中英文网络新闻标题对比研究
英汉新闻标题的异同及英语新闻标题的汉译-英语新闻标题
英汉新闻标题的异同及英语新闻标题的汉译|英语新闻标题摘要：英语新闻标题的汉译应当充分考虑两种语言和两种语言标题的特征。
英语新闻标题与汉语新闻标题的相同点主要体现在三方面：言简意赅、突出重点、匠心独运。
它们的不同点体现在词汇选择、语法结构和修辞偏好上。
英语新闻的汉译应当遵循三个标准：真实准确而不带翻译痕迹；保留和转换作者的艺术表现手法：注意传播对象的转换。
通过了解中英新闻标题的异同和掌握翻译标准，可以使英语新闻的汉译水平更上一层楼。
关键字：新闻标题英汉异同翻译标准如何在尽可能短的时间内将新闻进行跨语言的转换，一直都是考验新闻翻译工作者的难题。
而新闻标题，作为新闻中最富技术含量的部分(大多数标题都是由编辑反复阅读新闻稿后再添加上去的，而非作者本人自拟)，其翻译也总是让人拿捏不定。
尤其是近些年来，越来越多的英语国家媒体开始关注中国，各种各样的新闻标题更是让人眼花缭乱，如何将英语新闻的标题准确合理地译成汉语，从而使得中国读者准确流畅地从一段英语新闻中提取重点信息并收人脑海，理解英汉新闻标题之间的异同与英语新闻的汉译标准至关重要。
了解英语新闻标题与汉语新闻标题的相同点，有助于我们的汉译与原标题保持一致无论是汉语新闻标题还是英语新闻标题，都具有言简意赅，让人一目了然的共性。
这就要求译者选择简明的汉语词汇对英语新闻的标题进行表达。
例如：《Chi-na to witness 9.8％GDP growth》(《中国日报》)。
此则标题直接简练地指出中国的GDP增速有望达到9.8％，“to witness”，动词不定式的用法在英语新闻中表示“将来”之意，用一个“to”就可以表示即将发生的事情，简单直观。
一则内容相同的汉语新闻标题也很简练。
例如《2010年我国GDP增长速度将达10％左右》(和讯新闻)。
二者都突出核心词汇，最大程度上节省空间，且避免生僻词汇。
这就要求译者对于新闻标题的重点词汇进行把握，以免舍本逐末。
例如《Toyota“deeply sorry”for safety flaws》(《中国日报》)。
中英新闻标题的语言修辞比较研究
中英新闻标题的语言修辞比较研究新闻标题在新闻报道中起着至关重要的作用。
新闻写作中，新闻标题往往是新闻故事重心的高度概括。
在竞争激烈的现代社会中，很多人都没有充裕的时间从头到尾地看完一篇新闻报道，所以大多数读者都试着花最短的时间得到最多的信息。
由此可见，新闻标题标题特殊作用不容忽视。
而一个完美的新闻标题就像新闻报纸的脸蛋和眼睛，只有当脸蛋迷人眼睛动人这篇文章才能抓住读者的眼球才能体现其价值。
为了吸引读者，新闻标题通常会使用多种多样的修辞手法。
而修辞手法是一种运用准确、独特、生动的语言来表达思想的技巧。
因此，修辞技巧被频繁地用于新闻写作中以此达到说服、透明化和表达优美的效果。
以往对中英新闻标题的研究大都从文体特征、翻译技巧等分别进行宏观性的研究。
本文将运用归纳论证、演绎论证与对比论证等等研究方法对中英新闻标题中的修辞进行对比研究，使研究更具有现实感和指导意义。
IntroductionNews is usually composed of three parts: headline, lead and body. The headline is a concentrated generalization of the news content, revealing to the reader the main idea of the news in the most concise form. In order to attract readers, both Chinese and English headlines usually use various rhetorical devices in the forms such as clipped words, initialisms, acronyms, short words, loanwords, invented words, slangs, etc. Rhetoric is a kind of artifice that use accurate, distinct and vivid language to express one‟s mind. Researches carried out in the past are mostly on the styles of writing characteristic, translating artifices and so on with a macroscopical view. On the basis of some research results about Chinese and English headlines in the past, this paper analyzes and compares the rhetoric between Chinese and English headlines. Then I will set forth concretely the major factors affecting the differences between them. The main body of my thesis is unfolded mainly from following aspects: Part I is to explain the universality of rhetoric in the headline, and it includes the definition, categories and necessity of rhetoric in news headlines.Part II is the main point of this paper. This part analyzes characteristics of rhetoric both in Chinese and English news headlines and differences between them.Part III illustrates several typical examples of Chinese and English headlines tocontrast.Part IV is also a comparatively important part, concretely analyzing the factors affecting the differences: different cultures and modes of thinking.This paper makes use of many study methods such as illustration, comparison, analogism and so on., which make my study have more. real feelings and guiding significance.from /1.The Universality of Rhetoric in News Headlines1.1 Definition of RhetoricRhetoric is a branch discipline of linguistics. It is not a new subject.It has a long history both in the West and in China.The word “rhetoric” originated from Greek “rhetorike” and was first defined as the art of persuasion, equivalent to argumentation by Aristotle. Rhetoric has ever been given different definitions by many scholars in the history. Such as Aristotle, in the 4th century B. C., first defines rhetoric as the art of persuasion which was found to suit any subject. And John Locke,an English philosopher of the late 17th century, describes rhetoric as the science of oratory or the art of speaking with propriety, elegance and force. In The Philosophy of Rhetoric, I. A. Richards(1893一1979)defines rhetoric in two ways: “how words work in discourse” and “the study of misunderstanding and its remedies”(Hu Shuzhong, 2002).According to Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics, “Rhetoric is traditionally a discipline concerned with the effective use of language, to persuade, give pleasure, and so on”In fact, the word can be used in various contexts, and sometimes it takes on a derogative meaning, that is, elaborate language which is intended to impress but is often insincere, meaningless or exaggerated.But as an academic term, it is now widely acknowledged that “rhetoric” refers to the “art of using language impressively or persuasively, especially in public speaking” (Oxford Advanced Learner's English-Chinese Dictionary, Fourth Edition). In China, Chen Wangdao, in his Origin of Rhetoric，defined rhetoric as an effort to adjust the language so as to convey thought and feelings appropriately. Luo Xiaosuo in his Modern Rhetoric(1994 ) statesthat rhetoric refers to methods, techniques or laws of language application, whose purpose is for a better conveyance of thought and feeling as well as a good adaptation to a certain context. While the book Comparison and Translation (1994) explains that rhetoric is a kind of language activity, a science exploring the rules on how to enhance the language expressiveness.These definitions show that different people have studied and defined rhetoric from different perspectives. These definitions also reflect the functions of rhetoric in a language, especially in speeches. Rhetorical devices are quite largely applied to achieve the purpose of persuasion. Apparently, rhetoric can efficiently embody the speaker‟s mind, arouse emotional climax, create