重要贡献是使小说开始具有新的 内容,描写人物极为丰富复杂的印象和感情。它 的独特的写作技巧预示了20世纪现代派小说的创 作技巧,乔伊斯十分推崇斯特恩,意识流小说的 很多创作手法源于《商第传》。

十八世纪启蒙主义文学

十八世纪启蒙主义文学
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丹尼尔· 笛福


Daniel· Defoe (1660—1731), 英国作家,英国启蒙时期现 实主义小说的奠基人,被誉 为“小说之父”。 代表作品《鲁滨逊漂流记》 (The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 1719)反映了 当时资本主义的时代精神, 成功地塑造了一个新兴资产 者的典型形象。
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罗可可艺术
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法国启蒙文学



20年代正式兴起,前期主要有孟德斯鸠和 伏尔泰。 50年代起达到高峰,以卢梭《论科学艺术 的起源》发表和“百科全书派”的形成为 标志。代表作家主要有狄德罗、卢梭。 法国大革命发生后重要的作家有博马舍。
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百 科 全 书 派
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查理· 路易· 孟德斯鸠


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《老实人》

里斯本地震
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D.狄德罗

Denis Diderot, (1713~1784)启蒙
运动的“中坚” 现实主义美学先驱之一, 提出“美在关系”的著 名命题 提出市民戏剧理论 代表作:哲理小说《修 女》、《宿命论者雅克 和他的主人》、《拉摩 的侄儿》
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《拉摩的侄儿》

Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu(1689— 1755),出生于法国波尔 多附近的拉伯烈德庄园的 贵族世家。法国伟大的启 蒙思想家、法学家。 主要著作有《论法的精神》 (提出立法、行政、司法 三权分立的思想),以及 化名“波尔· 马多”发表 的名著《波斯人信札》 (1721)
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伏尔泰与百科全 书派

第五章 十八世纪法国启蒙主义文学

第五章 十八世纪法国启蒙主义文学

伏尔泰的思想倾向: (一)伏尔泰的思想倾向:属于比较保守一派 1、在宗教方面,其名言是:“即使没有上 在宗教方面,其名言是: 也必须制造出一个。 帝,也必须制造出一个。” 哲学上是自然神论者, 2、哲学上是自然神论者,没有达到无神论 的水平。 的水平。 3、政治上拥护君主立宪制。 政治上拥护君主立宪制。 现实生活中,是一位地主兼资产者。 4、现实生活中,是一位地主兼资产者。
哲理小说
18世纪法国作家伏尔泰创 18世纪法国作家伏尔泰创 立的一种新型小说。 立的一种新型小说。大多采用 半神话或传奇性的故事, 半神话或传奇性的故事,借小 说形式表达哲学思想和政治观 点,以嬉笑怒骂讽刺现实,具 以嬉笑怒骂讽刺现实, 有议论性、分析性、 有议论性、分析性、批判的特 人物缺乏个性, 点,人物缺乏个性,是作家哲 学思想的代言人。 学思想的代言人。 查第格》《老实人》 》《老实人 《查第格》《老实人》 天真汉》 《天真汉》
Hale Waihona Puke 三、文学作品 1、 书信体长篇小说 新爱洛绮丝》 《新爱洛绮丝》(1761) 在法国文学史上, 在法国文学史上,第一 次把爱情当作人类高尚情 操来歌颂, 操来歌颂,第一个把大自 然的美丽风光写进小说。 然的美丽风光写进小说。
2、《爱弥尔》:一部论述教育问题的哲理 爱弥尔》 小说。在此, 小说。在此,卢梭所提倡的按年龄分阶 段的针对性教育的思想是教育史上的一 个重大进步。 个重大进步。
5、社会观 启蒙思想家不满意政治上的无权地位, 启蒙思想家不满意政治上的无权地位,提出 自由、平等、博爱”的口号, “自由、平等、博爱”的口号,主张人民参与政 法律面前人人平等。 治,法律面前人人平等。
法国启蒙主义文学的两大主题 1、反对封建等级森严的封建专制统治, 反对封建等级森严的封建专制统治, 宣扬自由平等的资产阶级理性王国。 宣扬自由平等的资产阶级理性王国。 2、抨击教会黑暗,反对宗教迷信,宣 抨击教会黑暗,反对宗教迷信, 传无神论或自然神论。 传无神论或自然神论。

