天津医科大学病理学2010 + 答案年考博真题试卷
2022年天津医科大学护理学专业《病理学》科目期末考试卷B

2022年天津医科大学护理学专业《病理学》科目期末考试卷B一、判断题1、组胺主要存在于中性粒细胞、肥大细胞、嗜碱性粒细胞中。
()2、抗SS-A和抗SS-B抗体升高,对口眼干燥综合征的诊断有参考价值。
()3、小儿麻痹症患者腿部肌肉的萎缩属于失用性萎缩。
()4、肌营养不良症患者出现进行性肌萎缩、肌无力,常死于心力衰竭或呼吸衰竭。
()5、血-脑屏障和血管周围间隙(Virchow-Robin间隙)构成的天然防线,在一定程度上限制了炎症反应向脑实质扩展,但也影响某些药物进人脑内发挥作用。
()6、炎症时,主动游出血管外的细胞有红细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞。
()7、慢性肝炎的组织学病变按Scheuer方案把炎症活动度(G)分为0~3级,纤维化程度(S)分为0~3期。
()8、绿色瘤多伴有慢性淋巴细胞白血病。
()9、无性细胞痛、胚胎性癌和绒毛膜癌均是来源于生殖细胞的肿箱。
()10、脓胸是小叶性肺炎常见并发症。
()11、脑出血最常发生于基底节、内袭区。
()12、弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿中,血中存在多种抗甲状腺的自身抗体,最终导致甲状腺滤泡结构的破坏、大量甲状腺素被释放入血、引起甲状腺功能亢进。
()13、金属汞很稳定,不容易通过血脑屏障进入脑组织。
()14、急进性肾小球肾炎电镜检查显示电子密度较高的沉积物,通常呈驼峰状。
()15、阿米巴肝脓肿内容物呈棕褐色果酱样,主要由液化性坏死物质和陈旧性血液混合而成。
()二、选择题16、不利于血栓形成的是()A.密症B.严重心衰C.心瓣膜修补D.弥散性血管内凝血E.肝衰竭17、二尖瓣狭窄不会引起下列哪种病变()A.肺淤血B.右心室增大C.左心房增大D.左心室增大E.肺动脉高压18、高血压病时细小动脉硬化主要是由于管壁发生()A.钙化B.坏死C.内皮细胞增生D.黏液样变E.玻璃样变19、一期愈合的瘢痕抗拉力强度达到顶峰的时间大约是()A.5~7天B.30天C.60天元海D.90天能市E.180天20、弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿一般不出现()A.甲状腺肿大B.眼球突出C.全身淋巴组织增生、胸腺和脾脏增大D.甲状腺内淋巴组织增生E.间质内常有淀粉样物质沉积21、对于子宫腺肌病的叙述错误的是()A.子宫壁内可见大小不等含血性浆液的囊腔B.子宫深肌层可见子宫内膜腺体及间质C.是子宫的一种良性肿瘤D.与激素水平有关E.子宫体积可增大22、临床诊断急性肾盂肾炎的最可靠依据是()A.血尿和菌尿B.蛋白尿和菌尿C.尿频、尿急、尿痛D.白细胞管型尿和菌尿E.血培养找到细菌23、能引起外周血白细胞数量减少的感染性因子是()A.金黄色葡萄球菌B.伤寒杆菌C.寄生虫D.沙门菌E.大肠杆菌24、流式细胞仪采用的光源系统是()A.可见光B.激光C.紫外线D.射线E.荧光25、在欧美国家,引起肝硬化的主要病因是()A.病毒性肝炎B.药物中毒C.灶性坏死D.碎片状坏死E.长期酗酒26、最常转移到肝的肿瘤是()A.肾透明细胞癌B.尿路上皮癌C.结肠癌D.前列腺癌E.肛管癌27、下列哪项不是先天性心脏病常见的畸形()A.房间隔缺损B.室间隔缺损C.动脉导管未闭D.左心房扩大E.Fallot 四联症28、患者女性,52岁,胃部不适半年。
病理学考试题及答案

病理学考试题及答案1. 以下哪项不是病理学的定义:a. 研究人体疾病形态学和功能变化的学科。
b. 通过病理检查来做出初步诊断的学科。
c. 探究疾病发生、发展及转归的学科。
d. 分析人体组织和器官的生理功能的学科。
答案:d. 分析人体组织和器官的生理功能的学科。
2. “病理改变”的概念包括以下哪些内容?a. 细胞的异常形态学改变。
b. 细胞的功能损害。
c. 组织结构的异常改变。
d. 肿瘤的形成。
答案:a. 细胞的异常形态学改变;b. 细胞的功能损害;c. 组织结构的异常改变。
3. 病理学分类系统主要有以下几种类型:a. 形态学分类。
b. 病理生理学分类。
c. 病因学分类。
d. 临床病理学分类。
答案:a. 形态学分类;c. 病因学分类;d. 临床病理学分类。
4. “病因”指的是以下哪些因素?a. 先天性因素。
b. 营养不良。
c. 感染。
d. 环境污染。
e. 遗传因素。
答案:a. 先天性因素;b. 营养不良;c. 感染;d. 环境污染;e. 遗传因素。
5. 以下哪个是细胞的基本结构单位?a. 组织。
b. 细胞器。
c. 细胞膜。
d. 细胞核。
答案:c. 细胞膜。
6. 细胞的功能受到以下哪些因素的调控?a. 细胞内信号转导途径。
b. 细胞外环境因素。
c. 细胞分裂的调控。
d. 细胞生长因素。
答案:a. 细胞内信号转导途径;b. 细胞外环境因素;c. 细胞分裂的调控;d. 细胞生长因素。
7. 细胞凋亡和坏死是常见的细胞死亡方式,它们有以下哪些区别?a. 细胞凋亡是正常的生理过程,而坏死是病理过程。
b. 细胞凋亡通常发生在单个细胞,而坏死通常涉及一大片细胞。
c. 细胞凋亡伴有细胞内的特殊信号转导路径,而坏死没有。
d. 细胞凋亡是有程序性的,而坏死是随机发生的。
答案:b. 细胞凋亡通常发生在单个细胞,而坏死通常涉及一大片细胞;c. 细胞凋亡伴有细胞内的特殊信号转导路径,而坏死没有;d. 细胞凋亡是有程序性的,而坏死是随机发生的。
病理学考题及答案

病理学考题及答案
1. 什么是病理学?