magical charm,promote mutual understanding and so on. In general, rhetoric is closely concerned with language form (lexical form, phonetic form and grammatical forms for the purpose of strengthening the expressiveness.) There are three basic elements in rhetoric: fact, reason and feeling. Any piece of written discourse contains a combination of these elements. Knowing how to combine these elements will help writers shape, elaborate and refine their own work in order to achieve a better rhetorical effect.1.2 Classifications of Rhetorical DevicesRhetorical devices are generally classified into two categories: communicative rhetorical devices and aesthetic rhetorical devices. They are also respectively equal to passive rhetoric and active rhetoric in Origin of Rhetoric raised by Chen Wangdao. Communication rhetorical devices emphasize the diction and sentence organization, stressing the logical thinking and accurate narration, while aesthetic rhetorical devices mainly focus on the use of figures of speech. Figures of speech refer to those rhetorical devices dealing with the way words are made to mean other than what they would normally imply. For example, it is more vivid and colorful to say that sun “jump from the horizon like a yolk” in the sky instead of saying simply that it “rise from the horizon”in the sky. Here “jump from the horizon like a yolk”is both a simile and a personification. Such figures of speech as simile, metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole, personification, and paradox, make up the most commonly used ones nowadays. They are ways of making our language figurative. Figures of speech canbe divided into three groups in light of the linguistic level they are practiced. They are figures of speech as practiced with sounds, figures of speech as practiced with words, and figures of speech as practiced with sentences.The news rhetoric as a kind of tactic meaning must obey certain principles in the news execution. Firstly, it should be correct and frondose, fresh and vivid, popular and understandable. Finally, it should obey the principle of truth, balance and neutrality.1.3 The Necessity of Exploring Rhetoric in News HeadlinesNewspapers serve mainly to provide information on events from all over the world. It is, however, difficult and impossible for most readers to read all the news articles in the daily newspapers because of their various interests and the time constraint. They have, therefore, to be selective in reading newspapers and readers rely on the headlines in making such a selection. The main function of news headlines is to provide a gist of the main content of the news articles so that readers still have the general picture of the news stories even without reading the texts. In addition, the special typographical layouts of news headlines, such as large and colorful fonts, can make them stand out so that readers can locate them easily and at the same time, attract readers‟ attention.Bell and Baskette et al. note that the reading process and the production process of newspapers are different. Generally, we read newspapers in this order:Headlines ----------------------------------News texts However, The creation of news headlines actually is the final stage of the newspaper production. The spatial constraint in newspapers does not allow editors to put every thing into the headlines. Instead, they have to pick out the salient information from the news stories to be highlighted in the headlines. They will choose appropriate linguistic expressions, sentence structures or rhetorical devices which can best fit the information to be expressed in the headlines. In addition, information which is assumed among the readers or can be inferred from the context is always elicited from the headlines (Chin & Tsou 1997). Therefore, the language used in the news headlines is not a random choice. What‟s more, the language used in newsdiscourses is not just to convey information to readers, but it also can manifest the use of language in the community and subsequently, namely, it can “reflect and influence the formation and expression of culture, politics and social life” (Garrett & Bell 1997). It is admitted that headlines are one of the key components in newspapers and they are considered to have their own characteristics and status in the news discourses (van Dijk 1986 and Bell 1991).It is claimed that the features embodied in news headlines are not solely linguistic phenomena, “but also relate to the role which this kind of language has to play, in other words, …extra-linguistic factors‟ will be also taken into consideration” (Vandenbergen 1981, p. 29). These so-called “extra-linguistic factor s” highly correlates to the social, political and cultural context of the corresponding community. Therefore, the comparative study of the words in different news headlines can reflect some social differences between the communities.2. Rhetorical Comparison between Chinese and English Headlines2.1 Characteristics of Rhetoric in Chinese News HeadlinesIn Chinese, rhetoric is translated as xiuci. In fact, it is not an appropriate translation because the connotations of two do not coincide in many aspects preferred to use xiuci as a catachresis of rhetoric. It is believed that with the introduction of western rhetorical theories into China, the coinciding aspects of two disciplines would be more. In our country, the wo rd “rhetoric‟‟ is always associated with tropes and other means of polishing language. Chen Wangdao figures that rhetoric is an “endeavor”. Zhang Zhigong