十八世纪启蒙主义文学 PPT

十八世纪启蒙主义文学 PPT
▪ 恩格斯说:“宗教、自然观、社会、国家 制度,一切都受到了最无情的批判,一切 都必须在理性的法庭面前为自己的存在作 辩护或者放弃存在的权利。”
启蒙主义文学主要特征
启蒙文学具有鲜明的政治倾向性,要为启蒙服务。或是直 接抨击封建专制、教会势力和贵族人物,或是宣扬自由平 等的人道主义思想内容,。
启蒙文学具有广泛的民主性,作品主人公大多是第三等级 的资产阶级和其他平民,反对宫廷趣味和贵族倾向,乐于 采用老百姓喜闻乐见的艺术形式和手法。
前者主要伸张个性解放追求现世幸福;后 者则要求最根本的自由与平等。
前者运动的推动者主要是部分文学艺术家; 后者则要广泛得多,甚至具有一定的全民 性。
人道主义-启蒙运动的思想武器
▪ 所谓“启蒙”:即让人们从不自觉的封建 的、宗教的意识中解脱出来,敢于公开地 运用自己的理性。
▪ 启蒙运动形成的资产阶级思想体系的核心 即启蒙“理性”,也就是人道主义思想。 其核心就是自由和平等的理性原则。并以 此为原则,提出要建立理想的“理性王 国”。
意识地把政治思想贯穿在文学作品中。这些著作成了资产阶级的精神
武器,是传播资产阶级世界观的“百科全书”。启蒙作家的作品都具
有纯理性的特点。
启蒙运动是文艺复兴运动的继续与发展
文艺复兴主要的思想道德方面;启蒙运动 则在整个上层建筑领域。
前者主要抨击封建教会,后者要推翻整个 上层建筑。(反对专制制度、封建权利、 贵族特权、宗教狂热、贵族文艺、门第观 念、以及唯心主义自然观。
Daniel·Defoe (1660—1731), 英国作家,英国启蒙时期现 实主义小说的奠基人,被誉 为“小说之父”。
代表作品《鲁滨逊漂流记》 (The Life and Strange
Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe 1719)反映了 当时资本主义的时代精神, 成功地塑造了一个新兴资产 者的典型形象。