病理学是一门研究疾病本质、发生机制、病程发展及其影响等
方面的学科。
它通过研究疾病的病理变化,揭示疾病的发生、发展、转归规律,为临床诊断和治疗提供依据。
2. 病理学的分类有哪些?
病理学可以分为以下几个方面的分类:
- 解剖病理学:研究疾病的形态学改变,包括组织学和细胞学
等方面。
- 临床病理学:研究疾病的临床表现和病理改变之间的关系。
- 实验病理学:通过实验方法研究疾病的机制和治疗方法。
- 法医病理学:应用病理学知识解决法医学上的问题。
3. 举例说明几种疾病的病理变化。
以下是几种常见疾病的病理变化:
- 乳腺癌:乳腺癌的病理变化一般为乳腺组织中发生恶性肿瘤
的过程,可以表现为细胞增殖、组织结构紊乱等。
- 糖尿病:糖尿病的病理变化主要涉及胰岛细胞功能障碍,胰
岛素分泌减少或作用受阻,导致血糖升高。
- 高血压:高血压的病理变化包括动脉壁增厚、血管硬化、心
脏增大等,会对心血管系统产生损害。
4. 病理学对临床诊断和治疗的意义是什么?
病理学在临床诊断和治疗中起着重要的作用,具体意义包括:
- 诊断支持:病理学可以提供组织学或细胞学方面的证据,帮
助医生做出准确的诊断。
- 疾病分期:病理学能够帮助分期疾病,确定病情的严重程度,对治疗方案的选择有指导意义。
- 预后评估:通过病理学分析,可以预测疾病的预后,指导治
疗及随访。
- 新疗法研究:病理学可以为新疗法的研究提供依据,帮助发
现新的治疗策略。
以上是病理学考题及答案的内容,希望能对您有所帮助。
天津医科大学 2010 卫生综合 真题

天津医科大学2010年考研卫生综合试题一、名词解释1.微小气候11.tempretureinversion2.排毒系数12.redtide3.健康监护13.incidencedencity4.热适应14.power5.膳食营养素参考摄入量15.healthyworkereffect6.食品污染16.delayedsilicosis7.感染梯度17.essentionalaminoacid8.内真实性18.healthfood9.完全随机设计19.regressionsumofsquares10.非概率抽样20.poweroftest二、简答题1.地方性氟中毒的主要临床表现有哪些?2.简述工业废水的处理方法3.TNT引起的中毒性白内障有什么特征4.治疗有机磷急性中毒的药物有哪两类、分别有什么作用?5.维生素A的生理功能、缺乏病的主要表现及主要食物来源6.亚硝酸盐食物中毒的作用机制,主要临床表现及急救治疗原则7.如何评价疫苗的流行病学效果8.“发病率和患病率都是衡量疾病发生强度的指标。
”这种说法对吗?9.何为单因素方差分析和两因素方差分析?各适用于什么情况?10.举例说明如果试验效应用等级资料表示,比较两总体效应应用差别是否有统计学意思时应用何种检验方法,为什么?一、问答题1.饮水氯化消毒的原理和影响因素有哪些?2.高温作业引起中暑,一般分哪几型。
他们的发病机制和临床表现是什么?3.膳食纤维的生理功能、主要是食物来源及在慢性疾病机制和临床表现是什么?4.什么是筛检?适合筛检的疾病应有哪些特征?5.制定出一份调查表后,还需要对其进行考评,以了解调查表是否能准确可靠地获得调查所需的信息,一般从哪几方面进行考评,如何进行?。
2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案

2010年全国医学博士英语统考真题及参考答案2010年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答题须知1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在标准答题卡上认真填写清楚,并按“考场指令”要求,在标准答题卡上,将准考证号相应的位置涂好。
2.试卷一(paper one)和试卷二(paper two)答案都做在标准答题卡上,书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域,不要做在试卷上。
3.试卷一答题答题时必须使用2B铅笔,将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑;如要更正,先用橡皮擦干净。
4.标准答题卡不可折叠,同时必须保持平整干净,以利评分。
5.听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。
Paper OnePart I Listening comprehension(30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversions between twospeakers. At the end of eachconversion, you will hear a questionabout what is said. The question willbe read only once. After you hear thequestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She was bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA BCDNow let’s begin with question Number 1.1.A. She’s looking for a gift.B. She needs a new purse.C. She’s going to give a birthday party.D. She wants to go shopping with her mom.2.A. She hears noises in her ears day andnight.B. She has been overworking for a longtime.C. Her right ear, hurt in an accident, istroubling her.D. Her ear rings are giving her trouble dayand night.3.A. He’ll go to see Mr. White at 10:30tomorrow.B. He’d like to make an earlierappointment.C. He’d like to cancel the appointment.D. He’d like to see another dentist.4.A. 8:00 B. 8:15 C.8:40 D. 8:455.A. In a hotel. B.At a fast food bar.C. In the supermarket.D.In the department store.6.A. To resign right away.B.To work one more day as chairman.C.T o think twice before he make the decision.D.T o receive further training upon hisresignation.7.A. She didn’t do anything in particular.B.She send a wounded person to the ER.C.S he had to work in the ER.D.S he went skiing.8.A. A customs officer. B.The man’s mother.C. A school headmaster.D.An immigration officer.9.A. It feels as if the room is going around.B.It feels like a kind of unsteadiness.C.I t feels as if she is falling down.D.I t feels as if she is going around.10. A. John has hidden something in the tree.B.John himself should be blamed.C.J ohn has a dog that barks a lot.D.J ohn is unlucky.11. A. The chemistry homework is difficult.B.The chemistry homework is fun.C.T he math homework is difficult.D.T he math homework is fun.12. A. His backache. B.His broken leg.C. His skin problem.D.His eye condition.13. A. Whooping cough, smallpox andmeasles.B.Whooping cough, chickenpox and measles.C.W hooping cough, smallpox and Germanmeasles.D.W hooping cough, chickenpox and Germanmeasles.14. A. Saturday morning. B.Saturday night.C. Saturday afternoon.D.Next weekend.15. A. He’s lost his notebook.B.His handwriting is messy.C.H e’ll miss class latter this week.D.H e cannot make it for his appointment.