非谓语动词和定语从句总结~388CF

【定语从句】♦Who, whom指代人，who做主语、whom做宾语; which指物，做主语或者宾语。

That调节两者，既可指物，又可指人，既可做主语，又可做宾语，但只用于限制性定语从句。

如果调节两者，如下只用that：1.who/which开头的疑问句；2.先行词有人，又有物时；3.先行词为all, few, little, none, some, any, every, each, no, anything, everything, nothing (something除外);4.theonly / the very / the first/ the last + 先行词时；4.“序数词/形容词最高级+先行词”时：He is the first customer that came to our supermarket today. He is one of themost excellent students that got the best results in the contest.5. 当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时.6. 当先行词是reason, way（方法）等词时，关系代词常用that代替in which, for which, why, 也常可省略。

如：She admired the way （that）they solved the questions.♦介词后只能用whom表示人，用which表示物。

♦翻译和写作时，“…的某人或某物”中，“的”的前面如果发现比较长，或者有实义动词时，可以考虑用定语从句表达。

如：他是每次我在困难的时候会想起的人。

他是一个优秀的人。

♦非限制中只能用whom做宾语，不可以用who替代。

（限制性定语从句中，有时候用who替代whom做宾语）.♦限制句中，whom, who ,that, which做宾语时（包括做介宾）都可以省略，但是于介词后(做介词的宾语)不能省略：This is the person(whom)I am looking for. This is the person with whom I talked in the street yesterday.♦非限制中，不管从句宾语whom, which 是否前面有介词，都是不可以省略的。

♦主句中的主语，宾语，介宾等都可以是先行词.先行词不一定就接在定语从句的前面：The teacher gave us an exciting speech who teaches in the Beijing University.♦The way ( in which / that ) + 定语从句:This is the way （in which/ that ）I solved the problem.♦“whose + 名词”和“the 名词of which”在名词是物时，可以互换。

但是都应该紧跟在被修饰的词后面，中间可以有逗号隔开，可用于限制性、非限制性中。

“介词+ whose 名词”的灵活运用如：They thanked T om, without whose support they could not have succeeded.| I want to buy the house whose window faces north. = I want to buy the house the window of which faces north.♦各种介词+which (物)/ whom(人) （without, in, on , at, by, with, over, under, above, below, beyond , against, besides, except, among, along, because of , from, to, before, after, since, for, towards…）♦形容词最高级/基数词/分数/百分比/代词如some, most/both/ most/the majority/the minority +of which (物)/ whom （人）:I like talking with my students some of whom are from abroad.♦As, which在非限制中都可以指代整个句子，但：as可以于句首句尾，但是which只能于主句后| as/ which（主语）+系动词，which(主语)+行为动词(如果接行为动词，只能用which;如果是连系动词，则两者都可以用) | as有“正如，正像”之意，which没有。

| Jack is the richest man in the town, which / As is well known. As we all know, light runs fast than sound.♦…the reason why…♦when, where 和“on/in/at which”之间可以互换♦as指物和人，做从句主、宾。

限制中，such /the same + 名词as…, so + adj.+ a 可数单数名词as…；非限制中，可代表整个主句，于主句前或后。

♦one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句（动词用复数），the (only) one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句（单数谓语）♦介词+which+名词：He usually gets home at 11p.m,, at which hour his father locks all the doors and windows.His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad.就以上知识点，运用定语从句造句（只能用一句话）：在所有的职员中，她是唯一一个有国外留学经历的人。

| 李明自小在农村长大，是我碰到的学习最努力的学生。

| 日本3月份发生的、遇难人数过万的福岛地震导致的核泄漏，将会导致太平洋严重受污染。

| 她迟到的原因是她路上遭遇了一个上个月越狱并在全国通缉的逃犯的抢劫。

| 他在很段的时间内进步神速，这真的超出我们的想象。

| 一个七岁大的女孩子被关在阴冷的牢房里，寒风穿过牢房的窗户吹进来。

孩子的母亲两个月前被国民党军队杀害了。

| 你刚才看过的这类电视节目我从来不看。

| 我对他的那种说话方式很反感。

| 我从来不买和别的同事一样的东西。

| 你正是我要找的人。

| 他从来不干有损于人们利益的事情。

| 2008年奥运会在北京举行，这在中国可是人人皆知的。

| 我们坐在整洁的车厢里。

透过明亮的车窗，可以看到一些被群山环绕的小村庄。

| 我第一次遇到她的时候是在我1981年曾经工作过的公司。

但是自那以后，我对她失去了兴趣。

| 他们在热烈谈论在农村遇到的那些淳朴的村民和传统风俗。

【不定式】♦时态：to do (一般式，同时或之后)；to be doing（进行时，正在发生）；to have done(完成，之前)；♦语态：to be done; to being done ; to have been done.♦主语（常用it 做形式主语）/ 表语.♦宾语:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree , promise, prefer to do sth. 如果有补足语，用it 做形式宾语：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.♦介宾：但是在except或but之前有实义动词do，则为不带to的不定式，否则带to: The old man’s son did nothing but play games. He wanted nothing but to stay there. He does nothing except play games all day.♦宾补带to：ask/want/wish/tell/order/beg/permit/help/advise/persuade/allow/prepare/cause/force/call on/wait for/invite 等+ 宾语+ to do sth.♦宾补不带to: Notice/observe/look at/ listen to/Make/let/see/watch/hear/feel/have + do ---->被动：to do♦介词宾语的补足语：With a lot of work to do, he didn’t go to the cinema.♦定语：于被修饰的词后。