held that it is a “process” while Wang regarded it as an “activity” (Hu, 2002). No matter “endeavor”, “process” or “activity”, the main theme in the studies of rhetoric in Chinese tradition is always something about the effect of language. Liu Fuyuan (1999) held rhetoric in ancient China emphasized transfer of feelings and meanings while western rhetoric stressed persuasion, which was determined by different thought styles of two traditions, that is, Chinese think much of feelings while western people prefer logic.Gu Yueguo (1989) proposed that in terms of the form of rhetorical thought; “language-as-center” is the soul of Chineserhetoric while “purpose-as-center” is the cor e of western rhetoric. He also concluded the influence of this difference on the development of rhetoric.First, Chinese rhetoric manifests in choosing and polishing language while how to realize the purpose is the most essential in western rhetoric.Secondly, because of this difference, Chinese rhetoric focuses more on the unit of sentence or smaller units. The research of a discourse is the domain of other disciplines. Western rhetoric has already been applied to many aspects of human life, no matter of language or non-language. The objects of studies are much broader.Thirdly, in recent years, the scope of Chinese rhetoric has been broadened to the type of writing, which is an inev itable result of the “language-as-center” characteristic of it. However, in western world, the research about the type of writing is only a branch of linguistics instead of rhetoric.2.2 Characteristics of Rhetoric in English News HeadlinesRhetorical figures are also called “figures of speech” or “figures of rhetoric”. In the ancient western rhetoric, the basic meaning of rhetorical figures is “the use of a figurative word or expression (mainly nouns) to substitute the name of one thing”(Cong Xingzi, 1990, 136). Quintilian, the great rhetorician of ancient Rome, once defined rhetorical figures as “manners of speaking that are far removed from the ordinary and natural manner” (Dubois, 1981,10).Western rhetoric has much broader scope of study and has already been applied to many aspects of communication. The emphasis is put not only on the form of language and its c ontext but also on how communicators try to control and make favorable elements to realize their purposes. The English people favor direct styles, the linear way of writing. When they are writing, they are inclined to come quickly to the core of a message. English headline writers are unlikely to seek rhetorical devices for help because each English letter takes up a space unit. More words could only add to the difficulty of word counting. Among the different rhetorical devices discussed, English headlines show a preference for alliteration. Written English, ever since it was born, is a representative of spoken English. And ancient western scholars put much emphasis frequently on spoken language. As a result, alliteration, closely related tosound, is used.2.3 Rhetorical Differences between Chinese and English HeadlinesChinese headline writers take greater advantage of figures of speech than English ones. Sometimes when the news gist is not so complicated and allows more space for the headlines than is needed, Chinese headline writers may turn to figures of speech to fill in the space or to perfect the headlines so as to make them impressive. English headline writers are unlikely to seek rhetorical devices for help because each English letter takes up a space unit. More words could only add to the difficulty of word counting.Among the different rhetorical devices discussed, English headlines show a preference for alliteration while dui‟ou is the favorite in Chinese headlines. Written English, ever since it was born, is a representative of spoken English. Ancient western scholars put much emphasis frequently on spoken language. As a result, alliteration, closely related to sound, is used. For example,1)“Bye, bye balanced budget”Alliteration is used in the news headline. The repeated “b” sound at the beginning of the words makes the headline sound witty and lively.2)“Fit or Fat?”This is the headline of an article that tries to persuade people to exercise more. Alliteration is used to be very precise and expresses the potential caution.Generally speaking, styles of Chinese and English news title are quite different. Chinese headlines are wrriten much more for literary grace and get used to antitheses and rhyme, while English headlines seem plain and simple.It foucus on present the facts.The betaking of rhetorical devices in English headlines are limitied,and there are more commonly used as following: allusion, metaphor, personification, assonance, alliteration, repetition, pun, transferred epithet ,inversion and so on; Chinese authors prefer parallelism, metonymy, loop, aphorisms, dingzhen, antithesis, pun, euphemism and so on(from /)3. Cases Study on the Rhetorical Comparison between Chinese and English headlines3.1 The Common Figures of Speech in English and Chinese Headlines,1 .Alliteration and End RhymeAlliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant cluster in stressed syllables. Journalistic writing aims to attract the readers. Alliteration is a very effective way to reach this aim. It is used for the sake of brevity，short but and vividness. It is one of the oldest devices in English poetries, and still in wide use nowadays. Let‟s look at some examples:(1) Jazzy in Jazzy, Sassy in Sweater. (The Times, Oct 27, 2001)In this sentence, there are two “J” and two “S” in initial. It makes the headline sound witty and lively. In fact alliteration is the commonest figure of speech employed in English headlines. It can produce a musical effect. Besides alliteration, assonance and consonance can once for a while be found in English headlines. Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds while consonance the repetition of interval consonant sounds:(2) Rolls-Royce rally gets green light (The Times Oct 16, 2001)The consonants [r], [1] and [g] are repeated.The vowel repetition occurring at the end of the words is welcome in Chinese headlines. It is a kind of rhyme, sameness of sound between words or syllables at the end of the lines. For example:(3)“毛病”都一样抄你没商量( People ‟s Daily Nov 19, 2001)(4)宣纸照片留奇景诗话摄影古换新( People's Daily Nov 15, 2007)In these two sentences, the vowel [ang] and [in] are repeated at the end of the lines. This is the end rhyme.2.AntithesisAntithesis means the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in a balanced structural form to achieve force and emphasis. Antithesis is the symmetry on aesthetics. This well-balanced form as well as condensed content leads to linguistic brevity and rhythm.(5) Best of times, worst of times (Time, 1991)(6) England's blessing, Ireland's curse (The Times, Aug. 13, 2001)(7) AIDS: accept it, fight it (21st Century, June 28, 2006)(8) Talks go on, bombs go off (21 S` Century, May 5, 2005)Antithesis makes the headlines above sound beautiful. When we make pauses in reading the examples above, we find “best of”,“times”, “England's” and “accept it”rhyme with “worst of”, “times” “Ireland's” and “fight it” respectively. Example (8) doesn‟t want to be lagged behind and use alliteration (“go on”and “go off”) to take rhyme‟s place.Sometimes different Chinese headlines are put together on the page to form a dui‟ou and usually set vertically so that they look like a couplet(对联). Here are two heads (originally set vertically) taken from Guangming Daily on Oct 3, 2001:(9)江苏两岸同胞话团圆西宁高原月明照升平“江苏”and“西宁”,“两岸”and“高原”，话”and“照”，and“团圆”and “升平”are couples of correspondence.3. MetaphorA metaphor is an implied comparison between two or more unlike things achieved by identifying one with the other(see Li Guonan, 1999).The Chinese counterpart of metaphor may be yinyu，jieyu and niwu. In a yinyu, both the tenor and the vehicle appears; in a jieyu the tenor is simply left out; in a niwu the person is compared to an object or is given the characteristics of an object. Whatever forms it is in Chinese, the metaphor is condensed and thus finds favor in the headline writer's eyes, especially in the Chinese writer‟s. Here are examples:(11)Go on you donkey, laugh! (The Mmes Aug 25, 2001)(12)Betrayal, the secret weapon of war (The Times Oct 23, 2001)(13)泳池三花争艳(China Youth Daily Nov 18, 2001)(14)城市“蜘蛛网”入地(People Daily Nov 1, 2001)“Donkey”here refers to circus clowns and “betrayal” is compared to the secret weapon of war, while the three flowers“三花”are the Chinese female swimmers“罗男”，“齐晖”and“罗雪娟”who were the winners of Ninth National Games. And“蜘蛛网”is in fact wires set up privately and in a mess, which look just like spider webs.Of the three Chinese counterparts of metaphor,metonymy i s the most frequently used device, because it leaves out the tenor and is therefore more compact.4. Metonymy, Synecdoche and AntonomasiaThe substitution of one word for another which it clearly suggests, as the effect for the cause, the concrete for the abstract, etc., is known in rhetoric as metonymy. Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy-the substitution of the big for the small and vice verse. Antonomasia is the substitution of the proper noun for the common noun and vice verse(ibid, 26).All these English devices are included in a Chinese figure of speech- metonymy. Some examples are listed below,(15)Wall Street falls again (The Times Sept 4, 2001)“Wall Street” in effect means the Wall Street stock market: the big substitutes the small.(16)World of grief captured in photo project (The Times Oct 27, 2001)The headline writer employs an antonomasia and substitutes “America” with "world of grief ‟.(17)辽宁锐气足大连失误多国脚统领辽连大战(China Youth Daily Nov 2, 2001) “辽宁”is the substitution for Liaoning football team(辽宁足球队)，“大连”for Dalian football team(大连足球队)and“国脚”for the national footballers(国家足球队员).5. AllusionAllusions in writing are references to well-known persons, things or events, which writers assume are familiar to their readers. English has a tremendous amount of allusions, which result from mythology, legends, fables, fairy tales, the Bible, famous literary works, historical figures or events. Not only do writers use allusion to save time and space, but they also give their readers the pleasure that comes from seeing similarities or hearing echoes of ideas. Thus, allusion is widely employed in the news headline to help it convey its intended meaning in a brief and attractive way.(18)The hell that is Afghanistan is no myth, even Prometheus found it tough (The Times Oct 19, 2001)Prometheus is a god in Greek mythology, who stole fire to human kind and thus was chained to a crag of the Caucasus, while his liver was chomped daily by an eagle and organ-transplanted by the Olympian Health Service by night. Here the writer wants to show that the Afghanistan people are always involved in wars and their livesare hard, even harder than Prometheus‟.