By example(举例法)
[Model 1]
It is very difficult to evaluate another person’s performance objectively. For example, Senta recently wrote irresponsible remarks about her instructor because she was failing the course. Her friend Sam wrote a marvelous description of the same instructor because he was receiving an in the course. Both Senta and Sam were nor fairly evaluating the instructor. They were influenced by the grades they were earning and were biased in their judgment.
简析：段落的开头，即段落主题句说明人们很难客观地评价另一个人的作为。
下面用Senta 和Sam两个例子来支持这一论点。
[ Model 2]
Study Abroad
Going abroad for further study has a lot of advantages. One advantage is that going abroad to study takes us to a different culture and environment. We can hear very different opinions from what we have heard before. This may broaden our scope of knowledge. Another advantage is that students who study abroad can grasp and improve a foreign language more quickly.
However, study abroad also has some disadvantages. For
example, we often pay high transportation costs as well as high tuition and living expenses. When we first go abroad, we have trouble in knowing what to do and how to do it. What’s more, we are surrounded by people who have such a different culture that we may have a sense of loneliness. But I think the advantages of studying abroad outweigh the disadvantages。
英语写作过渡性词语大全
英语写作过渡性词语大全(1)表示增加的过渡词：also, and, and then, too, in addition, furthermore, moreover, again, on top of that, another, first/second/third等。
(2)表示时间顺序的过渡词：now, then, before, after, afterwards, earlier, later, immediately, soon, next,in a few days, gradually, suddenly, finally等。
(3)表示空间顺序的过渡词：near(to), far(from), in front of, behind, beside, beyond, above, below, tothe right/ left, around, outside等。
(4)表示比较的过渡词：in the same way, just like, just as等。
(5)表示对照的过渡词：but, still, yet, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in spite of,even though等。
(6)表示结果和原因的过渡词：because, since, so, as a result, therefore, then, thus, otherwise等。
(7)表示目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that等。
(8)表示强调的过渡词：in fact, indeed, surely, necessarily, certainly, without any doubt, truly, torepeat, above all, most important等。
(9表示解释说明的过渡词：for example, in fact, in this case, for actually等10)表示总结的过渡词：finally, at last, in conclusion, as I have shown, in other word, in brief, in short, in general, on the whole, as has been stated等。
structures of writing(英语四级作文结构布局)
What is good writing？
Content: * everything needed included Structure: * Well organized * Smoothly developed * Good beginning and ending Language: * No Chinglish * No Grammatical mistakes * With exactly used words and relatively changed sentence patterns
Samples
English is widely used. If we master English, we can go to any corner of the world to communicate with the people with
So English is important to scientists.
most of the scientists of the world can speak, read and write in English. So when it comes to scientists from all over the world to exchange their work and experiences, the only bridge to mend the language gap is English. As far as China is concerned,
The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead people’s
英语写作展开段落方法.doc
展开段落方法一．举例法For example,/ for instance,/ take …for example, ……..A good/ clear case in point is that….A typical/perfect example can be found in…..……, such as….……, including…………, which may include…..For example, high school students are often organized into small discussion group to enhance their learning efficiency in the classroom.By taking part in more physical exercises, students are less likely to develop various diseases, such as obesity, heart attack and the flu.二．列举法1) Firstly secondly thirdlyFirst second thirdFirst of all second finally/ lastlyIn the first place in the second place last but not least2) To begin with/To start with/For a start /Initially/primarilyAlso/ besides/ moreover/ furthermore/ what’s more/ in addition/ more importantly/ what’s worseOn top of that/ apart from….. /in addition to…., ……..3) one main advantage of… is ……Another benefit is ……One major problem of ….is…..Another big risk is…..One effective measure to… is…..Another sound approach is ……One of the negative impacts of… is….Another adverse effect is……Furthermore, there is a third undesirable development: …..三．引用法1. 是否可以用教育和职业培训来应对罪犯In many situations, providing criminals with education is a more effective approach to reforming them. According to some fascinating research, compared with offenders who are simply thrown into prison, those who have been offered a proper education tend to show less violent behavior and are less likely to commit crime again after being released.