第五章十八世纪启蒙主义文学

第五章十八世纪启蒙主义文学

《世界文学》必修课电子教材第五章第五章十八世纪启蒙主义文学第一节启蒙运动与启蒙文学十八世纪的欧洲是启蒙的时代。

启蒙运动直接导致了1789年法国资产阶级革命,开辟了世界历史的新纪元。

启蒙运动是继文艺复兴之后欧洲资产阶级发动的一场新的思想解放运动。

其宗旨是以天赋人权反对封建主义,用无神论和自然神论反对宗教迷信,启发人们的心灵,建立起一个理想的平等、自由、博爱的社会。

启蒙文学就是启蒙思想家用来宣传其政治主张,教诲人民的武器。

主要有三个特点:1、鲜明的政治倾向性和宣传性。

启蒙作家大多是启蒙思想家,他们强调文艺的社会功能,文学创作目的明确,用文学艺术为武器宣传启蒙思想,启发教育人民,因此具有较强的哲理性和教诲特色。

2、自觉的民主性。

主张描写人们的日常生活,以资产阶级和平民为正面歌颂的主人公,改变了欧洲文学以上层贵族和帝王为主人公的传统。

3、文体的多样性。

创造了多种新的文体类型,如哲理小说,市民悲剧,及书信体、对话体小说,抒情小说、教育小说等等。

第一节流派、作家和作品一、法国启蒙作家法国是欧洲启蒙运动的中心。

共有两代启蒙作家——他们同时也是启蒙思想家。

第一代启蒙作家孟德斯鸠(1689— 1755)法国第一个启蒙作家、思想家、社会学家,西方国家学说和法学理论的奠基人。

出身于贵族,曾担任波尔多省法院院长。

著有《论法的精神》(1748),和《人权宣言》(1789)主张立法、行政和司法三权分立。

文学上的主要成就是书信体讽刺小说《波斯人信札》(1721),对路易十四时代的政治、经济、宗教和法律进行了大胆、全面的抨击。

是欧洲最早的哲理小说。

伏尔泰(1694—1778)法国启蒙主义运动的领袖。

倡导文艺为社会改良服务,开创新型的“哲理小说”形式,宣扬启蒙思想。

曾改编中国古代戏剧《赵氏孤儿》为《中国孤儿》,在法国上演后引起巨大反响。

哲理小说法国启蒙作家、思想家孟德斯鸠、伏尔泰等人创立的一种小说形式,继承了拉伯雷的讽刺幽默传统,吸收了英国18世纪小说家斯威夫特的手法,将辛辣的讽刺、轻松的诙谐与嬉笑怒骂结合在一起,具有犀利的批判性和战斗精神。

十八世纪英国文学(启蒙文学)

十八世纪英国文学(启蒙文学)

