Introduction of Henry VIII and Religion Reform 亨利八世和宗教改革
HenryVIII 亨利八世
Archbishop
Cranmer declared that
his marriage to Catherine was unlawful and accepted his new wife，Ann Boleyn， as Queen．
Henry‘s family trouble did not end with his marriage to Ann
His interest was “girls and hunting”，he
spoke three foreign languages．
He was a first－class horseman and
musician．
He was a clever politician who trusted
He sent her home，cut out Cromwell's head， and married a beautiful girl called Catherine Howard． But she too was unfaithful，so her head followed Cromwell’s．
Boleyn. She bore him a daughter，Elizabeth，but was unfaithful to her husband. After three years , Henry cut off her head．
His next wife，Jane Seymour， died In giving birth to his son Edward.
When the eighteen－year－old Henry Ⅷ（1491－1547） became King of England , he was extremely popular，for he had all the qualities that his people admired．
英文版—你对亨利八世了解多少？
The Biography:Henry VIII ( June 28, 1491 January 28th 1547), England Henry VII's second son, the Tudor Dynasty second king. He is also the Lord of Ireland, and later became king of Ireland.The young king burly, strong spirit of bold, brave, versatile. He received a good education since childhood.The influence of Henry VIII by the feudal aristocracy old traditions are deep. He spend a lot of time in the tournament, the Knights and nobles hunting, recreation, do not want to deal with daily affairs.The Background:The influence of the Renaissance, culture, religion, legal profession, the emergence of a group of emerging bourgeois humanist and reformer. At the same time, the Catholic Church in the Church of Rome as the center, still maintain a strict control and the highest authority of Western European countries. In Britain, the old aristocratic church remains in the central and local dominance of Henry VIII. It is in this situation, in 1509 to the throne.The major events:First,the storm has also been marriage of Henry VIII after another. He has married 6 wives, all no good results.Henry's early continue against France, United Spanish foreign policy, succession, and his young brother Arthur's widow, the Spanish Princess Aragon married Catherine.Since 1522 , Henry VIII has sent troops to the invasion of France, and Charlie V to provide military spending, in order to support the huge expenditure depleted originally ample reserves, Henry VIII had held a council tax, and cable donations.He also took Welsh into England during his reign. Henry is the greatest impact on future generations of the English Reformation. Parliament from 1529 to 1536, with the eight session, in Cromwell and other reformers instigated, a religious reform through a series of acts of Parliament.Such as the Act of Supremacy.Henry VIII to divorce and marries the new queen and the Catholic Church in Rome that will implement the reformation, enemies, and through some important bill, allow yourself to marries another woman, and then made the Archbishop of the Episcopal Church of England, the English Church from the Church of Rome, he became England's supreme leader, and the dissolution of the monasteries, the British the royal power therefore reached the peak.At the same time, he used corporal punishment, slave labor and the execution of such bloody means, the brutal repression of the Rangers. The punishment of vagrants, resettlement of labor, levy relief tax, the maintenance of public order and management of local administrative and judicial affairs authority is handed over by the squire served as magistrate and parish clerk, so they replaced the emperors and popes, become the central rule the tool in place.Henry VIII in his later years in domestic and foreign policies had no contribution. He tried to control Scotland without success, with heavy war with France in 1542 to 1546 years. Based on the large scale of Taxation, borrowing to maintain the war, no success, just bring financial bankruptcy, soaring prices, currency devaluation, the confiscation of the Royal Abbey estate, most was sold to the hands of the new aristocracy and bourgeoisie.Henry VIII's serious illness, the mood of depression and paranoid irritable. He came to realize that the anti reform is a greater threat to arrest of its leader, the Duke of Norfolk, ready to kill, but did not perform, so Henry VIII died in January 28, 1547 in Windsor.The influence：Advantages:Henry VIII reigned for 38 years, on the one hand ,social economic status, during which the British political system, culture, ideology, all religions have great changes. Although the strength of the emerging bourgeoisie, is the fundamental reason for the changes, but as an absolute monarch, Henry VIII conform to the trend of the times and play his role. Reform is the most radical of all the British monarch and the most decisive.On the other hand,the British Protestant countries into a unique and full of vitality, the British economic and political power from the church moved to the nobility, the social effect is very far-reaching.Disadvantages:the reformation, especially the confiscation of large Abbey estate, brought a profound social revolution. The royal family because of the financial demand and political support, a large number of real estate sold or donated to the new aristocracy and commercial bourgeoisie, the emerging forces get rich religious reform, become vested interest. They engage in enclosure, increase rent away, tenants, resulting in a large number of homeless peasants, social order is turbulent.And during the reform, more than 70 thousand people were killed, about 2% of the British population at that time.。
