英语简史_ABRIEFHISTORYOFENGLISH
英语发展简史精选文档
英语发展简史精选文档 TTMS system office room 【TTMS16H-TTMS2A-TTMS8Q8-英语发展简史在罗马人入侵英格兰之前﹐来自欧洲地区的凯尔特人(Celts﹕属于今天苏格兰﹐爱尔兰人和威尔士人的祖先)已经在英伦列岛居住多年。
罗马人自公元前55年代开始﹐发动对英格兰的入侵﹐但直到公元43年才完全征服英格兰﹐自罗马人入侵到公元410年撤出英格兰﹐罗马人已经在英格兰盘居长达四百年之久。
在罗马人离开后﹐来自欧洲西日耳曼部落‘Angelen’ 地区的盎格鲁人(Angles) ﹑其它部落的撒克逊人(Saxon) ﹑朱特人(Jutes) 和弗里斯兰人(Frisian)开始跨海西迁进入英格兰地区(英语中的‘English’就是出自古词‘englisc ’﹐‘englise’中的‘ Engle’表示‘ the Angles ’﹐即是‘盎格鲁人’的意思)﹐并与当地的凯尔特人(Celts) 为争寻土地发生了长期的战争﹐经历几代后也续渐在英格兰各处定居下来。
凯尔特人(Celts)的国王 Arthur在Celts与日耳曼人之间长久的战争中﹐虽然曾一度与日耳曼停战﹐但最终凯尔特人还是不敌日耳曼人而被驱赶到今天的爱尔兰﹑威尔士和马恩(Man)岛地区﹐日耳曼人称威尔士地区的Celts为‘wealas’意即外国人﹐‘ Welsh ’和‘Wales’亦因此而得名。
英语作为最初期日耳曼人使用的语言﹐自从在英伦半岛生根成长到今天﹐整个语言的演进基本上可以划分为以下4个时期﹕1. Pre-old English. 前古英语时期(从日耳曼人入侵开始至公元500年罗马人撤出英格兰)2. Old English. 古英语时期(公元500-1100)3. Middle English. 中古英语时期(公元1100-1500)4.Modern English. 现代英语时期(公元1500-现在)古英语时期在前古英语时期﹐表记文字只有凯尔特人和日耳曼人受罗马字母影响而产生的RUNES字母。
A-Brief-History-of-English
A-Brief-History-of-EnglishA Brief History of EnglishN o understanding of the English language can be very satisfactory without a notion of the history of the language. But we shall have to make do with just a notion. The history of English is long and complicated, and we can only hit the higl1 spots.不了解英语的历史很难真正掌握这门语言，然而对此我们只能做到略有所知。
因为英语的历史既漫长又复杂，我们只能抓住其发展过程中的几个关键时期。
At the time of the Ro1nan Empire, the speakers of what was to become English were scattered along the northern coast of Europe. They spoke a dialect of Low German. More exactly, they spoke several different dialects, since they were several different tribes. The names given to the tribes who got to England are Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who are referred to collectively as Anglo-Saxons4.在罗马帝国时期，散居在欧洲北部沿海的居民说一种西部德语的方言，这就是英语的前身。
更确切地说，由于隶属于不同的部落，他们说的是几种不同的方言。
关于英语的历史
关于英语的历史英语的历史开始于盎格鲁—撒克逊人对英格兰的占领与统治。
此前，英国本土上的早期语言是当地凯尔特人使用的凯尔特语(Celtic)，其中含有一些拉丁语成分。
此后，英语经历了古英语(Old English)、中古英语(Middle English) 和现代英语(Modern English)三个发展阶段。
公元前 700 年左右，凯尔特人开始越过海峡，迁徙到对岸的不列颠岛上。
这些人中，有一支名叫布立吞人 Britons 的民族成为岛上的主体民族，因此罗马人称该岛为布里塔尼亚 Britannia(布立吞人之地)，英语中的不列颠 Britain 由此而来。
古英语(Old English)古英语时期(公元449-1150年)，英语词汇量约有五六万，其主体是统治者使用的盎格鲁—撒克逊语(Anglo-Saxon)，词汇属于西耳曼支的日耳曼词(Germanic)。
这部分词汇构成今天称之为本族语词(Native Words)的主体公元 43 年，罗马征服不列颠，将其划为帝国西北边陲的一个行省。
然而，北方的皮克特人 Picts 却经常南下骚扰罗马占领下的不列颠。
于是在公元 122 年，哈德良皇帝下令在罗马占领区北面修筑了一条长长的防御工整，这长墙因此被称为哈德良墙。
哈德良墙后来也成为不列颠岛上两个主体民族英格兰人和苏格兰人之间的分界线。
公元 449 年，北方的皮克特人和爱尔兰人大举进犯不列颠。
布立吞人 Britons 从欧洲搬来了几支日耳曼部族的救兵，主要有三支，分别是盎格鲁人 Angles、撒克逊人Saxons 和朱特人 Jutes。
日耳曼援兵们轻松击溃了皮克特人和爱尔兰人，却将本地的布立吞人 Britons 四处驱逐。
入侵者在不列颠建立了七个主要王国，从此不列颠开始被以盎格鲁人为首的日耳曼部族所占领，他们的语言开始发展成一种新语言，即英语English(盎格鲁人的语言)，这个阶段的英语被称为古英语由于公元六世纪晚期基督教的引入，超过 400 个拉丁词被借用引入英语，包括：priest, paper, school 等词，以及一些较少的希腊语词汇公元十、十一世纪，古英语受到了属于北日耳曼语支的古诺尔斯语的强烈影响。
A Brief History of English知识分享
A B r i e f H i s t o r yo f E n g l i s hA Brief History of EnglishN o understanding of the English language can be very satisfactory without a notion of the history of the language. But we shall have to make do with just a notion. The history of English is long and complicated, and we can only hit the higl1 spots.不了解英语的历史很难真正掌握这门语言，然而对此我们只能做到略有所知。
因为英语的历史既漫长又复杂，我们只能抓住其发展过程中的几个关键时期。
At the time of the Ro1nan Empire, the speakers of what was to become English were scattered along the northern coast of Europe. They spoke a dialect of Low German. More exactly, they spoke several different dialects, since they were several different tribes. The names given to the tribes who got to England are Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who are referred to collectively as Anglo-Saxons4.在罗马帝国时期，散居在欧洲北部沿海的居民说一种西部德语的方言，这就是英语的前身。
the brief history of English
Modern English(1500-present)
Some important influences on modern English:
•The Renaissance (文艺复兴) •William Shakespeare •The advent of the printing press •Bible •Industrial Revolution and the rise of the technological society • The expansion of the British Empire and the growth of global trade •American English
Middle English(1100-1500)
