国际商务英文版教学课件daniels06_pp
国际商务 查尔斯 希尔 第 版PPT
1-5
What Is The Globalization of Production?
Firms source goods and services from locations around the globe to capitalize on national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land, labor, energy, and capital
a similar trend occurred in other developed countries
In contrast, the share of world output accounted for by developing nations is rising
expected to account for more than 60% of world economic activity by 2020
In the 1960s, U.S. firms accounted for about two-thirds of worldwide FDI flows
maintains order in the international monetary system
lender of last resort for countries in crisis
Argentina, Indonesia, Mexico, Russia, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, Ireland, and Greece
全套课件 国际商务谈判(英文版)
• COMMENCE ROLE PLAY • FINISH ROLE PLAY • GIVING ASSESSMENTS OF NEGOTIATION SKILL
国际商务(希尔)英文版1PPT课件
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The Globalization Of Markets
❖Falling trade barriers make it easier to sell internationally ❖The tastes and preferences of consumers are converging on some global norm ❖Firms help create the global market by offering the same basic products worldwide
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The Globalization Of Production
❖The globalization of production refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land, labor, and capital ❖Companies compete more effectively by lowering their overall cost structure or improving the quality or functionality of their product offering
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Classroom Performance System
The merging of historically distinct and separate national markets into one huge global marketplace is known as a) global market facilitation b) cross-border trade c) supranational market integration d) the globalization of markets
《国际商法英文版》课件
Delivery and Payment
Methods and considerations for delivery and payment in global trade
Part 4 International Arbitration
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Alternative Dispute Resolution
Exploring the role and benefits of international arbitration in resolving business disputes
2
Advantages and Disadvantages
Байду номын сангаас
Considering the pros and cons of choosing arbitration over litigation
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Role of International Organizations
Examining the influence of international organizations in promoting and facilitating arbitration
Part 5 Intellectual Property Law
Topic Overview of IP Law Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights Protection in International Business
Dispute Resolution
Description
An introduction to the basic concepts and principles of intellectual property law
国际商务管理课件(8个PPT)英文
Where to find the low-cost manufacturers?
(p11, Book 1)
Shelby Cobra
Shelon：
(1) Targeted airplane manufacturers;
(2) Found Poland’s idled manufacturing plants used to produce M-G airplanes for Russia;
(3) Set up a joint venture with Poland’s airplane manufacturer;
(4) Kirkhams brothers had the car taken apart, and shipped to Poland.
After 10 months, new cars were produced with aluminum. The costs were less than 1/10 of costs producing the cars using glass fiber. Now the new company has become the largest private employer in the region.
国际商务管理课件（8个PPT） 英文
Lesson 1 Introduction
Reading: Chap. 1 & 2, Text; Chap. 1, 2, 6 & 16, Ref. Book 1
Overview: Significance of International Business Modes of International Business International Management Models
国际商务谈判(英文版第六版)PPT Chap006
• A sender has a meaning in mind and encodes this meaning into a message that is transmitted to a receiver
2. Messages
– The symbolic forms by which information is communicated
– The more we use symbolic communication, the more likely the symbols may not accurately communicate the meaning we intend
6. Interpretation
– Process of ascertaining the meaning and significance of decoded messages for the situation to go forward
– An important way to avoid problems is by giving the other party feedback
• Negotiation is a process of interaction • Negotiation is a context for commt influence processes and outcomes
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Basic Models of Communication
• Offers, counteroffers, and motives • Information about alternatives • Information about outcomes • Social accounts
国际商务谈判(英文) 全套课件
• Pear Case • House Rent
Leading-in Examples
3
1. Three Questions Course Introduction
1) What is (business) negotiation? 2) What is the purpose of (business) negotiation? 3) By what means can we win the negotiation? Or What skills are revolved in a successful negotiatio
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2.The three features of negotiation:
• contradiction co-operation concession • 1) Two parties in contradiction try to reach an agreement on c
ooperation through discussion and concessions. • 2) The general purpose is cooperation. The concrete purpose is
n? And What are the proper English expressions being used?