Henry Ⅷ and Reform of the Church
• 亨利八世所做的消除了教皇对英国内政的干涉， 他还广泛的让英国人去读圣经。这导致许多英国 人批评牧师和教会的教义 。都引起了对进一步改 变的广泛需求。
6.改革成果的继承和发展
• Edward Ⅵ who carried out drastic religious change, he switch to protestant theology and his drastic reform has been called “The Reformation” in English history. • 爱德华六世进行了非常显著的宗教改变。 他转向了新神教学。他显著的改革在英国 历史上被称为“宗教改革”
6.改革成果的继承与发展
• Marry Tudor , became the Queen after the death of Edward Ⅵ ,married Philip Ⅱof spain and tried to restore Roman Catholicism in England. So many people who was against were persecuted. About 300 Protestants were burnt as heretics and Marry became known as “Bloody Marry” . • 玛丽在爱德华六世去世之后成为了都铎王朝的女 王,嫁给了西班牙的菲利普二世，试图在英国恢复 罗马天主教。很多反对的人受到迫害。大约300 新教徒被烧死异教徒和结婚后来被称为“血腥玛 丽”。
About Marry
• 亨利八世和凯瑟琳的 女儿玛丽继位（15531558在位）。她与西 班牙国王腓力二世结 婚，并同罗马教廷重 新联合。
亨利八世(1)
Henry wished to annul
➢Make the Christianity as the church of England,the church became the tool of the feudal autocratic rule.
➢The Catholic Church was deprived of most of the property fell into the hands of the emerging bourgeoisie, is conducive to the development of capitalism.
The Third Wife - Jane Seymour
She was one of Queen Anne's ladies-in-waiting (侍 女)
They were married 10
days later after Anne's death.
Jane gave birth to a son, Prince Edward .King Henry got the son he wanted.
• Henry was responsible for the creation of a permanent navy, with the supporting anchorages and dockyards.
The Renaissance英国文学文艺复兴时期总结
The RenaissanceThis is a greatest and most advanced revolution in the human history. This is the age the giants are needed and produced.------F. Engles<1> Brief introduction▪Renaissance in European history, refers to the period between 14th century to 17th century. It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain.▪“Renaissance” means “revival”, the revival of interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture and getting rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.▪Renaissance sprang first in Italy (Florence and Venice) with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture, and gradually spread all over Europe;▪Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science (ancient Greek and Roman culture) after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism.During the period of Renaissance:1. the Roman Catholic Church was shaken,2. old sciences revived and new sciences emerged,3. national languages and cultures took shape,4. art and literature flourishedBrief introduction▪There arose an interest in the manuscripts surviving from ancient Greece and Rome. Classical learning and philosophy were enthusiastically studied.▪The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creation．▪Never before in human history were men and women so eager to create and discover something new．In Italy a group of artists，scientists，politicians，and writers created the most brilliant page of culture and science in Renaissance Europe．Examples:①Copernicus (哥白尼) asserted that the earth was not the center of the universe；②The passionate Petrarch produced sonnets that influenced Shakespeare and many others；③Boccaccio(卜伽邱) wrote tales of eternal charm: The Decameron；④Marco Polo (马可波罗) made journeys into the remote kingdom of China；⑤Michelangelo（米开朗琪罗），Leonardo da Vinci (达芬奇)，Raphael (拉斐尔)，and Titian (提香) createdpaintings and sculptures that are invaluable treasures of the world．<2>Essence and features▪Essence: It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.（另版本）：Renaissance, in essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to:to get rid of conservatism in Feudalist Europe;to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie,to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.Briefly it is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie inthe sphere of cultural life.▪Features: there are two striking features①A thirsting curiosity for the classical literature.②The keen interest in the activities of humanity.<3>Renaissance and HumanismRenaissance: the term originally indicated a revival of classical arts and science after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Indeed, a great number of the works of classical authors were translated into English during the 16th century.Humanism：The progressive thinkers of the humanists held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bravely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance. It reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class;<4>HumanismHumanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a reverence for the Greek and Roman civilization based on the conception that man is the measure of all things.Contrary to the subordination of individuals to the feudal rules and the sacrifice of earthly life for a future life in the medieval society, Renaissance humanists found in the classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development for perfection.By emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.