the conquest of England by the Norman French
1066, Normans conquered England.
The country now had three languages: French for the nobles, Latin for the churches and English for the common people. So French were usually used to describe the life in the upper society. For example, Englishmen live in houses while Frenchmen live in towers.
The introduction of Christianity: impact on English
Christianity religion enriched English with 400 to 500 words from Greek and Latin. Such as:
history of english英语简史(2)
1.The Great Vowel Shift in English?It happens from 1450 to 1600.V owels that changed:Long vowelsStressed vowelsMonophthongsHigh vowel: /u/ became /au/, house;/i/ became /ai/, my;Mid vowel: /e/ became /i/, feet;/o/ became /u/, do;Low back vowel: /a/ became /ei/, name.But there are some exceptions, steak, great, break, they were not changed.2.Phrases form Shakespeare’s works that have entered common English usage.Love is blind; Salad days; Cold comfort; What the dickens; a foregone conclusion; in my minds eye; it’s Greek to me; play fast and loose;a tower of strength; make a virtue of necessity; at one fell swoop; to the manner born; I must be cruel only to be kind; brevity s the soul of wit; a good riddance; a fool’s paradise.3.Phrases from the King Jame Bible that have entered common English usage.An eye for an eye; My brother’s keeper; Apple of his eye; Go from strength to strength; the skin of my teeth; a drop in the bucket; leopard change his spots; at their wit’s end; handwrit ing is on the wall; tried and found wanting.New Testament examples:To walk the second mile; the straight and narrow path; signs of the times; a law unto himself; filthy lucre; fight the food fight; patience of Job.4.What was Samuel Johnson’s attitude tow ards language change? How and why did he change his mind about it?At the beginning, Samuel Johnson was prescriptive. Afterwards, tended to be descriptive.5. Some phrasesTo coinGlossaryDiphthongTo fixA Table Alphabeticall补充The words English got from other languages.French: explore, progress, essay, entrance, duel, mustache;Spanish: banana, cannibal, maize,potato, tomato, tobacco;Italian: balcony, violin, stanza, volcano, granite, alto;Dutch: smuggler, cruise, knapsack;Polynesian: tattoo;Arabic: sofa, sherbet, mohair;North America: canoe, raccoon,moose, skunkCoffee: Arabic “gahwah”, Turkish “kahveh”, Italian “caffe”.2.The reasons for the great surge in the English language and its literature lie in theunprecedented rate of change in Europe. They are the confluence of three immensely influential historical developments: the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the emergence of England as a maritime power.3.The influence of the Renaissance.The printing press transformed society. It accelerated the education of the rising middle class and half the population had some kind of minimal literacy. The economics of the book trade also encouraged the spread of the vernacular.The revival of learning and the study of classical models produced a new breed of scholar-writers from Thomas More to Francis Bacon. The ransacked classical past provided new words from Latin and Greek.The Renaissance was also a scientific revolution and English had to accommodate these changes. New words were created to describe the new discoveries and new inventions. There were French, Italian, Spanish borrowings.The importance of the Renaissance to the English language was that it added between 10,000 and 12,000 new words to the lexicon.4.The “Lost Colony” story exemplifies the adven turous, maritime side of the Elizabethans. It also shows that the settlement of the New World was extremely hazardous and difficult. In retrospect, that settlement, and the extension of the sway of the English language into a potentially huge arena, seems inevitable, obvious, and natural.5.ShakespeareShakespeare put the vernacular to work and showed those who came after what could be done with it. He filled a universe with words. He had great impact on the patterns and stuff of everyday English speech.。
