商城购物系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务网上购物中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)附件1：外文翻译译文网上购物的自由、控制和乐趣网上购物的消费者数量和网上购物的数额正在上升；费雷斯特研究公司估计，今年互联网销售额是去年的20亿倍以上。
相比之下，美国去年的整体零售销售额达13万亿美元。
因此，目前电子商务的销售额仅占零售销售额的1%左右。
专家和学者闷得争执消费者网上消费的百分比的可能上限。
网上消费上限将超过其他直接营销的15%，或者如费雷斯特研究公司所建议的，到2010年占许多零售采购产品类别的1/3.最终，在何种程度上满足购物目标导向和有经验的消费者需求将影响消费者会选择花在每个环境中的美元金额。
虽然许多作家都在鼓吹在线媒体提供交互性和个性化的体验的独特功能，例如，很少有系统的集中于网上购物者真正需要什么，以及为什么他们把网上购物放在第一位清楚的了解什么激发消费者网上购物可以并应告知战略、技术和市场营销的决定，以及网站设计。
那么，什么激发网上购物？在离线的环境中营销人员认识到，消费者不同的消费方式取决于他们用于搜索的动机是否主要是体验（因为好玩）还是目标导向（因为效率高）。
我们的网上客户的研究表明，这两种动机同样可以推广到在线环境。
体验行为特别可能发生在消费者有一个持续的爱好型的兴趣类别中。
收藏家和爱好者享受“惊险的狩猎”一样收藏各种收藏品。
同样，有时间保证和欲望刺激可以引起更多的体验购物行为。
学者们还发现，更高的娱乐性与体验行为比专注于目标的购物引起更积极的情绪、更大的网上购物满意度和更高可能性的购物冲动行为。
目标导向或功利购物已被各种营销学者描述为任务导向的，高效的，合理的和蓄意的。
因此，专注于目标的购物是以交易为导向，希望快速购买他们想要的东西而无需焦急。
零售消费者将功力购买描述为“工作”和评估其努力的成功的条款通常与工作表现相关词汇联系起来，如“成功”“完成”。
重要的是，市场调查公司发现，2/3到4/5的互联网买家从事特定产品的狭义在线搜索。
电子商务退货系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Electricity return system1.Title of the SystemReturn system is an essential part of all e-commerce sites, consumers are all want to buy goods or services on the Internet is guaranteed, no return of the system, it means that the consumers as long as it is paid out, the product must be consumer, no matter whether to buy the goods consumers need, have to bear the risk alone, this is not fair for the consumer, not strictly, perfect return system, e-business cannot be long-term survival.Return system, is online shopping platform, according to some consumption agreement can not only guarantee the safety of the consumer, also make merchants also tend to reduce consumer pays to encounter unscrupulous merchants and probability, and reduce themerchants have unreasonable the probability of the customer.Enable e-commerce platform to better survive longer.So, any e-commerce platform from the return of the platform system.2.Objectives of the SystemThis system is a typical electricity company manager to handle all sorts of the best choice for return requirements.The system development is the purpose of through the provision of computer system, to improve the rationality of the return, manage the interests of consumers and businesses, make full use of personnel's ability, in order to realize the company's goals.It provides a platform for the electricity order information list and returned the details is easy to use solution.The project achieve the following goals:It is a powerful management system, provide for the general electric business platform for return of the interface.Unlike other systems, it is stable, fast, safe and can use maintainable software.The system provides the details of the return in the form of effective information and order information.It will be to provide the return of details to generate various reports and statistical data.3.Input to the SystemThe input data of this system, mainly through the form input.The system provides the end user has a good interface provides a simple.Input is the process from consumers and businesses online, there is no we can substitute.The following methods of input from the user depend on thefunction and enter the expected effect.(1)Login.javaSystem allows a valid user name and password to access the home er and password in order to verify the system is safe.(2)WriteReturnMessage.javaIn this approach, consumers can fill in a refund reason and refund amount, and can upload the return of the need to use the images, the refund details including the refund of reason, leave a message to businesses, companies need a refund amount, etc.(3)UpdateInformation.javaThis approach allows consumers and businesses for their personal information details.The detailed information including contact phone number, shipping address, etc.Businesses and consumers can be modified by changing the button and deposit in the database.4.Output of the System(1)MyselfInformation.javaIn the upper right corner of the system, you can see there is a button, click on the following would be the MyselfInformation. In Java, and then based on the storage of login id, can be consumer or business name, contact phone number, shipping address such as shown.(2)Orderlist.javaThis approach allows consumers to check all order details.System in order for every order generates a unique identification number.Order information including order number, order time, purchase quantity, order status, customer accounts, order the total price, article number, commodity picture, commodity price and name of commodity, etc.(3)ReturnList.javaThis approach allows consumers and businesses to check the detailed information list all returned.System in order for every single back to generate a unique identification number.Return a single information including a refund number, order number, customer accounts, total price order, refund amount, refund time, refund status, merchant accounts, etc.5.Process LogicThis system mainly divided into three functional modules: administrator user function module, user function module of consumers and business users function module.Consumers can through the menu bar "query information", "personal information", "query all orders", "query already delivery orders", "query is not shipment order", "query have been receiving orders", "orders" of the query returns the function such as options.Among them, the query all orders can be opposite has delivery, did not deliver goods, have been receiving orders for queries, simplify the operation of consumers, and save time.Quickly solve the problem of return for consumer laid a good foundation.For businesses, the return of the system to protect the interests of businesses also appears as important.Through the electronic return system can conveniently query merchants received consumer's application for refund.Through the login system also can query to run the store sales, consumers return the cause and the refund amount, etc., establish a call between businesses and consumers.Merchants "to check the return reason" function allows merchants timely grasp the consumers return reason, better improve their stores, in order to improve the benefit of theirstores.6.Limitations of the Project(1)the interface design is relatively simple, the lack of dynamic effects, as well as a friendly reminder.(2)the personnel of the service when handling return dispute algorithm is lack of convincing.7.Tools/Platforms, Language usedThis system at the front desk mainly using JSP technology.The background using the servlet technology, combined with spring MVC thought to carry on the design and implementation.Database using Mysql relational database.Development is the eclipse development tools used, tomcat as a test server.JSP technology, JSP full name for the Java Server Pages, Chinese named Java Server Pages, the root is a simplified design of Servlet, JSP technology is similar to the ASP technology, it is in a traditional web page HTML files (scriptlets) and insert the Java program in JSP tags (tag), thus forming a JSP file, the suffix called (*. JSP).Use JSP development of Web application is cross-platform, can run under Linux, can also run on other operating systems.Java Servlet is JSP technology base, and a large Web application development requires Java Servlet and JSP to cooperate to complete.JSP with Java technology is simple and easy to use, fully object-oriented, with platform neutrality and safe and reliable, and for all the characteristics of the Internet.8.Are you doing the system for industry /client?Not, I do is, browser/server system is applied to the browser9.Scope of Future ApplicationE-commerce platform10.Backgroud of the SystemSocial development faster and faster, people pursue the higher and higher living standards, the accelerating rhythm of life, people's shopping habits are slowly changing.Street shopping, for the people of the gens going to work is a very extravagant thing, rest time, store of rising prices, make people more and more tends to online shopping.The continuous improvement of the Internet, e-commerce has been the rise of the network is virtual, people can see goods only by pictures and video to determine whether to buy, "dirty" businessman to benefit by means of shoddy, make consumer rights are threatened, greater impact at the same time, the development of the economy will slow development.So, what can solve the problem of the Internet is not the same as the physical objects and pictures?Along with the rapid development of network and information technology in all walks of life, the development of online shopping with digital, e-commerce return system emerged.The rapid development of computer technology and logistics delivery service's existence, for the development of electronic commerce laid a strong material base.电商退货系统1.系统摘要退货系统是所有电子商务网站都必不可少的，消费者都是希望自己在网上所买的物品或者服务是得到保证的，没有退货系统，那意味着消费者只要是付完款，产品就必定是消费者的，不管所买到的商品是否是消费者所需要的，都将要独自承担这一风险，这对消费者是不公平的，没有严格，完善的退货系统，电子商务是无法长久生存的。
英文翻译文献-小商品销售管理系统设计