<5>Features of humanism in RenaissanceEmphasizing the power, value and dignity of the human being and holding that human beings are glorious creatures The core of Renaissance thought is the greatness of man/giants. This is best summarized in the lines of Shakespeare’s HamletWhat a piece of work is man; how noble in reason; how infinite in faculty, in form and moving how express and admirable; in action how like and angel; in apprehension how like a god! The beauty of the world, the paragon of animals.人是一件多么了不起的杰作！多么高贵的理性！多么伟大的力量！多么优美的仪表！多么文雅的举动！在行为上多么像一个天使！在智慧上多么想一个天神！宇宙的精华！万物的灵长！▪1. Emphasizing secular happiness and individualism against the medieval ideas of asceticism;▪2.shifting man’s interest from Christianity to humanity, from religion to philoso phy, from beauty and greatness of God to the beauty of human body in all its joys and pains.▪3. Applying Aristotle’s theory, Humanist literature mainly use realistic style and take literature as the mirror or miniature of the society.<6>Influence and English RenaissanceInfluences:1.These Italians, and many others, helped to make Italy the center of the Renaissance movement in Europe.2.The movement changed the medieval Western Europe into a modern one．3.The intellectual wisdom of ancient Greece and Rome encouraged a rebirth of human spirit，a realization of human potential for development and creationEnglish Renaissance:Oxford Reformers: the Oxford reformers, scholars and humanists introduced classical literature to England. Education was revitalized and literature became more popular.This was England’s Golden Age in literature. There appeared many English literary giants such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Johnson, Sidney, Marlowe, Bacon and Donne.English RenaissanceContents●I.TheSixteenthCentury England ●II. Renaissance in England ●III. The main artistic styles●IV. William Shakespeare●V. Francis BaconI. The Sixteenth Century England1. Enclosure Movement2. The establishment of absolute monarchy3. Religious reformation4. International situation5. Cultural preparati●The background of the humanism in Europe●The introduction of printing led to an enlarged reading public and a commercial market for literature;●The great economic and political changes led to the rise of democracy;●The spirit of nationalism;●The growing of "new science” etc.Characteristics of the Elizabethan Age1. An age of comparative religious tolerance;2. An age of comparative social contentment;3. An age of dreams, of adventures, of unbounded enthusiasm;4. An age of intellectual liberty, of growing intelligence and comfort among all classes and of unbounded patriotism.II. Renaissance in England▪The time: mainly from the reign of Henry VIII, Edward, Mary and then to Queen Elizabeth and Jacobean Eraa. Beginning: the last years of the 15-th century---first half of the 16-th centuryb. Flourishing: the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603)c. Declining: the period of James I (1603-1625) early 17-th centuryThe flowering of English literatureThe second half of the 16th century, “a nest of singing birds”The early period:imitation and assimilation, translated works, poetry and poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms. ▪Sonnet: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter intricately rhymed.▪Blank verse: iambic pentameter unrhymedThe latter period:Drama— the real mainstream of the English Renaissanceyears 1587-93. they were all of humble birth and struggled for a livelihood by writing. Through hard work, they revised old plays and wrote new ones. They made rapid progress in dramatic techniques because they has close contact with the actors and audiences. They were looked down upon by the gentlemen and suspected by the government. It was their industrious works that furnished the Elizabethan stage.Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareIII. The main artistic stylesThe artistic styles as lyric poetry, narrative poetry, drama are maturized; new styles which characterized the modern literature such as sonnets, short stories and novels were produced.translation:Ovid’s Metamorphoses, Homer’s Iliad, Montaigne’s Essays▪travel books:More’s Utopia▪poetry: Edmund Spenser▪drama: “University Wits”, Marlowe, Shakespeare▪essay: Francis BaconForerunner of utopian socialism▪An imaginative travel narrative written in the form of conversation between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager describing an ideal state governed by reason.▪The subject is the search for the best possible form of government: Utopia---a community of property---a pure, pre-Marx form of communism.The Sheph erd’s Calendar 《牧人日历》: 12 pastoral poems and eclogues, one for each month, put into the mouths of speakers distinguishing themselves as shepherds, really representing Spenser and his friends.▪Amoretti《爱情小诗》:a series of 88 sonnets in honor of his lover Elizabeth. All except one was written in the Spenserian sonnet.▪Epithlamion 《婚后曲》: marriage hymns to celebrate his marriage with Elizabeth.The Faerie Queene《仙后》:▪The blending of religious and historical allegory with chivalric romance: a long poem planned 12 books. 