跨文化交际第七章
跨文化交际(UNIT 7)[优质ppt]
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2) Time is cyclical. Life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of the tides.
Chronemics
➢ Monochronic and Polychronic Time (p256-257) 1. What is M-Time and P-Time? Which do you think is
Chronemics
2. What is the philosophy underlying each of the time system?
1) P-time stresses involvement of people and completion of transactions rather than adherence to present schedules. Appointments are not taken as seriously and, as a consequence, are frequently broken. P-time is treated as less tangible than M-time.
跨文化交际-Unit 7PPT教学课件
2020/12/09
7
Culture notes
Obligation in Western culture: Westerners tend to see a fairly clear line between “official” responsibilities and personal favors, and feel relatively little obligation to repay people who help them in the course of some type of official duty.
How do you think Hal nd his friends felt when the teacher refused?
Why do you think the teacher refused to help with the English club?
Personal explanations Situational explanations Cultural explanations
5. The teacher doesn’t feel she has any obligation to help out Hal and his friends. She thinks that in helping her they were only doing their duty, so she doesn’t owe them anything. (Cultural)
6. The teacher is willing to help some, but afraid that she will end up doing most of the work in running the club, so she is trying to minimize expectations. (Situational/personal)
跨文化交际导论课件 第7章
Components of nonverbal communication
Body language: gestures, postures, eye contact, direction of gaze, nod, head movements, facial expression, general appearance and dress/ clothes, bodily, adornment orientation Spatial language/Proximity: body distance , body touch, personal space, seating, furniture arrangement Temporal language: monochromic time and polychronic time Paralanguage: voice modulation, silence
Mini-case
In class a British professor leaned back in his chair, put his feet up on the desk, and went on with the explanation. The class was furious. Before the end of the day, a demonstration by the University’s full student body had taken place. Petitions were submitted to the deans of the various facilities. They denounced British arrogance and demanded that the professor be sent home. The next day, the situation even made the newspaper headlines. Yet, to the native, the students’ behavior was logical and in context. The students and their supporters were outraged because of the implications of the breach of the native behavioral pattern. In the Middle East, it is extremely insulting to have to sit facing two soles of the shoes of somebody.
跨文化交际第七章
Thank You!
1.2 Value Conflicts in the Workplace
Cultures differ in people's value orientations, and these differences sometimes cause conflict in the workplace. Religious practices Human rights
1.1 The Importance of Diversity in Advertising
Example: Nordstrom (诺德斯特龙百货公司) At the beginning, it presents persons of color as models in their catalogs. Now, over one-third of the models display diverse characteristics. It also features persons with disabilities in their advetisements. It pays particular attention to its multicultural market and creats a special boutique of women's clothing in petite sizes .
Value conflicts