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversion and two passages, after each of which, youwill hear five questions. After eachquestion, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Conversation16. A. He is having a physical checkup.B.He has just undergone an operation.C.H e has just recovered from an illness.D.H e will be discharged from the hospital thisafternoon.17. A. He got an infection in the lungs.B.He had his gallbladder inflamed.C.H e was suffering from influenza.D.H e had developed a big kidney tone.18. A. A lot better. B.Terribly awful.C. Couldn’t be better.D.Okay, but a bit weak.19. A. To be confined to a wheelchair.B.To stay indoors for a complete recovery.C.T o stay in bed and drink a lot of water.D.T o move about and enjoy the sunshine.20. A. From 4 pm to 6 pm. B.From 5 pm to 7 pm.C. From 6 pm to 8 pm.D.From 7 pm to 9 pm.Passage One21. A. The link between weight loss and sleepdeprivation.B.The link between weight gain and sleepdeprivation.C.T he link between weight loss and physicalexercise.D.T he link between weight gain and physicalexercise.22. A. More than 68,000. B.More than 60,800.C. More than 60,080.D.More than 60,008.23. A. Sever-hour sleepers gained moreweight over time than 5-hour ones.B.Five-hour sleepers gained more weight overtime than 7-hour ones.C.S hort-sleepers were 15% more likely tobecome obese.D.S hort-sleepers consumed fewer caloriesthan long sleepers.24. A. Overeating among the sleep-deprived.B.Little exercise among the sleep-deprived.C.L ower metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.D.H igher metabolic rate resulting from lesssleep.25. A. Exercise every day. B.Take diet pills.C. Go on a diet.D.Sleep more.Passage Two26. A. She is too hard on me.B.She asks too many questions.C.S he is always considerate of my feelings.D.S he is the meanest mother in theneighborhood.27. A. A university instructor.B. A teaching assistant.C. A phD student.D. A psychiatrist.28. A. They usually say no.B.They usually say yes.C.T hey usually wait and see.D.T hey usually refuse to say anything.29. A. They are overconfident.B.Their brains grow too fast.C.T hey are psychologically dependent.D.T heir brains are still immature in someareas.30. A. Be easy on your teen.B.Try to be mean to your teen.C.S ay no to your teen when necessary.D.D on’t care about your teen’s feelings.Part II Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the statementsare incomplete, beneath each ofwhich are four words or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D. Choosethe word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement andmark the letter of your choiceon the ANSWER SHEET.31. A number of black youths have complained of being by thepolice.A. harassedB. distractedC. sentencedD. released32. He rapidly became with his own power in the team.A. irrigatedB. irradiatedC. streetlightD. torchlight33. Throughout his political career he has always been in the .A. twilightB. spotlightC. streetlightD. torchlight34. We that diet is related to most types of cancer but we don’t have definite proof.A. suspendB. superveneC. superviseD. suspect35. A patient who is dying of incurablecancer of the throat is in terrible pain,which can no longer besatisfactorily .A. alleviatedB. abolishedC. demolishedD. diminished36. The television station is supported byfrom foundations and other sources.A. donationsB. pensionsC. advertisementsD. accounts37. More legislation is needed to protectthe property rights of thepatent.A. integrativeB. intellectualC. intelligentD.intelligible38. Officials are supposed tothemselves to the welfare and healthof the general public.A. adaptB. confineC.commit D. assess39. You should stop yourcondition and do something about it.A. drawing onB. touching onC. leaning onD. dwelling on40. The author of the book has shown hisremarkably keen into humannature.A. perspectiveB. dimensionC. insightD. reflectionSection BDirections: In this section each of the following sentences has a wordor phrase underlined, beneathwhich are four words or phrase.Choose the word or phrasewhich can best keep the meaningof the original sentence if it issubstituted for the underlinedpart. Then mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWERSHEET.41.The chemical was found to be detrimentalto human health.A. toxicB. immuneC.sensitive D. allergic42.It will be a devastating blow for thepatient, if the clinic closes.A. permanentB. desperateC. destructiveD. sudden43.He kept telling us about his operation inthe most graphic detail.A. verifiableB. explicitC. preciseD. ambiguous44.The difficult case tested the ingenuity ofeven the most skillful physician.A. credibilityB. commitmentC. honestyD. talent45.He left immediately on the pretext that hehad to catch a train.A. claimB. clueC. excuseD. talent46.The nurse was filled with remorse of notbelieving her .A. anguishB. regretC. apologyD. grief47.The doctor tried to find a tactful way oftelling her the truth.A. delicateB. communicativeC. skillfulD. considerate48.Whether a person likes a routine office jobor not depends largely on temperament.A. dispositionB. qualificationC. temptationD. endorsement49.The doctor ruled out Friday’s surgery forthe patient’s unexpected complications.A. confirmedB. facilitatedC. postponedD. cancelled50.It is not easy to remain tranquil whenevents suddenly change your life.A. cautiousB. motionlessC. calmD. alertPart III Cloze(10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For eachblank, there are four choice markedA, B, C and D listed on the right