句型：According to a recent study, …..According to some fascinating research, …..According to a recent article published in the world-famous Nature Journal, ……..According to a recent survey conducted by a group of American researchers of the University of Chicago, …Interestingly, a recent study found that ……In fact, a recent survey showed that….As a matter of fact, a recent opinion poll revealed that …..Study after study has demonstrated that……After many years of painstaking research, scientists are now able to prove that……四因果法谈在公共场所禁烟的必要性From a public health point of view, it is absolutely necessary to ban smoking in all public place, including restaurants, subway stations, office buildings and the streets. This is essentially because many non-smokers are often forced to breathe in side-stream smoke exhaled by smokers. Study after study has confirmed that second-hand smoking leads to a more insidious health risk since such type of smoke contains more, smaller partic les and is therefore more likely to be deposited deep in lungs. Unfortunately, the extremely lucrative nature of the tobacco industry typically discourages many governments of the world to take resolute actions against smoking. Consequently, the adverse effects of passive smoking are not discovered until our health has suffered extensive damage.句型Because/since / as/ now that….. , ……Because of/ due to/ owing to/ thanks to, ……The apparent reason is …..One simple reason is ……It is evident that the biggest reason for this is……套句：One of the main reasons is that……Another major cause is that ….Finally, ….is found to be the third contributing factor.Therefore,/ thus,/ as a result,/ consequently,/ as a natural consequence, ……Lead to/ give rise to / contribute to/ result in……..段落展开方法之五小结法讨论直接捐给当地贫困社区还是把钱给慈善组织On the other hand, there are many reasons why some people prefer to give money to the poor in their local communities. First, after seeing how poverty has deeply affected the lives of their neighbors at first hand, they really understand the scale of the problem and they really want to be part of the effort to address it. Second, these donors can see for themselves how the money being spent and how their generous donations are making a big difference to the whole community. It isno wonder that they are delighted to provide direct financial support because there is a clear connection between their altruism and the positive changes it brings.学语言要不要当地的文化和生活方式In addition, some interesting aspects of the language are reflected in the lifestyle of the native speakers. In the USA, for example, many people actually prefer the peaceful way of life in a small city with little traffic, which is vividly describe as a “one-stoplight” town. Similarly, the fact that a large number of business owners in Britain operate in their own small house in the country gives rise to the expression “cottage industry”. Thus, it is no exaggeration to say that lifestyle is indeed one of the richest sources of language that all learners must tap into.注：It is no wonder that…..Therefore, it is safe to say that….Therefore, it is logical to conclude that….Thus it is no exaggeration to say that….It goes without saying that…..Needless to say that……六．对比法In comparison, ….In sharp contrast, ….Compared with A, B…..On the other hand, ……While/whereas….., ……..。
writing 3
Reading a book by the warm fireside will be another pastime on a cool winter night. Life in the country is indeed simple and pleasant.
example
In America, if you ask the high school students to list their heroes, their choices would probably fall into three categories. The first group of heroes would be the rock stars----the people associated with rock music. There is no doubt that such people do have talents but not wonders if as a role model. The rock stars too often are involved with drugs and their personal life is not all that good. The rock stars are rich and wear in the latest fashion styles. However, one should seek more in a hero than such externals as money and good clothes.
Country life and city life
Some people think that people living in the country enjoy several advantages that people living in the city cannot. Country people are in close contact with the nature. They make friends with trees and stones, cows and dogs. They breathe fresh air and listen to the song of birds. Other people believe that people living in cities have much to enjoy. There are all sorts of things to see in the shop windows. There are lecture and concerts, movies and plays. The means of communication in the city is more convenient than in the country.