Language problems The rapid increase of women Racial and ethnic discrimination
1.2 Value Conflicts in the Workplace
最新跨文化交际案例分析(共7个)资料
《跨文化交际学概论》第七章社会交往五、宴请招待p132Case One: Setting Rules for a Guest – American Hospitality案例：When Zhang Tao traveled in America, he lived in the home of his American friend, Bill. Once after he had traveled back, he found Bill was in a bad mood. When he asked what the problem was, Bill told Zhang Tao that his son Adam got furious about the noise Zhang made when walking upstairs and also because he was using too much water in the solar powered shower and Adam had to have his shower in cold water. Bill told Zhang Tao that he should walk more softly in future, and have a fast shower to save water. Zhang Tao felt uneasy. How could the host set such rules for his guest!Question: Why did Zhang Tao feel uneasy?分析：1) In China, when people host someone, they put the guest in the place of honor to show hospitality. They try to take care of the guest，and try to make the guest feel comfortable and at ease.2) In America, people tend to give the guest great freedom and treat a guest more casually, naturally and truthfully.3) Zhang Tao knew he was a guest, and thought in terms of Chinese expectations of hospitality. He thought Bill should treat him courteously instead of setting rules for him.4) Since Zhang Tao lived in American surroundings, he should have known about the customs there sooner.Case Two:案例：Lin had traveled 20 hours from Beijing to New York. He needed a good meal. His American friend, Mike, met him. But Mike only offered him a plate of roasted chicken and a glass of orange juice. Lin was used to having a main course, and asked Mike if he had any rice. Mike said he only had fried noodles, and Lin had to make do with it. Though Lin knew Americans didn’t care very much about what food they ate, he still felt surprised because he had taken Mike to the most famous duck restaurant in Beijing -- Quanjude -- when he arrived in Beijing.Question: Why did Lin feel surprised? Offer some advice to him about adjusting to his new environment in America.分析：1) 0n the topic of hospitality, the Chinese stress on warmth and demonstrating friendship. They take the guest to a famous or luxurious restaurant to have a very good (expensive) meal to show their hospitality. And the Chinese are used to having a big meal. The more dishes they put out，the greater the warmth and friendship they show.2) In western countries, people stress on freedom. They give the guest great freedom to choose their own foods. And westerners tend to have only one main course and some juice or dessert，which is viewed as casual in the eyes of the Chinese.3) Lin lived in American surroundings and should have adjusted himself quickly to the new world (lifestyle). He should have known the custom there first, and felt more at ease in Mike’s home.Case Three: Equality or Hospitality for Table Manners案例：Lin Hua has accompanied an American delegation to visit China. They have experienced the hospitality of the Chinese people. After returning to America, Linhua once visited them. They were so glad to meet again. Linhua offered to host the meal, but they refused. They ordered their own dish, and Linhua ordered her own. When footing the bill, they only paid their part，and no one wanted to pay for Linhua. Linhua found them so inhospitable, though she knew the Americans would usually pay for their own food.Question: Why did Linhua find them inhospitable?