side.Choose the best answer and markthe letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Experts say about 1% of young women in the United States are almost starving themselves today. They are suffering from a sickness called anorexia.These young women have an abnormal fear of getting fat. They 51 starve themselves so they weigh at 15% less than their normalweight.The National Institute of Mental Health says one 52 ten cases of anorexia leads to serious medical problems. These patients can die from heart failure or the disease can lead young women to 53 themselves. For example, former gymnast Christy Henrich died at age 22. She weighed only 61 pounds.A person with anorexia first develops joint and muscle problems. There is a lack of iron in the blood. 54 the sickness progresses, a young woman’s breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure rates slow down. The important substance calcium is 55 from the bones, something causing bones to break. Sometimes the brain gets smaller, causing changes in 56 a person thinks and acts. Scientists say many patients have further mental and emotional problems. They have 57 opinions about themselves. They feel helpless. Their attempts to become extremely thin may 58 efforts to take control of their lives. They may becomedependent on illegal drugs. Some people also feel the need to continually repeat a(n) 59 . For example, they may repeatedly wash their hands although their hands are clean.Anorexia is a serious eating 60 .If it is not treated on time, it can be fatal.51. A. specifically B. purposelyC. particularlyD. passionately52. A. from B. ofC. atD. in53. A. kill B. starveC. abuseD. worsen54. A. When B. WhileC. AsD. Since55. A. lost B. derivedC. generatedD. synthesized56. A. what B. whyC. howD. which57. A. good B. highC. lowerD. poor58. A. represent B. makeC. presentD. exert59. A. medication B. illusionC. motionD. action60. A. habit B. behaviorC. disorderD. patternPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by fivequestions. For each question thereare four possible answers marked A,B, C and D. Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneChildren should avoid using mobile phones for all but essential calls because of possible health effects on young brains. This is one of the expected conclusions of an official government report to be published this week. The report is expected to call for the mobilephone industry to refrain from promoting phone use by children, and to start labeling phones with data on the amount of radiation they emit.The Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones, chaired by former government chief scientist William Stewart, has spent eight months reviewing existing scientific evidence on all aspects of the health effects of using mobile phones. Its report is believed to conclude that because we don’t fully understand the nonthermal effects of radiation on human tissue, the government should adopt a precautionary approach, particularly in relation to children.There is currently no evidence that mobile phones harm users or people living near transmitter masts. But some studies show that cell-phones operating at radiation levels within current safety limits do have some sort of biological effect on the brain.John Tattersall, a researcher on the health effects of radiation at the Defense Evaluation and Research Agency’s site at Porton Down,agrees that it might be wise to limit phone use by children. “If you have a developing nervous system, it’s known to be more susceptible to environmental insults,”he says,“So if phones did prove to be hazardous——which they haven’t yet ——it would be sensible.”In 1998, Tattersall showed that radiation levels similar to those emitted by mobile phones could alter signals from brain cells in slices of rat brain, “What we’ve found is an effect, but we don’t know if it’s hazardous,” he says.Alan Preece of the University of Bristol, who found last year that microwaves increase reaction times in test subjects, agreed that children’s exposure would be greater. “There’s a lot less tissue in the way, and the skill is thinner, so children’s heads are considerably closer,” he says.Stewart’s report is likely to recommend that the current British safety standards on energy emissions from cell-phones should be cut to the level recommended by the InternationalCommission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection, which is one-fifth of the current British limit. “The extra safety factor of five is somewhat arbitrary,” says Michael Clark of the National Radiological Protection Board. “But we accept that it’s difficult for the UK to have different standards from an international body.”61. Just because it has not been confirmed yetwhether mobile phone emissions can harmhuman tissue, according to thegovernment report, does not meanthat .A. the government