段落的展开方法
六、段落的展开方法在确定了各段的主题之后，怎样展开段落成为了写作成败的关键。
展开段落的方式格式各样，但主要有以下几种。
1. 举例法常见的举例模式：主题句----example 1 ；--example 2；----example 3列举时常用for example, for instance, such as, like, thus, take…as an example, to illustrate a case in point等词语.2. 列举法在使用列举法时，考生要注意：一，所列举的各个要点最好按照递增或递减的顺序进行有层次的排列。
二，所列举的要点应该服务于一个中心思想。
各要点必须相互独立，相互区别。
列举法常用的连词有：first，firstly，in the first place, fist of all, in the biginning, to begin with，to start with，second，third, most of all，next，moreover，in addition，besides，furthermore, last, lastly, finally, eventually, last but not least, for one thing...for another...等。
3. 分类法把同一主题对系那个划分为各个组成部分，或把众多的观点按照器共性归类，然后在依次展开各个部分。
在分类的时候要注意各类别之间的逻辑关系，分类标准要明确，不要出现重叠现象。
分类法常用的表达有：divide...into, fall into, be calssified , there are...kinds, first, sencond, last, also, again, besides, moreover, what’s more, furthermore, inaddition, most important, finally 等。
写作：怎样写好英语段落(一)
怎样写好英语段落（一）段落是文章的缩影。
写好了段落，就能比较成功地写出较好的文章。
经过中学英语基础阶段的学习之后，大学英语的写作重点就从选词造句转移到了联句成段和联段成篇上。
进行段落层次上的写作训练，是写好英语文章的关键一环。
下面介绍的是段落结构。
段落（paragraph ）是由表达单一中心思想（controlling idea or central idea ）的一组句子（包括主题句topic sentence,推展句supporting sentences及结论句concluding sentence）构成，是文章结构的基本独立单位。
本讲我们将就主题句和中心思想这两个方面展开讨论。
主题句与推展句1．主题句主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。
它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。
请看下例：My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others. Don'targue with parents; they will think you don't love them. Don't argue with children; they willthink themselves victimized. Don't argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresomemate. Don't argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly. My mother's rules, infact, can be summed up in two words: Don't argue.主题句中提出的"certain rules" 指的是什么？展开句中通过四个"Don't argue --"逐一加以交代。
举例、列举、分类(2)
表例证的一些常用表达 1. for instance, for example, to illustrate, as an
illustration（例如） 2. for another instance（又如） 3. A case in point is…, ……是个例子。 4. A good example of this is…非常好的一个例子
吸烟的弊端 统计数字
There is little doubt that smoking tobacco is extremely harmful to the smoker's health. In the US, for example, research by the American Cancer Society suggests that tobacco causes up to 400,000 deaths each year - more than AIDS, alcohol, drug abuse, car crashes, murders, suicides, and fires combined. （毫无
3.I have such hobbies as playing badminton and collecting stamps.
Such as 可以跟在一个“总体名词” （如句 2中的hobbies ）之后，并列几个实例（如 句2），也可以将“总体名词”夹在 such…as 中间，然后再并列几个例子（如 句3）。
For example ，一般是用一个句子作例子， 而such as 是 并列两个以上名词或动名词短语作例子。如：
1. I have many hobbies. For example, I like playing badminton very much.
词语释义八大方法
词语释义八大方法
词语释义是指对一个词语进行解释和说明其含义的过程。