Network Information Management SystemA.Crewe &A.g. paddockFerranti International plcComputer-based supervisory Control and Data Acquisition syetems (SCADA) are already established for the monitoring and control of high voltage （33-400kv）transmission and distribution networks. Systems already installed use semi-graphic Man machine Interface (MMI) technology. New targets are the much higher density low voltage（under 11kv）distribution networks with high resolution colour graphics workstations providing the MMI.These demand facilities to provide fast network roam （Pan）and detail-adding zoom/de-zoom （clutter/declutter）on control engineers multi-windowed displays.To populate the diagram，interfaces are necessary to large sophisticated relational databases and a real-time database which is updated by telemetered values in real-time.Graphics display technology in energy management Systems is not a recent innovation.As early as 1966，monochrome graphics displays using cursive writing technology，with screen resolutions of 1024×1024，were installed to monitor the CEGB supergrid.Since then，graphics displays have become based on high resolution raster technology with a consequent reduction in cost，and colour has come providing typically 256 on screen hues.The de facto industry standard resolution is now 1280×1024 on a 20 to 25 inch diagonal monitor，although higher resolutions，upto 2560×2048，are available at substantially greater cost.Ferranti International has been developing a distribution management system which integrates dynamic display of low voltage networks on high resolution colour graphics equipment with flexible access to the network’s supporting relational databases，able to run on demand，application programs for load forecasting，economic despatch，and power system modelling.Based on extensive experience gained with.Ferranti’s high voltage network SCADA systems，the new product has been termed a network information management system or NIMS.NIMS is written in a combination of ANSI FORTRAN 77 and‘C’.It interfaces to the displays via version 11 of x-Windows（utilising MOTIF）and a relational database via Structured Query Language （SQL）.By making full use of these standards，portability across a wide range of hardware platforms under operating systems such as VMS and UNIX is assured.Use of the X-Windows System provides great System flexibility in terms of display monitor without or distribute these windows over several monitors without any software changes.In addition network can appear in a window providing it adheres to the x-windows standard.The central problem faced by NIMS on a low voltage distribution network is its much higher density compared with a relatively sparsely populated high voltage transmission network. To provide a computer-based colour graphics display replacement for the traditional wall diagram used for the past thirty years，needs some means of representing，with no loss of facilities，a wall area of upto 5 000 square feet.The wall diagram may be old-fashioned technology but the experienced control engineer can access information from widely separated areas of the network in seconds.On the graphics display he must be able to do no less. He must be able to quickly navigate around the network using an overall’world co-ordinate’view with unnecessary detail filtered out and then zoom in with the detail he needs being automatically added to the picture as a function of current magnification.In other cases,he needs to go directly and immediately to a particulat page using a n area or plant item name just as he could using his memory of the wall diagram. These favilities and their necessary speed of operation dictate basic parameters of system performance.Pull down/pop-up menus and display windowing are related graphics features of NIMS which offer something new.Menus are associated with input and greatly reduce the use of the trafitional keyboard,speeding the selectin of options and data entry,acting as an aide memoire to system operation and diminishing keying errors.Display windowing enables different parts of the screen to be used simultaneously for different purposes. A major window may contain a network diagram being dybanically updated whilst a second shows an overview of the whole network indicating the position of the major window on it,and a third contains a tabular list of current alarms which the engineer may scroll up and down. Where NIMS is added to an existing telecontrol system,the display monitors of the telecontrol system can be replaced by windows on the NIMS workstationd.It is possible to expand,contract and move windows containing dynamically updated diagrams and other data,and partially or wholly overlay them. Where operational safety is not prejudiced by a window obscuring vital data,the engineer may be allowed to set up the screen to match his particular requirements at a given time.The flexibility of the colour graphics display allows further types of data to be presented in windows. The emulation of chart recorders with vertically plotted high quality curves is possible and other analogue values can be shown in meter,pie chart, polar co-ordinate form,or as bar graphs. All these help to ensure that information is more easily and rapidly assimilated by control engineers.Behind every network is a vast amount of data associated with network planning and day to day operation.For examplr,on every item of plant there are records covering its location,capacity,manufacturer,when it is due for maintenance and so on.Day to day documentation is held covering job management, scheduled, unscheduled and other safety documents.This type of data is currently accumulated on a variety of computer-based or even written media.With the increases in efficiency and economy being sought,a new generation of network management system is needed with will provide responsive and flexible access to all of this data in addition to the largely diagrammatic data from the network,and integrate the two.As an example of benefits obtainable,one wondow on the display might show part of the network indicating a faulty breaker whilst a secand might show tabular information on the same breaker indicating the maintenance status,obtained form plant records,whilst a third might show tabular information on customers affected by the fault , obtained from customer records.The ability to associate this data on thescreen at the same time relies heavily on the properties of the relational database.A further example integrates diagram dressing with the issue of job lists,swithing forms and permits to work.Disgram dressing carried out on the display by the control engineer to reflect his own actions or those of enginers in the field may be visually and computer vetted against the generation of the requisite documentation and permits,heid on computer-based records.Again the properties of the relational database are vital.When considering data migration,may of the Electricty Distribution Companies have already invested in CAD/CAM equipment and digitised portions of their 11KV Network. Because the majority have purchased Intergraph equipment for this purpose,a conversion tool,using data sourced from one of the Distribution Companies, has recently been completed which translate data in Intergraph format to NIMS format preserving this investment.This tool could be adapted to accommodate other CAD\CAM systems.The graphics information system has had a substantial and beneficial impact on the monitoring of high voltage transmission networks.Powerful new tools such as the Frttanti NIMS are emerging to meet the challenge of monitoringthe much higher density low voltage distribution networks.With their world-eye colour graphics displays,finger-tip access to the entire network relational database,and on-line network modelling,these will bring enormously greater operational convenience and efficiency,contributing to fewer emergency outages,greater safety,more economic generation,extended plant life,and many other improvements to network management,which will result in substantial reductions in operating costs in all sectors.NIMs has been designed to directly replace the wall mimic and paper information systems traditionally used in the electricity distribution industry.However,its applicabilty to utilities as vatied as water and gas is practcal since complementary water and low pressure gas modelling packages can be included.网络信息管理系统Ferranti国际可编程序控制器(plc)计算机监控和数据采集系统(SCADA)已经建立的监测和控制的高电压(33-400kv)输电及配电网络。
毕业设计商场中英文对照英文版
