阅读之主旨大意题、词义猜测题学案 - 学生版

阅读全面突破之主旨大意题、词义猜测题阅读全面突破之主旨大意题主旨大意题考査学生把握全文主旨大意和中心思想的能力。

做这类试题需要考生具有总体把探文章的能力，以及善于运用判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的能力。

主旨大意题一般对文章的主要内容、中心思想、段落大意、标题、写作意图等方面进行考査。

从考查形势上看，从原来简单的主旨归纳变得综合性越来越强。

同时文章的行文跳跃性较强，次序变化大，隐含信息增多。

因此，主旨题的答案判断的干扰性越来越强，不能直接根据主题句来判断答案。

未来对主旨大意题的考查数量和设题要求不会改变。

考法透析主旨大意题主要考查学生对所读材料(或所读材料片断)中心思想的概括。

做这类题时，考生应通读全文，把握文章大意或中心思想，同时注意文章的主题句，因为主题句表达了文章的中心思想，而其他句子均围绕主题句展开。

主题句通常位于文章第一段首句、第一段末句或全文末句等地方，但有时也位于段落中间(通常是第一段或最后一段的中间)。

主旨大意题的考查形式很多，如概括标题、主题、段意、中心思想等。

常见的设问方式有：The general/main idea of the passage is about ________.Which of the following best states the theme of the passage?In this passage the author discusses primarily ________.The passage is mostly about ________.The passage is mainly concerned about ________.The topic/subject discussed in this passage is ________.The best title/headline for this passage is ________.The subject discussed in this text is ________.The author’s main purpose in writing the passage is to ________.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?The purpose of this article is ________.The main idea/key point of this passage is that ________.考点1 归纳段落大意段落大意是指一篇文章各个段落的主要意思，是对一个段落的基本内容的简缩和初步的概括。

概括段落大意时，一定要在把握全段或全文中心的基础上进行，做到围绕中心，注意连贯，同时，还要注意段落大意是否与全篇相称。

段落大意要用明确、完整、简洁的语句表达。

如：…I am not special, just single-minded. It always struck me that when you’re looking at a big challenge from the outside it looks huge, but when you’re in the midst of it, it just seems normal. Everything you want won’t arrive in your life on one day. It’s a process. Remember: little steps add up to big dreams.What does the author mostly want to tell us in the last paragraph?A. Failure is the mother of success.B. Little by little, one goes far.C. Every coin has two sides.D. Well begun, half done.考点2 概括文章主旨文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是构成文章中心思想的有机组成部分。

因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想是解答该类题的关键。

快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句，把各个段落的主题句联系起来并着眼全文结构安排，就能概括出文章的中心。

如：Using too much water or throwing rubbish into our rivers are clear ways that humans can put our water supply in danger, but we also affect our water supply in less obvious ways. You may wonder how paving（铺砌）a road can lead to less useable fresh water. A major part of the water we use every day is groundwater. Groundwater does not come from lakes or rivers. It comes from underground. The more roads and parking lots we pave, the less water can flow into the ground to become groundwater.Human activity is not responsible for all water shortages（短缺）. Drier climates are of course more likely to have droughts（干早）than areas with more rainfall, but in any case, good management can help to make sure there is enough water to meet our basic needs.Thinking about the way we use water every day can make a big difference, too. In the United States, a family of four can use 1. 5 tons of water a day! This shows how much we depend on water to live, but there’s a lot we can do to lower the number.You can take steps to save water in your home. To start with, use the same glass for your drinking water all day. Wash it only once a day. Run your dishwasher（洗碗机）only when it is full. Help your parents fix any leaks in your home. You can even help to keep our water supply clean by recycling batteries instead of throwing them away.The text is mainly about ________.A. why paving roads reduces our waterB. how human activity affects our water supplyC. why droughts occur more in dry climatesD. how much we depend on water to live考点3 概括文章标题In 2012. the Tower of London welcomed two new inhabitants: a pair of ravens（乌鸦）named Jubilee and Grip. Their arrival celebrated the bicentenary（二百周年）of Charles Dickens’s birth. This Grip was the third of the Tower ravens to be named after the novelist’s own pet bird. One of his predecessors（前辈）was resident during World War II; he and his mate Mabel were the only ravens to survive a bombing attack on the Tower.Dickens’s Grip, who had an impressive vocabulary, appears as a character in the authors fifth novel, Barnaby Rudge. On January 28, 1841, Dickens wrote to his friend George Cattermole: “my notion is to have [Barnaby] always in company with a pet raven, who is immeasurably more knowing than himself. To this end I have been studying my bird, and think I could make a very distinctive character of him.”Unfortunately, just a few weeks after Dickens wrote that letter, Grip died, probably as a result of having stolen and eaten paint some months earlier. The bird had developed a strange habit—tearing sections off painted surfaces (including the family’s carriage) and even drinking a quantity of white paint out of a tin. Dickens mourned his loss and wrote a humorous letter to his friend, the illustrator Daniel Maclise, about the raven’s death.He related how, when Grip began to show signs of sickness, the vet was called and “administered a powerful dose of castor（蓖麻）oil”. Initially this seemed to have a positive effect and the author was thrilled to see Grip restored to his usual personality when he bit the coachman (who was used to the raven and took it in good humor). The following morning, Grip was able to eat “some warm porridge”, but his recovery was short-lived.As Dickens wrote to Maclise, “On the clock striking twelve he appeared slightly upset, but soon recovered, walking twice or thrice along the coachhouse, stopped to bark, exclaimed ‘Hello old girl’ (his favorite expression) and died. He behaved throughout with a decent manner, which cannot be too much admired…The children seem rather glad of it. He bit their ankles. But that was play.”Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?A. A bird in a novelB. The writer’s birdC. The death of a birdD. Dickens and his bird方法攻略1. 仔细审题，看好范围搞清楚是问某一段还是全文的主旨要义。