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The Answers to the First Questio n
• The business negotiations ar e tough talks happening bet ween two parties in contradi ction for the purpose of coo peration and making maxim um benefit through discussi on and concessions
国际商务(希尔)英文版PPT
The Direction Of FDI
Figure 7.3: FDI Inflows by Region ($ b i l l i o n ) , 1995-2006
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The Direction Of FDI
·Gross fixed capital formation summarizes the total amount of capital invested in factories, stores, office buildings, and the like ·All else being equal, the greater the capital investment an economy, the more favorable its future prospects are likely to be ·So, FDI can be seen as an important source of capital investment and a determinant of the future growth rate of
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The Source Of FDI
·Since World War II, the U.S. has been the largest source country for FDI ·The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Germany, and Japan are other important source countries
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Classroom Performance System
The amount of FDI undertaken over a given time period is
国际商务英语课文电子版lesson (6)
Where there are no differences among countries in the basic capabilities at producing goods, other bases for trade among them may still exist. First, patterns of demand may differ among nations. For example, most consumers in one country may consider dog meat a delicacy(delicious food), while in another country the consumption of dog meat is abhorrent. In this case the second country may sell its dog meat to the first country. Trade will be based not on differences in theproduction capabilities of the two countries but on different consumption preferences.Second, trade may occur out of economies of scale,that is, the cost advantages of large-scale production. For example, Country A and Country B may have the same capability in producing cars and computers, but the cost for the production of both commodities will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale. Both countries might find it advantageous if eachwere to specialize completely in the production of one commodity and import the other.Third, trade takes place because of innovation or style.Even though Country A produces enough cars at reasonable costs to meet its own demand and even to export some, it may still import cars from other countries for innovation or variety of style.To summarize, the theory of international specialization seeks to answer the question which countrieswill produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them. Differences in production conditions, the element highlighted (stressed) by the theory of comparative advantage, provide the most important part of the answer. But a complete answer must also take into account other factors such as patterns of demand, economies of scale and innovation or style.In reality, however, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economicallyadvantageous. For strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage. The benefits of specialization may also be affected by transport cost. Goods and raw materials have to be transported around the world and the cost of the transport reduces the benefit of trade. The case will be more serious with transporting bulky or perishable goods. Protectionist measures which are often taken by governments are also barriers totrade, and typical examples are tariffs and quotas.Tariff barriers are the most common form of trade restriction. A tariff is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country.A customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs union. Import duties are tariffs levied on goods entering an (customs) area while export dutiesare taxes levied on goods leaving an (customs) area. The former type is more common than the latter as most nations want to expand exports and increase their foreign exchange earnings (income). Import duties may be either specific, or ad valorem, or a combination of the two –compound duties. The term drawback refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported. The term most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment refers to a tariff treatment.Under this treatment, a country is required to extend to all signatories (contracting parties) any tariff concessions(关税减让) granted (given) to any participating country. However, MFN treatment is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff’s schedule, but it is still possible to have lower tariffs.Quotas or quantitative (quantity) restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers. A quotalimits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas may be on a country basis or global, without reference to countries. They may be imposed unilaterally and can also be negotiated on a so-called voluntary basis. Obviously, exporting countries do not readily agree to limit their sales. Thus, the “voluntary” label generally means that the importing country has threatened to imposeeven worse restrictions if voluntary cooperation is not forthcoming.In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between countries.Transportation service across national boundaries is an important kind of invisible trade. International transportation involves different means of transport such as ocean ships, planes, trains, trucks andinland water vessels. However, the most important of them is maritime ships. When an exporter arranges shipment, he generally books space in the cargo compartment of a ship, or charter a whole vessel. Some countries such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and earn a lot by way of this invisible trade.Insurance is another important kind of invisible trade. In the course of transportation, a cargo is vulnerable to many risks such ascollision, pilferage, fire, storm, explosion, and even war. Goods being transported in international trade must be insured against loss or damage. Large insurance companies provide service for international trade and earn fees for insuring other nation's foreign trade. Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service.Tourism is yet another important form of invisible trade. Many countries may have beautiful scenery, wonderful attractions,places of historical interest, or merely a mild and sunny climate. These countries attract large numbers of tourists, who spend money for travelling, hotel accommodations, meals, taxis, and so on. Some countries depend heavily on tourism for their foreign exchange earnings, and many countries are making great efforts to develop their tourism.The fourth type of invisible trade meriting (deserving) attention is called immigrant remittance. Thisrefers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land. Import and export of labour service may be undertaken by individuals, or organized by companies or even by states. And this is becoming an important kind of invisible trade for some countries.Invisible trade can be as important to some countries as visible trade is to others. In reality, the kinds of trade nations engage in are varied(various) and complex(complicated), often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.。
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through free trade
• To become familiar with factors affecting countries’ trade
Smith reasoned that: • workers become more skilled by repeating the same tasks • workers do not lose time in switching from the production of one kind of product to another • longer production runs provide greater incentives for the development of more effective working methods
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Free Trade Theories: Absolute & Comparative Advantage
• The theories of absolute and comparative advantage
demonstrate how economic growth can occur via specialization and trade.