Structural Systems to resist lateral loads Commonly Used structural SystemsWith loads measured in tens of thousands kips, there is little room in the design of high-rise buildings for excessively complex thoughts. Indeed, the better high-rise buildings carry the universal traits of simplicity of thought and clarity of expression.It does not follow that there is no room for grand thoughts. Indeed, it is with such grand thoughts that the new family of high-rise buildings has evolved. Perhaps more important, the new concepts of but a few years ago have become commonplace in today’ s technology.Omitting some concepts that are related strictly to the materials of construction, the most commonly used structural systems used in high-rise buildings can be categorized as follows:1.Moment-resisting frames.2.Braced frames, including eccentrically braced frames.3.Shear walls, including steel plate shear walls.4.Tube-in-tube structures.5.Tube-in-tube structures.6.Core-interactive structures.7.Cellular or bundled-tube systems.Particularly with the recent trend toward more complex forms, but in response also to the need for increased stiffness to resist the forces from wind and earthquake, most high-rise buildings have structural systems built up of combinations of frames, braced bents, shear walls, and related systems. Further, for the taller buildings, the majorities are composed of interactive elements in three-dimensional arrays.The method of combining these elements is the very essence of the design process for high-rise buildings. These combinations need evolve in response to environmental, functional, and cost considerations so as to provide efficient structures that provoke the architectural development to new heights. This is not to say that imaginative structural design can create great architecture. To the contrary, many examples of fine architecture have been created with only moderate support from the structural engineer, while only fine structure, not great architecture, can be developed without the genius and the leadership of a talented architect. In any event, the best of both isneeded to formulate a truly extraordinary design of a high-rise building.While comprehensive discussions of these seven systems are generally available in the literature, further discussion is warranted here .The essence of the design process is distributed throughout the discussion.Moment-Resisting FramesPerhaps the most commonly used system in low-to medium-rise buildings, the moment-resisting frame, is characterized by linear horizontal and vertical members connected essentially rigidly at their joints. Such frames are used as a stand-alone system or in combination with other systems so as to provide the needed resistance to horizontal loads. In the taller of high-rise buildings, the system is likely to be found inappropriate for a stand-alone system, this because of the difficulty in mobilizing sufficient stiffness under lateral forces.Analysis can be accomplished by STRESS, STRUDL, or a host of other appropriate computer programs; analysis by the so-called portal method of the cantilever method has no place in today’s technology.Because of the intrinsic flexibility of the column/girder intersection, and because preliminary designs should aim to highlight weaknesses of systems, it is not unusual to use center-to-center dimensions for the frame in the preliminary analysis. Of course, in the latter phases of design, a realistic appraisal in-joint deformation is essential.Braced Frame sThe braced frame, intrinsically stiffer than the moment –resisting frame, finds also greater application to higher-rise buildings. The system is characterized by linear horizontal, vertical, and diagonal members, connected simply or rigidly at their joints. It is used commonly in conjunction with other systems for taller buildings and as a stand-alone system in low-to medium-rise buildings.While the use of structural steel in braced frames is common, concrete frames are more likely to be of the larger-scale variety.Of special interest in areas of high seismicity is the use of the eccentric braced frame.Again, analysis can be by STRESS, STRUDL, or any one of a series of two –or three dimensional analysis computer programs. And again, center-to-center dimensions are used commonly in the preliminary analysis.Shear wallsThe shear wall is yet another step forward along a progression of ever-stiffer structural systems. The system is characterized by relatively thin, generally (but not always) concrete elements that provide both structural strength and separation between building functions.In high-rise buildings, shear wall systems tend to have a relatively high aspect ratio, that is, their height tends to be large compared to their width. Lacking tension in the foundation system, any structural element is limited in its ability to resist overturning moment by the width of the system and by the gravity load supported by the element. Limited to a narrow overturning, One obvious use of the system, which does have the needed width, is in the exterior walls of building, where the requirement for windows is kept small.Structural steel shear walls, generally stiffened against buckling by a concrete overlay, have found application where shear loads are high. The system, intrinsically more economical than steel bracing, is particularly effective in carrying shear loads down through the taller floors in the areas immediately above grade. The sys tem has the further advantage of having high ductility a feature of particular importance in areas of high seismicity.The analysis of shear wall systems is made complex because of the inevitable presence of large openings through these walls. Preliminary analysis can be by truss-analogy, by the finite element method, or by making use of a proprietary computer program designed to consider the interaction, or coupling, of shear walls.Framed or Braced TubesThe concept of the framed or braced or braced tube erupted into the technology with the IBM Building in Pittsburgh, but was followed immediately with the twin 110-story towers of the World Trade Center, New York and a number of other buildings .The system is characterized by three –dimensional frames, braced frames, or shear walls, forming a closed surface more or less cylindrical in nature, but of nearly any plan configuration. Because those columns that resist lateral forces are placed as far as possible from the cancroids of the system, the overall moment of inertia is increased and stiffness is very high.The analysis of tubular structures is done using three-dimensional concepts, or by two- dimensional analogy, where possible, whichever method is used, it must be capable of accounting for the effects of shear lag.The presence of shear lag, detected first in aircraft structures, is a serious limitation in the stiffness of framed tubes. The concept has limited recent applications of framed tubes to the shear of 60 stories. Designers have developed various techniques for reducing the effects of shear lag, most noticeably the use of belt trusses. This system finds application in buildings perhaps 40stories and higher. However, except for possible aesthetic considerations, belt trusses interfere with nearly every building function associated with the outside wall; the trusses are placed often at mechanical floors, mush to the disapproval of the designers of the mechanical systems. Nevertheless, as a cost-effective structural system, the belt truss works well and will likely find continued approval from designers. Numerous studies have sought to optimize the location of these trusses, with the optimum location very dependent on the number of trusses provided. Experience would indicate, however, that the location of these trusses is provided by the optimization of mechanical systems and by aesthetic considerations, as the economics of the structural system is not highly sensitive to belt truss location.Tube-in-Tube StructuresThe tubular framing system mobilizes every column in the exterior wall in resisting over-turning and shearing forces. The term‘tube-in-tube’is largely self-explanatory in that a second ring of columns, the ring surrounding the central service core of the building, is used as an inner framed or braced tube. The purpose of the second tube is to increase resistance to over turning and to increase lateral stiffness. The tubes need not be of the same character; that is, one tube could be framed, while the other could be braced.In considering this system, is important to understand clearly the difference between the shear and the flexural components of deflection, the terms being taken from beam analogy. In a framed tube, the shear component of deflection is associated with the bending deformation of columns and girders (i.e, the webs of the framed tube) while the flexural component is associated with the axial shortening and lengthening of columns (i.e, the flanges of the framed tube). In a braced tube, the shear component of deflection is associated with the axial deformation of diagonals while the flexural component of deflection is associated with the axial shortening and lengthening of columns.Following beam analogy, if plane surfaces remain plane (i.e, the floor slabs),then axial stresses in the columns of the outer tube, being farther form the neutral axis, will be substantiallylarger than the axial stresses in the inner tube. However, in the tube-in-tube design, when optimized, the axial stresses in