12 knights for the qualities of the chivalric virtues--- the six completed books are holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice and courtesy.Fairy Queen—Queen Elizabeth, the knights as a whole --- England, the evil figures—enemies.Themes of the poem :●nationalism( celebration of Queen Elizabeth)●humanism (strong opposition to Roman Catholicism),●Puritanism (moral teaching)Spenserian stanza:it is a nine-line stanza with the first 8 lines iambic pentameter and the ninth, iambic hexameter 六步格的诗rhyming abab,bcbc,c which is the typical verse in The Faerie Queene.For its rare beauty, this verse form was much used by many later poets, esp. imitated by the romantic poets of the 19th century.Spenser’s position in English Literature:the publica tion of “The Shepherd’s Calendar” marks the budding of Renaissance flower in the northern island of England.The language he used was modern English which has distinguished itself from the Middle English of Chaucer's day. Spenserian stanza: a model of poetic art among the Renaissance English poets.“the poet’s poet”, the first master to make the Modern English the natural music of his poetic effusion and held his position as a model of poetic art. His influence can be traced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.Life: short but riotous⏹Major works:➢Tamburlaine the Great:《帖木耳》•A drama in a blank verse•About the rise and fall of Tamburlaine the Mongol conqueror on the 14th century central Asia.•A tragedy about a man who thinks he can but actually can not control his own fate.•By depicting a great hero with high ambition and sheer brutal force, the author voiced the supreme desire of the man of the Renaissance for infinite power and authority.•➢The Jew of Malta:《马耳他的犹太人》•A study of the lust for wealth, which centers around Barabas the Jew, an old money lender, whose only philosophy is the art of gaining advantage.•Suggestive of Shylock in Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice.•A tragic result: typically greedy of riches and gold, which is another feature shared by those in Renaissance England. •➢The History of Doctor Faustus 《浮士德博士》•Refer to compare with Goethe’s Faust•The Faust myth in 16th century Germany: the myth of men seeking great earthly power from demons at the cost of their immortal soul.•The conventional view: Dr. Faustus is a morality play that vindicates humility, faith and obedience to the law of God. •The new view: Dr. Faustus celebrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness, and also reveals man’s frustration in realizing the high aspiration in a hostile moral order.⏹Social significance and literary achievement1.showing the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie. Its eager curiosity for knowledge, power and gold.The praise of individuality freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and the conviction of the boundless possibility of human efforts in conquering the universe.The heroes are mainly individualists. Their individualistic ambition often brings ruin to the world and to themselves.…soul of the Age!The applause! Delight! The wonder of our stage! Triumph, my Britain, thou hast one to show To whom all scenes of Europe homage owe. He was not of an age, but for all time!William Shakespeare1. Brief Introduction2. Shakespeare’s dramaFour periods of his literary career Categories of his drama 3. the artistic features of his plays4. Shakespeare’s place and contribution5. Shakespeare’s sonnetsWhat to be at least known about ShakespeareLife: birthplace, birth date, death date, important time in his life and career●His major works: 37 plays(10histories, 10 comedies, 10 tragedies), 2 long narrative poems, 154 sonnets.Plays to be read: great comedies & 4 great tragedies●Writing features in each of four periodsI. Brief IntroductionA dramatist “not of an age, but of all time” by Ben Jonhson, not of Engla nd, but of the world.●Not only a master of English language but also a genius of character portrayal and plot construction●A “poet of reality” for his idea that literature should reflect nature and reality.●37 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems.II. Shak espeare’s dramaFour Periods of Shakespeare’s Literary careerFour major phrases represent respectively his early, mature, flourishing and late periods.1. Period of early experiment and apprenticeship (1590-1594)Background:A. it was in the middle of the highly thriving Elizabethan Age.B. The thoughts of humanism and the ideas of man’s emancipation, freedom of love was rapidly spread.C. Shakespeare was a young man full of astonishing versatility and wonderful talent and the great interest in the political questions of his time.Features:A. the writer made experiments in a number of dramatic forms: the historical plays, comedy, the revenge tragedy and the romantic tragedy.B. this period is distinctively marked by youthfulness and exuberance of imagination, by extravagance of witty language or speech, and by the final and frequent use of blank verse. In his hand, blank verse developed into a happy vehicle to express all kinds of thoughts and emotions (thus shaking off the rigidity of rimed and mechanic lines) .2. Period