第一章 英语简史
的盎格鲁、撒克逊以及朱特部落的白人所说的语言演变而来，并通过英国的殖民
活动传播到了世界各地。由于在历史上曾和多种民族语言接触，它的词汇从一元 变为多元，语法从“多曲折”变为“少曲折”，语音也发生了规律性的变化。在
19至20世纪，英国以及美国在文化、经济、军事、政治和科学在世界上的领先地
1 位使得英语成为一种国际语言。如今，许多国际场合都使用英语做为沟通媒介。
• 5、时态 • 6、语法
• 过去分词：The car was stolen. -en；Fred has talked to the police. -ed，但 亦有不规则变化。 • 动名词：Working is good for the soul. -ing • 复数：Fred has two blue eyes. -s（如果名词的尾字是s、x或sh，则需加es，如boxes，dishes） • 比较级：Fred is smarter than Rick.形容词末尾加-er，多音节（3+）在前 面加more，如“more difficult” • 最高级：Fred has the fastest car.形容词末尾加-est，多音节（3+）词在 前面加most，如“the most difficult”
6
五、语言结构
• 1、音系
• 英语音系学是指对英语音系（亦即声音系统）的研究。正如所有语言， 无论考虑历史与否，英语口语的发音大（总计990,000个），《牛津英语字典》（第二版）收录了 超过五十万个条目，包括文学与日常对话中的标准词汇，无论当代、 废弃或古语，也包括主要的科技词汇和大量方言、俚语。 • 自从电子计算机普及以来，使不少与这范畴相关的词语进入大众的生 活；另一方面，与电信科技相关的新词，有不少都是透过词缀的组合 来构成新词。
英语简史(English Version)
A Brief Look at the History of EnglishThe history of English is conventionally, if perhaps too neatly, divided into three periods usually called Old English (or Anglo-Saxon), Middle English, and Modern English. The earliest period begins with the migration of certain Germanic tribes from the continent to Britain in the fifth century A. D., though no records of their language survive from before the seventh century, and it continues until the end of the eleventh century or a bit later. By that time Latin, Old Norse (the language of the Viking invaders), and especially the Anglo-Norman French of the dominant class after the Norman Conquest in 1066 had begun to have a substantial impact on the lexicon, and the well-developed inflectional system that typifies the grammar of Old English had begun to break down. The following brief sample of Old English prose illustrates several of the significant ways in which change has so transformed English that we must look carefully to find points of resemblance between the language of the tenth century and our own. It is taken from Aelfric's "Homily on St. Gregory the Great" and concerns the famous story of how that pope came to send missionaries to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity after seeing Anglo-Saxon boys for sale as slaves in Rome:Eft he axode, hu ðære ðeode nama wære þe hi of comon. Him wæs geandwyrd, þæt hi Angle genemnode wæron. Þa cwæð he, "Rihtlice hi sind Angle gehatene, for ðan ðe hi engla wlite habbað, and swilcum gedafenað þæt hi on heofonum engla geferan beon."A few of these words will be recognized as identical in spelling with their modern equivalents -- he, of, him, for, and, on -- and the resemblance of a few others to familiar words may be guessed -- nama to name, comon to come, wære to were, wæs to was -- but only those who have made a special study of Old English will be able to read the passage with understanding. The sense of it is as follows: "Again he [St. Gregory] asked what might be the name of the people from which they came. It was answered to him that they were named Angles. Then he said, 'Rightly are they called Angles because they have the beauty of angels, and it is fitting that such as they should be angels' companions in heaven.' " Some of the words in the original have survived in altered form, including axode (asked), hu (how), rihtlice (rightly), engla (angels), habbað (have), swilcum (such), heofonum (heaven), and beon (be). Others, however, have vanished from our lexicon, mostly without a trace, including several that were quite common words in Old English: eft "again," ðeode "people, nation," cwæð"said, spoke," gehatene "called, named," wlite "appearance, beauty," and geferan "companions." Recognition of some words is naturally hindered by the presence of two special characters, þ, called "thorn," and ð, called "edh," which served in Old English to represent the sounds now spelled with th.Other points worth noting include the fact that the pronoun system did not yet, in the late tenth century, include the third person plural forms