the inner ring of columns may be as high, or even higher, than the axial stresses in the outer ring. This seeming anomaly is associated with differences in the shearing component of stiffness between the two systems. This is easiest to under-stand where the inner tube is conceived as a braced (i.e, shear-stiff) tube while the outer tube is conceived as a framed (i.e, shear-flexible) tube.Core Interactive StructuresCore interactive structures are a special case of a tube-in-tube wherein the two tubes are coupled together with some form of three-dimensional space frame. Indeed, the system is used often wherein the shear stiffness of the outer tube is zero. The United States Steel Building, Pittsburgh, illustrates the system very well. Here, the inner tube is a braced frame, the outer tube has no shear stiffness, and the two systems are coupled if they were considered as systems passing in a straight line from the “hat”structure. Note that the exterior columns would be improperly modeled if they were considered as systems passing in a straight line from the “hat”to the foundations; these columns are perhaps 15% stiffer as they follow the elastic curve of the braced core. Note also that the axial forces associated with the lateral forces in the inner columns change from tension to compression over the height of the tube, with the inflection point at about 5/8 of the height of the tube. The outer columns, of course, carry the same axial force under lateral load for the full height of the columns because the columns because the shear stiffness of the system is close to zero.The space structures of outrigger girders or trusses, that connect the inner tube to the outer tube, are located often at several levels in the building. The AT&T headquarters is an example of an astonishing array of interactive elements:1.The structural system is 94 ft (28.6m) wide, 196ft(59.7m) long, and 601ft (183.3m) high.2.Two inner tubes are provided, each 31ft(9.4m) by 40 ft (12.2m), centered 90 ft (27.4m) apart in the long direction of the building.3.The inner tubes are braced in the short direction, but with zero shear stiffness in the long direction.4. A single outer tube is supplied, which encircles the building perimeter.5.The outer tube is a moment-resisting frame, but with zero shear stiffness for the center50ft (15.2m) of each of the long sides.6. A space-truss hat structure is provided at the top of the building.7. A similar space truss is located near the bottom of the building8.The entire assembly is laterally supported at the base on twin steel-plate tubes, because the shear stiffness of the outer tube goes to zero at the base of the building.Cellular structuresA classic example of a cellular structure is the Sears Tower, Chicago, a bundled tube structure of nine separate tubes. While the Sears Tower contains nine nearly identical tubes, the basic structural system has special application for buildings of irregular shape, as the several tubes need not be similar in plan shape, It is not uncommon that some of the individual tubes one of the strengths and one of the weaknesses of the system.This special weakness of this system, particularly in framed tubes, has to do with the concept of differential column shortening. The shortening of a column under load is given by the expression△=ΣfL/EFor buildings of 12 ft (3.66m) floor-to-floor distances and an average compressive stress of 15 ksi (138MPa), the shortening of a column under load is 15 (12)(12)/29,000 or 0.074in (1.9mm) per story. At 50 stories, the column will have shortened to 3.7 in. (94mm) less than its unstressed length. Where one cell of a bundled tube system is, say, 50stories high and an adjacent cell is, say, 100stories high, those columns near the boundary between .the two systems need to have this differential deflection reconciled.Major structural work has been found to be needed at such locations. In at least one building, the Rialto Project, Melbourne, the structural engineer found it necessary to vertically pre-stress the lower height columns so as to reconcile the differential deflections of columns in close proximity with the post-tensioning of the shorter column simulating the weight to be added on to adjacent, higher columns。
网上书店管理系统外文资料翻译中文版
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系 ： 信息工程学院专 业： 计算机科学与技术姓 名： xxxxxx 学 号： xxxxxxxxx外文出处： Thinking.In.Java.4th.Edition附 件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：签名：2011年 月 日(用外文写)附件1：外文资料翻译译文一切都是对象“如果我们说另一种不同的语言，那么我们就会发觉一个有些不同的世界”。
—Ludwig Wittgenstein(1889-1951) “尽管以C++为基础，但Java是一种更纯粹的面向对象程序设计语言”。
无论C++还是Java都属于杂合语言。
但在Java中，设计者觉得这种杂合并不像在C++里那么重要。
杂合语言允许采用多种编程风格；之所以说C++是一种杂合语言，是因为它支持与C语言的向后兼容能力。
由于C++是C的一个超集，所以包含的许多特性都是后者不具备的，这些特性使C++在某些地方显得过于复杂。
Java语言首先便假定了我们只希望进行面向对象的程序设计。
也就是说，正式用它设计之前，必须先将自己的思想转入一个面向对象的世界（除非早已习惯了这个世界的思维方式）。
只有做好这个准备工作，与其他OOP语言相比，才能体会到Java的易学易用。
在本章，我们将探讨Java 程序的基本组件，并体会为什么说Java乃至Java程序内的一切都是对象。
1.1 用句柄操纵对象每种编程语言都有自己的数据处理方式。
有些时候，程序员必须时刻留意准备处理的是什么类型。
您曾利用一些特殊语法直接操作过对象，或处理过一些间接表示的对象吗（C或C++里的指针）？所有这些在Java里都得到了简化，任何东西都可看作对象，。
因此，我们可采用一种统一的语法，任何地方均可照搬不误。
但要注意，尽管一切都“看作”对象，但操纵的标识符实际是指向一个对象的“句柄”（Handle）。
在其他Java参考书里，还可看到有的人将其称作一个“引用”，甚至一个“指针”。
jsp网上商城系统毕业设计答辩外文文献及译文
毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学生姓名：学号：学院：专业：指导教师：Struts——an open-source MVC implementationBy: Malcolm Davis.Source: Struts--an open-source MVC implementation[J].IBM Systems JournalThis article introduces Struts, a Model-View-Controller implementation that uses servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology. Struts can help you control change in your Web project and promote specialization. Even if you never implement a system with Struts,you may get some ideas for your future servlets and JSP page implementation.IntroductionKids in grade school put HTML pages on the Internet. However, there is a monumental difference between a grade school page and a professionally developed Web site. The page designer (or HTML developer) must understand colors, the customer, product flow, page layout, browser compatibility, image creation, JavaScript, and more. Putting a great looking site together takes a lot of work, and most Java developers are more interested in creating agreat looking object interface than a user interface. Java Server Pages (JSP) technology provides the glue between the page designer and the Java developer.If you have worked on a large-scale Web application, you understand the term change.Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a design pattern put together to help control change. MVC decouples interface from business logic and data. Struts is an MVC implementation that uses Servlets 2.2 and JSP 1.1 tags, from the J2EE specifications, as part of the implementation. Y ou may never implement a system with Struts, but looking at Struts may give you some ideas on your future Servlets and JSP implementations.Model-View-Controller (MVC)JSP tags solved only part of our problem. We still have issues with validation, flow control, and updating the state of the application. This is where MVC comes to the rescue.MVC helps resolve some of the issues with the single module approach by dividing theproblem into three categories:• ModelThe model contains the core of the application's functionality. The model encapsulates thestate of the application. Sometimes the only functionality it contains is state. It knows nothing about the view or controller.• View• The view provides the presentation of the model. It is the look of the application. The view can access the model getters, but it has no knowledge of the setters. In addition, it knows nothing about the controller. The view should be notified when changes to the model occur. ControllerThe controller reacts to the user input. It creates and sets the model.MVC Model 2The Web brought some unique challenges to software developers, most notably the stateless connection between the client and the server. This stateless behavior made it difficult for the model to notify the view of changes. On the Web, the browser has to re-query the server to discover modification to the state of the application.Another noticeable change is that the view uses different technology for implementation than the model or controller. Of course, we could use Java (or PERL, C/C++ or what ever) code to generate HTML. There are several disadvantages to that approach:• Java programmers should develop services, not HTML.• Changes to layout would require changes to code.• Customers of the service should be able to create pages to meet their specific needs.• The page designer isn't able to have direct involvement in page development.• HTML embedded into code is ugly.For the Web, the classical form of MVC needed to change.MVC Model 2 Struts, an MVC 2 implementation Struts is a set of cooperating classes, servlets, and JSP tags that make up a reusable MVC 2 design. This definition implies that Struts is a framework, rather than a library, but Struts also contains an extensive tag library and utility classes that work independently of the framework.