of maturity (1595-1600)Features:A. a period of “great comedies” and mature historical plays and sonnets.B. a sweet and joyful time when the writer portrays successfully a magnificent panorama of the manifold pursuit of people in real life.C. a great shift in characterization. A notable gallery of heroines in the comedies and vivid characters in historical plays is presented: Portia, Posalynd, Voila, Beatrice, Sir John Falstaff.3. Period of gloom and depression (1601-1607)Background:A. the aggravation of the social situation: the rising of peasants, the corruption, the tension between bourgeoisie and the feudal lands.B. the change of mood in the playwright: gloomy and indignantFeatures:A. a period of “great tragedies” and “dark comedies”B. the writer gave a scathing exposition of the somber pictures and scenes of murder, lust, treachery, ingratitude and crime.C. a higher level of crafts is reached: more intricate plotting, intense inner conflict, meticulous depiction of human mind.4. Period of calm and reconciliation (1608-1612)Background:A. the fall and collapse of absolute monarchB. the retirement of the playwright back into the tranquil countrysideFeatures:A. some serenity and optimism, instead of the beginning lightness and the middle somber violence reigned.B. romantic dramas and comedies were the main form.C. moral teaching and supernatural forces were relied on to restore the rightful honor and position. These plays all show a falling off from his previous works.Categories of his dramacomedies histories tragedies romances？？Comedy is a light form of drama aiming primarily to amuse and ending happily. It often deals with people in their human state, restrained and ridiculous by their limitations, faults, bodily functions.Four Great ComdiesThe Merchant of VeniceA Midsummer Night’s DreamAs you Like itTwelfth NightComedies of the First PeriodThe keynote of his comedies:●to portray people just freed from the feudal fetters, sing of youth, love and ideas of happiness.●The heroes and heroines fight against destiny and mould their fate according to their own free will. Thus becomethe sons and daughters of Renaissance.●The victory of humanist ideal is inevitable. The general spirit of these plays is optimistic.The Merchant of Venice•The double plot: one is about the Bassanio’s winning of a bride by undergoing a test; the other is about the demanding of a pound of human flesh by Shylock.•The traditional theme is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.•The new one is to regard the play as a satire of the Christian hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and unreasoning prejudice against Jews.Portia: a rich heiress of Belmont in Shakespeare's comedy The Merchant of Venice.●1. Portia is a woman of Renaissance—beautiful, prudent, cultured, courteous and capable of rising to an emergency. She is one of Shakespear’s ideal women.●2. the young heroes in Shakespeare's comedies are always independent in character and take their own path of life.History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy.●His histories include two tetralogies (四部曲)and two other plays. Characterizes two centuries of English history from Richard III to Henry VIII (1377-1547)●There is only one ideal king---Henry V who represents the aspiration for national unity under a powerful and efficient monarchy.The image of Henry V:Henry V is the symbol of Shakespear’s ideal kingship. He represents the upsurging patriotism of the time. In depicting Henry V as a prince and as a man, Shakespeare looks deep into the personality of his hero and shows a profound understanding of the politics and social life of the time.Theme: Shakespeare’s historical plays describe the decaying of the old feudal society an d the rising of the new forces. His historical plays sum up the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign. The idea is anti-feudal inIt is concerned with the harshness and injustice of life. They are often serious plays with sad endings.●Often the hero’s tragedy is due to a weakness in his or her character which brings self-destruction. A weakness such as the excessive pride of Faustus, the overweening ambition of Macbeth, or the uncontrolled jealousy of Othello.●In S hakespeare’s plays, he saw sharp contradictions between his lofty humanistic ideals and the evil social forces. Background for Shakespeare’s tragediesHe began to observe life with penetration, to expose mercilessly the contradiction of the Elizabethan society. The economical and social crisis which began at the end of the reign of Queen Elizabeth continued right up to the English Revolution.The bourgeoisie intended to break up the yoke of absolute monarchy and struggled for free development.It was in this atmosphere of general unrest that he created his great tragedies.Four Great Tragedies All analyzing the human wickedness.●Hamlet: the hero’s weakness makes him vulnerable in fighting against the outward evil.●Othello shows how an outward evil make s use of the hero’s weakness and causes his fall.●King Lear demonstrates how man’s mistake sets free the evils of treachery, hypocrisy, flattery, selfishness and distrust.