(19)游客岂是“唐僧肉”(People Daily Nov 5, 2001)“唐僧”is one of the main characters in The Journey to the West, whose flesh, once eaten, is believed to keep one permanently alive, and thus he becomes the hunt of demons and ghosts. The writer uses a rhetorical question to show that tourists travel simply to be relaxed not to be cheated out of their money.Most of the allusions in headlines are presumed by the head writer to be known to native readers, and their presence can make headlines simple and short, but with complex meanings indeed. However, to foreign readers, such allusions may be an obstacle to reading comprehension. Therefore allusion demands foreign readers' knowledge of the native culture, literature and history.8. PersonificationPersonification is a figure of speech, inanimate objects. Personification is favorably which attributes human qualities to used in news headlines.(20) With this ring BT, 21 Via Net wed (China Daily, Mar. 8, 2002)This piece of news is co-operate Endowing with Chinese to inform people that British Telecom is scheduled to privately owned telecom service provider 21 ViaNet.21 ViaNet with life and comparing BT to ring, example (1) seems more attractive than the straightforward one “BT takes 21ViaNet as partner”. The tone of the straightforward one is neutral and plain, while the original reveals the author's sensation towards the benefits of WTO and the Chinese company‟s cooperation with the oversea s. By metaphor and personification, we can even sense the author‟s sincere congratulation to the engaged 21 ViaNet in this headline.(21) Come on, daisy, light my life (The Times Aug 25, 2001)“Daisy” is a kind of flower, but in this head it is personi fied so that it seems able to understand the writer's words.(22) 被剥皮的红豆衫在流泪(Nanfang Daily Oct 18, 2001)The writer uses personification simply to tell readers that firs, just like human beings, have lives and feelings, too, and that human cruel action should be accused. The head, meanwhile, presents a touching picture of miserable firs to us and so callson us to protect firs.9. Rhetorical QuestionsA grammatical question is asked for an answer, but a rhetorical one is not. It is asked in order to get a definite response. It is not asked because the writer does not know the answer, but asked for the probable effect on the audience, which has been abstained by the deliberate expression in the following content, thus making the article vivid and powerful. The headline writer often uses such a rhetorical question to lure readers into the body for the answer:(23) 13 days on, who‟s winning this war? (The Times Oct 19, 2001)There is no clue to the answer in the headline, and readers have to go on to the body if they are curious. The answer indeed lies in the body: America and Britain are not likely to win the war on Afghanistan.(24)谁来“叫板”( China Youth Daily Oct 22, 2001)The writer does know the answer. In the body he proposes that players in Chinese clubs should be bold enough to charge the Chinese Football Association with interference10. ApostropheApostrophe is a figure of speech in which “a thing, place, idea or person (dead or alive)is addressed as if present, listening to and understanding what is being said”(Sha Zhaoyu, 1995: 41).It can sometimes be found in both English and Chinese headlines: (25)The bottom line is, Kate, that women on TV do get by on looks alone (The Times Oct 29, 2001)This head is about the writer's feeling on the result of the best TV actress in Britain. Kate, as widely considered the better of the two nominees, fails because she is not as beautiful as the other nominee though she performed excellently. The writer expresses his indignant view and uses this head as if he is writing to Kate.(26) 你好，苏伊士运河(China Youth Daily Nov 17, 2001)The writer is here addressing the Suez Cannel. It seems as if the channel is capable of understanding the writer's words. Used so, apostrophe reveals the writer's kindly attitude towards and appreciation of the Suez Cannel.11. Zeugma(拈连)Zeugma is a figure of speech by which a single word is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, either properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to both in different senses (Feng Cuihua, 1983: 63).Such a device can save space and make the sentence compact, so it is sometimes employed in English and Chinese headlines:(27) It‟s cricket: bombs and borders cannot stop Afghanistan's team(The Times Oct 16, 2001)“Stop” originally can only govern“bombs”，but here it also modifies “borders”, meaning that the blockade along the Afghan border-lines cannot prevent the Afghanistan people from attending the cricket tournament in Pakistan.(28) 离婚离出蹊跷事(Wenhui Daily Oct 18, 2001)一女士要求男方拿出违约金30万The first“离”is a modifier of“婚”while the second is made deliberately to govern the phrase“蹊跷事”，which, despite so, reads smooth.3.2 Rhetorical Devices Commonly in Chinese Headlines but Rarely in English HeadlinesBesides the figures of speech discussed above there are still some devices commonly found in Chinese headlines, but rarely in English headlines:1 .Simile(明喻)A simile makes a comparison between two or more unlike things having at least one quality or characteristic in common. The comparison is purely imaginative, that is, the resemblance between the unlike things exists only in our minds, in our “inward eye”and not in the nature of the things themselves ( Feng Cuihua, 1983:3).It is usuall y expressed by “like” or “as” in English and“象”，“如”，“恰似”，etc., in Chinese. Though it is rarely, if ever, used in English headlines, it is a common device in Chinese headlines, normally expressed by“如”，“似”，“象”，“好比”and so on, which are no longer than two characters. For example:(29) 机遇象条河(China Youth Daily Feb 28, 2007 )In this sentence, the writer compares the tenor“机遇”，to the vehicle“河”，to show that everyone has opportunities; the problem lies in whether we can find and take them, instead of letting t hem “flow” like a river.2 RepetitionRepetition can strengthen the language power so as to convey strong emotion andheighten the rhythm of language, and when it is used in the headline, it enables them tobe eye-catching and ear-pleasing.In Chinese headlines, however, it is usually the repetitive use of the same word or phrase, aimed at showing emotion in an emphasizing way. As the repetitive use of the same word or phrase is not appreciated in English, repetition almost never appears in English headlines.