药典注射剂通则
《中国药典》2020年版四部通则0841
《中国药典》2020年版四部通则0841《中国药典》2020年版四部通则0841是关于药物制剂中微粒大小的测定方法。
本文将详细解读这一通则，以帮助读者更好地了解药物制剂的质量控制。
一、概述《中国药典》2020年版四部通则0841规定了药物制剂中微粒大小的测定方法。
微粒大小对药物制剂的疗效、生物利用度、稳定性和安全性等方面具有重要影响。
因此，对微粒大小进行准确测定是药物制剂质量控制的重要环节。
二、测定方法1.激光散射法：该方法利用激光光源和散射光检测器，测定药物制剂中微粒的散射光强度，从而推算出微粒的大小。
适用于测定纳米级至微米级的微粒。
2.颗粒计数法：该方法通过显微镜观察药物制剂中的微粒，并对其进行计数，从而得到微粒的大小分布。
适用于测定微米级以上的微粒。
3.粒度分布测定法：该方法利用粒度分析仪，通过测定药物制剂中微粒的沉降速度或扩散速度，计算微粒的大小分布。
适用于测定纳米级至微米级的微粒。
4.比表面积法：该方法通过测定药物制剂中微粒的比表面积，推算出微粒的大小。
适用于纳米级微粒的测定。
三、注意事项1.在进行微粒大小测定时，需根据药物制剂的特性和微粒大小范围选择合适的测定方法。
2.测定过程中，应严格控制实验条件，如温度、湿度等，以确保测定结果的准确性。
3.对于不同药物制剂，应按照相关要求进行样品前处理，以消除药物溶解度、表面活性剂等因素对测定结果的影响。
4.测定结果应采用合适的统计学方法进行处理，以得到可靠的微粒大小分布数据。
四、应用实例以某药物注射剂为例，采用激光散射法测定其微粒大小。
首先，将药物注射剂进行适当稀释，使其微粒浓度适中。
然后，使用激光散射粒度分析仪进行测定。
通过数据处理，得到药物注射剂中微粒的大小分布。
根据《中国药典》2020年版四部通则0841的要求，对测定结果进行分析，确保药物注射剂的质量符合规定。
总结：《中国药典》2020年版四部通则0841为药物制剂中微粒大小的测定提供了科学、可靠的方法。
中美欧药典注射剂通则比对.pdf
三 溶剂和添加剂
• 不 皂 化 物 - 脂肪油 10ml 与 氢氧 化 钠 溶液 （1→6）15ml 和乙醇30ml蒸汽浴回 流，时时 振摇直至混合物澄清。将溶液转移到平皿，蒸 汽浴上挥去乙醇 ，残渣加水100ml，应生成澄 清的溶液。
• 游离脂肪酸 -用于中和10g脂肪油中的游离脂肪 酸所需 的 0.020N 氢氧 化 钠 溶液 不得过 2.0ml （见脂肪和脂肪油<401>）
三 溶剂和添加剂
• 添加剂-为提高稳定性和方便使用，注射 用制剂中可加 入适当的物质，这些物质 应在该药量下 无害，不影响疗 效，不干 扰规定的含量 测定和 检查 。肠道 外给药 的溶液中 不得 添加仅 为对最终 制剂 着色 的着色 剂（并见 凡例 中的添加剂项和 附 录抗菌效率检查<51>）。
三 溶剂和添加剂
一定义
• USP术语和定义 • NOMENCLATURE AND DEFINITIONS • 术语和定义 • Nomenclature* • 术语
•. • 下列术语适用于5种注射给药的一般剂型。这些制剂
可能含有缓冲剂、防腐剂或其他添加剂。
一定义
• 1．[药物]注射液- 药物或其溶液的液体制剂。 • 2．注射用[药物]- 干固体，加适宜溶剂制成的溶液符合
• Vehicles and Added Substances
• 成分
• 溶剂和添加剂
注射剂(2010年版药典三部附录ⅠA)
2010年版药典三部附录ⅠA
注射剂
注射剂 系指以生物制品原液为原料药物，加入适宜稳定剂或其他辅料等制成的 可供注入体内的无菌溶液、乳液、混悬液及临用前用无菌溶剂复溶为溶液、混悬 液的无菌冻干制剂。 注射剂可分注射液、注射用无菌粉末。 注射液 包括溶液型、乳液型或混悬型注射液。可用于皮下注射、皮内注射、肌 内注射、静脉注射和静脉滴注。其中，供静脉滴注用的大体积（除另有规定外， 一般不小于50ml）注射液也称静脉输液。 注射用无菌粉末 系指供临用前以适宜的无菌溶液配制成澄明溶液或均匀混悬液 的无菌固体制剂。可用适宜的注射用溶剂配制后注射，也可用静脉输液配制后静 脉滴注。以冷冻干燥法制备的无菌粉末，称为注射用冻干制剂。
除另有规定外，注射剂应进行以下相应检查。
【装量】 注射液照下述方法检查，应符合规定。检查法 单剂量供试品 标示装量为2ml或2ml以下者，取供试品5支（瓶）；2ml以上至50ml 者，取供试品3支（瓶）；50ml以上者，取供试品1瓶。 将内容物分别用相应体积的干燥注射器及注射针头抽尽，然后缓慢连续地注入经标 化的量入式量筒内（量筒的大小应使待测体积至少占其额定体积40%．不排尽针头 中的液体），在室温下检视。标示装量为10ml以上者，可将供试品开盖后直接缓慢 倾入标化的量筒，室温检视。也可采用重量除以相对密度计算装量。准确量取供试 品，精密称定，求出每1ml供试品的重量（即供试品的相对密度）；精密称定用干 燥注射器及注射针头抽出或直接缓慢倾出供试品内容物的重量，再除以供试品相对 密度，得出相应的装量。 混悬液和乳液在抽取和相对密度测定前充分混匀；开启时注意避免损失；黏稠液体 倾出后，将容器倒置15分钟，尽量倾净。 每支（瓶）注射液的装量均不得低于其标示量。 多剂量供试品 取供试品1瓶（支），按照标示的剂量数和每剂的装量，分别用注射 器抽出，按照单剂量的步骤测定单次剂量，应不低于标示量。 预装式注射器和弹筒式装置的供试品ml以上至50ml者，取供试品3支。 供试品与所配注射器、针头或活塞装配后将供试品缓慢连续注入容器（不排尽针头 中的液体），按单剂量供试品要求进行装量检查，应不低于标示量。 （支）不符合规定，应另取10瓶（支）复试，应符合规定。
药典三部(2015版)-通则-1101微生物检查法
1101 无菌检查法无菌检查法系用于检查药典要求无菌的药品、生物制品、医疗器具、原料、辅料及其他品种是否无菌的一种方法。
若供试品符合无菌检查法的规定，仅表明了供试品在该检验条件下未发现微生物污染。
无菌检查应在无菌条件下进行，试验环境必须达到无菌检查的要求，检验全过程应严格遵守无菌操作，防止微生物污染，防止污染的措施不得影响供试品中微生物的检出。
单向流空气区、工作台面及环境应定期按医药工业洁净室（区）悬浮粒子、浮游菌和沉降菌的测试方法的现行国家标准进行洁净度确认。
隔离系统应定期按相关的要求进行验证，其内部环境的洁净度须符合无菌检查的要求.日常检验还需对试验环境进行监控。
培养基硫乙醇酸盐流体培养基主要用于厌氧菌的培养，也可用于需氧菌培养；胰酪大豆胨液体培养基用于真菌和需氧菌的培养。
培养基的制备及培养条件培养基可按以下处方制备，亦可使用按该处方生产的符合规定的脱水培养基或成品培养基。
配制后应采用验证合格的灭菌程序灭菌。
制备好的培养基应保存在2～25℃、避光的环境,若保存于非封闭容器中，一般在3周内使用；若保存于密闭容器中，一般可在一年内使用。
1. 硫乙醇酸盐流体培养基胰酪胨15.0g 氯化钠2.5g酵母浸出粉5。
0g 新配制的0。
1% 刃天青溶液1。
0ml无水葡萄糖5。
0g 琼脂0.75gL-胱氨酸0.5g 水1000ml硫乙醇酸钠0.5g（或硫乙醇酸) （0。
3ml）除葡萄糖和刃天青溶液外，取上述成分混合，微温溶解，调节pH为弱碱性,煮沸，滤清，加入葡萄糖和刃天青溶液，摇匀，调节pH，使灭菌后在25℃的pH值为7。