在语言学和词汇学的研究中，有常见的八大方法用于词语释义，它们分别是：
1.定义法（Definition）：用其他词语或概念来解释、定义目
标词语的含义，将其概念转化为语言表达。
2.举例法（Example）：使用例子或事例来说明词语的含义，
通过具体的情境来展示词语的使用。
3.描述法（Description）：通过描述目标词语的特征、属性、
特点等，来帮助理解其含义。
4.释义法（Exegesis）：基于词源、词态、词性、词义等方面
的解析，进行词语的释义。
5.近义词法（Synonym）：用与目标词意思相近的其他词语来
解释目标词语的含义，帮助读者更好地理解。
6.反义词法（Antonym）：用与目标词意思相反的其他词语来
解释目标词语的含义，通过对比帮助读者理解。
7.类比法（Analogy）：将目标词与类似的概念进行类比，通
过比较相似之处来解释目标词的含义。
8.词组法（Phrase）：使用与目标词紧密相关的常用词组或短
语来表达其含义，帮助读者理解词语的语境使用。
这些方法通常可以单独使用，也可以结合使用，以便更全面地传达和解释词语的含义。
选择哪种方法或哪些方法进行词语释
义，取决于词语本身的特点、上下文要求和读者的理解需要。
分子生物学L1-L6 问题及答案
L11. Nucleic acid is the genetic material (to explain via four examples)(1)DNA是细菌的遗传物质：细菌转化实验为DNA是遗传物质提供了首要证据。
从第一个菌株抽提DNA，然后加入到第二个菌株中，能使遗传特性从一个细菌菌株传递到另一个菌株。
肺炎球菌属能引起肺炎导致老鼠死亡，其荚膜多糖有S型和R型两种，S型肺炎球菌能与活的S型菌一样，能同时杀死老鼠，这说明其中存在一种转化物质，这种转化物质纯化后发现是DNA，所以DNA是细菌的遗传物质。
(2) DNA是病毒的遗传物质：噬菌体感染大肠杆菌的实验证明DNA是病毒的遗传物质。
当细菌的DNA和蛋白质组分被标记上不同的放射性同位素32P及35S时，实验后发现仅有DNA被传递到感染细菌所产生的子代噬菌体中，这就很好的证明了DNA是病毒的遗传物质。
(3) DNA也是动物细胞的遗传物质：当DNA加入到某种在培养基中培养的真核单细胞生物群落中，核酸就会进入到细胞中去，其中有一部分就会合成出一些新的蛋白质。
例如胸腺嘧啶核苷激酶（TK）的合成实验，DNA 被导入受体细胞中后，便成为受体细胞的一部分，与其他部分按相同的方式遗传，导入DNA的表达将使细胞产生一些新的特性，初期这些实验仅仅在那些培养基中培养的单细胞中获得了成功。
现在人们已经成功的通过显微注射技术将DNA导入老鼠的受精卵并使之成为其遗传物质的一个稳定的组成部分。
这些实验直接说明DNA不仅是真核生物的遗传物质，而且能够在不同物种间相互转移并保持功能活性。
(4)有一些病毒如烟草花叶病毒（TMV）等就使用另一种核酸——核糖核酸（RNA）作为遗传物质，其化学组成结构与DNA只是略有不同。
烟草TMV重建实验很好的说明了RNA在生命体中起着相同的作用。
由此可见，遗传物质的本质就是核酸。
实际上，除了一些RNA病毒外，其余生物的遗传物质都是DNA。
2.(1)3'—即一个核苷酸中五碳糖第3个C原子所连接的羟基端，它可与另一分子核苷酸的5′-磷酸基形成3′,5′- 磷酸二酯键。
猜测词义题解题技巧分析
猜测词义题解题技巧分析作者：侯茂荣来源：《新高考·高三英语》2012年第11期近几年的高考阅读试题中对于猜测词义题的考查力度逐步加大。
词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，主要考查学生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词和词组往往都超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。
常见的考题形式有：The word/phrase“...”means/suggests/refers to...From the passage，we can refer that the word/phrase to...The word“...”is closed in meaning to...Which of the following word can best replace the underlined word in the text？要做好这类题，考生必须熟练掌握大纲规定的词汇，在平时的训练中要注意积累生词和短语，掌握构词法的基本知识，对于各种前、后缀的变化形式了然于心。
还要学会根据上下文语意，进行合理推测，掌握一定的解题技巧。
考生在解答这类题型时，应先通读全文、题干和选项，然后标出中心信息，即把与目标选项相关的关键词、句、段重点标出，把它们作为依据来分析词或者词组的意思，再根据对文章的全面理解，采用适当的解题方法合理地猜测目标词的语境含义，这样既有很强的针对性，又有一定的稳妥性，同时也提升了解题速度。
在实际考试中，遇到猜测词义题时，很多考生往往觉得从字面意义上看，四个词义都符合要求，无法很快判断出眼前这个新词在文章语境中的准确意思，对此，我们可以借助以下几个方法：一、定义法（Definition）：一般通过定义、定语（从句）或者同位语（从句）来确定词义。
有时这种解释用连词“or”连接。
例如：1.It will be very hard but very brittle—that is，it will be break easily.（adj.易碎的，脆的）2.The herdsman，who looks after sheep，earns about650yuan a year.（n.牧羊人）3....，and other Germanic and Nordic peoples，who spoke what we now call Anglo⁃Saxon（or old English），a Germanic language.其中“old English，a Germanic language”都是解释Anglo⁃Saxon的。