(30)孩子!孩子!孩子! ( Nanfang Daily June 7, 2005)—江西省广电幼儿园火灾直击The repetition of “children” is in fact an echo of the desperate cry on the spot. Along with three exclamation marks, the repetition vivifies the terrible scene and confusion, and thus the alarm is sounded against fire.3. Parallelism(排比)Parallelism consists of phrases or sentences of similar structures and meanings placed side by side, balancing each other(see Li Guonan, 1999: 434).English parallelism may be composed of two or more phrases or sentences, and Chinese parallelism is of more than two phrases or sentences, and is a usual device in headlines:(31)抓党风促政风带民风(Guangming Daily Oct 30, 2001)This head includes three clauses placed in a balanced structure showing their causal relationship, so it sounds rhythmical and forceful.4 Dingzhen（顶真）Dingzhen is to take the end of the text as the beginning of the next, which。
英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比分析
英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比分析新闻标题是新闻报道的开端，它作为新闻报道的标志性符号，起着引导读者进一步了解新闻内容的作用。
而新闻标题中的词汇选择和表达方式也是新闻报道的重要组成部分，不同语言的新闻标题词汇特点有着不同的表达方式和习惯。
本文将对英汉新闻标题词汇特点进行对比分析，探讨其差异所在。
一、词汇长度的差异在英汉新闻标题中，词汇长度的差异是比较显著的。
一般来说，英文新闻标题的词汇长度较短，通常为3-5个单词，很少超过8个单词。
这主要是因为英文的单词通常较短，而且英语新闻标题更注重简洁和直接，力图在短短的几个单词中表达出新闻事件的要点和关键信息。
比如《Trump signs new executive order》（特朗普签署新行政命令），这个标题里只有4个单词，但已经明确了新闻事件的主要内容。
相比之下，汉语新闻标题的词汇长度相对较长，通常为5-10个字，有时还会更长。
这是因为汉语的词语长度相对较长，虽然一个单字可以独立成词，但很多概念需要通过多个字组合才能表达清楚。
汉语新闻标题更倾向于在标题中让读者尽量多地了解新闻事件的主要内容，通常会在标题中使用更多的词语，比如《特朗普签署新的行政命令》。
二、词语表达的差异而在汉语新闻标题中，由于汉语的表达方式更为灵活多样，标题中常常会出现更多的修饰性词语，以增加标题的表现力和内容的丰富度。
比如《特朗普庄严签署了全新的行政命令》，这个标题在表达方式上使用了更多的修饰性词语和形容词，使得整个标题更具有表现力和生动性。
三、文化和习惯的差异英汉新闻标题的词汇特点还受到了文化和习惯的影响。
英文新闻标题更注重简洁直接的表达方式，这与英语国家的语言习惯和新闻传播风格有关。
英语国家的新闻传播更加注重速度和直接性，因此英文新闻标题更倾向于通过简洁明了的方式迅速吸引读者的注意力。
英汉新闻标题的词汇特点在长度、表达方式以及文化习惯等方面存在着一定的差异。
在新闻传播时，需要充分考虑到不同语言的特点，在标题词汇的选择和表达方式上做出相应的调整，以更好地适应读者的阅读习惯和语言文化背景。
英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比分析——以《经济学人》和《人民日报》为例
现代商贸工业２０１９年第１８期１６５㊀作者简介:赵园园(１９９５－),女,汉族,江西九江人,硕士,上海大学在读研究生,研究方向:外国语言学及应用语言学.英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比分析以«经济学人»和«人民日报»为例赵园园(上海大学,上海２００４４４)摘㊀要:标题是新闻的重要组成部分,它可以传达新闻主题并吸引读者阅读.新闻,作为信息传递的渠道,其语言特色鲜明,而新闻标题作为新闻语言的表现平台,也具有独特的语言特点.由于中西方语言文化背景的不同,中英文新闻标题在句法结构㊁词汇选择等方面存在差异.理解中英文新闻标题的差异对于深入了解新闻内容和价值,提高语言文字研究能力是必要的.从词汇层面入手,主要以«经济学人»和«人民日报»的中英文标题为例,对中英文新闻标题的词汇特点进行对比分析,对于理解英汉新闻标题的差异,提高英语翻译技能,了解中西方文化具有重要的指导作用.关键词:新闻标题;词汇特点;对比分析中图分类号:G ４㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀文献标识码:A㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀d o i :１０．１９３１１/j ．c n k i ．１６７２Ｇ３１９８．２０１９．１８．０７９１㊀引言现代社会瞬息万变,无论是有意观察还是无意吸取,我们每天自然少不了会接收到各式各样的消息.新闻,作为一种传播的媒介,是我们日常生活中重要的信息来源.面对蜂拥而至的新闻,人们倾向于先查看新闻标题,然后决定是否阅读它们.标题是新闻的灵魂,正如唐朝诗人贾岛所言: 题者,诗家之主也;目者,明目也.如人之眼目,眼目俱明,则全其人之相,足可坐窥万象 (贾岛«二南密旨 论题目所由»).这句诗句不仅阐明了标题作用,也反映出标题的重要性.随着社会生活节奏不断加快,内容简短而含义丰富的新闻标题越来越受到读者的青睐.作为传递信息的渠道,新闻语言具有独特性,而新闻标题作为新闻的重要概括,也具有其独特的语言特点.由于中英文语言上的差异,中英文新闻标题便在句法结构㊁词汇选择等方面存在差异.自上世纪８０年代以来,有很多专家学者进行了新闻标题语言方面的研究,成果也颇丰富.而纵观目前国内研究形势,进行新闻标题的英汉语言比较研究还存在较大的研究空间,尤其是英汉新闻标题的词汇特征对比.因此,本文从英汉新闻标题分析入手,以«经济学人»和«人民日报»的中英文标题为主要语料,进行英汉新闻标题词汇特征对比研究,以期进一步丰富现有研究,也为跨文化交际和汉英翻译提供一定的指导.２㊀新闻标题２．１㊀概念作为新闻不可分割的一部分,新闻标题总是最为先映入人们眼帘,它是新闻内容的缩影,是新闻是否具有吸引力的关键.不少字典和书籍对新闻标题进行了解释,如«辞海»中的定义为:报纸新闻标题用来概括,评价新闻的内容,帮助读者阅读和理解新闻.彭朝丞(２００５)认为新闻标题是用大于正文字号以及精警的词语来浓缩和概括新闻内容和中心思想.它是新闻报道的延续和最后的完成.因此,我们可以知道,新闻标题是对新闻内容总结式的评价,言简意赅,通俗易懂,足够让读者了解到新闻的中心要点.２．２㊀研究概况在国外,研究人员对英语新闻标题的研究颇丰.例如,I n g r i d M a r d h (１９８０)调查研究了大量的英语新闻,归纳并总结了英语新闻标题的词汇和语法特征;I a r o v i c i 和A m e l (１９８９)分析了新闻标题的语用功能和词汇特点;S t e p h e n W．L i t t l e j o h n (２００３)曾指出,新闻标题不仅能给予我们直接的字面意思,它还具有一定的隐含意义,等等.在国内,学者对新闻标题的研究也可以找到一些相关的作品或文献.例如,韩书庚(２０１４)从语言学角度出发,全面系统地回顾和分析了新闻标题,其中包括词汇㊁语法㊁修辞等,并对汉英新闻标题进行了比较研究;郭可(１９９５)对中英新闻标题语言进行了比较;陈丽昭(２００２)从语法和修辞上对比较汉英新闻标题;张鑫(２０１２)从关联理论出发,结合«中国日报»的语料,对新闻标题的生成和理解进行研究,等等.从上述研究来看,学者主要集中于本体语言的研究,对于英汉新闻标题的比较研究还存在一定的研究空间,尤其是对于中英新闻标题词汇特点上的对比研究比较少,因此,本研究便具有一定的研究价值.３㊀英汉新闻标题语言共性新闻标题的作用在于帮助读者选择新闻㊁阅读新闻和理解新闻(刘其中,２００４).因此,无论是中英新闻标题,都力求使用最简短的语言来最大程度地增强读职业教育与培训现代商贸工业２０１９年第１８期１６６㊀㊀者的阅读性,同时传递给读者更多的信息量.具体到语言特点上,它们之间的共同点主要有:(１)总的来说,无论是汉语新闻标题还是英语新闻标题语言,都具有言简意赅的共性,它们都用简练的文字浓缩了新闻中最主要的内容,如:①L i g h t s ,c a m e r a ,i m po r t s !(«经济学人»,２０１８)这则新闻的背景是在中美贸易战下的中国进口博览会.在这标题里,只用了三个名词并列,但已经足够勾勒出进博会非常盛大㊁吸引了广泛关注的情形:l i gh t s 展现出会场灯火通明的盛大景象, c a m e r a 就可以想象出媒体拿着相机狂拍照㊁发报道的场面,而 i m po r t s 则直接揭示了主题,因此这三个词就很好地概括了所要报道的内容.在中文新闻中也有同样的共性,如:②再见,玉米你好,蔬菜.(«人民日报»,２０１７)这短短几个字就清晰地表达了文章的主题,即一个东北农民的种植转型记.(２)二者都重点突出核心词汇,以求最大程度上地节省空间,常常删略某语法成分的词语.如:①正风肃纪久久为功(«人民日报»,２０１９).②W h e r en e x t ?D i v i d e d g o v e r n m e n t f o r ad i v i d e dc o u n t r y(«经济学人»,２０１８).在这两例中,汉英新闻标题都灵活运用了这一省略手法来节省空间.(３)中英文新闻标题都需要一目了然,能够选择一些简单日常词汇,既能表达出整篇新闻又能避免生僻词汇.如:①习总书记办的,都是俺们盼的(«人民日报»,２０１７).②D i s n e ygo e s b a c k t o t h e f u t u r e («经济学人»,２０１９).４㊀英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比在语言表达上,英汉新闻标题都应遵循言简意赅㊁突出重点㊁使用简单词的规范.但在具体的新闻报道中,也存在着一定的区别.由于英汉两种文字文化背景的不同,在具体语言表达及使用上,英汉新闻标题便在词汇特点㊁句法结构㊁修辞偏好等方面存在着明显区别.下面,将主要对英汉新闻标题在词汇上的特点进行对比分析.经过分析,中英新闻标题词汇主要在提炼程度㊁词类选择以及简短词使用上具有差异.