1）主谓关系：He was always the first（person）to come and last (person) to leave the office.2) 动宾关系：The manager has too many things to do.3）说明所修饰的词的内容：His failure to pass the examination surprised us. We have made a plan to finish the work.4）“介词+which(物)/whom(人)+不定式（短语）”作定语：I must buy a hammer with which to nail down the box.| The employer has a lot of people from whom to select.5）“不定式+介词”作定语：1>如果不定式不及物，或者所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，则需要加介词，但time, place或way可以省去：I need a pen to write with.| She is looking for a room to live in.| He had no place to live. This is the best way to solve this problem.♦状语：1）目的状语；I get up early to do morning exercise.2）结果状语：1>用于learn/ find/see/hear/to be told/make（使得）等几个具有终止含义的动词，可以翻译为“…..，结果得知、看到、听到、被告知、使得”，表示主语未曾预料到的结果: Sam returned home to learn his son had gone to the countryside.| A few years later we came to our home to find that our home town had greatly changed.| Yesterday a street-beggar bought a lottery ticket purposelessly, to make him a millionaire overnight.3)方式状语：由as if / as though引导：He opened his mouth as if to speak.♦独立成分：to be brief简言之to be exact确切地说, to be frank坦率地说,to be sure肯定地to begin with首先,to conclude最后,to tell you the truth, To make a long story short(长话短说)♦Too... to do sth. 太…以致于不能做某事；♦…enough to do sth. 足够…从而可以做某事；♦Such + 名词性短语+ as + to do sth. “…如此事情以至于…”：Baker can’t have done such a terrible thing as to keep you waiting for so long.♦so+形容词/副词+as+ to do sth.: She wouldn’t be so careless as to forget her luggage.♦在not, never, only, all ,but等后的“too…to…”结构中，“too”的含义为“very”，不定式没有否定含义: I’m only too pleased to help you.| It’s never too late to learn.♦anxious, delighted, eager, easy, glad, kind, pleased, ready, surprised, willing等在too…to…结构中没有否定，而是表示肯定：She was too surprised to see how angry her father was.♦动词不定式和only连用时，常表示未预料到的结果,“…，没有想到…”的意思：I went to see my friend only to learn he was in hospital.| He went to the station hurriedly only to find the train had left.| He survived the crash only to die in the desert.♦It is …of you to do sth. （赞扬指责）/ It is … for sb. to do sth.♦如果句子前面已出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，常省去不定式动词，只保留不定式符号“to”：主要是以下动词或者形容词的后面：hate, hope, like, love, mean, plan, try, want, wish，glad, pleased，ought to, used to, need，be able to, be going to, have to：Did you get a ticket? No. I tried to. But there were not any left.| —Do you smoke?—Not now, but I used to.| I wanted to go but I wasn’t able to.| —Have you fed the cat? —No, but I’m just going to.♦做表语时，如主语中有do的某种形式，应省略to: What you have to do tonight is (to) finish the work.♦连词but前有do的某种格式时，后面不定式的to省略：He never does anything but talk.光说不干♦疑问词（who，what，which，when，where，how，whether）+不定式:可以做句子的主语，表语，动词的宾语，介宾：They were concerned with how to solve the problem.| I have no idea of how to do it.♦用and连接几个时，只保留一个to;♦系表结构+ to do----> 主动表被动，主语是do的逻辑宾语：This is a difficult question to answer. |The thing is too small to see.| The car is rather difficult to repair.♦形容词补语：glad, sorry, sure, likely, able，afraid，anxious，careful，content，foolish，inclined，prepared，ready，slow, willing: The students are sorry to leave. I am very glad to see you.♦修饰的名词是不定式的动作承受者时，可用主动式（自己完成）或被动式（让别人完成）：There is nothing to do.(We have nothing to do now.)| There is nothing to be done. (We can do nothing now.) Have you got anything to send? Have you got anything to be sent?♦逻辑主语：如果句中没有合适的词作逻辑主语，可以借助for sb.的格式来做逻辑主语,翻译做“对于…来说”：For an old man to run fast is dangerous.【过去分词】原形-ed♦做表语：形容词化，动作完成后所处的状态，常用一般现在时和一般过去时：closed, excited, interested, convinced, determined, covered, dressed , shut, broken, wounded, finished, completed, injured, lost, gone, frightened, shocked, surprised等。