should prohibitchildren from using cell-phonesB. we should put down the phone for thesake of safetyC. the industry can have a right topromote phone useD. children are safe using cell-phones62. Tattersall argues that it is wise to refrainmobile phone use by children in termsof .A. their neural developmentB. their ill-designed cell-phonesC. the frequency of their irrational useD. their ignorance of its possible healtheffects63. On the issue in question,Preece .A. does not agree with TattersallB. tries to remove the obstacles in thewayC. asks for further investigationD. would stand by Stewart64. What is worrisome at present is that theUK .A. is going to turn deaf ears to the voiceof Stesart’s planB. finds it difficult to cut the currentsafety standards on phone useC. maintains different standards onsafety limit from the international onesD. does not even impose safety limit onthe mobile phones’ energy emissions65.Which of the following can bi the best candidate for the title of the passage?A . Brain WaveB. For Adults OnlyC. Catch Them YoungD. The Answer in the AirPassage TwoAdvances in cosmetic dentistry and plastic surgery have made it possible to correct facial birth defects, repair damaged teeth and tissue, and prevent or greatly delay the onset of tooth decay and gum disease. As a result, more people smile more often and more openly today than ever in the past, and we can expect more smiles in the future.Evidence of the smile’s ascent may be seen infamous paintings in museums and galleries throughout the world. The vast majority of prosperous bigwigs(要人),voluptuous nudes, or middle-class family members in formal portraits and domestic scenes appear to have their mouths firmly closed. Soldiers in battle, children at play, beggars, old people, and especially villains may have their mouths open; but their smiles are seldom attractive, and more often suggest strain or violence than joy.Smiles convey a wide range of meanings in different eras and cultures, says art historian Angus Trumble, currently curator(馆长)of Yale University’s Center for British Art, in his book A Brief History of the Smile. Compare, for instance, the varying impressions made by the shy dimples(酒窝)of Leonardo’s Mona Lisa; the rosy-cheeked, mustachioed Laughing Cavalier of Frans Hals; and the”Smiley Face”logo perfected(though not invented)in 1963 by American graphic artist Harvey R.Ball.In some non-Western cultures, Trumblenotes, even a warm, open smile does not necessarily indicate pleasure or agreement. It can simply be a polite mask to cover emotions considered too rude or shocking to bi openly displayed.Subtle differences in muscle movement can convey enormous differences in emotion, from the tranquility of bronze Buddhas, to the erotic bliss of couples entwined in stone on Hindu temples, to the fierce smirk(假笑)of a guardian demon at the entrance to a Chinese tomb.Trumble expects the impact of Western medicine and mass media to further increase the pressure on people to grin broadly and laugh openly in public.”Faint smiles are increasingly thought of in scientific and psychological circles as something that falls short of the true smile ,”and therefore suggest insincerity or lack of enthusiasm, he says.With tattooing, boby piercing, and permanent cosmetics already well established as fashion trends, one can imagine tomorrow’sbeauty shops adding plastic surgeons and dentists to their staffs. These comer-store cosmeticians would offer style makeovers to reshape our lips, teeth, and jawlines to mimic the signature smile of one’s favorite celebrity.What can you say to that except”Have a nice day?”66. Had it not been for cosmetic advances, as inferred from the passage, .A . people would not have been as happy as they are todayB. the rate of facial birth defect would not have declinedC . there would not have been many more open smilesD. we would not have seen smiling faces in public67. According to the passage, it seems thatwhether there is a smile or not in theportraits or pictures is decidedby .A. one’s internal sense of the external worldB . one’s identity or social positionC . one’s times of existenceD . All of the above68. Trumble’s study on smiles shows that .A. an open smile can serve as a cover-upB . the famous portraits radiate varying smilesC. even the human muscles can arouse varying emotionsD. smiles can represent misinterpretations of different eras and cultures69. What Trumble expects to see is .A. the increasing tendency of broad grins and open smiles in publicB . further impact of Western medicine upon non-Western culturesC. a wider range of meanings to be conveyed by smilesD. more of sincerity and enthusiasm in public70 . At the end of the passage, the author implicates .A. a fortune to come with cosmetic advancesB . an identical smile for everybobyC . future changes in life styleD . the future of smilesPassage