４．１㊀提炼程度不同中英文新闻标题的词汇都能够简要概括出新闻重点,但在概括程度也即词汇提炼程度上两者有着显著差异.汉语新闻标题具有 全面性 ,即力求全面综合新闻要点.而英语新闻标题则倾向于 重点化 ,即精炼地概括要点,以点带面来吸引读者.这种精炼程度上的区别,主要是由于中英两种语言文字特点形成的.我们知道,汉语是单音节语言,是表意文字,每个字不仅能够单音多义,而且长短均同,易于新闻内容的编排.因此,中文新闻标题是多层次的,尽可能详尽完整地囊括新闻内容.而英语,作为表音文宇,其单词大多是多音节的,每个词的长短不一且语法结构复杂,因此,英文标题只能以精炼的词汇概括出新闻中的要点来吸引读者.此外,英语重形合,主要是通过形态以及形式词来表示词间或句子间的关系,以形显义;而汉语重意合,主要是靠词语与句子的连贯性与逻辑顺序来实现连接,以意统形(连淑能,１９９３).因此,英语句子结构相对严密,而汉语句子结构则较为松散.如:(１)M o v i e s t a r s a n d s o yb e a n s C h i n a s p u b l i cw o r r i e s p o i n t l e s sa b o u tGM f o o d ．(T h eE c o n o m i s t ,２０１８)这一新闻标题的背景是转基因食品的安全性以及某一娱乐明星逃税事件.在这一标题中, m o v i e s t a r s 指的便是该娱乐明星, s o y b e a n s 是转基因作物的一大代表,因此,这一主标题便将新闻的重点表达出来了,而副标题中的GM 是个缩写,全称是g e n e t i c a l l y mo d i Ｇf i e d,通过缩写,便有效地节省了版面.(２)Af a s h i o n a b l e a e s t h e t i c c o n f o u n d sC h i n e s e p a r Ｇe n t s a n do f f i c i a l s (T h eE c o n o m i s t ,２０１８)这一标题的中文意思为 流行审美让中国家长和官员都困惑不已 ,这一标题,便直接揭示了文章的中心,也就是中国公众对当前男性审美存在的争议.(３)科技工作者热切关注,各行各业广泛关心.成果令人振奋,精神让人感动(«人民日报»,２０１９)这一标题详细完整地讲述了２０１８年度国家科学技术奖的揭晓场景,体现了我国科技创新成果丰富,也强调了科技工作者不懈拼搏的风采,是科技站线乃至各个行业的学习榜样,它将进一步激发创新㊁激励奋斗.(４)中央政法委牵头成立联合调查组调查 千亿矿权案 卷宗丢失等问题.(«人民日报»,２０１９)同样,这一则中文新闻标题也详尽完整地综合了新闻要点.４．２㊀词类选择不同不论是英语还是汉语,动词和名词都是句子的重要组成成分.然而,汉语语法虽以名词为重点,在使用频率上动词占主导,为动态语言;英语语法虽侧重动词,在使用频率上名词占主导,为静态语言.因此,具体到英汉新闻标题,这两者句子中动词和名词的使用频率便大不相同.在汉语新闻标题中,动词的使用频率要远高于其他词类,而在英语新闻标题中,动词使用的频率却远低于名词.词频上的区别原因在于,对于英语而言,名词不仅表意功能强大,语法兼容性也更广泛,使用简单的名词结构也能表达出完整的句法结构,而且,在一定的情况下,英语名词也可充当形容词㊁副词㊁动词等不同词类.名词连用是英语中普遍的现象,而动词连用在汉语中则更为普遍.这是因为,动词是汉语句子的主要支撑,并且由于词类划分明确,动词的位置也是无法替代的.现代商贸工业２０１９年第１８期１６７㊀为了更直观体现这一区别,下面便对«经济学人»中的英文标题以及相应的中文译文进行分析比较.如:(１)英:F a s t e r g r o w t h i s n o t a s i l v e r b u l l e t (T h eE c o n o m i s t ,２０１０)中:增长更快并非灵丹妙药(２)英:T h e l i qu e f a c t i o no f h a r d w a r e ,t h e r i s eo f t h e v i r t u a l c o m pu t e r (T h eE c o n o m i s t ,２０１５)中:硬件溶解,虚拟计算机兴起(３)英:T h e c o m p e l l i n g c a s e f o r w o r k i n g a l o t l e s s ?(T h eE c o n o m i s t ,２０１７)中:大幅减少工作量都有哪些好处?(４)英:T w oo fA m e r i c a sm o s t i n v e n t i v er e gi o n s a r e g r o w i n g cl o s e r (T h eE c o n o m i s t ,２０１７)中:美国最具创造力的两大地区联系日益紧密(５)英:T h es e a r c hf o r l i f eo n M a r s (T h eE c o n o Ｇm i s t ,２０１８)中:搜寻火星生命在以上例子中,英文新闻标题都是尽量不选用动词,若有要选择动词的情况,都会将其转换成其他形式,如:g r o w t h ,l i q u e f a c t i o n ,g r o w i n g 等等.因此,大多数情况下英语新闻标题都以动词的非谓语形式或转化成名词的形式来替换动词.而中文新闻标题则不同,动词的频率非常高,如 减少㊁兴起㊁搜寻 等等.４．３㊀简短词使用不同中英文新闻标题都喜欢使用简短词,但也存在一些差异.英文由于语言特性的限制,为了适合有限的版面,英文新闻标题大量使用 小词 .小词与大词相反,长度较短,表意更为细化,多是字形短小而词义广的单音节词或双音节词,而非多音节词.如英语标题中大多用a i m 来替代g o a l ,o b j e c t ,d e s i g n ,t a r g e t ,p u r Ｇp o s e 或i n t e n t i o n ,b a n 来替代r e s t r a i n t ,pr o h i b i t i o n 或e m b a r g o ,b i d 来替代t r y ,o f f e r ,a t t e m pt 或e n d e a v o r ,c u t 来替代f a l l ,d e c r e a s e 或d e c l i n e 等(许明武,２００３).这些简洁的小词不仅易读,还能节省版面,已经成为英语新闻标题词汇的一大特色.正如E v a n (１９７２)认为,新闻记者应该首选短小简单㊁词义具体㊁有盎格鲁－撒克逊起源的词,而非字形长㊁复杂㊁抽象的外来词.与英语相比,汉语是每个字单音多义,既能节省版面又便于编排,便不需要去选取和斟酌小词就可达到简练的效果,汉语新闻标题的简短词主要是通过简称或昵称来表示所指.如 中美两国互征关税 ,其原本的语句应该写为 中国和美国两国互相征收关税 ,但是如果全称全部写出,就会让新闻标题更为繁杂,从而影响新闻标题的语言效果.因此,在不影响信息传达的基础上,汉语一般会缩写一些名称,使用简称来表达新闻标题.而对英语而言,往往会为了表达出新意造出新词,尤其是产生以上小词.总而言之,英语新闻标题更多使用小词,而汉语新闻标题则更多简化词语.如:(１)At a l eo f t w ot e c hh u b s (T h eE c o n o m i s t,２０１７)(２)T h eM e r k e l e r ah a s c o m e t o a n e n d (T h eE c o n Ｇo m i s t ,２０１８)在(１)中, h u b 指的是某地或活动的中心,小词 h u b 便替代了 c e n t e r 这一较长的单词.在(２)中,选用了相对短的小词 e r a 来表达时代的意思,而没有选用相对较长的单词如t i m e ,e po c h 等等.(３)个税改革,关注 账面 ,更关注 全面 («人民日报»,２０１８)(４)老乡不脱贫老韩不走人 第一书记韩献良的驻村扶贫路(«人民日报»,２０１９)在(３)中, 个税 是一个抽象的概念来表达个人所得税,随着越来越多的读者已经知道个人所得税,因此只需要用 个税 就行.而在(４)中, 脱贫 和 驻村 便是简称汉语,但都能表达出原本的意思.５㊀结语新闻标题,作为报道全文的浓缩,是新闻内容的高度概括,统领着整条新闻的主导思想.它以精炼的文字浓缩了新闻中的要点,并在第一时间提供给受众最需要的信息,吸引读者的注意,进而激发读者的阅读兴趣,使之产生继续阅读新闻全文的欲望.而中英文语言之间存在的差异使得汉英新闻标题在词汇㊁句法㊁编排形式等方面各具特点.本文基于对新闻标题的理解,进行了中英新闻标题词汇特点的对比.对比发现,在新闻标题的语言规范方面,由于版面空间和布局的限制,中英文标题都以简练且信息含量大的词汇进行表达.在词汇特点上,中英文新闻标题在提炼程度㊁词类选择以及简短词使用上具有差异.通过对比,有利于提高我们阅读新闻的能力,在一定程度上也能提高英汉翻译的水平.因此,研究和对比英汉新闻标题词汇特点有其现实意义.参考文献[１]E v a n s ,H．N e w s m a nE n gl i s h [M ]．L o n d o n :H e i n e m a n n ,１９７２．[２]i a r o v i c i ,e ．&r ．a m e l ．t h es t r a t e g y o f t h eh e a d l i n e [J ]．s e m i o t i c a ,１９８９,７７(４)．[３]m a r d h ,i ．o n t h e g r a m m a r o f e n g l i s h f r o n t p a g e h e a d l i n e [M ]．c a l i Ｇf o r n i a :l i b e r l a r o m e d e l /g l e e r u p,１９８０．[４]陈丽昭．中英新闻标题对比研究[D ]．福州:福建师范大学,２００２．[５]郭可．中英新闻标题语言比较[J ]．上海外国语大学学报,１９９５,(４)．[６]韩书庚．新闻标题语言研究[M ]．北京:知识产权出版社,２０１４．[７]连淑能．英汉对比研究[M ]．北京:高等教育出版社,１９９３．[８]刘其中．新闻翻译教程[M ]．北京:中国人民大学出版社,２００４．[９]彭朝丞㊁王秀芬．标题的制作艺术巨[M ]．北京:新华出版社,２００５:２．[１０]许明武．新闻英语与翻译[M ]．北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,２００３．[１１]张鑫．关联理论视角下新闻标题的生成和理解[D ]．太原:山西师范大学,２０１２．。
评价理论视角下的中英文新闻标题对比研究
２ 研 究 方 法 及 对 象
本文 以评价理论为基 础 ．采用定量分析 和定性分析 的方 法相结 合， 对中英 文报纸新闻标题进行对 比研究。作 者从中文主流报纸 中的 《 人民Ｅ ｌ 报》 收集 １ ０ ０ 条新闻标题 ， 从英语 主流报纸中的英 国的《 卫报》 （ 时间均为 ２ ０ １ ３ 年 ６月） 收集到 １ ０ ０ 条新 闻标题 ， 并建立两 个对应 的 中英文新 闻标题语料库。为了保证研 究的客观性 ． 这些标题都没有经 过人 为的筛选 。 作者用评价系统 的三个子系统（ 态度、 介入 、 级差 ） 及其 子类对这些标题逐一进行标注并在统计软件 的帮助下进行统计分析 。
科技・ 探索・ 争Ｉ 毫
Ｓ ｃ 科 ｉ ｅ ｎ ｃ ｅ ＆ 技 Ｔ ｅ ｃ ｈ 视 ｎ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｙ 界 Ｖ ｉ ｓ ｉ ｏ ｎ
评价理论视角下的中英文新闻标题对比研究
刘海 舟 姚脚 女 （ 江西中医药大学， 江西 南昌 ３ ３ ０ ０ ０ ４ ）
【 摘 要１ 新 闻标题是新 闻最重要 的一 个部分 ， 本文 以系统功能语言学 中的“ 评价理论” 为理论基础 ， 以从 中文和英文主流报纸 中选 出的新 闻标题为研究对象 ． 对这些新 闻标题根据其评价性资源运一进行标注 ， 并根据统计结果进行对 比研究。 通过分析 我们发现 中英文新闻标题 中都 有 着丰富 的评价性资源 ． 中文标题 中有更 多的“ 态度” 和“ 级差” 资源， 而英文标题有更 多的“ 介入” 资源。 我们进一步发现 中文标题 中出现的正面 态度 多于负面态度 ． 而英语新 闻标题则恰好相反。在英文新闻标题 中对话扩张 多于对话紧缩， 而汉语新 闻标题 恰好相反 ， 说 明中文新闻标题倾 向于压缩对话空 间以显示报道 的可靠性和权威性。
汉英网络新闻标题特点的对比
汉英网络新闻标题特点的对比作者：须文瑜来源：《考试周刊》2013年第68期摘要：本文比较了汉英网络新闻标题的词汇、句式结构、时态、语态和标点符号使用的异同点，以使读者更好地了解汉英网络新闻标题的特点和趋势，更快地把握汉英网络新闻内容的主线。