1±0.2。
分装至适宜的容器中，其装量与容器高度的比例应符合培养结束后培养基氧化层(粉红色）不超过培养基深度的1/2。
灭菌。
在供试品接种前，培养基氧化层的高度不得超过培养基深度的1/5,否则，须经100℃水浴加热至粉红色消失（不超过20分钟），迅速冷却,只限加热一次，并防止污染。
中国药品检验标准操作规——注射剂检验程序
文件内容：1、主题内容和适用范围⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ 22、引用标准⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ 23、定义⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ 24、检查项目⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ 25、更改信息⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯⋯ 5颁发部门：质量管理部。
分发清单：QC办公室、化学室、微生物室、稳定性考察室1主题内容和适用范围本程序规定了注射剂的检查项目、操作方法和注意事项，使其规范化、标准化，并描述了更改信息。
本程序适用于注射剂的检验。
2引用标准中国药典2010 年版二部附录Ⅰ B“注射剂”、中国药品检验标准操作规范2010 年版P4“注射剂”。
3定义注射剂（中国药典2010 年版二部附录Ⅰ B）系指药物与适宜的溶剂或分散介质制成的供注入体内的溶液、乳状液或混悬液，以及供临用前配制或稀释成溶液或混悬液的粉末或浓溶液的无菌制剂。
注射剂可分注射液（其中供静脉滴注用的大体积注射液也称静脉输液）、注射用无菌粉末与注射用浓溶液。
4检查项目注射剂除应按药典品种项下规定的检验项目外，还应检查“装量”或“装量差异” “可见异物”和“无菌” 。
静脉用注射剂应加查“热原”或“细菌内毒素” ；溶液型静脉用注射液、溶液型静脉注射用粉末及注射用浓溶液应加查“不溶性微粒” 。
静脉输液及插管注射用注射液应加查“渗透压摩尔浓度” 。
4.1装量本法适用于50ml及50ml以下的单剂量注射液的装量检查，其目的在于保证单剂量注射液的注射用量不少于标示量，以达到临床用药剂量要求。
标示装量为50ml 以上的注射液和注射用浓溶液，按最低装量检查法标准操作规范检查，应符合规定。
凡规定检查含量均匀度的注射液（如塞替派注射液），可不进行“装量”检查。
4.1.1仪器与用具注射器及注射针头。
药典中注射剂对抗氧剂的要求
药典中注射剂对抗氧剂的要求
中国药典2015年版四部 0102 注射剂通则中：配制注射剂时，可根据需要加入适宜的附加剂，如渗透压调节剂、pH 值调节剂、增溶剂、助溶剂、抗氧剂、抑菌剂、乳化剂、助悬剂等。
所用附加剂应不影响药物疗效，避免对检验产生干扰，使用浓度不得引起毒性或明显的刺激性。
常用的抗氧剂有亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠和焦亚硫酸钠等，一般浓度为0.1% 〜0.2%。
但一些产品由于其结构的特殊性，其主要成份在空气中极易氧化，有可能其抗氧剂用量需要超过0.2%时，主药才能比较稳定。
但有人说，如果抗氧剂用量比如亚硫酸氢钠用量大后，其过多的氢离子可能增加药液对血管的刺激性。
我们有一注射剂产品因主药成份极易氧化，虽然进行充氮处理并控制其残氧量，但稳定性并不是很好，通过对抗氧剂亚硫酸氢钠等用量的筛选，确定浓度为0.3%比较合适，同时进行了过敏性、溶血性、血管刺激性等试验，结果表明：家兔每日耳缘缓慢静脉滴注浓度为2.0mg/ml的该产品8ml/kg，另侧给予等体积的生理盐水，连续3次，于末次给药后24h取家兔耳缘静脉观察未见明显刺激反应。
表明该药血管刺激性试验符合要求。
化学药品注射剂
注射剂注射剂系指原料药物或与适宜的辅料制成的供注入体内的无菌制剂。
注射剂可分注射液(其中供静脉滴注用的大容量注射液也可称为输液)、注射用无菌粉末与注射用浓溶液。
注射剂除应按药典品种项下规定的检验项目外，还应检查“装量”或“装量差异”、“可见异物”和“无菌”。
静脉用注射剂应加查“热原”或“细菌内毒素”；静脉注射、静脉滴注、鞘内注射、椎管内注射的溶液型的注射液、注射用无菌粉末及注射用浓溶液应检查“不溶性微粒”；静脉输液及椎管注射用注射液应加查“渗透液摩尔浓度”；另外中药注射液还应检查中药注射剂有关物质和重金属及有害元素残留量。
混悬型注射液，除另有规定外，原料药物粒度应控制在15µm以下，含15～20µm （间有个别20～50µm）者，不应超过10%，若有可见沉淀，振摇时应容易分散均匀。
混悬型注射液不得用于静脉注射或椎管内注射；乳状液型注射液不得有相分离现象，不得用于椎管注射；静脉用乳状液型注射液中90%的乳滴粒径应在lµm以下，并不得有大于5µm的乳滴。
除另有规定外，输液应尽可能与血液等渗。
“装量”检查法1 简述1.1 本法适用于50ml及50ml以下的单剂量注射液及生物制品多剂量供试品的装量检查，其目的在于保证单剂量注射液的注射用量不少于标示量，以达到临床用药剂量要求。
1.2 标示装量为50ml以上的注射液和注射用浓溶液，按最低装量检查法标准操作规范检查，应符合规定。
1.3 凡规定检查含量均匀度的注射液（如塞替派注射液），可不进行“装量”检查。
作业指导书指导书编号TYFDC-SOP-FF-015注射剂第2页共6页第二版批准李忠华初审郝娟起草吴雅凝2 仪器与用具2.1 注射器及注射针头。
2.2 量具(量入型)规格1、2、5、10、20及50ml的量具，均应经标化。
3 操作方法3.1 按下表规定取用量抽取供试品。
标示装量供试品取用量(支)2m1或2ml以下 52ml以上至50m1 33.2 取供试品，擦净瓶外壁，轻弹瓶颈部使液体全部下落，小心开启，将每支内容物分别用相应体积的干燥注射器(包括注射器针头)抽尽，然后缓慢连续地注入预经标化的量入式量筒内（量筒的大小应使待测体积至少占其额定体积的40%，不排尽针头中的液体），在室温下检视，读出每支装量。
欧洲药典注射剂通则
EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0ParenteralpreparationsMucoadhesive preparations DEFINITION Mucoadhesive preparations contain one or more active substances intended for systemic absorption through the buccal mucosa over a prolongedperiodof time.They may be supplied as mucoadhesive buccal tablets or as other mucoadhesive solid or semi-solid preparations.Mucoadhesive buccal tablets are prepared by compressionof mono-or multi-layeredtablets.They usually containhydrophilic polymers,which on wetting with the salivaproduce a flexible hydrogel that adheres to the buccal mucosa.PRODUCTION In the manufacture of mucoadhesive buccal tablets,measures are taken to ensure that they possess suitablemechanical strength to resist handling without crumbling or breaking.This may bedemonstratedby examining the Friability of uncoated tablets (2.9.7)and the Resistance to crushing of tablets (2.9.8).TESTS Dissolution .Unlessotherwisejustified and authorised,a suitable test is carried out to demonstrate the appropriate release of the active substance(s).01/2008:0520PARENTERAL PREPARATIONS Parenteralia The requirementsof this monograph do not necessarily apply to products derived fromhuman blood,toimmunological preparations,or radiopharmaceutical preparations.Special requirements may apply to preparations for veterinary use depending on the species of animal for which the preparation is intended.DEFINITION Parenteral preparations are sterilepreparations intended for administration by injection,infusion or implantation into the human or animal body.Parenteral preparations may require the use of excipients,for example to make the preparation isotonic with respect to blood,to adjustthe pH,to increase solubility,to prevent deterioration of the activesubstancesor to provideadequateantimicrobial properties,but not to adversely affect the intended medicinal action of the preparation or,at the concentrations used,to cause toxicity or undue local irritation.Containers for parenteral preparations are made as far as possible frommaterialsthat are sufficiently transparentto permit the visual inspection of the contents,except for implants and in other justified and authorised cases.Where applicable,the containers for parenteral preparations comply with the requirements for Materials used for the manufacture of containers (3.1and subsections)and Containers (3.2and subsections).Parenteral preparations are supplied in glass containers (3.2.1)or in other containers such as plastic containers (3.2.2,3.2.2.1and 3.2.9)and prefilled syringes.The tightness of the containeris ensured bysuitablemeans.Closuresensure a good seal,prevent the access of micro-organisms and other contaminants and usually permit the withdrawal ofa part or the whole of the contents without removal of the closure.The plasticmaterials or elastomers (3.2.9)used to manufacture the closures are sufficiently firm and elastic to allow the passage of a needle with the least possible shedding ofparticles.Closures for multidose containers aresufficiently elastic to ensure that the puncture is resealedwhen the needle is withdrawn.Severalcategories of parenteral preparations may be distinguished:—injections,—infusions,—concentrates for injections or infusions,—powders for injections or infusions,—gels for injections,—implants.PRODUCTIONDuringthe developmentof a parenteral preparation,theformulation for which contains an antimicrobial preservative,the effectiveness of the chosen preservative shall be demonstratedto the satisfaction of the