• Client browserAn HTTP request from the client browser creates an event. The Web container will respond with an HTTP response.• ControllerThe Controller receives the request from the browser, and makes the decision where to send the request. With Struts, the Controller is a command design pattern implemented as a servlet. The struts-config.xml file configures the Controller.• Business logicThe business logic updates the state of the model and helps control the flow of the application.With Struts this is done with an Action class as a thin wrapper to the actual business logic.• Model stateThe model represents the state of the application. The business objects update the application state. ActionForm bean represents the Model state at a session or request level, and not at a persistent level. The JSP file reads information from the ActionForm bean using JSP tags.• ViewThe view is simply a JSP file. There is no flow logic, no business logic, and no model information -- just tags. Tags are one of the things that make Struts unique compared to other frameworks like V elocity.Struts detailsDisplayed in Figure 6 is a stripped-down UML diagram of the org.apache.struts.action package and shows the minimal relationships among ActionServlet (Controller), ActionForm (Form State), and Action (Model Wrapper).The ActionServlet classDo you remember the days of function mappings? Y ou would map some input event to a ointer to a function. If you where slick, you would place the configuration information into ale and load the file at run time. Function pointer arrays were the good old days of structured rogramming in C.Life is better now that we have Java technology, XML, J2EE, and all that. The Struts ontroller is a servlet that maps events (an event generally being an HTTP post) to classes. guess what -- the Controller uses a configuration file so you don_t have to hard-code the alues. Life changes, but stays the same.ActionServlet is the Command part of the MVC implementation and is the core of the ramework. ActionServlet (Command) creates and uses Action, an ActionForm, and ctionForward. As mentioned earlier, the struts-config.xml file configures the command. uring the creation of the Web project, Action and ActionForm are extended to solve the pecific problem space. The file struts-config.xml instructs ActionServlet on how to use the xtended classes. There are several advantages to this approach:• The entire logical flow of the application is in a hierarchical text file. This makes itasier to view and understand, especially with large applications.• The page designer does not have to wade through Java code to understand the flow of e application.• The Java developer does not need to recompile code when making flow changes. Command functionality can be added by extending ActionServlet.The ActionForm classActionForm maintains the session state for the Web application. ActionForm is anbstract class that is sub-classed for each input form model. When I say input form model, Im saying ActionForm represents a general concept of data that is set or updated by a HTML form. For instance, you may have a UserActionForm that is set by an HTML Form. The Struts framework will:• Check to see if a UserActionForm exists; if not, it will create an instance of the class.• Struts will set the state of the UserActionForm using corresponding fields from the HttpServletRequest. No more dreadful request.getParameter() calls. For instance, the Struts framework will take fname from request stream and call UserActionForm.setFname().• The Struts framework updates the state of the UserActionForm before passing it to the business wrapper UserAction.• Before passing it to the Action class, Struts will also conduct form state validation by calling the validation() method on UserActionForm. Note: This is not always wise to do. There might be ways of using UserActionForm in other pages or business objects, where the validation might be different. V alidation of the state might be better in the UserAction class.• The UserActionForm can be maintained at a session level.Notes:• The struts-config.xml file controls which HTML form request maps to which ActionForm. • Multiple requests can be mapped UserActionForm.• UserActionForm can be mapped over multiple pages for things such as wizards.The Action classThe Action class is a wrapper around the business logic. The purpose of Action class is to translate the HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use Action, subclass and overwrite the process() method.The ActionServlet (Command) passes the parameterized classes to ActionForm using the perform() method. Again, no more dreadful request.getParameter() calls. By the time the event gets here, the input form data (or HTML form data) has already been translated out of the request stream and into an ActionForm class.Note: "Think thin" when extending the Action class. The Action class should control the flow and not the logic of the application. By placing the business logic in a separate package or EJB, we allow flexibility and reuse.Another way of thinking about Action class is as the Adapter design pattern. The purpose of the Action is to "Convert the interface of a class into another interface the clients expect. Adapter lets classes work together that couldn_t otherwise because of incompatibility interface" (from Design Patterns - Elements of Reusable OO Software by Gof). The client in this instance is the ActionServlet that knows nothing about our specific business class interface. Therefore, Struts provides a business interface it does understand, Action. By extending the Action, we make our business interface compatible with Struts business interface. (An interesting observation is that Action is a class and not an interface. Action started as an interface and changed into a class over time. Nothing's perfect.)The Error classesThe UML diagram (Figure 6) also included ActionError and ActionErrors. ActionError encapsulates an individual error message. ActionErrors is a container of ActionError classes that the View can access using tags. ActionErrors is Struts way of keeping up with a list of errors.UML diagram of the relationship of the Command (ActionServlet) to the Model (Action) The ActionMapping classAn incoming event is normally in the form of an HTTP request, which the servlet Container turns into an HttpServletRequest. The Controller looks at the incoming event and dispatches the request to an Action class. The struts-config.xml determines what Action class the Controller calls. The struts-config.xml configuration information is translated into a set of ActionMapping, which are put into container of ActionMappings. (If you have not noticed it, classes that end with s are containers) The ActionMapping contains the knowledge of how a specific event maps to specific Actions. The ActionServlet (Command) passes the ActionMapping to the Action class via the perform() method. This allows Action to access the information to control flow.ActionMappingsActionMappings is a collection of ActionMapping objects.Struts pros Use of JSP tag mechanism The tag feature promotes reusable code and abstracts Java code from the JSP file. This feature allows nice integration into JSP-based development tools that allow authoring with tags.• Tag libraryWhy re-invent the wheel, or a tag library? If you cannot find something you need in the library, contribute. In addition, Struts provides a starting point if you are learning JSP tag technology.• Open sourceY ou have all the advantages of open source, such as being able to see the code and having everyone else using the library reviewing the code. Many eyes make for great code review.• Sample MVC implementationStruts offers some insight if you want to create your own MVC implementation.• Manage the problem spaceDivide and conquer is a nice way of solving the problem and making the problem manageable.中北大学2014届毕业设计英文文献译文Struts 一个开源的MVC实现作者：马尔科姆·戴维斯。
基于Struts框架的在线购物系统设计与实现-毕业论文外文文献翻译