分析：1) In China, to show hospitality, people tend to host the meal. And if they cannot do this, they at least will struggle to pay for the guest.2) In America, people tend to pay for themselves to show equality and independence.3) Linhua knows this custom, but from a Chinese point of view, she still finds this hard to accept, and feels it a little inhospitable.Case Four:案例：I have an American friend. I have invited him several times, and at long last he invited me to his home one day. He told me to get there at 3 p m. I thought we could chat and have a meal together. I gave him a Chinese calendar, a woman’s scarf and a bottle of Chinese white wine. He only took out a dish of nuts, a plate of bread and a bottle of wine. After two hours’ chat, I found there was no hint of a meal and said good-bye to him. He only gave me a box of chocolate as a present for the New Year. After I got home, I found the box already been opened. I was very surprised, Question: What surprised me?分析：1) In China, a visit to home always includes a meal. And the guest always bringsa relatively expensive present to the host. And the present should be well wrapped or untouched.2) In the west, a visit to home only means a meeting, not necessarily including a meal. And the present is treated not as importantly as it is in China.3) I acted in a way that was based on Chinese customs, so I felt the American way was very interesting (unusual).Case Five: Way of Entertaining Guests in China ---- Drink more and more案例：Tom, an American, went to a Chinese home for the first time. He was offered some tea. Just when the first cup was about to finish, more tea was added. He drank the second cup. Then the cup was filled the third time. Then he drank it, then ⋯ until he was quite full. Tom was totally confused by the way of entertaining.Question: Why was Tom totally confused?分析：1) Traditional Chinese custom requires that during the course of entertaining, the host has to always pour more wine or tea to the guest’s glass or cup, and always adds more food to the guest’s plate or bowl without asking whether it’s wanted.2) Chinese guests know how to respond to this type of hospitality. They simply leave the wine, tea, or food in the container and stop having any more. But Tom, the American guest in the case didn’t know this.3) He followed the politeness rule of his culture: it’s not good manners to leave food in one’s own plate at a dinner table. Therefore, without any knowledge of the differences between the two cultures, an American guest would very likely suffer from either drinking or eating too much in such a situation.Case SixAs a foreign student at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Keiko Ihara (Japanese) was on a strict budget. She had all her tuition and books paid for by scholarships and grants and until recently was comfortably housed in the dormitory. Wanting to live in the community rather than in the dormitory, she found a small apartment to share with a friend. Her college friends, knowing of her situation, offeredto round up some of the necessary items for apartment living. Keiko politely declined, saying