competent authority.A suitable test method togetherwithcriteria forjudgingthe preservative properties of the formulation are provided under Efficacy of antimicrobial preservation (5.1.3).Parenteral preparations are prepared using materials and methods designed to ensure sterility and to avoidthe introduction of contaminants and thegrowth ofmicro-organisms.Recommendations on this aspect areprovided in the text on Methods of preparation of sterile products (5.1.1).Water used in the manufacture of parenteral preparationscomplies with the requirements of water for injections in bulk stated in the monograph on Water for injections (0169).TESTSParticulate contamination:sub-visible particles (2.9.19).For preparations for human use,solutions for infusion orsolutions for injection comply with the test.Inthe case of preparations for subcutaneous or intramuscular injection,higher limits may be appropriate.Radiopharmaceutical preparations are exempt from these requirements.Preparations for which the label states thatthe product is to be used with a final filter are exempt from these requirements,providing it has been demonstrated that the filter delivers a solution that complies with the test.For preparations for veterinary use,whensupplied in containers with a nominal content of more than 100ml and when the content is equivalent to a dose of more than1.4ml per kilogram of body mass,solutions for infusion orsolutions for injection comply with the test for particulate contamination:sub-visible particles.Sterility (2.6.1).Parenteral preparations comply with the test for sterility.STORAGEIn a sterile,airtight,tamper-proof container.LABELLINGThe label states:—the name andconcentration of any added antimicrobial preservative,—where applicable,that the solution is to be used in conjunction with a final filter,—where applicable,that the preparation is free frombacterial endotoxins or that it is apyrogenic.General Notices (1)apply to all monographs and other texts 735Parenteral preparations EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA6.0InjectionsDEFINITIONInjections are sterile solutions,emulsions or suspensions. They are prepared by dissolving,emulsifying or suspending the active substance(s)and any added excipients in water,in a suitable non-aqueous liquid,that may be non-sterile where justified,or in a mixture of these vehicles.Solutions for injection,examined under suitable conditions of visibility,are clear and practically free from particles. Emulsions for injection do not show any evidence of phase separation.Suspensions for injection may show a sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be withdrawn.Multidose preparations.Multidose aqueous injections contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative at an appropriate concentration except when the preparation itself has adequate antimicrobial properties.When a preparation for parenteral use is presented in a multidose container, the precautions to be taken for its administration and more particularly for its storage between successive withdrawals are given.Antimicrobial