ThreeAdolf Hitler survived an assassination attempt in 1944 with the lamp of penicillin made by the Allies, a microbiologist in the UK claims. If the Nazi leader had died from bacterial infection of his many wounds, the Second World War might have been over a year earlier, saving millions of lives, says Milton Wainwright of the University of Sheffield, a noted historian ofmicrobiology.In a paper to be published soon in Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Wainwright reveals first-hand evidence that Hitler was treated with penicillin by his personal doctor, Theo Morrell, following an assassination attempt in which a bomb in a suitcase exploded next to Hitler’s desk. Hitler was badly hurt, fleeing the scene with his hair and trousers on fire, a badly bleeding arm and countless wooden splinter wounds from the oak table that probably saved his life.Wainwright found confirmation that Morrell gave Hitler antibiotics as a precaution in a recent translation of Morrell’s own diary. “I happened to be reading it for interest when the word penicillin jumped out at me,” he says. He then set about trying to establish where Morrell might have got the drug.At the time, penicillin was available only to the Allies. German and Czechoslovakian teams had tried without much success to make it,Wainwright says, but the small quantities that were available were weak and impure. “It’s g enerally accepted that it was no good,”says Wainwright.He reasons that Morrell would only have risked giving Hitler penicillin to prevent infections if he were confident that the antibiotic would cure, not kill the German premier. “My research shows that Morrell, in a very dodgy(危险的) position as Hitler’s doctor, would only have used pure stuff.”And the only reliable penicillin was that made by the Allies. So where did Morrell get it?Wainwright’s investigations revealed that Allied airmen carried penicillin, so the Germans may have confiscated some from prisoners of war. The other more likely source is from neutral countries such Spain, which received penicillin from Allied countries for humanitarian purposes, perhaps for treating sick children.“I have proof the Allies were sending it tothese countries,”says Wainwright. “I’m saying this would have got through in diplomatic bags, reaching Hitler’s doctor and the higher echelons(阶层)of the Nazi party. So this was almost certainly pure, Allied penicillin.”“We can never be certain it saved Hitler’s life,” says Wainwright. But he notes that one of Hitler’s henchmen(死党),Reinhard Heydrich, died from blood poisoning after surviving a car-bomb assassination attempt. “Hair from his seat went into his wounds and gave him septicemia,”says Wainwright. Morrell may have been anxious to ensure that Hitler avoided the same fate.71. According to Wainwright, Adolf Hitler .A. might have used biological weapons in the warB. could not have committed suicide as confirmedC. could have died of bacterial infectionD. might have survived a bacterial plague72. Following his assassination in 1944, Adolf Hitler .A. began to exercise precautions against his personal attacksB. was anxious to have penicillin developed in his countryC. received an jinjection of penicillin for blood poisoningD. was suspected of being likely to get infected73. As Wainwright reasons, H itler’s personal doctor .A. cannot have dared to prescribe German-made penicillin to himB. need not have used pure antibiotic for his suspect infectionC. would have had every reason to assassinate himD. must have tried to produce penicillin74. Wainwright implies that the Third Reich .A. met the fate of collapse as expectedB. butchered millions of lives on the earthC. was severely struck by bacterial plaguesD. did have channels to obtain pure penicillin75.Whichof the following can be the best title for the passage?A.HowHitler Manage to Survive Assassination Attempts?B.Morrell Loyal to His German Primier?C.HitlerSaved by Allied Drugs?D.Penicillin Abused in German?Passage FourGet ready for a new kind of machine at your local gym: one that doesn’t involve huffing and puffing as you burn off calories. Instead, all you have to do is stand still for 30 seconds while the machine measures your body fat. It could then tell you exactly where you could do with losing a few pounds and even advise you on exercises for your problem areas. If the body fat scanner turns out to be accurate enough, its makers hope it could one day help doctors spot disease.The scanner works by simultaneously building up an accurate 3D image of the body, while measuring the body’s effect on an electromagnetic field. Combining the two measurements allows the researchers to work out the distribution of fat and water within. Neither method is new on its own, says Henri Tapp, at the Institute of Food Research in Norwich in the UK. “The smart thing is that we’ve put them in one machine.”And