●Macbeth reveals how the outward evil stirs up the wickedness in man and destroys him.Hamlet“Hamlet” is considered the summit of Shakespeare's art.Hamlet is a man of genius, highly accomplished and educated, a man of profound perception and sparkling wit. He is a scholar, soldier and statesman all combined. His image reflects the versatility of the man of Renaissance.Hamlet’s melancholy is not the negative, over-subtle and fruitless kind, it is the result of his penetrating mind. It expresses, in away, the crisis of humanism at the end of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th century.III. the artistic features of his plays1. Characterization: By using comparison and contrasts, he depicts a group of individuals with strong and distinct personalities.The melancholy of Hamlet, the wickedness of Claudius and Iago, the honesty of Othello, ambition of Macbeth and the beauty and wit of Portia.2. Psycho-analytical study: He reveals the intricate inner workings of the character’s minds through the full use of soliloquies(独白).3. Structure:⏹His plays usu. have more than one plot. Through contrast and parallel, the major and minor plots are woven intoan organic whole.⏹the device of a play within the play also plays an important part.4. Language: Shakespeare is a master of the English language, with a large vocabulary of 16000 English words. More important are the figurative speeches such as analogy and metaphor.5. style: realistic style. The reader may be impressed by the typical speech modes —the question in Hamlet, the ambiguities in Macbeth, the exclamations and very simple but also very basic questions in King Lear.IV. Shakespeare’s place and contributionOne of the founder of realism in world literature. Living in the historical period of the transition from feudalism to capitalism, he paints a panorama of the decline of the old feudal nobility and the rise of new bourgeoisie.Amazing prolificacy. In 22years, nearly 40 plays, no two of which evoke the same feeling or image among the audience, a master of every forms of drama.Skilled in many poetic forms. The songs, sonnets, couplets, esp. at home with blank verse, which became a vehicle of utterance to all the possible sentiments of his characters.A great master of English language. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. He is known to have used 16,000 different words. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.He was universally regarded are the summit of English Renaissance. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point view, in literary form or in language.SonnetDefinition:▪A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.Origin:▪A form of lyrical poetry was originated in Italy. “sonnet” was derived from Provencal (普罗旺斯语) “Sonet”. It was once a short popular poetry used for singing in the medieval age.▪Italian poet Petrarch was the major representatives of the poets who used this poetic form. He wrote altogether 375 sonnets, dedicated to his lover. That is the Petrarchan sonnet.▪Sonnet was introduced into England by Thomas Wyatt . It flourished in the 1590s and reach its peak of popularity with the surge of Renaissance in England.Two types of sonnetThe Italian, or Petrarchan sonnet :Petrarchan Sonnet▪The Italian form, in some ways the simpler of the two, Its fourteen lines break into an octave （八行诗）(or octet), which usually rhymes abba,abba, and a sestet （六行诗节）, which may rhyme cdecde or cdcdcd, or any of the multiple variations possible using only two or three rhyme-sounds.▪It usually projects and develops a subject in the octave, then executes a turn at the beginning of the sestet, which means that the sestet must in some way release the tension built up in the octave.▪Example: see Wyatt's "Farewell Love and all thy laws for ever."Farewell, LoveSir Thomas Wyatt (1503~1542)Farwell, Love, and all thy laws forever,Thy baited hooks shall tangle me no more;Senec and Plato call me from thy lore,To perfect wealth my wit for to endeavor,In blind error then I did persever,Thy sharp repulse, that prickth aye so sore,Hath taought me to set in trifles no storeAnd’ scape forth since liberty is leverTherefore farewell, go trouble younger hearts, And in me claim no more authorityWith idle youth go use thy property,And therein spend thy many brittle darts,For hitherto though I have lost all my time,Me lusteth no longer rotten boughs to climb.别了，爱，以及你所有的法则，你上饵的钩子不再能把我缠绞，塞内克与柏拉图叫我离开你那套，并尽我才智把完美的财富获得。
亨利八世
Henry VIII’s six marriages
西班牙公主凯瑟琳
• 亨利八世18岁即位并娶寡嫂凯瑟琳， 但他妻子只为他生了一个女儿玛丽 (后来的玛丽一世)
阿拉贡的凯瑟琳（Catherine of Aragon）
安妮· 博林（Anne Boleyn）
珍· 西摩（Jane Seymour） 克里维斯的安妮（Anne of Cleves） 凯瑟琳· 霍华德（Catherine Howard） 凯瑟琳· 帕尔（Catherine Parr）
• Besides his six marriages, Henry VIII is known for his role in the separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. Henry's struggles with Rome led to the separation of the Church of England from papal authority, theDissolution of the Monasteries, and establishing himself as the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Yet he remained a believer in core Catholic theological teachings, even after his excommunication from the Catholic Church.[1] Henry oversaw the legal union of England and Wales with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542.