preservatives.Aqueous preparations which are prepared using aseptic precautions and which cannot be terminally sterilised may contain a suitable antimicrobial preservative in an appropriate concentration.No antimicrobial preservative is added when:—the volume to be injected in a single dose exceeds15ml, unless otherwise justified,—the preparation is intended for administration by routes where,for medical reasons,an antimicrobial preservative is not acceptable,such as intracisternally,epidurally,intrathecally or by any route giving access to thecerebrospinal fluid,or intra-or retro-ocularly.Such preparations are presented in single-dose containers.PRODUCTIONIn the manufacture of injections containing dispersed particles,measures are taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size with regard to the intended use. Single-dose preparations.The volume of the injection in a single-dose container is sufficient to permit the withdrawal and administration of the nominal dose using a normal technique(2.9.17).TESTSUniformity of dosage units.Single-dose suspensions for injection comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40)or,where justified and authorised,with the test for uniformity of content shown below.Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this paragraph.Uniformity of content(2.9.6).Unless otherwise prescribed or justified and authorised,single-dose suspensions for injection with a content of active substance less than2mg or less than2per cent of the total mass comply with test A for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations.Ifthe preparation contains more than one active substance, the requirement applies only to those substances that correspond to the above conditions.Bacterial endotoxins-pyrogens.A test for bacterial endotoxins(2.6.14)is carried out or,where justified and authorised,the test for pyrogens(2.6.8).Recommendations on the limits for bacterial endotoxins are given in chapter2.6.14.Preparations for human use.The preparation complies with a test for bacterial endotoxins(2.6.14)or with the test for pyrogens(2.6.8).Preparations for veterinary use.When the volume to be injected in a single dose is15ml or more and is equivalent to a dose of0.2ml or more per kilogram of body mass,the preparation complies with a test for bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14)or with the test for pyrogens(2.6.8).Any preparation.Where the label states that the preparation is free from bacterial endotoxins or apyrogenic,respectively, the preparation complies with a test for bacterial endotoxins (2.6.14)or with the test for pyrogens(2.6.8),respectively.InfusionsDEFINITIONInfusions are sterile,aqueous solutions or emulsions with water as the continuous phase.They are usually made isotonic with respect to blood.They are principally intended for administration in large volume.Infusions do not contain any added antimicrobial preservative.Solutions for infusion,examined under suitable conditions of visibility are clear and practically free from particles. Emulsions for infusion do not show any evidence of