it’s not just for gym users. The body fat scanner could be used to study fat deposition as children develop, while patients recover from injury, or during pregnancy. And since it uses radio waves rather than X-rays, Tapp’s device is safe to use repeatedly.Body shape is known to be a risk indicator for heart disease and diabetes. So accurately quantifying fat distribution could help doctors suggest preventive measures to patients before problems arise. At the moment, doctors estimate fat content from knowing body volume and water content. To a good approximation, says Tapp, anything that isn’t fat is water. The amount of water in the body is often measured by giving the subject a drink of water that contains a radioactive tracer. The level of tracer in the patient's urine after three hours reveals the total water volume.To find out a body’s volume, subjects are weighed while totally submerged in water, and this is subtracted from their normal weight togive the weight of water displaced, and hence the subject’s volume. But it is scarcely practical for seriously ill people.There are other ways to directly measure body fat, such as passing a minuscule current between the wrists and feet. The overall fat content can then be estimated from the body’s resistance. But this method doesn’t take body shape into account ——so a subject with particularly skinny legs might register a higher fat content than the true value. That’s because skinny legs—with a lower cross-sectional area——will present higher resistance to current. So the machine thinks the water content of the body is lower——rating the subject as fatter. Also, the system can only give an overall measurement of fat.Tapp’s method uses similar calculations, but is more sophisticated because it tells you where you are piling on the pounds.76. The new machine is designed .A. to picture the body’s hidden fatB. to identify those at risk for obesityC. to help clinically treat specific casesD. to measure accurately risky obesity-related effects77. The beauty of the device, according to Tapp, is that .A. it performs a dual functionB. it is of great accuracy in measurementC. it has significant implications in clinical practiceD. it contributes to the evolution of human anatomy78.Which of the following, according to the passage, does the machine have the potential to spare?A. A minuscule current.B. A radioactive tracer.C. A water tank.D. All of the above.79.In comparison with the techniques mentioned in the passage, the body fat scanner . A. quickens the pace of the patient’s rehabilitationB. is highly appreciated for its safetyC. features its measuring precisionD. is easy to operate in the clinic80.For scanning, all the subject has to do is .A. take up a form of workout in the gymB. turn round the body fat scannerC. lie on the electromagnetic fieldD. sand in the systemPassage FiveThere is currently abroad a new wave of appreciation for breadth of knowledge. Curricula at universalities and colleges and。
天津医科大学研究生复试笔试近十年题目整理(病理学)

名词解释:1.metaplasia(化生)(2次)2.自由基3.稳定细胞4.gangrene(坏疽)(2次)5.摈榔肝(2次)6.血管形成7.pyemia(脓血症)8.结核瘤(3次)9.apoptosis(细胞凋亡)(3次)10.hemorrhagic infarct(出血性梗塞)(2次)11.透明变性(2次)12.恶病质(2次)13.血栓形成(thrombosis)(4次)14.肺原发综合征(2次)15.何杰金氏病(2次)16.心力衰竭细胞(2次)17.矽肺(silicosis)(3次)18.畸胎瘤(teratoma)(4次)19.新月体(2次)20.克隆氏病(2次)21.风湿病(2次)22.艾滋病(2次)23.原位癌(2次)24.肝硬化(2次)25.代偿性肥大26. disease(疾病)27.一期愈合28.白色血栓29.肿瘤的异型性30.炎症介质31.假膜性炎32.心瓣膜病33.碎片状坏死34.肾病综合征35.类癌36.风湿小节37.肺气肿38.营养不良性钙化39.颗粒性固缩肾40.肺肉质变41.假小叶42.静脉石43.硬性下疳44.活体组织检查45. hypoxia(组织缺氧)46.细动脉硬化47.含铁血黄素48.蜂窝组织炎49.肉芽肿50.小叶性肺炎51.急性重症型肝炎52.R-S 细胞53. ulcer(溃疡)54. inflammation(炎症)55.neoplasia(瘤形成)56. atypia(异型性)57. malignant hypertension(恶性高血压)58. atrophy (萎缩)59.脂褐素60. moist gangrene(湿性坏疽)61.瘘管62.羊水栓塞63. granulomatous inflammation (肉芽组织炎)64. metastasis(1.转移2.新陈代谢)65.非典型增生66.心绞痛67. aschoff body(风湿小体)68.间质性肺气肿69. carcino embryonic antigen(癌胚抗原)70.桥接坏死71.氮质血症(2次)72.亚急性甲状腺炎73.反常性酸性尿74.成人呼吸窘迫综合征75.血液流变学76.假神经介质77. brain death(脑死亡)78.anion gap 79.MDF-MOF简答:1.肉芽组织的结构,功能,病理学意义。
2022年天津医科大学临床医学院临床医学专业《病理学》科目期末考试卷A

2022年天津医科大学临床医学院临床医学专业《病理学》科目期末考试卷A一、判断题1、结核性肉芽肿中的多核巨细胞主要来源于淋巴细胞。
()2、原发性免疫缺陷病,与遗传有关,多发生于青少年。
()3、FCM的样本是单细胞悬液,可以是血液、培养细胞、新鲜实体瘤的单细胞悬液以及石蜡包埋组织的单细胞悬液。
()4、线粒体病患者受影响最明显的组织器官包括中枢神经系统、骨骼肌、心肌、肝和肾脏。
()5、间叶组织的化生在原因清除后往往可以逆转。
()6、炎症仅引起局部反应,表现为红、肿、热、痛。
()7、急性重型肝炎的肝细胞坏死多从肝小叶周边开始并迅速向四周扩展,仅小叶中央部残留少许变性的肝细胞。
()8、小淋巴细胞淋巴瘤常伴有慢性淋巴细胞白血病。
()9、慢性子宫颈炎时,常伴有鳞状上皮的增生及异型增生。
()10、急性弥漫性增生性肾小球肾炎临床上主要表现为急性肾炎综合征。
()11、良性高血压的内脏病变期,可引起原发性颗粒性固缩肾。
()12、硅结节包括细胞性硅结节和纤维性硅结节。
()13、脑脓肿的发病部位和数目与感染途径有关。
()14、性早熟症最主要的原因是下丘脑过早分泌促性腺素释放因子。
()15、伤寒致病的主要原因是菌体抗原触发的体液免疫反应。