亨利八世与他的六位妻子英文读后感
亨利八世与他的六位妻子英文读后感Title: The Tumultuous Marriages of Henry VIII: A Reflective AnalysisIntroduction:Henry VIII, a name synonymous with power, politics, and, most notably, the six women who held the title of his queen. The life and marriages of Henry VIII are not merelyhistorical facts but serve as a lens through which we can observe the interplay of love, power, religion, and political expediency in the courts of the Tudor era. This analysis will delve into the complex relationships that defined one of England's most controversial monarchs, exploring the dynamics of each marriage, their impact on the kingdom, and the personal growth—or lack thereof—of Henry himself.The First Wife: Catherine of AragonHenry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon was initially filled with promise. It was a strategic union that aimed to strengthen England's alliance with Spain. However, thefailure to produce a male heir and the king's infatuation with Anne Boleyn led to a bitter end. The pope's refusal to grant a divorce sparked Henry's defiance, leading to the English Reformation and the establishment of the Church of England. Catherine's unwavering Catholic faith only widened the chasm between them, making their separation a harbinger of the religious and political upheavals to come.The Second Wife: Anne BoleynAnne Boleyn's ascent to the throne marked a seismic shift in English society. Her marriage to Henry was seen as a victory for the emerging reformist faction within the court. Anne's charisma and intelligence were undeniable, yet her reign as queen was short-lived due to accusations of incest, adultery, and treason. Her execution is often cited as anexample of Henry's ruthlessness and his willingness to dispose of those who no longer served his interests.The Third Wife: Jane SeymourOften overlooked, Jane Seymour provided a moment of stability in Henry's tumultuous life. Her gentle nature and quiet disposition were a stark contrast to the fiery personalities of her predecessors. Jane's death shortly after giving birth to Henry's long-awaited male heir, Edward, underscores the grave risks associated with childbirth during that era. Despite their relatively brief time together, Jane left a lasting impression as the 'good queen' who finally gave Henry his son.The Fourth Wife: Anne of ClevesThe marriage to Anne of Cleves was a political maneuver intended to solidify Protestant alliances and counterbalance the influence of the conservative faction at court. However, the union was doomed from the start due to mutual dislike.Anne's perceived lack of beauty and charm did not captivate Henry as his previous wives had, leading to a swift annulment. This episode highlighted Henry's impulsive nature and his tendency to be swayed by appearances rather than deeper qualities.The Fifth Wife: Catherine HowardCatherine Howard's youth and vivacity initially wonHenry's favor, but her indiscretions soon overshadowed any affection he may have had for her. Her scandalous past and alleged infidelity led to her downfall, showcasing the king's intolerance for betrayal and reinforcing the dangerousreality of being a Tudor consort. Catherine's execution underscored the precarious position of women in power during that time and the severe consequences of failing to meet the expectations placed upon them.The Sixth Wife: Catherine ParrCatherine Parr's marriage to Henry VIII stands out as the most unconventional. Their union was based on mutual respect and shared intellectual interests. Unlike her predecessors, Catherine managed to retain her position even after Henry's death by adapting to the changing political landscape and forming alliances with the new powers-that-be. Her survival can be attributed to her intelligence, adaptability, and ability to navigate the treacherous waters of Tudor politics.Conclusion:The six marriages of Henry VIII offer a compelling narrative that encapsulates the essence of the human condition—the eternal quest for love, power, and validation. Each wife played a distinct role in shaping the course of English history, leaving an indelible mark on Henry's reign and the kingdom as a whole. While some met tragic ends, others managed to carve out legacies that extended beyond their time as queen.Through these unions, we witness Henry's transformation from a young, idealistic prince