phase separation.PRODUCTIONIn the manufacture of infusions containing dispersed particles,measures are taken to ensure a suitable and controlled particle size with regard to the intended use. The volume of the infusion in the container is sufficientto permit the withdrawal and administration of the nominal dose using a normal technique(2.9.17).TESTSBacterial endotoxins-pyrogens.They comply with a test for bacterial endotoxins(2.6.14)or,where justified and authorised,with the test for pyrogens(2.6.8).For the latter test inject10ml per kilogram of body mass into each rabbit, unless otherwise justified and authorised. Concentrates for injections or infusions DEFINITIONConcentrates for injections or infusions are sterile solutions intended for injection or infusion after dilution.They are diluted to a prescribed volume with a prescribed liquid before administration.After dilution,they comply with the requirements for injections or for infusions.TESTSBacterial endotoxins-pyrogens.They comply with the requirements prescribed for injections or for infusions,after dilution to a suitable volume.Powders for injections or infusions DEFINITIONPowders for injections or infusions are solid,sterile substances distributed in their final containers and which,when shaken with the prescribed volume of a prescribed sterile liquid rapidly form either clear and736See the information section on general monographs(cover pages)EUROPEAN PHARMACOPOEIA 6.0Patches,transdermal practically particle-free solutions or uniform suspensions.After dissolution or suspension,they comply with therequirements for injections or for infusions.Freeze-dried products for parenteral use are considered aspowders for injections or infusions.PRODUCTION The uniformity of contentand uniformityof mass offreeze-dried products for parenteral use are ensured by the in-process control of the amount of the solution prior to freeze-drying.TESTS Uniformity of dosage units .Powders for injections or infusions comply with the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40)or,where justified and authorised,with the tests for uniformity of content and/or uniformity of mass shown below.Herbal drugs and herbal drug preparations present in the dosage form are not subject to the provisions of this paragraph.Uniformity of content (2.9.6).Unless otherwise prescribed or justifiedand authorised,powders for injections or infusions with a content of active substance less than 2mgor less than 2per cent of the total mass,or with a unit mass equal to or less than 40mg comply with test A for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations.If the preparation contains more than one active substance,the requirement applies only to those substances that correspond to the above conditions.Uniformity of mass (2.9.5).Powders for injections or infusions complywith the test for uniformity of mass ofsingle-dose preparations.If the test for uniformity of content is prescribed for all the active substances,the test for uniformity of mass is not required.Bacterial endotoxins-pyrogens.Theycomplywith the requirements prescribed