she could manage. Wanting to help out her friends found some old but still usable household appliances and furniture. Mary had an old desk that was in her garage. Ed had some chairs from his uncle, and Joe and Marion had a few extra dishes. They cheerfully brought them over one day. Keiko seemed very embarrassed, but gracefully accepted them, sincerely and profusely thanked them.The following week they were each presented with a gift from Keiko. Mary got an ornate jewelry box, Ed a volume of woodcuts by a famous Japanese artist, and Joe and Marion a beautiful Japanese vase, all of which were of considerable worth and value, much more than the old things they had donated to her. They all protested that she could not afford to give such elaborate gifts; they really expected nothing as the household items were not really being used and they would rather have her use them. Keiko, however, insisted that they take the gifts. In the end, they accepted the gifts, although they all felt uncomfortable as they knew she was really sacrificing to give them.Questions:1. What do you think of Keiko insisting on giving valuable gifts to her college friends?2. Why did Keiko’s friends feel very uncomfortable when they received valuablegifts in return?分析：Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case SevenSelma, who is from the US, is in a student exchange program in Indonesia. One day, she was asked to attend a birthday party and she was delighted, for she was curious to know what an Indonesian birthday party was like. To her surprise, she was the only one that dressed in typically Western clothes. Although she had no strong reason to become uneasy, her uneasy feeling prevailed as the party was going on. To make herself feel better, she went to the food table and began to help herself. But, upon leaving the table, she tripped on the leg of a chair and spilled her drink on the floor. One of the girls stooped down to mop up the spill and everyone else laughed out loud. Selma, uncertain what to do next, quietly moved out of her way with her head lowered in shame.Questions:3. What functions does laughing serve in similar situations in China?4. What should we do to help ourselves or other people out of embarrassmentcaused by cultural differences in laughing?分析：Just like smile, laughing does not always serve the same function in different cultures. Interestingly, for us Chinese, laughing often has a special function on some tense social occasions. People may laugh to release the tension or embarrassment, to express their concern about you, their intention to put you at ease or to help you come out of the embarrassment. In this case, the people there were actually wishing to laugh with the American rather than laugh at her. Their laughing seemed to convey a number of messages: don‘t take it so seriously; laugh it off, it‘s nothing; such things can happen to any of us, etc. Unfortunately the American was unaware of this. She thought they were laughing at her, which made her feel more badly and angry, for in her culture laughing on such an occasion would be interpreted as an insulting response, humiliating and negative.。
胡文仲《跨文化交际学概论》课后习题详解(第7章 社会交往)【圣才出品】
第7章社会交往1．为什么在汉语的见面语中有许多是与当时情景相联系的提问？答：在汉语见面语中有许多是与当时情景相联系的提问的原因有：（1）受历史传统的影响。
在汉语中，见面语多是与当时情景相关的提问，这一习惯有深刻的历史渊源，并对当下有显著影响。