附录Design and Implementation of Online Shopping SystemBased on the Struts FrameworkAbstract: Struts is currently a prevalent Web application development framework based on MVC. It has prominence in the open, large and extensible J2EE-based Web application development. Through combining the actual operation process of E-commerce enterprise with the developed requirement, this paper categorically analyses MVC actual implementation technology, analyses and describes the Struts framework. Finally it gives a demonstrative example of Category management module, which explains in detail technical implementation to E-Online Shopping System based Struts framework and presents function description of correlative constitution section. By practical application, it shows the system improves platform’s security and stability.1.INTRODUCTION With the development of internet technology, network service plays an increasingly important role in people’s daily life. People expect that they can get the satisfied service or goods in a convenient way and in very short time. Hence, the electronic commerce system at this moment plays a very critical part. On one hand, it is very convenient for people to look at the goods online and it also shortens people’s time period for shopping. On the other hand, for the enterprise, it shortens intermediate links, and it can reduce the geographic restrictions and decreases the merchandise inventory pressure, therefore, it can greatly save business operating cost. However, this system also faces problems that the form of ecommerce is very changeable; as a result, the inner structural can be complex and varied. Then, how to deal with that? Based on the development model of Struts [1], it can effectively deal with these varied requirements. It completely changes the previous traditional J2EE development mode that is the coupling of display, control and business which makes software reuse difficult, cooperation and division of the team difficult, development time long and cost high. Therefore, this article based on the integrated development environment of MyEclipse and using MySQL as the backend database, the MVC OF Struts designed a crossplatform, extensible B/S electronic commerce system. This system is runs on the internet where users can browse the goods and buy them freely, they can even choose the payment method. Thissystem innovates the traditional shopping, which can make people buy what they want at home. The computational results of the system states that the system operates well and that its security and expandability are also high.2. INTRODUCTION OF STRUTSStruts [2] is an exceptional MVC frame. It combines features of Servelet and JSP and inherits various features of MVC, and it changes and extends according to the J2EE’S characteristic. There are three main parts of Struts: The controller is responsible for the Action that is processed by a specific operation; JSP page (view); that applies business logic packaging. The master controller of Struts (ActionServlet) receives the request from client and according to the allocated route of the system (Struts-config. xml) HTTP requests the objects to the other Action. In these action objects, it will make business operation and after operation, it will transfer from ActionServlet to JSP, and the processed results will be returned to clients. The packaging data through Action Form can be mutual used in Model and View. The working principle of Struts is showing in Fig. (1).3. THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE SYSTEM3.1. The Demand Analisis and Case Design of the SystemThe aim of this electronic commerce system is realizedby the construction of this system. The most important thing is to attract customers to know the main product of the website, for instance an e-commerce website which mainly sells children’s shoes or children’s clothes and so on. For transactions, it has to build B to C sales model which are consumer facing, and it has to realize the integration of products, online payment, and logistic services. Moreover, it needs to make a customized search engine and data analysis system to find the potential and key customers. It also needs to analyze the market trend to build a scientific decision system [3].Therefore, the system requirement description is as following:electronic commerce system includes two subsystems; one is for the front desk sale and display. When clients log in, they can freely look over and search their favorite products (for example: off-price goods, new arrivals). Meanwhile, customers can put the products they like in a “shopping cart” and which they can later modify, (add or delete), then they can submit the order form to service counter to pay. The other subsystem is in the backstage management system. Merchants canmanage the relevant information published, typed-in and alteration. It can also manage the search of the order and manage the registered clients of on-line sales system. Meanwhile, it can analyze consumer behavior, which can provide evidence for better scientific decision for the corporation. Fig. (2) is the use case of this eshopping system.3.2. The E-R Design of Online Shopping SystemPowerDesigner [3, 4] is the CASE tool set of Sybase, it can make data flowchart, concept data model, physical data model and can also control the generated data model. This system uses PowerDesigner to set up data and induct E-R model to MySQL, and generate physical data sheets. Therefore, according to the above description, combined with the need and description of 2.1, the design of E-R can be finished. However, there are numerous system database sheets, only some important database sheets are listed here. The relationship among them will be explained here. The specific design of E-R is in (Fig. 3).3.3. Structure Design of Online Shopping System In this article, the system uses Struts based on MVC, which makes great convenience for the developer to make modularization exploitation. It greatly increased code’s reusability and maintainability, and it also takes the crossplatform of this system into consideration. Fig. (4) shows the design model of this online shopping system.① View is responsible for the systems visual theme and realization, and View is composed by JSP and Action Form bean. JSP contains static HTML, CSS, Div and Struts label database. Action Form bean is responsible for the data transmission between JSP and Model.① Controller is composed by Action Servlet. Its task are:first, it has to finish all the initialized work, that is to read the information in Struts-config. xml and intercept the matching map of URL by Action Servlet; second, according to the intercepting request initiate Action Form bean; last, to find the corresponding Action subclass in Action Mapping: if there are no corresponding Action, then transmit the request to JSP; if there are corresponding Action, then initiate ActionForm bean and use HTTP to fill the data and its property, and save these results in request for other Action or JSP to use.① in the Model [4], the specific business logic operationis finished by Action. In order to reduce the coupling relationshipbetween business logic and database manipulation,the DAO is used to separate business logic and data access.It can increase the flexibility and maintainability of systemfor that DAO model Action [5] and provides abstract data access port. Therefore, Model doesn’t need to care about selection, insertion, deletion, and updating, hence, it avoids mixed call statement in service code, so the business practice can be much clearer and on the other hand, because of the separation of data access port and data access, which can make the developer concentrate on business logic code rather than data’s selection, insertion, deletion, and check.4. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE SYSTEM BASED ON STRUTSStruts applied MVC design model, which separated page display, data control and business operation makes the exploitation and maintenance more convenient and reasonable. For online shopping electronic commerce system [6, 7], the construction methods of all modules are basically same. Next set commodity management module [8] as an example to explain the develop process of online shopping electronic commerce system based on Struts.4.1. Design of View ModuleThe main function of View is to display data to users, and in this system, View is composed by Struts, Div, CSS, HTML, JSP and formbean. The advantage of this is that it can avoid the coupling of Java source code and HTML statement in JSP, and it also can enhance reusability of View. It can simplify the page development, and is good for test and maintenance.. First, use Dreamweaver to establish JSP: 1), add and modify Category page addCategory.jsp；2), delete some category page delCategory.jsp；3), search category page searchCategory.jsp; 4), maintain category information page categoryInfoMaint.jsp. It can display all the products information and it can add, delete, modify and edit the selected products. Lastly, to define and describe the CategoryFormbean. It inherited the org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm in Struts. The main function of this class is to collect and display data. The goal of data collection is to provide a business model for Model module. And display data is to show the conducted data to users. The specific steps are:First: introduce ActionForm to Struts;Second. write down the specific codes as followingpublic class MerForm extends ValidatorForm { // 1.define products manufacturer\ private String manufacturer; // 2. define products price private Double sprice;// 3.define products discount private Integer special; …………… //omit other property，meanwhile，//generate corresponding Getter/Setter }4.2. Implementation and Design of ControllerController is the core of all operations, whenever, ActionServlet of controller deals with all the things, it decides all the flow relation of every module in this system. Then how to finish these works? Firstly, it is necessary to register ActionServlet and Struts-config.xml in Web.xml. Web.xml is the place where Controller’s modules ActionServlet and struts-config.xml are described and among these, *.do stands for requesting mapping, the specific allocations are:<servlet><servlet-name>action</servlet-name><servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet</servlet-class><init-param><param-name>config</param-name><param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value></init-param></servlet><servlet-mapping><servlet-name>action</servlet-name><url-pattern>*.do</url-pattern></servlet-mapping><servlet>基于Struts框架的在线购物系统设计与实现摘要：Struts目前是一个基于MVC的流行的Web应用开发框架。