beginning with th-: hi appears where we would use they. Several aspects of word order will also strike the reader as oddly unlike ours. Subject and verb are inverted after an adverb -- þa cwæð he "Then said he" -- a phenomenonnot unknown in Modern English but now restricted to a few adverbs such as never and requiring the presence of an auxiliary verb like do or have. In subordinate clauses the main verb must be last, and so an object or a preposition may precede it in a way no longer natural: þe hi of comon "which they from came," for ðan ðe hi engla wlite habbað"because they angels' beauty have."Perhaps the most distinctive difference between Old and Modern English reflected in Aelfric's sentences is the elaborate system of inflections, of which we now have only remnants. Nouns, adjectives, and even the definite article are inflected for gender, case, and number: ðære ðeode "(of) the people" is feminine, genitive, and singular, Angle "Angles" is masculine, accusative, and plural, and swilcum "such" is masculine, dative, and plural. The system of inflections for verbs was also more elaborate than ours: for example, habbað "have" ends with the -að suffix characteristic of plural present indicative verbs. In addition, there were two imperative forms, four subjunctive forms (two for the present tense and two for the preterit, or past, tense), and several others which we no longer have. Even where Modern English retains a particular category of inflection, the form has often changed. Old English present participles ended in -ende not -ing, and past participles bore a prefix ge- (as geandwyrd "answered" above).The period of Middle English extends roughly from the twelfth century through the fifteenth. The influence of French (and Latin, often by way of French) upon the lexicon continued throughout this period, the loss of some inflections and the reduction of others (often to a final unstressed vowel spelled -e) accelerated, and many changes took place within the phonological and grammatical systems of the language. A typical prose passage, especially one from the later part of the period, will not have such a foreign look to us as Aelfric's prose has; but it will not be mistaken for contemporary writing either. The following brief passage is drawn from a work of the late fourteenth century called Mandeville's Travels. It is fiction in the guise of travel literature, and, though it purports to be from the pen of an English knight, it was originally written in French and later translated into Latin and English. In this extract Mandeville describes the land of Bactria, apparently not an altogether inviting place, as it is inhabited by "full yuele [evil] folk and full cruell."In þat lond ben trees þat beren wolle, as þogh it were of scheep; whereof men maken clothes, and all þing þat may ben made of wolle. In þat contree ben many ipotaynes, þat dwellen som tyme in the water, and somtyme on the lond: and þei ben half man and half hors, as I haue seyd before; and þei eten men, whan þei may take hem. And þere ben ryueres and watres þat ben fulle byttere, þree sithes more þan is the water of the see. In þat contrében many griffounes, more plentee þan in ony other contree. Sum men seyn þat þei han the body vpward as an egle, and benethe as a lyoun: and treuly þei seyn soth þat þei ben of þat schapp. But o griffoun hath the body more gret, and is more strong, þanne eight lyouns, of suche lyouns as ben o this half; and more gret and strongere þan an hundred egles, suche as we han amonges vs. For o griffoun þere wil bere fleynge to his nest a gret hors, 3if he may fynde him at the poynt, or two oxen 3oked togidere, as þei gon at the plowgh.The spelling is often peculiar by modern standards and even inconsistent within these few sentences (contré and contree, o [griffoun] and a [gret hors], þanne and þan, for example). Moreover, in the original text, there is in addition to thorn another old character 3, called "yogh," to make difficulty. It can represent several sounds but here may be thought of as equivalent to y. Even the older spellings (including those where u stands for v or vice versa) are recognizable, however, and there are only a few words like ipotaynes "hippopotamuses" and sithes "times" that have dropped out of the language altogether. We may notice a few words and phrases that have meanings no longer common such as byttere "salty," o this half "on this side of the world," and at the poynt "to hand," and the effect of the centuries-long dominance of French on the vocabulary is evident in many familiar words which could not have occurred in Aelfric's writing even if his subject had allowed them, words like contree, ryueres, plentee, egle, and lyoun.In general word order is now very close to that of our time, though we notice constructions like hath the body more gret and three sithes more þan is the water of the see. We also notice that present tense verbs still receive a plural inflection as in beren, dwellen, han, and ben and that while nominative þei has replaced Aelfric's hi in the third person plural, the form for objects is still hem. All the same, the number of inflections for nouns, adjectives, and verbs has been greatly reduced, and in most respects Mandeville is closer to Modern than to Old English.The period of Modern English extends from the sixteenth century to our own day. The early part of this period saw the completion of a revolution in the phonology of English that had begun in late Middle English and that effectively redistributed the occurrence of the vowel phonemes to something approximating their present pattern. (Mandeville's English would have sounded even less familiar to us than it looks.) Other important early developments include the stabilizing effect on spelling of the printing press and the beginning of the direct influence of Latin and, to a lesser extent, Greek on the lexicon. Later, as English came into contact with other cultures around the world and distinctive dialects of English developed in the many areas which Britain had colonized, numerous other languages made small but interesting contributions to our word-stock.The historical aspect of English really encompasses more than the three stages of development just under consideration. English has what might be called a prehistory as well. As we have seen, our language did not simply spring into existence; it was brought from the Continent by Germanic tribes who had no form of writing and hence left no records. Philologists know that they must have spoken a dialect of a language that can be called West Germanic and that other dialects of this unknown language must have included the ancestors of such languages as German, Dutch, Low German, and Frisian. They know this because of certain systematic similarities which these languages share with each other but do not share with, say, Danish. However, they have had somehow to reconstruct what that language was like in its lexicon, phonology, grammar, and semantics as best they can through sophisticated techniques of comparison developed chiefly during the last century. Similarly, because ancientand modern languages like Old Norse and Gothic or Icelandic and Norwegian have points in common with Old English and Old High German or Dutch and English that they do not share with French or Russian, it is clear that there was an earlier unrecorded language that can be called simply Germanic and that must be reconstructed in the same way. Still earlier, Germanic was just a dialect (the ancestors of Greek, Latin, and Sanskrit were three other such dialects) of a language conventionally designated Indo-European, and thus English is just one relatively young member of an ancient family of languages whose descendants cover a fair portion of the globe.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
The Book of Exeter is the largest surviving collection of poetry.