在古代，中国是一个以农业经济为主的社会，强调合作性、集体主义价值取向，形成宗法为基础的社会，重亲缘关系，自己的邻里朋友都与自己有密切关系，朋友间也往往接近于亲属关系，所以中国是一个熟人社会，因此对隐私的价值观不强，所以，在见面打招呼时，往往直接联系当时情景，以示关心，而没有探听他人隐私的考虑。
（2）表示关心。
在打招呼时常常问对方在干什么，例如：“上学去？”“回家了？”“做饭呢？”。
中国人认为这样的问候语拉近双方关系，对对方表示关心，也是一种礼貌，认为越与交际有关，越亲近。
（3）这种问候方式也因人而异，同时随社会发展变化。
对待熟人常采取这种方式。
对待陌生人往往点到为止，不会用这一的见面语。
文化程度高的人，注重对自己的保护，也较少采用这种方式，文化程度不高的人往往用这种方式。
随着中国社会的发展，人们越来越重视对文化的保护，这种方式也在很多情况下被其他方式取代。
2．为什么在我国文化中如此重视谦虚？在改革开放的二十年中在这方面有无变化？答：古代讲“礼”，实际上是维护统治秩序，在言行举止方面讲求礼制，在交往中也是将自己置身于等级差别中。
礼的核心是天地人伦的上尊下卑。
这与较强的群体观念有关，之所以谦虚，是为了不显露自己，为了和大家搞好关系。
改革开放后发生了一些变化，主要因素是：经济地位；女子地位；国际影响。
3．为什么我国在许多地方有送重礼的习俗？近年来有无变化？答：“礼尚往来”是我国文化习俗中的一个重要方面。
在送礼时十分重视礼物的价值，一般说来，礼品越贵重，就越说明对于对方的尊重。
对方的社会地位越高，礼品就越要贵重，否则“拿不出手”。
中国人之所以看重送礼是因为人们希望通过送礼加深与亲戚朋友的关系，扩大自己的关系网。
跨文化交际实用教程Unit7课件
倾听与尊重
积极倾听对方观点，尊重对方的
文化背景和价值观，避免偏见和
03
歧视。
适应与灵活变通
04 在交际过程中，灵活适应对方的 交际方式和文化背景，寻找共同 点与合作的可能性。
03
跨文化交际策略与技巧
文化适应策略
文化包容策略
在跨文化交际中，首先要采取文 化包容策略，尊重并接纳不同文 化背景的交际对象，以开放、宽
跨文化交际实用教程unit7课件
CONTENTS
• 引言 • 文化差异与交际障碍 • 跨文化交际策略与技巧 • 跨文化交际实践案例分析 • 跨文化交际自我提升计划
01
引言
跨文化交际定义与重要性
定义
跨文化交际是指不同文化背景的 人在交际过程中，通过语言、符 号等交流工具来传递信息、沟通 思想的过程。
调整
根据评估结果，对自我提升计划进行调整和优化。例如，如果发现某方面的能力 提升较慢，可以增加相关学习资源和实践机会；如果发现目标设定过高或过低， 可以适当调整目标。
谢谢您的聆听
THANKS
01
倾听技巧
在跨文化交际中，倾听是至关重要的技巧之一。交际者需要耐心倾听对
方表达，理解其观点和需求，从而做出恰准确传达，交际者需要掌握清晰、简洁、生动的表达技巧，
避免使用模糊、晦涩的措辞，降低误解的可能性。
03
非语言交际技巧
除了言语表达外，非语言交际如肢体语言、面部表情、声音语调等也在
旅游场合中的语言交流障碍
旅游时，语言交流障碍可能会给游客带来诸多不便，需要掌握基本的当地语言或英语等通用语言，并借助翻译工具等 解决交流问题。
跨文化交际在旅游服务中的重要性 旅游服务提供者需要掌握跨文化交际技巧，以提供更好的服务和体验，如酒店前台、导游等需要具备良 好的跨文化沟通和理解能力。
跨文化交际 business attitude unit 7
广告的风格
广告的作用
• 1.广告是一种传播工具，是将某一项商品的 信息，由这项商品的生产或经营机构（广 告主）传送给一群用户和消费者； • 2.做广告需要付费； • 3.广告进行的传播活动是带有说服性的； • 4.广告是有目的、有计划，是连续的； • 5.广告不仅对广告主有利，而且对目标对象 也有好处，它可使用户和消费者得到有用 的信息。
广告的特点
• • • • • 1.以营利为目的 2.传播商业信息 3.需要支付广告费用 4. 通过一定的媒介和形式 5.商品面向的对象不同形势上有很大的区别
万宝路（Marlboro） Man Always Remember Love, Because Of Romance Only
美国谈判者
知道何时妥协 谈判前确立一个强硬的立场 事先拒绝让步 以诚信为本 尊重对手 了解如何掌控谈判的进程
善于控制时间并保持稳定 论点简明扼要 尽可能清楚地表达立场
印度谈判者
寻找并说出真理 无所畏惧 训练自我控制能力
寻求能使各参与方满意的解决方案 既不使用暴力也不进行侮辱 以长远的眼光看待事物 做事留有余地，善于沉默和学习 依赖于自身的资源和力量 谦逊并信任对手
1.毕业后，你打算从商吗？你有过从 商的经历吗？ 2.你认为一个成功的商人应该具备怎 样的品质？
• 不同的文化背景不同的生意人 • 谈判风格比较 • 成功的谈判者 • 广告风格与作用
广义上讲 生意 就是以获取利润为目的的商业活动， 例如工厂生产产品、贸易流通物资、批发分流商品、 零售出售商品、服务行业提供服务等。一个生意是否 真正成熟的命门在于其运行起来的“赚钱通道”是否 真的无懈可击。生意之“意”由立，曰和心三个字组 成，解为作为一个生意人，在招待客人时应当以立势同 客人商谈，同时应从客人的角度来思考，体会之心态 来洽谈生意买卖
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7）交流沟通 西方人倾向于使用电子邮件（正式，且为以后查询提供证据），因为打电话易受打扰。工作上更是如此。 西方问询都要排队。 付小费 泰国要付；日本韩国新加坡不需要； 澳大利亚、新西兰：付小费仅限于餐厅、饭馆； 法国、德国、英国：有公开付小费的传统； 意大利：付小费不是公开的，但人们还是接受小费； 中东地区和南非：付小费是理所当然。 付小费的对象：出租车司机、导游、餐馆服务员、旅馆清洁工、送外卖的人员、理发师、美容师等。 不付小费的人员：公务员、邮递员、柜台售货员等。 小费数额：通常：15%,特别满意：20%。西欧：10% 南欧：5% 提行李，一件1至2美元。 付小费的方式：低调 在餐馆，将小费放在茶盘、酒杯下，也可放在服务人员手里；一定要低调。悄悄地，避免给人以施舍的感觉。
9）交通规则与礼仪 在公共场所注意个人形象，避免挖鼻孔，剪指甲，掏耳朵，挠头发等不雅行为。 不在车上吃、喝。
饮食文化 1）西餐餐具摆放规则：BMW 左边面包 中间是主菜 右边是酒 左边是叉 右边是刀和勺子 横在前面的是吃甜食的叉和勺 2）中餐的上菜顺序：凉菜 ；热菜 ；汤 ；水果 西餐上菜的顺序： 开胃菜；沙拉；主菜；甜点 3）中国人是吃完菜再喝汤；西方人是一开始就喝汤 4）中餐规则：茶壶嘴不能对着客人；双手递茶酒 西餐规则：1.吃饭时声音要小，嘴里有东西莫说话 2.咀嚼不出声 3.不能把盘子端起来吃 4.胳膊肘不能放在桌上 5.餐巾放在膝盖上，临时出去放在椅子上，用餐完毕把餐巾放在桌子上 6.刀叉并排放在盘子上表示用餐完毕，刀叉交叉放在盘子上表还没吃完
5）非正式 鸡尾酒会 cocktail party 聚餐 potluck(主人准备一两个主菜和酒水，客人拿自家饭菜来) Tips：不强求别人吃；席间尽量和不同的人打招呼，避免只和熟人聊天；结账时不要争抢，否则不太雅；宴 请结束用邮件表示感谢。 6）馈赠礼物 中国送礼不送伞钟梨鞋。 在日本韩国法国，送菊花不吉利，因为菊花用于葬礼。 在伊斯兰国家，不能送酒或女人的照片。 日本韩国送礼送单数。 西方人不喜欢用现金代替礼物。 韩国人比较喜欢送购物卡或礼品券。 中国人喜欢用红色和金色作包装纸。 西方用五色。 日本人喜欢白色。 韩国送结婚礼金也用白色信封。