()二、选择题16、患者肺梗死后出现胸痛的主要原因是()A.坏死组织刺激支气管B.出血灶刺激支气管C.肺通换气障碍D.梗死区胸膜炎E.以上都不是17、慢性炎症中,寿命比较长的炎细胞是()A.中性粒细胞B.单核/巨噬细胞C.肥大细胞D.浆细胞E.嗜酸性粒细胞18、足趾严重冻伤可致()A.调亡B.纤维素样坏死C.干性坏疸D.湿性坏疽E.气性坏疸19、促进细胞再生的因素中不包括()A.胶原蛋白B.基质细胞蛋白C.成纤维细胞生长因子D.血小板源性生长因子E.内皮抑素20、肿瘤分化越好是指()A.恶性程度越高B.转移越早C.肿瘤的组织形态和功能越类似某种正常组织D.越容易复发E.预后越差21、维持人体健康所需的维生素中,哪种属于水溶性维生素()A.维生素KB.维生素AC.维生素DD.维生素EE.维生素B22、关于肾盐肾炎的特点不正确的是()A.由细菌引起的化脓性炎B.主要侵犯肾小管、肾间质和肾孟C.女性多见D.尿路阻塞是引起肾盂肾炎最常见的诱因E.下行性感染是主要途径23、克汀病的主要表现是()A.大脑发育不全、智力低下,四肢短小、形成侏儒B.大脑发育不全、智力低下,身高正常C.大脑发育不全、身材异常高大D.大脑、智力发育正常,身材异常高大E.大脑、智力发育正常,四肢短小、形成体儒24、宫颈癌的好发部位是()A.宫颈阴道部鳞状上皮B.宫颈管腺体C.宫颈内口柱状上皮D.宫颈外口桂状上皮E.宫颈鳞状上皮和柱状上皮交接处25、肠黏膜呈铺路石样改变,多见于()A.肠腺癌B.多发性肠腺瘤C.细菌性痢疾D.溃疡性结肠炎E.Corhn病26、二尖瓣关闭不全可引起心脏何种形态的改变()A.球形心B.靴形心C.梨形心D.绒毛心E.虎斑心27、下列哪项不是先天性心脏病常见的畸形()A.房间隔缺损B.室间隔缺损C.动脉导管未闭D.左心房扩大E.Fallot 四联症28、女性,22岁,在切莱时左手中指被割伤,伤口深达皮下组织,下列关于皮肤伤口愈合的过程不正确的是()A.伤口局部红肿为早期炎症反应的表现B.2~3日后伤口收缩变小是由于伤口底部有胶原纤维形成C.从第3天开始伤口底部及边缘开始有肉芽组织长入D.伤口边缘的表皮干细胞可通过再生覆盖在伤口表面E.破坏的毛囊和汗腺需通过瘢痕修复29、患者,男,60岁。
2022年天津医科大学预防医学专业《病理学》科目期末考试卷B

2022年天津医科大学预防医学专业《病理学》科目期末考试卷B一、判断题1、炎症时,主动游出血管外的细胞有红细胞、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞、单核细胞。
()2、类风湿关节炎关节软骨面因血管翳形成增多,最终引起关节软骨和关节囊的破坏,导致关节强直畸形。
()3、坏死时,细胞内和血清中酶活性的变化要早于超微结构变化至少几小时,是细胞损伤早期诊断的标志物。
()4、l型糖原贮积症G-6-P酶基因突变导致过多的糖原贮积于肝和肾组织。
()5、一侧大脑基底节的病变可引起对侧肢体偏瘫。
()6、金黄色葡萄球菌感染通常引起患者的末梢血中单核细胞“核左移”。
()7、B型慢性萎缩性胃炎与自身免疫异常有关。
()8、髓系肉瘤与淋巴瘤的主要鉴别手段是过氧化氨酶的染色。
()9、子宫颈鳞状细胞癌多累及子宫颈移行带。
()10、肺原位腺癌被定义为局限性,肿瘤细胞沿肺泡壁呈鳞屑样生长,无间质、血管或胸膜浸润的小腺癌(63cm)。
()11、心肌梗死合并症包括心力衰端、心脏破裂、室壁瘤、附壁血栓形成等。
()12、发生弥漫性毒性甲状腺肿的甲状腺常呈不对称性结节状增大。
()13、职业暴露及环境暴露污染因素包含有机溶剂、高分子聚合物、金属离子,不包括非金属离子。
()14、肾小球疾病中仅有急进性肾小球肾炎可导致“大白肾”。
()15、结核结节中的朗汉斯巨细胞是由感染的上皮细胞融合而来。
()二、选择题16、颈静脉外伤时对机体危害最大的是()A.空气栓塞B.脂肪栓塞C.血栓栓塞D.血栓形成E.细菌栓塞17、恶性高血压病的主要特征性病理改变是()A.小动脉纤维素样坏死B.细小动脉玻璃样变C.肌型动脉中膜增厚D.肌型动脉内膜增厚E.中型动脉粥样硬化18、细胞损伤的最常见原因是()A.生物性因素B.缺氧C.免疫因素D.遗传缺陷E.理化因素19、下列哪种微量元素能促进伤口愈合至出()A.锌B.钠C.钙D.镁E.铁20、克汀病的主要表现是()A.大脑发育不全、智力低下,四肢短小、形成侏儒B.大脑发育不全、智力低下,身高正常C.大脑发育不全、身材异常高大D.大脑、智力发育正常,身材异常高大E.大脑、智力发育正常,四肢短小、形成体儒21、宫颈做小浸润性鳞状细胞癌是()A.缩没润深度不超过基底膜下5mmB.癌浸润深度超过基底膜5mmC.癌浸润深度不超过基底膜下7mmD.癌浸润深度超过基底膜lmmE.癌没润深度不超过基底膜下5mm、宽度不超过7mm22、肺出血肾炎综合征(Goodpasture syndrome)主要病变是()A.肺出血合并肾小球肾炎B.肺出血合并肾盂肾炎C.肺出血合并间质性肾炎D.肺水肿合并肾小球肾炎E.肺水肿合并肾盂肾炎23、慢性炎症中,寿命比较长的炎细胞是()A.中性粒细胞B.单核/巨噬细胞C.肥大细胞D.浆细胞E.嗜酸性粒细胞24、Wemicke-Korsakof脑病是酒精中毒引起哪种维生素缺乏而造成的()A.维生素AB.维生素B1,C.维生素CD.维生素DE.维生素E25、肝脏门管区淋巴细胞浸润,可见到完整的淋巴滤泡。
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天津医科大学
2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目:病理学
注意:所有答案一律写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
(-)名词解释
1.fibrinoid necrosis纤维素样坏死,曾被称为纤维素样变性。是指发生于纤维结缔组织和血管壁的一种坏死。病变局部结构消失,形成边界不清的小条或小块状染色深红的,有折光性的无结构物质。由于其染色性质与纤维素(纤维蛋白)相似,故而得名。
2. gangrene坏疽,指继发于腐败菌感染的大块组织坏死。常发生在肢体或与外界相通的内脏。感染的腐败菌常为梭状芽孢杆菌属厌氧菌和奋森螺旋体等。腐败菌在分解坏死组织过程中产生硫化氢,与血红蛋白中的铁离子结合,形成硫化氢,是组织变为黑色或暗绿色。根据其形态,可分为干性,湿性,气性坏疽。
3. red thrombus红色血栓(red thrombus)发生在血流极度缓慢甚或停止之后,其形成过程与血管外凝血过程相同。因此,红色血栓见于混合血栓逐渐增大阻塞管腔,局部血流停止后,往往构成延续性血栓的尾部。镜下,在纤维素网眼内充满如正常血液分布的血细胞。肉眼观呈暗红色。新鲜的红色血栓湿润,有一定的弹性,陈旧的红色血栓由于水分被吸收,变得干燥,易碎,失去弹性,并易于脱落造成栓塞
3.慢性肾小球肾炎(chronic glomerulonephritis)病理特点与临床联系肉眼观,双肾体积缩小,表面呈弥漫性的细颗粒状。切面皮质变薄,皮髓质界限不清。肾盂周围脂肪增多。慢性肾炎的大体病变称为继发性颗粒性固缩肾。组织学改变:早期肾小球分别具有相应类型肾炎的改变。随病变进展,肾小球内PAS染色阳性的嗜酸性玻璃样物质增多,细胞减少,严重处毛细血管闭塞,肾小球发生玻璃样变和硬化。由于肾炎引起的高血压,肾内细、小动脉发生玻璃样变和内膜增厚,管腔狭窄。由于部分肾小球玻璃样变和硬化,毛细血管球血流减少或阻断,病变肾单位的其他部位也发生缺血性损伤。肾小管萎缩或消失,间质纤维化,伴有淋巴细胞及浆细胞浸润。间质纤维化使肾小管相互靠拢。不同肾单位的病变程度常有差异,病变轻的肾单位出现代偿性改变,肾小球体积增大,肾小管扩张,腔内可形成各种管型。临床改变:部分病人有其他类型的肾炎病史。部分患者起病隐匿。早期可有食欲差、贫血、呕吐、乏力和疲倦等症状。有的病人则表现为蛋白尿、高血压或氮质血症,亦有表现为水肿者。晚期病人主要表现为慢性肾炎综合征,出现多尿、夜尿、低比重尿、高血压、贫血、氮质血症和尿毒症。
2.病毒性肝炎(viral hepatitis)的病变特征各种类型病毒性肝炎病变基本相同,都以肝细胞的变性、坏死为主,同时伴有不同程度的炎细胞浸润、干细胞再生和纤维组织增生。属于变质为主的炎症。1.肝细胞变性坏死(1)肝细胞变性包括细胞水肿cellulai swelling,和嗜酸性变(2)肝细胞坏死也包括嗜酸性坏死,属细胞凋亡和溶解性坏死,由严重的细胞水肿(气球样变)发展而来。可分为点状坏死spotty necrosis常见于急性普通型肝炎,碎片状坏死piecemeal necrosis,常见于慢性肝炎,桥接坏死bridging necrosis,常见于中重度慢性肝炎,大片坏死常见于重型肝炎。2.炎细胞浸润主要是淋巴细胞和单核细胞呈散在性,或灶状浸润于肝小叶内或汇管区。3干细胞再生4间质反应性增生和小胆管增生,前者包括Kupffer细胞增生,间叶细胞和成纤维细胞增生。
7.整合素integrin,是细胞表面受体的主要家族。对细胞和细胞外基质的粘附起介导作用。其特殊类型在白细胞粘附过程中还可诱导细胞与细胞间的相互作用。在体内表达广泛,大多数细胞表面都可以表达一种以上的整合素,在多种生命活动中发挥关键作用。
8.减压病decompression sicknss,指在高气压环境急速转入低气压环境的减压过程中发生的气体栓塞(大量空气迅速进入血循环或原溶于血液内的气体迅速游离,形成气泡阻塞心血管)。又称沉箱病(caisson diease)和潜水员病。
(二)简答题
1浸润性肺结核的发展与转归infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis是继发性肺结核最常见类型,属活动性肺结核病。多由局灶性肺结核发展而来。如及早发现,合理治疗。渗出性病变可完全或部分吸收(吸收好转期),或通过纤维化、包裹、钙化而痊愈(硬结钙化期)。如病人免疫力较低或未经及时治疗,渗出性病变和干酪样坏死区不断扩大(浸润进展期)。坏死物液化后经支气管排出,局部形成急性空洞(acute cavitation),洞壁薄、坏死层中有大量病菌。液化坏死物经支气管播散,可引起干酪样肺炎(溶解播散期)。如靠近肺膜的空洞可穿破肺膜,造成自发性气胸(spontaneous pneumothorax)。大量液化坏死物质进入胸腔,可发生结核性脓气胸(tuberculous pyopneumothorax)。急性空洞一般易愈合,经适当治疗后,洞壁肉芽组织增生使洞腔逐渐缩小、闭合,最后形成瘢痕而治愈;也可通过漏洞塌陷,形成条索状瘢痕而愈合;如急性空洞经久不愈,则可发展为慢性纤维空洞型肺结核。
6.化生metaplasia,指一种分化成熟的细胞为另一种分化成熟的细胞所替代的过程。化生并非由一种成熟的细胞直接转变成另一种成熟细胞的表型变化的结果,而是存在于正常组织中的干细胞或结缔组织中未分化间叶细胞通过增生转化,既重新程序化的结果,化生过程中这些细胞循一种新的方向分化。因此化生只出现在具有增生能力的细胞。这种分化上的转向通常只发生在同源的细胞之间,常常由一种特异性较低的细胞取代特异性较高的细胞。
4. Pulmonary embolism肺动脉栓塞,指内源性或外源性栓子堵塞肺动脉引起肺循环障碍的临床和病理生理综合征。造成肺动脉栓塞的栓子95%以上来自下肢膝以上的深部静脉,特别是腘静脉,股静脉,髂静脉,偶尔可来自盆腔静脉或右心附壁血栓。
5.precancerous lesion癌前病变是指继续发展下去具有癌变可能的某些病变。如粘膜白班斑,慢性子宫颈炎和子宫颈糜烂,乳腺增生性纤维囊性变,慢性微酸性胃炎及胃溃疡,结肠、直肠息肉状腺瘤,慢性溃疡性结肠炎,皮肤慢性溃疡,肝硬化。
9.槟榔肝nutmeg liver慢性肝淤血时,肝小叶中央区因严重淤血呈暗红色,两个或多个肝小叶中央淤血区可相互连接,而肝小叶周围则因脂肪变性呈黄色,致使在肝的切面上出现红(淤血区)黄(肝脂肪变区)相间的状似槟榔切面的条纹,成为。。。
10.生长分数growth fraction指肿瘤细胞群体中处于增值阶段(S期+G2期)的细胞的比例。