• An acquired advantage may exist because of:
-superior skills -better technology -greater capital assets, etc.
Real income depends on the output of products as compared to the resources used to produce them.
being by specializing in the production of those goods and services it can produce relatively
efficiently and (ii) enhance global efficiency via its participation in free trade.
Ricardo also reasoned that:
• a country can simultaneously have an absolute and a comparative advantage in the production
of a given product • by concentrating on the production of the product
ment action with respect to the international trade process. • mercantilism: an age-old zero-sum game that
purports that a country’s wealth is measured by its holdings of treasure (usually gold)
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Assumptions and Limitations of the Free Trade Theories
The theories of absolute and comparative advantage both make assumptions that may not be entirely valid.
governments should influence trade patterns.
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Trade and Investment Policies
• import substitution: a policy of developing
domestic industries to manufacture goods and provide services that would otherwise be imported
goods and services that it produces more efficiently than any other nation and (ii) enhance global efficiency through its participation in free trade.
• What products should be imported and exported? • How much should be traded? • With whom should they trade?
While descriptive theories suggest a laissez-faire treatment of trade, prescriptive theories suggest that
international factor mobility
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The Importance of Trade Theory
Trade theory helps managers and govern- ment policymakers focus on three critical questions:
PART THREE THEORIES AND INSTITUTIONS:
TRADE AND INVESTMENT
International Business
Chapter Six
International Trade and Factor Mobility Theory
Chapter Objectives
in which it has the greater advantage, a country can further enhance both global output and its own economic well-being
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Fig. 6.3: Production Possibilities with Comparative Advantage
6-8
Natural vs. Acquired Advantages
• A natural advantage may exist because of:
-given climatic conditions -access to particular resources -the availability of labor, etc.
• Free trade (a positive-sum game) implies specialization and requires that nations neither artificially
limit imports nor artificially promote exports.
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Theories Explaining Patterns of Trade: Country Size, Factor Proportions, Country Similarity
The theories of country size, factor proportions, and country similarity all contribute to the explanations of:
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Fig. 6.1: Companies’ International Operations Link Countries Economically
6-5
Interventionist Trade Theories
Interventionist trade theories prescribe govern-
• neomercantilism: the more recent strategy of countries
that use protectionist trade policies in an attempt to run favorable balances of trade and/or accomplish particular social or political objectives
To amass a surplus (a favorable balance of trade), a country must export more than it imports and then collect gold and other forms of wealth from countries that run trade deficits (unfavorable balances of trade).
• Full employment of resources • Exclusive pursuit of economic efficiency objectives • Equitable division of gains from specialization • Only two countries and two commodities • Exclusion of transport costs • A static rather than a dynamic view • Exclusion of services • Unrestricted factor mobility
• The invisible hand of the market determines
which competitors survive, as customers buy those products that best serve their needs.