Viking Invasion
The Vikings were sea-faring, explorers, traders and warriors, Scandinavians during the 8th-11th centuries.
Expeditions that plundered and ended in conquest and settlements of Britain.
King Alfred “the Great” in 871 was able to use the language to appeal the English and his efforts saved the language.
英语简史 A Brief History of English
…或者 为什么它那么难以掌握… ...or why this language is so difficult to master...
早期影响英语的各种文化因素
Overview of English Influences Pre-History-1066 A.D. C.R.A.V.N.
Importance of the Viking Invasions
Politically and Culturally- there was no central government or church* BUT The Anglo-Saxon Code is evident in Beowulf.
We study English history to understand the CONTEXT of Beowulf, and we study Beowulf to understand the world which was OLD ENGLISH.
Consider the fighting, hunting, farming and loving Anglo-Saxon heritage. The Non-Christians only hope was for fame and commemoration in poetry.
Roman Occupation
Hadrian’s Wall
Important Events During Roman Occupation
Julius Caesar begins invasion/occupation in 55 B.C.
Occupation completed by Claudius in 1st Century A.D.
Anglo-Saxon Literature
Germanic ethos that celebrated the warrior and his exploits.
Most storytelling was oral.
Old English Poetry became distinctive...
3. Caesura- a break or pause in poetry
RUNES: Anglo-Saxon alphabet/OLD ENGLISH. Runes were probably brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians, and were used until about the 11th century. Runic inscription are mostly found on jewelry, weapons, stones and other objects. Very few examples of Runic writing on manuscripts have survived.
1. Alliteration- repetition of consonant sounds
2. Kenning- a metaphor expressed as a compound noun - “whalepath” for the seaCaesura- a break or pause in poetry
The Celts were Pagans and their religion was known as “animism” a Latin word for “spirit.”
Druids were their priests and when clans had disputes, they intervened to settle them.
“The Common Source”
Sir William Jones- a British judge stationdiscovers that Sanskrit bears a striking resemblance to Latin and Greek.
INDO-EUROPEAN IS THE COMMON SOURCE OF LANGUAGE
Indo-European languages
Pre-Historical/Pre-Roman
The Celts/Pre-Roman
The island we know as England was invaded by two groups of people: 1. Celts: known as Bythons (now spelled Britons) and 2. Gaels (who settled on the island now known as Ireland).
The Most Important Results of the Roman Occupation
Established camps that eventually became towns. Maintained relative peace. Latin heavily influenced the English language. Christianity begins to replace Paganism, especially after St. Augustine converts King Aethelbert in 597.
Linguistically
Old English is born- mainly Germanic (although even Germanic languages are derived from a theoretical Proto-Indo-European language, the grandparent of classical languages such as Greek, Sanskrit, Latin and German).
Indo-European “the common source” (languages now spoken by 1/3 of the human race include Latin, French, Spanish, Slavic language, Russian, the Celtic languages, Irish, Scots Gaelic, and the offshoots of German- Dutch and English.
The Anglo-Saxon Period 410-787 A.D.
Anglo-Saxons-Jutes
Important Events in the (First) AngloSaxon Period
410-450 Angles and Saxons invade from Baltic shores of Germany, and Jutes invade from Jutland peninsula in Denmark, thus driving out the Celts.
Romans “leave” in 407 A.D. because Visigoths attack Rome (this leaves Britain defenseless)
St. Augustine (the “other” St. Augustine) lands in Kent in 597 and converts King Aethelbert (King of Kent, the oldest Saxon settlement) to Christianity; becomes first Archbishop of Caterbury
Anglo-Saxon Poetry and Riddles The Book of Exeter
Contains more than 30 poems and 90 riddles.
Written down by monks in about 975, our primary source of Anglo-Saxon poetry
Celts (Brythons and Gaels) up to 55 B.C.
Roman Conquest 55 B.C. - 407 A.D.
Anglo-Saxon Period 407 A.D. - 787 A.D.
Viking Invasions 787 A.D. - 1066 A.D.
Noman Conquest begins in 1066 A.D.
Dominant mood in poetry is elegiac, or mournful