基于.NET 的网络商城的设计外文文献翻译购物网站2014年译文3450字
文献出处: Sabato G, Wilson N. Design and Implementation of Status Authentication System Based On [J]. The Journal of Credit Risk, 2014, 6(2): 95-127.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。
）原文Design and Implementation of Status Authentication System Based On Sabato G, Wilson N.AbstractWith the rapid development of internet technologies, as a newly developed trading operation mode, more and more emphasis are placed on electronic trading. Status authentication system is an essential component of electronic trading, which gives more conveniences and fastness to customers who are in favor of internet shopping. This thesis deals with how to construct status authentication system with newly developed internet technologies, improve the trading capabilities of internet trading platform and give a full play of the information of the internet. The programming of status authentication system and user interface are constructed with technology. Back-end database is constructed with SQL SERVER 2008. A secure access to status authentication system database is implicated with . Demand-analysis, business procedure, systemic structure and database mode of status authentication system are analyzed and designed with three tire structure. The advantages of and three tire structure are discussed, and a status authentication system is constructed.Key words: Status authentication system; ; Three tire structure; Database1 The Summary of online shopping1.1 Online shopping definitionOnline mall is similar to ordinary mall, is to use various means of electronic commerce from buy to sell deal process virtual store, so as to reduce the intermediate links, eliminate operating costs and agency in the middle of the price difference, and increase market circulation, with a huge space for development. As far as possible,also the consumer, drive the rapid development of the company.1.2 Construction of online mallSuch as using a special platform. Advantage is low investment cost, high efficiency. Enterprises only need to register and submit relevant information you can use the establishment of the online platform to complete you’re online shopping. For lack of funds and technical support of corporate entrepreneurship can make full use of the mall. Defect is unable to effectively control space, domain names, procedures, and other important resources. In the long run can produce adverse effect to the enterprise network sales.Shopping mall and relative platform independent relatively complex network mall, invest more. But the effect is better. Enterprises can choose the programming language, ASP language, have a lower development costs and a large market coverage, but the safety problem is outstanding. The PHP language is characterized by convenience, flexible, very suitable for program development. The most commonly used programming language mainstream products. Weakness is not suitable for big projects and secondary development. In the high-end application ability is limited. Have an ECSHOP, SHOPEX, etc.JA V A language to build online shopping system in the current products on the market is very little. Have superior language features, built by the online shopping system in safety, functional expansibility and secondary development has very excellent performance. But high development cost, the difficulty is big. Usually only use big business, government, etc.2 Network mall development process2.1 The requirements analysisUnderstand customer needs, including company introduction, item description, basic functional requirements, business process, etc.2.2 Construction scheme design online mallAccording to the demand analysis, according to the actual situation of enterprises, choose suitable for the enterprise network mall construction plan. Such as web hosting service or buy your own server.2.3 Host the DNS queryDomain name is part of the image of enterprise. Easy to remember and highlight the characteristics of enterprise name easy to improve enterprise brand image.2.4 Interface design, manufacture, and modification.The code a good interface design to the information release at the same time to the company's business philosophy and purpose accurate interpretation. And can attract the customers. At the same time for architecture design, coding. To provide customers with convenient browsing navigation, suitable business function modules, such as information release system, product display, shopping cart system, etc. To suit demand of the enterprise, this step needs to actively cooperate with customers.2.5 debugging functionDebug the whole system function, to provide customer tests and listen to customer comments, a change in a timely manner.2.6 ReleaseAfter through customer audit through online shopping system, can be uploaded to the site to run the server, the formal release. And timely after-sale technical support and maintenance.3 The key technologies of online shopping3.1 Definition: is Microsoft for XML Web services platform. The software will use a way of unified, personalized information, equipment and personnel closely linked together.XML Web services allow applications regardless of what kind of operating system, device, or adopted by a programming language, can through the Internet to communicate and share platform provides create XML Web services at the same time meet the needs of the integrate these services together. Specifically, platform includes development tools, XML WEB services, the client and server. experience.3.2 XML Web servicesThe basis of XML Web services is programming model. The core of technology. Is to other Application data and services application logic unit. Application using the standard Web protocol and data format (such as HTTP, XMLand SOAP) access to the XML Web services, has nothing to do with each XML Web services is implemented. Through XML Web services, customers and users from one service to another, from one application, or even from one environment to another environment will be very easy. Allows the user plane degree computer world will become simpler.3.3. framework Framework (.net Framework) is developed by Microsoft for more than a language component development and execution environment, it provides a unified cross-language programming environment. The purpose of framework is convenient for developers to more easily build Web applications and Web services, making the Internet between various applications, Can use Web services to communicate. Is mainly composed of the following two: Common Language Runtime (CLR: Common Language Runtime) CLR manages memory, thread execution, code safety verification, compilation, and other system services. CLI is a set of operation environment, including general system, the middle of the base class library has nothing to do with the machine code, called the common intermediate language (CLI).The CLR is confirm password in accordance with the CLI platform operation. The CLR in CLI instruction before implementation compiled into the original mechanical code in a timely manner.3.4 The predecessor of the ASP technology, is a server-side scripting technology developed by Microsoft, but to let the script embedded in a web page by intent web server implementation. includes all kinds of needed services to facilitate Web application developers to generate the enterprise level The program. Provides developers with a new kind of programming structure and model of the generated application has better Scalability and stability, and better security protection, is a unified model for Web application development.Developers can gradually add in the existing ASP application capabilities, to enhance and improve its function at any time. All applications can be applied to the whole. Framework, compared with ASP, application development can use any. NET compatible languages, such as c # and JScript. NET.., Visual , etc. And instant interpreter speed is much quicker than is a kind of natural layered architecture, the SQL Server, Oracle, consistent access to all sorts of data and public data sources such as, and through the data provider is a Dataset and. NET Frame Work of two core components complete decomposition