to a ruthless monarch who would stop at nothing to achieve his goals. His marriages reflect the broader societal changes taking place during the Renaissance, where individualism, religious reform, and political intrigue shaped the fabric of daily life. The lessons we can draw from Henry's story are timeless, reminding us of the importance of balancing personal desires with responsibility, and the consequences of unchecked ambition.In retrospect, the marriages of Henry VIII serve as a cautionary tale about the dangers of allowing passion and power to supersede reason and empathy. They remind us that history is not just about kings and queens but about the people whose lives are inextricably bound to those in power. As we look back on the life of this iconic figure, we are left with a rich tapestry of love, loss, and legacy—atestament to the enduring complexity of human relationships and the ever-evolving nature of history itself.。
伊利莎白一世(英语简介)
“时代的辉煌伴随着个人的辉煌，伊丽莎白女王一世是英国历史上最辉 煌的君主之一，她的时代也跻身于英国最辉煌的时代之列，但公众生活的辉 煌却以个人生活的黯淡为代价，伊丽莎白一世终生不嫁，其中的原因，就是 只有她终身不嫁，才能维护国家的统一，民族的和谐，从而保证都铎王朝的 繁荣昌盛。” ——《英国通史》 “她是一位天生实际的女性，商业触觉异常敏锐，一般女性罕见。” 世》 ——摘自《童贞女王：伊丽莎白一
Life line
Religion
Elizabeth set out to rule by good counsel, and she depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, Baron Burghley. One of her first moves as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement later evolved into today's Church of England.
Queen Elizabeth I
演讲者:
Structure
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥ Brief Introduction Life Iine Religion Commercial Expansion The War with Spain Literature
Queen Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I was a queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death. Sometimes called "The Virgin Queen", "Gloriana" or "Good Queen Bess", Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The daughter of Henry VIII, she was born a princess, but her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed two and a half years after her birth, and Elizabeth was declared illegitimate.
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Henry's family trouble did not end with his marriage to Ann Boleyn. She bore him a daughter，Elizabeth， but was unfaithful to her husband．After three years, Henry cut off her head．
Effects:
1.Strengthened Henry’s position
2.The importance of Parliament （议会） grew 3.England was moving from Catholicism（天主教） towards Protestantism（新教）
3.The privilege and wealth of the clergy(神职人员) wecess
1.Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine but Pope refused 2.He dissolved all of England’s monasteries (修道院 ) and nunneries 3.He established the Church of England ws: the act of appeal (Statute in Restraint of Appeals, 1533), the various Acts of Succession (1533, 1534, and 1536), the first Act of Supremacy(最高治权法案 )
Comment
• Henry VIII and his family • Marriages of Henry VIII • More information about Henry VIII • Religion reform: reasons, nature and effects
Henry VIII (1491-1547)
Marriages of Henry VIII
Henry had to married Catherine, the daughter of the King of Spain and widow of his elder brother because of his father’s
order. They had a daughter, Mary. But all
His next wife, Jane Seymour was Ann’s maid(侍女) and she died in giving birth to their son Edward.
His sixth and last wife, Catherine Pars, was a wise and gentle girl, but she had no children．
was born in 28th June,
1491 at Greenwich
Palace. When the Henry
VIII became King of
England, he was only 18 years old.
His interest was “girls and hunting”. He can speak Latin, French and Italian． He was the second son of his father-Henry VII. He thoroughly understood the hearts and minds of his people. And his people remained loyal to him through all the difficult years of the Reformation．
their sons died at birth.
Henry badly needed a son to follow him, so he planned to divorce with Catherine. Seven years later, The Church Council accepted Henry as its head． Archbishop(大主教)Cranmer declared that his marriage to Catherine was unlawful and accepted his new wife, Ann Boleyn.
The nature of the reformation
1.To get rid of Roman Catholic Church 2. To set up Church of England 3.The new rising bourgeoisie(资产阶级)against the feudal(封建)
The Private Life of Henry VIII
The Six Wives Of Henry VIII
Reasons for the English reformation:
1.A desire for change and reform in the church
2.Henry needed money