The Eighteenth Century English Literature(The Age of Enlightenment in England)I. Background InformationA. Historical Background1. The economic background (The Industrial Revolution)2. The political background (The founding of a constitutional monarchy)3. The Social background (Newspapers and journals, coffeehouses)4. The ideological background (The Enlightenment movement)The 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education.B. Literary Schools1. Neo-classicism in the early 18th centuryAddison, Steele and Pope belonged to this school. According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers & those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion & accuracy, & that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings, primarily as social animals. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.2. Sentimentalism in poetry and prose in the middle of 18th centuryThomas Gray is the most outstanding of this school. Along with a new vision of love, sentimentalism presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason, and personal instincts of "pity, tenderness, and benevolence" over social duties. Literary work of the sentimentalism, marked by a sincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasants, wrote the "simple annals of the poor”. Writers of sentimentalism justly criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions. However, they attacked the progressive aspect of this great social change in order to eliminate it and sighed for the return of the patriarchal times which they idealized. Sentimentalism embraces a pessimistic outlook and blames reason and the Industrial Revolution for the miseries and injustices in the aristocratic-bourgeois society and indulges in sentiment, hence the definite signs of decadence in the literary works of the sentimental tradition.3. The beginning of modern novelThe mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding.4. Pre-Romanticism in English poetryII. Representatives and their worksA. Alexander Pope1. Major worksa.The Rape of the Lock: A delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem is based on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.b. An Essay on Criticism: His first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.2. Literary outlookAs a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste & decorum. According to Pope, almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws & rules. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth & flexible, Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, & drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time, space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, & type characters rather than individuals should be represented.3. StylePope's works are still enjoyed for their sparkling wit, good sense & charm of expression. After Shakespeare, he is the most widely quoted poet in English literature. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful &well-balanced style.B. Daniel Defoe1. Major worksDefoe is generally considered the first great realistic novelist in English fiction. He based his stories on current events & materials, such as the maps & logs of actual sea voyages, personal memoirs& historical or eyewitness reports. Perhaps his most popular novel is Robinson Crusoe(1719), an adventure story based partly on the actual experience of a man who had been trapped on a deserted island. A Journal of the Plague Year(1722), sometimes considered his best work, has such a colorful & detailed account of the London plague of 1664 & 1665 that it seems to have been written by an observer on the scene. Defoe's third masterpiece,Moll Flanders (1722), is a lively novel tracing the adventures of a female rogue. Told in the form of "confessions", the narrative includes vivid descriptions of the courts, prisons, & other social institutions of Defoe's era.2. Social outlookAs a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for & to the members of his class & his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class & showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.3. Characteristics of his worksDefoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible& fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp & plain, & sometimes long & rambling, which leave on the reader on impression of casual narration. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial & mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its best.4. Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crouse, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered hismasterpiece. In the novel, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a naive & simple youth into a mature & hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic presentation of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature proves the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience & persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor &the puritan fortitude, which save Robinson from despair & are a source of pride &happiness .He toils for the sake of subsistence, & get his reward.C. Jonathan Swift1. Humanist reviewSwift was a man of great moral integrity & social charm. A man with bitter life experience, he had a deep hatred for all the rich oppressors & a deep sympathy for all the poor & oppressed. His understanding of human nature is profound. In his opinion, human nature is seriously & permanently flawed. To better human life, enlightenment is needed, but to redress it is very hard. So, in his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform & improve human nature &human institutions. There is often an Under-or over tone of helplessness & indignation.2. Writing styleSwift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an out word gravity &an apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places." Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy & conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays, poems & novels.3. Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver's Travels, Jonathan Swift's best fictional work, contains four parts, each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune. As a whole the book is one of the most effective & devastating criticisms & satires of all aspects in the then English & satires of all aspects in the then English & European life - socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, & morally. Its social significance is great & its exploration into human nature profound.Gulliver's Travels is also an artistic masterpiece. Here we find its author at his best as a master of prose. In structure, the four parts make an organic whole, with each contrived upon an independent structure, & yet complementing the others & contributing to the central concern of study of human nature & life. The first two parts are generally considered smallness in Part I words just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. The similarities between human beings & the Lilliputians & the contrast between the Brobdingnagians & human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3 furthers the criticism of the western civilization & deals with different malpractices & false illusions about science, philosophy, history & false illusions about science, philosophy, history & even immortality. The lost part, where comparison is made through both similarities &differences, leads the reader to a basic question: What on earth is a human being?D. Henry Fielding1. Achievements in English novelsFielding has been regarded by some as "Father of the English Novel," for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. Of all the eighteenth-century novelists he was the first to set out, both in theory & practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose," the first to give the modern novel its structure & style. Before him, the relating of a story in a novel was either in the epistolary form (a series ofletters), as in Richardson's Pamela, or the picaresque form (adventurous wanderings) through the mouth of the principal character, as in Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, but Fielding adopted " the third-person narration," in which the author becomes the "all-knowing God." He "thinks the thought" of all his characters, so he is able-to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.2. Language featuresHis language is easy, unlabored & familiar, but extremely vivid & vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic & rhythm, & his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues & other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence & unexpectedness.3. The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingTom Jones, generally considered Fielding's masterpiece, brings its author the name of the "Pose Homer." The panoramic view it provides of the 18th century English country & city life with different places & about 40 characters is unsurpassed. The language is one of clarity & suppleness. And last of all, the plot construction is excellent. Its 18 books of epic form are divided into 3 sections, 6 books each, clearly marked out by the change of scenes: in the country, on the high way & in London. By this, Fielding has indeed achieved his goal of writing a "comic epic in prose."E. William BlakeThe Lamb The TygerLittle Lamb, who made thee? Tyger! Tyger! burning brightDost thou know who made thee? In the forest of the nightGave thee life, and bid thee feed, What immortal hand or eyeBy the stream and o'er the mead; Could frame thy fearful symmetry?Gave thee clothing of delight,Softest clothing, woolly, bright; In what distant deeps or skiesGave thee such a tender voice, Burnt the fire of thine eyes?Making all the vales rejoice? On what wings dare he aspire?Little Lamb, who made thee? What the hand dare seize the fire?Dost thou know who made thee?And what shoulder, and what art, Little Lamb, I'll tell thee, Could twist the sinews of thy heart?Little Lamb, I'll tell thee. And when thy heart began to beat,He is called by thy name, What dread hand? and what dread feet?For He calls Himself a Lamb.He is meek, and He is mild; What the hammer? what the chain?He became a little child. In what furnace was thy brain?I a child, and thou a lamb, What the anvil? what dread graspWe are called by His name. Dare its deadly terrors clasp?Little Lamb, God bless thee!Little Lamb, God bless thee! When the stars threw down their spears,And watered heaven with their tears,Did he smile his work to see?Did he who made the lamb make thee?Tyger! Tyger! burning brightIn the forests of the night,What immortal hand or eyeDare frame thy fearful symmetry? F. Robert BurnsAuld Lang Syne1 Should auld acquaintance be forgot,2 And never brought to min’?3 Should auld acquaintance be forgot,4 And days o’ lang syne?5 For auld lang syne, my dear,6 For auld lang syne,7 we'll tak a cup o’ kindness yet,8 For auld lang syne.9 We twa hae run about the braes,10 And pu'd the gowans fine;11 But We've wander'd mony a weary foot,12 Sin' auld lang syne.13 We twa hae paidled i' the burn,14 From mornin' sun till dine,15 But seas between us braid hae roar'd16 Sin' auld lang syne.17 And here's a hand, my trusty fiere,18 And gie's a hand o' thine;19 We'll tak a right gude-willie waught,20 For auld lang syne.21 And surely ye’ll be your pint-stowp,22 And sur ely I’ll be mine;23 And we’ll tak a cup o’ kindness yet,24 For auld lang syne.。