for injections or for infusions,after dissolution or suspension in a suitable volume of BELLING The label states the instructions for the preparation of injections and infusions.Gels for injections DEFINITION Gels for injections are sterile gels with a viscosity suitable to guarantee a modified release of the active substance(s)at the site of injection.Implants DEFINITION Implants are sterile,solid preparations of a size and shape suitable for parenteral implantation and release of the active substance(s)over an extended period of time.Each dose is provided in a sterile container.01/2008:1011PATCHES,TRANSDERMALEmplastra transcutaneaDEFINITIONTransdermal patches are flexible pharmaceutical preparations of varying sizes,containing one or more activesubstances.Theyare intendedto be applied to the unbrokenskin in order to deliver the active substance(s)to the systemiccirculation after passing through the skin barrier.Transdermalpatches normally consist of an outer covering which supports a preparation which contains the activesubstance(s).The transdermal patches are covered on thesite of the release surface of the preparation by a protective liner,which is removed before applying the patch to the skin.The outer covering is a backing sheet impermeable to the active substance(s)and normally impermeable to water,designed to support and protect the preparation.The outer covering may have the same dimensions as the preparation or it may be larger.In the latter case the overlapping border of the outer covering is covered by pressure-sensitive adhesive substances which assure the adhesion of the patchto the skin.The preparation contains the active substance(s)togetherwith excipients such as stabilisers,solubilisers or substances intended to modify the release rate or to enhance transdermal absorption.It may be a single layer or multi-layer solid orsemi-solid matrix,and in this case it is the compositionand structure of the matrix which determines the diffusion pattern of the active substance(s)to the skin.The matrix may contain pressure-sensitive adhesives which assure theadhesion of the preparation to the skin.The preparation may exist as a semi-solid reservoir one side of which is amembranewhich may control the release and the diffusion of the active substance(s)from the preparation.The pressure-sensitive adhesive substances may,in this case,beapplied to some or all parts of the membrane,or only aroundthe border of the membrane of the outer covering.When applied to the dried,clean and unbrokenskin,thetransdermalpatch adheres firmly to the skin by gentle pressure of the hand or the fingers and can be peeled offwithout causing appreciable injury to the skin or detachment of thepreparation from the outer covering.The patch mustnot be irritant or sensitising to the skin,even after repeated applications.The protective liner generally consists of a sheet of plastic ormetal material.When removed,the protective liner does notdetach the preparation (matrix or reservoir)or the adhesive from the patch.Transdermal patches are normally individually enclosed in sealed