关键词：汉英网络新闻标题特点对比1.引言新闻标题是新闻的精髓，是对新闻的高度概括，具有揭示、阐明、评价新闻内容的作用。
对于网络新闻而言，新闻标题显得尤为重要，因为网络新闻标题是以链接的形式逐行列出，是读者选择阅读新闻内容的导航。
如果新闻标题无法引起读者的兴趣，他们就不会点击链接阅读该条新闻。
2.网络新闻标题的一般特点2.1尽管有图片和视频的支撑，但网络新闻标题仍必须用有限的词汇概括整条新闻的内容。
2.2阅读传统的纸质新闻时，读者可能或不可避免地在快速浏览新闻标题的同时快读新闻的头几段。
而在阅读网络新闻时，读者可能只看标题，不点击阅读链接的新闻报道。
在这种情况下，网络新闻标题的导读功能和兴趣度显得尤为重要。
2.3网络新闻标题会在新闻网站的多处出现。
例如，为增加某条新闻的关注度和点击率，网站会将一条科技新闻同时放在首页、科技专栏和商业专栏。
2.4通过与其他搜索引擎或新闻网站的对接，网络新闻标题会在其他网站出现。
3.语料以往关于汉英新闻标题的对比研究较多是关于英汉新闻标题的选词特点、句法特征和语法特征对比的论述，而关于汉英网络新闻标题对比的研究则相对较少，如王瑞昀（1995）关于英汉网络新闻标题中缩略词使用对比的研究。
为了尽可能地减少所选取语料的话题差异给比较所带来的影响，保证对比语料之间的可比性，本文摘录了2013年8月CNN网络版和2013年8月新浪网络版国际新闻标题各73条进行对比。
4.汉英网络新闻标题特点的对比4.1.1使用短词。
汉语网络新闻标题中的动词大多是单音词，即只有一个声母和一个韵母的词。
单音动词既简洁又能表达含义，所以成为优选的对象。
如：新加坡总理：周边国家包围制衡中国做法无益受传统印刷媒体的影响，为节省篇幅，并使标题简洁有力，网络英语新闻标题中也多用音节少的词，尤其是单音节的、以爆破音开头的、较口语化且使用活跃的盎格鲁萨克森词汇。
英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比分析
英汉新闻标题词汇特点对比分析英汉新闻标题在语言表达和文化背景上都有着显著的差异。
英语新闻标题通常简洁明了，直截了当，注重概括和突出重点，而汉语新闻标题则常常含蓄，深含文化内涵。
本文将从语言风格、文化特点和使用习惯等方面对英汉新闻标题的词汇特点进行对比分析，旨在探讨不同语言背景下新闻标题的表达方式及其文化内涵。
一、语言风格英汉两种语言在语言结构、表达方式和修辞手法上存在明显的差异，这也直接影响了新闻标题的表达。
英语新闻标题通常采用简洁明了的表达方式，强调简练、生动、直接，常常采用名词性短语或动词短语作为主干，突出新闻事件的重点。
一条英语新闻标题"The President's Speech on Climate Change"（总统关于气候变化的讲话）直接表达新闻事件的主要内容，简洁明了。
而汉语新闻标题则显得更为含蓄，往往采用成语、典故或者修辞手法来表达，颇具诗意。
比如“青城山下白素贞”、“天安门上升五星红旗”等，这些成语、典故或修辞手法都为汉语新闻标题增添了一种文化内涵和韵味。
二、文化特点英语和汉语所代表的两种文化背景有着不同的特点，这也直接影响了新闻标题的语言表达。
英语新闻标题更注重客观、事实性，强调实事求是，简洁直接，符合西方传播的理性传播风格。
而汉语新闻标题则更注重含蓄、典故和诗意，富含文化内涵，强调修饰和彰显一种文化品位。
这种文化背景的差异也从侧面反映了不同语言文字对文化的表达方式和文化精神的追求。
三、使用习惯英语和汉语的新闻标题在使用习惯上也存在一些差异。
英语新闻标题一般采用主谓结构，逻辑性强，表达直截了当；而汉语新闻标题经常采用状中结构、倒装结构、颠倒语序等修辞手法，更具有表现力和韵味。
比如一句英语新闻标题"New Policy Aims to Reduce Traffic Congestion"（新政策旨在减少交通拥堵）采用了简练的主谓宾结构，直接表达政策的目的和效果。
中英文新闻标题的差异探微
摘要：新闻标题提炼新闻内容精华，也是吸引读者和增强报刊竞争力的重要手段。
中英文新闻标题因语言文化背景和新闻传统的不同而存在着不少差并，主要表现崔词汇选用、语法形式、提炼程度和印刷编排等方面。
了解这些差异除了有助于忙碌的现代读者迅速选择最值得关注的新闻，有助于英语学习者和英语教学工作者更好地掌握现代英语，更重要的是还有助于新闻翻译工作者准确得体地翻译新闻标题。
关键词：新闻；中文标题；英文标题；词汇选用；语法形式随着我国加入WTO，我国与外部世界交流的时机日益频繁，中国要了解世界，世界要知道中国，都离不开信息的传播。
作为传播现代信息的重要媒介之一的新闻涉及社会各个领域，其语言集现代语言之大成，庄严如总统的声明，轻松如民众的闲聊，各学科的术语，各领域的行话，风土人情乃至市井俚语，新闻语言无所不包。
术语、行话、谐语、俚语，无所不包。
不管是与文学语言还是与广告语言相比，新闻语言都是一种具有鲜明语言形式和特点的文体。
一、新闻标题新闻一般由标题、导语、主题、背景和结尾组成。
新闻可以没有导语和背景，但不能没有标题。
新闻标题用简练的文字提炼浓缩了新闻中最主要或最值得注意的内容，具有画龙点睛的作用。
“题好一半文”，一个好标题本身就是一则短新闻。
好的标题，言简意赅，好的标题，是“媒”，是“诱”，传神达意，吸引读者的眼球。
可以说，新闻的竞争很大程度上是标题的竞争。
标题得势，则全文皆振；标题失势，则全文皆靡。
二、中英文新闻标题的差异比较任何事物都有共性和个性。
简洁和真实是中英文新闻标题最突出的共性，但不同的语言文化背景和新闻传统使得她们各具特色，存在着一些差异，这些差异主要表现在词汇选用、语法形式、提炼程度和印刷编排四个方面。
(一)词汇选用上的差异在选词上，二者都喜用缩略语、大众化词语和时髦甩语，差异主要表达在以下方面：1．荚文标题大量选用简短小词，节省版面英文词大多是多音节的，每个词长短不一，长长的一个词需占用不少标题字数。
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中英文网络新闻标题对比研究
【摘要】标题是新闻不可分割的一个部分，是统领全文的重要提示。
它能够吸引，使其对新闻的内容有大致了解。
鉴于此种特点，新闻标题必须简练概括、生动、抓人眼球，这是英汉新闻标题的共同作用与特点。
但英汉新闻标题在修辞、句式、标点、语法等方面又各有特点。
本文主要着眼于网络新闻标题的对比研究，从不同方面进行对比，得出结论。
【关键词】网络；标题；新闻；对比
一、背景意义
在当前的信息时代，新闻报道是生活中非常重要的部分。
作为一篇新闻报道的统领和概括，新闻标题是最先吸引读者的重要因素。
标题通常出现在正文之前，字体引人注目，字号较大，内容精炼生动，好的标题是一篇新闻报道成功的首要因素。
网络平台信息量更大且方便阅读，目前越来越多的人选择在网上阅读新闻。
然而，由于网上庞杂的信息，人们必须从信息的海洋中快速选择对自己有用的信息。
所以对于网络新闻来说，拟定一个能够吸引读者的新闻标题显得尤为重要。
鉴于网络新闻的这一特殊性，纸质新闻和网络新闻的特点存在许多不同之处。
本文着眼于中英网络新闻标题的对比研究。
本文的英文标题来自bbc，voa，华盛顿邮报，卫报，中国日报（英文版）等的英文网站；中文标题来自于新浪，中国日报（中文
版），光明日报等中文报纸的网站。
首先，笔者阅读了许多新闻标题，并从中总结出一些中英文网络新闻标题的大致特点分类。
根据这些特点，找出了一些能够证明本文观点的标题。
笔者的研究重点是体育新闻、娱乐新闻、时事新闻。
笔者将通过具体实例分析自己的观点。
二、对不同特点的研究
（一）语法层面
中英新闻标题在语法层面存在不同之处，而最大的不同则是时态的使用。
在英文网络新闻标题中，一般现在时是使用最多的时态，这是英文新闻标题写作的传统。
因为现在时能够突出新闻的真实性和即时性，并缩短读者和所读内容之间的情感距离，使读者感到所读的新闻是刚刚发生事件的报导。
顾晓燕，刘波（2007）在他们的论文中也提到，一般现在时是英语新闻标题中使用最多的时态。
新闻中的一般现在时被称为“新闻现在时”，它和文学作品中的“历史现在时”功能相同（王婷妮2008）。
在英语新闻标题中，几乎所有的时态都可以用一般现在时来代替，因为过去时会给读者一种陈旧感且缺乏吸引力。
例如：
（1） motogp： casey stoner hangs on to beat jorge lorenzo at jerez （bbc， may 2， 2012）
（2） south sudan awaits china big loan （bbc， may 2，
2012）
以上两个标题来自bbc网页，它们都使用了一般现在时。
而实际上，标题中描述的都是已发生过的事件。
如果标题叙述的是即将发生的事件，作者通常用动词不定式来表示。
例如：
（1） billionaire to build titanic ii （bbc， may 2， 2012）（2） khawaja to continue hunger strike （bbc， may 2，2012）
在英语中，过去分词常用来表示被动。
但在新闻标题中，常省略be动词，而直接将过去分词加在动作的接受者之后，介词“by”也常被省略。
例如：
（1）facebook said to begin marketing its ipo （the washington post， may 2， 2012）
（2） tourists rescued from top of statue （bbc， may 2，2012）
在中文新闻标题中，一般不使用助动词和副词，而是用更加简洁的词来替代，所以通常依靠整个标题的意思来判断事件发生的时间。
中文标题中常有许多语义暗示。
例如：
（1）三大电信运营商均已取消预付话费有效期限制
（， may 2， 2012）
（2）广东不再新设事业单位和新增事业编制
（， may 2， 2012）
（二）修辞层面
修辞有多种功能：传递信息，促进文化交流，表达美感，打破逻辑限制，促进语言功能的发展（王金明 2010）。
新闻标题受众面广，用词应独特并有说服力（刘路 2002）。
所以修辞的使用在新闻标题中的作用更为关键。
由于中英两种语言和文化的不同，中文标题中修辞的使用更为广泛。
其次，中英标题风格不同，英文标题着重于叙述事件，所以在修辞的使用方面有所限制（澹台林琳，耿耿 2009）。
常用的修辞有暗喻，拟人，头韵，重复，双关等；中文标题更注重文体美感，所以修辞的使用也更加普遍，常用的修辞有排比，转喻，委婉，顶真等。
（三）句子结构层面
在句子结构层面，英汉新闻标题的特点都是运用省略来使其更加精炼。
在英语新闻标题中，结构词，冠词，助词，谓语，连词和联系动词通常被省略。
最重要的就是用有限的词汇来表达最完整的意思。
例如：
（1） last stop before london （china daily， april 21，2012）
（2） fifa gives last chance to bribes suspects （china daily， july 27， 2017）
在中文中，如果形容词用来修饰名词，后面都会用“的”，但是在标题里它通常被省略。
有时量词和介词也被省略。
中文新闻标题通常分为复合型和简单型，与文章的重要性，长度和体裁有关。
大多数新闻标题都是简单型。
（四）标点符号层面
一般看来说，英文标题中标点符号的使用更加普遍。
冒号在英文标题中有重要作用，可以起到解释说明，代替be动词等的作用。
英文标题中不使用句号；两个分句之间通常用逗号隔开。
中文标题中也不使用句号；两个分句之间通常用空格或分号隔开。
（1）只因漏检一名婴儿美机场航站楼关闭致大量航班延误（中国日报， 2012-4-29）
（2）叙利亚首都发生自杀式爆炸至少7人死亡20人受伤（中国日报， 2012-04-28）
三、总结
网络新闻标题具有多种特点：简洁，精确，吸引眼球等，它包含了整篇文章最重要的信息。
介于中英文两种语言的不同特点及其不同的文化背景，中英文网络标题又有各自鲜明的特点。
正确理解它们的异同点对于读者理解新闻的内容有很大帮助。
本文着眼于英汉网络新闻标题的特点对比，通过分析得出一些规律。
关于此题还
有很多需要进一步研究的方面。
【参考文献】
[1]澹台林琳，耿耿.论中英新闻标题的差异[j].国家林业局管理干部学院学报，2009（1）：53-54.
[2]郭灿.论新闻标题中的语法省略[d].湘潭大学，2007：10-21.
[3]顾晓燕，刘波.从语法角度谈英语新闻标题的翻译[j].中国科教创新导刊，2007（6）：78.
[4]刘路.新闻标题论[m].中国社会科学出版社，2002.
[5]梅婷.英汉新闻标题选词特点的对比分析[j].考试周刊，2011（57）：37.
[6]王婷妮.汉英新闻标题语言比较[j].郧阳师苑高等专科学校学报，2008，28（4）： 83-86.
[7]王金明.浅析修辞格在汉语经贸新闻标题英译中的灵活应用[j].上饶师范学院学报，2010（5）：78-79.。