十八世纪启蒙主义文学(上)

十八世纪启蒙主义文学(上)
图说历史
邮票图说世界通史(一百六十四)
十八世纪启蒙主义文学(上)
◎ 陈 蕾 华东师范大学教师教育学院 2020 级学科教学(历史)硕士
十八世纪,启蒙运动作为资产阶级革命的思想 先导出现,在其影响与推动下,启蒙主义文学产生 了。启蒙主义文学是典型的资产阶级文学,他们从 理论上否定古典主义以王公贵族为正面人物的原 则,在创作中把资产阶级和平民作为描写、歌颂的 主要对象。
启蒙主义文学作为一种社会意识形态,诞生于 启蒙运动的大背景下,但由于各国国情不同,欧洲 各国的启蒙文学也各具特色。同时,各国的启蒙文 学又发挥着为资产阶级革命制造舆论,为清除封建 势力而斗争的作用。
图 1:纪念 18 世纪英国著名作家丹尼尔·笛福 (Daniel Defoe) 的邮票。笛福为英国启蒙时期现实主 义小说的奠基人,以其著作《鲁滨逊漂流记》闻名
英国虽然在十七世纪确立了资产阶级的统治, 但“光荣革命”的妥协性也阻碍着资本主义的进一 步发展。因此,英国启蒙文学的任务是反对封建势 力残余,进一步推进革命。英国小说家笛福在《鲁 滨逊漂流记》中,第一次把普通的中产阶级作为主 人公,塑造了西方文学史上第一个新兴资产者的形 象——鲁滨逊。斯威夫特则在《格列佛游记》中,借 主人公格列佛出海航行的经历,对英国的政治制度进 行了辛辣的讽刺,描绘了对理想美好社会的向往。
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遐迩。[ 罗马尼亚,1960] 图 2:智利发行的纪念《鲁滨逊品漂流记》的
邮票。邮票中刻画着鲁滨逊抱枪在荒岛上警惕巡查 的场景。[ 智利,日期不详 ]
图 3、4:格林纳达发行的一组纪念鲁滨逊的邮 票。邮票中描绘鲁滨逊在荒岛中逐渐定居下来后和 其宠物鹦鹉一同眺望远方的场景。[ 格林纳达,日 期不详 ]

外国文学——18世纪文学 (启蒙主义文学)

外国文学——18世纪文学 (启蒙主义文学)

第五章 18世纪文学(启蒙主义文学)第一节概述启蒙运动:18世纪兴起于欧洲的资产阶级反封建、反教会的思想文化运动,是文艺复兴的继续和发展,为资产阶级革命作了舆论准备;它比文艺复兴具有更强的政治革命性质,直接为资产阶级夺取政权和巩固政权制造舆论;启蒙运动中形成的资产阶级的思想体系称为启蒙主义。