sachets.PRODUCTIONInthe manufacture,packaging,storage and distributionof transdermalpatches suitable means are taken to ensuretheir microbial quality;recommendations onthis aspect are provided in the text on Microbiological quality ofpharmaceutical preparations (5.1.4).TESTSUniformity ofdosageunits .Transdermal patchescomplywith the test for uniformity of dosage units (2.9.40)or,where justified and authorised,with the test for uniformity General Notices (1)apply to all monographs and other texts 737。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
附录ⅠB 注射剂
注射剂系指药物与适宜的溶剂或分散介质制成的供注入体内的溶液，乳状液或混悬液及供注入体内的溶液、乳状液或混悬液及供临用前配制或稀释成溶液或混悬液的粉末或浓溶液的无菌制剂。
注射剂可分为注射液、注射用无菌粉末与注射用浓溶液。
注射液包括溶液型、乳状液型或混悬型注射液，可用于肌内注射、静脉注射、静脉滴注等。
其中，供静脉注射用的大体积（除另有规定外，一般不小于100ml）注射液也称静脉输液。
注射用无菌粉末系指药物制成的供临用前用适宜的无菌溶液配制成澄清溶液或均匀混悬液的无菌粉末或无菌块状物。
可用适宜的注射用溶剂配制后注射，也可用静脉输液配制后静脉滴注。
无菌粉末用溶剂结晶法、喷雾干燥法或冷冻干燥法等制得。
注射用浓溶液系指药物制成的供临用前稀释后静脉滴注用的无菌浓溶液。
注射液在生产与贮藏期间应符合下列有关规定。
一、溶液型注射液应澄明；除另有规定外，混悬型注射液中药物粒度应控制在15µm以下，含15～20µm （间有个别20～50µm）者，不得超过10%，若有可见沉淀，振摇时应容易分散均匀，混悬型注射液不得用于静脉注射或椎管注射；乳状液型注射液应稳定，不得有相分离现象，不得用于椎管注射。
静脉用乳状液型注射液中乳滴的粒度90%应在1µm以下，不得有大于5µm的乳滴。
除另有规定外，静脉输液应尽可能与血液等渗。
二、注射剂所用的原辅料应从来源及工艺等生产环节进行严格控制并应符合注射用的质量要求。
注射剂所用溶剂必须安全无害，并不得影响疗效额质量。
一般分为水性溶剂和非水性溶剂。
（1）水性溶剂最常用的为注射用水，也可用0.9%氯化钠溶液或其他适宜的水溶液。
（2）非水性溶剂常用的为植物油，主要为供注射用大豆油，其他还有乙醇、丙二醇和聚乙二醇等溶剂。
供注射用的非水性溶剂，应严格限制其用量，并应在品种项下进行相应的检查。
三、配制注射剂时，可根据药物的性质加入适宜的附加剂。
如渗透压调节剂、pH值调节剂、增溶剂、助溶剂、抗氧剂、抑菌剂、乳化剂、助悬剂等。
所用附加剂应不影响药物疗效，避免对检验产生干扰，使用浓度不得引起毒性或明显的刺激。
常用的抗氧剂有亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠和焦亚硫酸钠等，一般浓度为01.%～0.2%；常用的抑菌剂为0.5%苯酚、0.3%甲酚和0.5%三氯叔丁醇等。
多剂量包装的注射液可加适宜的抑菌剂，，抑菌剂的用量应能抑制注射液中微生物的生长，加有抑菌剂的注射液，仍应采用适宜的方法灭菌。
静脉输液与脑池内、硬膜外、椎管内用的注射液均不得加抑菌剂。
除另有规定外，一次注射量超过15ml
的注射液，不得加抑菌剂。
四、注射剂常用容器有玻璃安瓿、玻璃瓶、塑料安瓿、塑料瓶（袋）等。
容器的密封性，须用适宜的方法确证。
除另有规定外，容器应符合有关注射用玻璃容器和塑料容器的国家标准规定。
容器用胶塞特别是多剂量包装注射液用的胶塞要有足够的弹性和稳定性，其质量应符合有关国家标准规定。
除另有规定外，容器应足够透明，以便内容物的检视。
五、生产过程中应尽可能缩短注射剂的配制时间，防止微生物与热原的污染及药物变质。
静脉输液的配制过程更应严格控制。
制备混悬型注射液、乳状液型注射液过程中，要采取必要的措施，保证粒子大小符合国家标准的要求。
注射用无菌粉末应按无菌操作制备。
注射剂必要时进行相应的安全性检查，如异常毒性、过敏反应、溶血与凝聚、降压物质、热原或细菌内毒素等，均应符合要求。
六、灌装标示装量为不大于50ml的注射剂，应按下表适当增加装量。
除另有规定外，多剂量包装的注射剂，每一容器的装量不得超过10次注射量，增加装量应能保证每次注射用量。
接触空气易变质的药物，在灌装过程中，应排除容器内空气，可填充二氧化碳或氮等气体，立即熔封或严封。
七、熔封或严封后，一般应根据药物性质选用适宜的方法灭菌，必须保证成品无菌。
注射剂在灭菌时或灭菌后，应采用减压法或其他适宜的方法进行容器检漏。
八、除另有规定外，注射剂应避光保存。
九、注射剂所用辅料，在标签或说明书中应标明其名称，抑菌剂还应标明浓度；注射用无菌粉末，应注明注射用溶剂。
除另有规定外，注射剂还应进行以下相应检查。
【装量】注射剂及注射用浓溶液照下述方法检查，应符合规定。
检查法标示装量为不大于2ml者取供试品5支，2m以上至50ml者取供试品3支；开启时注意避免损失，将内容物分别用相应体积的干燥注射器及注射针头抽尽，然后注入经标化的量入式量筒内（量筒的大小应使待测体积至少占其额定体积的40%），在室温下检视。
测定油溶液或混悬液的装量时，应先加温摇匀，再用干燥注射器及注射针头抽尽后，同前法操作，放冷，检视，每支的装量均不得少于其标示量。
标示装量为50ml以上的注射液及注射用浓溶液照最低装量检查法（附录X F）检查，应符合规定。
【装量差异】除另有规定外，注射用无菌粉末照下述方法检查，应符合规定。
检查法取供试品5瓶（支），除去标签，铝盖，容器外壁用乙醇擦净，干燥，开启时注意避免玻璃屑等异物落入容器中，分别迅速精密称定，倾出内容物，容器用水或乙醇洗净，在适宜条件下干燥后，再分别精密称定每一容器的重量，求出每瓶（支）的装量与平均装量。
每瓶（支）装量与平均装量相比较，应符合下列规定，如有1瓶（支）不符合规定，应另取10瓶（支）复试，应符合规定。
凡规定检查含量均匀度的注射用无菌粉末，一般不再进行装量差异检查。
【渗透压摩尔浓度】除另有规定外，静脉输液及椎管注射用注射液按各品种项下的规定，照渗透压摩尔浓度测定法（附录Ⅸ G）检查，应符合规定。
【可见异物】除另有规定外，照可见异物检查法（附录Ⅸ H）检查，应符合规定。
【不溶性微粒】除另有规定外，溶液型静脉用注射液、注射用无菌粉末及注射用浓溶液照不溶性微粒检查法（附录Ⅸ C）检查，应符合规定。
【无菌】照无菌检查法（附录Ⅺ H）检查，应符合规定。
【细菌内毒素】或【热原】除另有规定外，静脉用注射剂按各品种项下的规定，照细菌内毒素检查法（附录Ⅺ E）或热原检查法（附录Ⅺ D）检查，应符合规定。