启蒙主义的矛头主要是对准宗教迷信和封建专制制度的。

启蒙主义的体系的核心是理性。

启蒙主义者把资产阶级的“理性”(合乎自然、合乎人性的原则)作为衡量一切的准则,最高理想是建立一个永恒完美的“理性王国”。

简述18世纪启蒙主义文学的基本特征:1 18古典主义仍占重要地位,但启蒙主义成就最高。

2有鲜明的倾性,要求文学为现实服务。

属于资产阶级性质文学思潮,反对国王,宣传启蒙思想。

孟德斯鸠《波斯人信札》,三分之二是抨击时政,揭露宗教,只有“后房故事”才具有一点文学色彩。

3把第三等级的资产阶级和平民作为主人公来正面歌颂。

过去文学作品的主人公都是帝王将相、才子佳人、王公贵族,18世纪以第三等级为正面主人公,王公贵族成了批评对象。

如鲁宾孙、苏珊(《修女》)、费加罗、露伊斯(《阴谋与爱情》)。

4创造性地运用了多种形式的文体:正剧、哲理小说等。

缺点:有时忽视文学的审美功能,把人物形象变成作者的代言人。

代表作家有:菲尔丁、伏尔泰、卢梭等。

主要成就:法国启蒙运动、英国现实主义长篇小说和德国民族文学。

18世纪文学状况:一英国文学笛福(英国实现主义小说的奠基人、英国小说之父、现代新闻主要作品:《鲁滨逊漂流记》标志着英国现实主义小说的诞生。

鲁滨逊是一个新兴资产阶级理想中的英雄形象。

鲁滨孙在荒岛依靠火药和文明的工具,用自己的双手建造了一个文明世界,他是西方商业英雄。

反映了资本原始积累时期资产阶级征服世界、占有世界的雄心。

在他身上有着创造者和劳动者的品格,精力充沛,百折不挠,富于实干精神和进取精神。

鲁滨逊又是资产阶级上升时期一个“真正的资产者”(恩格斯语)的典型。

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二、分歧也是较为明显的:
1、一般启蒙者认为,推翻封建社会后应当建立一个资 本主义社会,但是卢梭不但否定封建社会,而且也否 定资本主义社会,甚至否定所有文明社会。
2、一般启蒙者是赞美理性的,认为人类通过理性能够 找到真理,能够创造更多的物质财富能够建立一个文 明的社会,从而实现人人自由幸福的生活。
而卢梭则否定理性的作用,贬低理性的价值,认为理性不 过是一种人类生存的工具,它只能唤起人的自然贪欲,使 人道德堕落。卢梭认为,人类要想寻找幸福,只有借助道 德,借助人的“天然良知”,唤起爱心,只有这样才能建 立一个人人幸福自由的社会。
3、形式上的创新。 如小说就有:哲理小说、书信小说、对话体小说、 游记小说。创造了正剧(狄德罗)。 总之,启蒙文学的核心精神是对于现代性的鼓吹。
三、法、英、德各国启蒙文学发展状况 1、法国启蒙文学 1)特点,启蒙的政治性最强,其启蒙运动也最为典 型,明确为推翻封建专制,建立资产阶级政权大造舆 论。同时出现了一批兼具思想家与文学家于一身的知 识分子。如孟德斯鸠、伏尔泰、狄德罗、卢梭等。 2)伏尔泰(1694—1778)
另外,作品中的自然景物的描写也是具有开创性的。
(一)作品: 《论科学与艺术》(1749) 《论人类不平等的起源和基础》(1755) 《社会契约论》(1762) 《新爱洛伊丝》(1761)——感伤小说 《爱弥尔》(1762)——哲理小说 《忏悔录》(1781—1788)——自传体小说
凭借知识理性就能获得幸福,追求文明——
级社会,还是契约的平等社会,成了一个国家是否进 入现代社会的标志。 2、科学原因:伴随着科学的发展,人们逐渐认识到宗 教——特别是天主教,越来越成为人的精神桎梏和为 封建王权的辩护者,于是人们提出了否定天主教,打 倒教会等主张。在法国出现了自然神论、泛神论、无 神论等信仰思潮。
3、哲学原因:英国经验主义哲学、法国的唯物主 义哲学,培养起人的实证主义、实验论证等科学观 念;德国的“古典哲学”,唯心主义哲学张扬了人 的主体性,培养了人的“天才观”,使人对自己的 理性产生了自信心。
法国启蒙运动的倡导者和领袖。传记作家安德烈·莫 洛亚曾说“18世纪是伏尔泰的世纪”。他反对专制和 教会特别彻底,并且他擅长讽刺手法,俄国赫尔岑说:
“伏尔泰的笑比卢梭的哭所毁坏的东西还要多。”曾 写过长篇讽刺小说《老实人》。
伏尔泰晚年思想有些变化,承认上帝存在,并认为 “世间没有上帝,人们也造一个出来。”
3、虽然一般启蒙思想家所推崇的理性其内容已远不同于 古典主义的理性,但是在实质上却仍是压抑感性、贬抑情 感;而卢梭则极力张扬情感,并给情感以独立性、合法性 的地位。由此情感便成了人格的构成部分之一。
4、一般的启蒙论者都在反对天主教的过程中走向了无神 论,而卢梭仍坚持有神论,并认为这是他和狄德罗等启蒙 者的最为根本的分歧。
伏尔泰等启蒙者—现代人
现代化
原始社会
封建社会
卢梭—自然人 封建社会
Hale Waihona Puke 现代化——凭借道德理性才能获得幸福,回归自然
一、卢梭和伏尔泰等其他启蒙者的相同之处:
他们在反对封建专制、封建特权、封建教会,建立 自由、平等、博爱的理性社会上是一致的。同时,卢 梭也和孟德斯鸠等人一样,成为现代政治的奠基人。 这主要反映在他的《社会契约论》上。
在社会学方面还出现了霍布斯的社会契约说;洛
克反对天赋观念的认识论、自然权利说;卢梭的社 会契约论、“天赋人权”说、“回归自然”说等观 念。这些都使人的思想得到解放。
以上这些所形成的启蒙运动构成了启蒙文学发生
的社会基础和思想基础,启蒙文学也成了这场启蒙 运动的构成部分。
4、文学发展自身的要求。 古典主义的创作原则不利于在新形势下反映新的生
对封建专制,也反对资本主义制度,甚至反对社会文 明,强调“回归自然”。他也是启蒙作家中最具文学 才华的作家。
卢梭的生平思想发展状况主要反映在晚年所写的《忏 悔录》(1781—1788)中 卢梭所强调的“自然”和“真实”至少包括三重意思: A、自然欲望;B、自然情感;C、先天道德或良知
《忏悔录》中的创作思想包括以下几个方面: A、强调了情感的独立性和合理性。 特殊的人生经历造成特殊的爱情理想 华伦夫人、拉尔热纳夫人、戴莱丝、乌德托夫人 B、强调了欲望的正当性。 受虐癖、暴露癖、偷窃、狎妓、忘恩负义、懒惰、不 愿承担做丈夫的义务和做父亲的义务等。 C、维护个性自由,以自己的独立思想作为价值标准, 对社会存在的一切反自然现象进行批判。
现代资本主义社会所暴露出来的种种弊端证明了卢梭在 二百年前的预言,因此卢梭便具有了愈久而弥新的价值。
一、启蒙文学发生的原因 1、政治原因:资本主义进一步发展,资产阶级的进一 步壮大,使他们不再满足于与封建势力相妥协的局面, 推翻封建专制政体的臣民社会,建立现代民主体制的 公民社会,即要求建立一个“自由、平等、博爱”的 资本主义理性王国,成了当时人们的政治追求。
自由——专制;平等——特权;博爱——爱有等差。 以家族或国家为本,还是以个人为本;是臣属的等
3)卢梭(1712—1778) 出生于日内瓦一个钟表匠家庭,祖籍法国,自幼丧
母,从小跟着父亲一道读文艺小说和历史书籍,从小 形成了自由思想和民主精神。卢梭性情孤傲,独立不 羁,决不与贵族集团和教会势力为伍,他厌恶巴黎的 奢华、贵族的傲慢和教会的反动,便回归乡村隐居。
他是启蒙思想家,但又超越了启蒙思想;他不但反
2、现实主义色彩和平民精神; 启蒙文学是新产生的资产阶级平民知识分子的文学,
体现着平民精神,反映社会生活的真实状况,塑造平 凡的普通人形象。 3、启蒙文学既是对古典主义文学的反拨,又是前浪 漫主义文学(特别是感伤主义作品)的发展,它还没 有发生主观性与客观性的分离和对立,因此客观的描 写和主观的抒情、说理融为一体。
活。这样就只能需要一种新的文学样式来代替它。
二、启蒙文学的特点: 1、政论性和哲理性;
启蒙主义文学的主要任务是反对封建主义,宣扬资 产阶级理性精神,呼吁建立一个“平等、自由、博爱” 的理性社会。
启蒙文学虽然思想性明显加强,但是也损害了文学 的主要特性——形象性,而一定程度上有思想大于形 象的艺术之弊。
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