data access tasks. For large-scale complicated information system development and maintenance.4 Three layer structure4.1 C/S structureC/S (Client/Server), namely the Client/Server structure is a kind of system architecture, currently most application software system based on C/S structure, in the form of this structure can make full use of the advantages of both ends hardware environment, make reasonable tasks assigned to the Client and the Server side, reduce the communication overhead of the system. In this structure, the server is the core of the network, the customer is the foundation of the network, the client server to obtain the required network resources, the server must provide for the customer network resources.C/S structure can give full play to the Client's ability to process, make a lot of work on the Client side processing and then submitted to the server, business processing logic is mainly, on the Client side and could be called Fat Client (Fat Client) structure. So the client speed accordingly.4.2 B/S structureB/S (Browser/Server) structure namely the Browser and Server structure. Is a variable of C/S structure And the improved structure, with the rapid development of Internet technology and the rise. Under B/S structure, the application server implementation of professional software applications, and Web server implementation customer performance, because the client through the browser to make the business process, greatly reduce the cost of system maintenance and upgrade and workload, simplify the client computer load at the same time. Is the first choice for today's application software architecture.B/S system structure, the client through the browser to a Web server database access request, a Web server to the client request into SQL syntax, and to the database server, database server get request, verify its legitimacy, and carry on data processing, processing results back to the Web server, Web server will get all the results into HTML document form, sent to the client browser, in the form of Web page display to the customer.4.3 Three layer structureThree layer structure (3 - tier application) refers to the entire business application is divided into: the presentation layer (UI), business logic layer (BLL), data access layer (DAL).In software architecture design, and a hierarchical structure is the most common, also is one of the most important kind of structure. Is on the basis of the client and server two layer structure to join the middle layer, application service layer, namely between multiple applications share the business logic layer of three layer structure, the formation of "thin client - fat middle tier - thin server" calculation model.Microsoft's recommended layered structure. Three layer architecture and not physical three layer, refers to the three logical layer, regardless of the three layer is placed in a machine or machine, the C/S architecture and B/S three layer structure can be used in the architecture. In the three-tier architecture, the client usually do not directly interact with the database, the business rules, data access work and the check of legitimacy on the middle business logic layer, the middle layer is responsible for the number According to the library to interact.4.3.1 Presentation layer (UI)Used for processing the human-computer interaction, is responsible for handling user requests. Popular speak be presented to the user interface, and is responsible for the display data and receive user input data. Main responsibility is to provide users with information and translate user's instruction and passed to the middle business logic layer, the. NET in the asp page. User’s closest ideal should not include the business processing system, the logic code only related to the interface elements.4.3.2 Business Logic Layer, Business Logic Layer) referred to as "the BLLThe business logic layer is three layer system structure embodies the core valuesin the section. Used for data processing business logic. In the data access layer and presentation layer, plays an essential role in data exchange. Because the three layers structure is weak coupling between the structure, the dependence between layer and layer is downward, change the design of the upper does not have any effect for the called the bottom. Therefore, the design of the business logic layer architecture scalability is particularly important. According to the different needs of application system, can be divided into different modules.4.3.3 Data access layer (DAL)The data access layer directly responsible for database operation, data add, delete, modify, query and other operations. And can be referred to as persistence layer, can access the database system, binary files, text documents, and XML documents, framework using complete access to the database, access to the function of the different types of data sources is encapsulated into different classes are stored. NET Class Library, can be based on. application calls.译文基于NET 的网络商城的设计作者：萨巴托；威尔逊.摘要随着互联网技术的快速发展，作为一种新兴的商务运作模式，电子商务正越来越受到人们的重视。
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商城购物系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献Abstract: Servlet programs run on the server side, ___ CGI-like technologies, Java Servlet has higher efficiency, easier to use, more powerful ns, better portability, and more cost savings.Keywords: ___, Servlet, HTTP service1.1 n of ServletServlets are Java programs that run on web or n servers. It is a middleware that connects requests from web browsers or other HTTP client programs and databases or ns on HTTP servers. The work of the servlet is to perform the tasks of the Simeon, as shown in Figure 1.1.Figure 1.1 The role of web middleware(1) Read explicit data ______ by end users in HTML forms on the page. However, data may also come from applets or custom HTTP client programs. (2) Read implicit request data sent by the browserFigure 1.1 shows a single arrow from the client to the web server, but in fact, there are two types of data transmitted from the client to the web server, which are explicit data entered by the user in the form and background HTTP n. Both types of data are important. HTTP n includes cookies, media types recognized by browsers, ___.(3) Generate resultsThis process may require accessing a database, performing RMI or EJB calls, calling web services, or directly calculating the corresponding response. The actual data may be stored in a nal database. The database may not understand HTTP or may not be able to return results in HTML form, so web browsers ___ with the database. Even if it can do this, for security reasons, we do not want it to do so. Similar ___, we need the web middleware to extract input data from the HTTP stream, communicate with the n, and embed the results into the document.(4) ___) to usersThis document can be sent in us formats, including text (HTML or XML), binary (GIF graphics), ___ underlying formats, such as gzip. However, HTML is the most commonly used formatso far, so one of the important tasks of Servlet and JSP is to wrap the results in HTML.(5) Send implicit HTTP response data to users总之，动态构建网页可以根据具体情况灵活地生成页面，从而满足客户的需求。
使用servlet相比传统CGI技术，更加便利。
传统CGI技术需要将CGI程序编写为可执行文件并将其放置在服务器上，这样就需要进行一系列的配置和管理。
而使用servlet，只需要将Java类文件放置在服务器上即可。
这种方式更加简单，也更加灵活，因为Java类文件可以在不同的服务器上运行，而不需要进行重新编译或安装。
3、功能强大servlet的功能非常强大，可以处理各种类型的请求，包括GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等。
此外，servlet还可以处理文件上传、会话管理、安全验证等各种任务。
通过使用servlet，可以简化服务器端的开发工作，同时提高应用程序的可靠性和可扩展性。
4、易于移植由于Java是一种跨平台的语言，因此使用servlet可以轻松地将应用程序移植到不同的操作系统和服务器上。
这种方式可以降低开发和维护成本，并且可以更快地将应用程序部署到生产环境中。
5、安全性高servlet的安全性非常高，可以通过许多机制来保护应用程序和服务器。
例如，servlet可以使用HTTPS协议来加密数据传输，可以使用数字证书来验证客户端身份，可以使用访问控制列表来限制对应用程序的访问等。
这些机制可以提高服务器和应用程序的安全性。
6、成本低廉相比传统CGI技术，使用servlet的成本更低。
这是因为servlet不需要启动新的进程或载入多个实例，从而减少了服务器的负载和内存需求。
此外，由于Java是一种开源的语言，因此使用servlet也可以避免使用商业软件所带来的高额成本。
价格和可移植性在某种程度上是相互关联的。
例如，Marty记录了所有通过电子邮件向他发送问题的读者的所在国。
印度接近列表的顶端，可能仅次于美国。
Marty曾在马尼拉讲授过JSP和Servlet培训课程，那里对Servlet和JSP技术抱有很大的兴趣。
总之，servlet和JSP技术已经成为Web应用程序开发的主流，它们的优势在于灵活性、可移植性和安全性。
对于印度和菲律宾等国家的软件开发人员来说，这些优势尤为重要。
当然，仅仅因为技术流行并不意味着其优越性。
有许多___的例子可以证明这一点。
然而，我们的立场是：服务器端Java并不是一项新的、未经证实的技术。
Finally, ___ results based on the n they have gathered. This can include performing complex ns, retrieving data from adatabase, or ___ on the server. By serving as a middle layer een clients and servers, servlets play a critical role in the ___.Finally, the implicit HTTP response data must be sent to the client. This includes n such as the status code, headers, and cookies. This data is automatically generated by the web server and sent along with the explicit data to the client.2．___3．Real-timeupdates4．cedmaintenancecosts5．___In summary, dynamic web pages provide a more personalized, interactive, and ___ for users. They allow for real-time updates, n of content, and ___. While pre-built static pages may suffice for some requests, dynamic pages are essential for many modern web ns.___ to access that data. This can be done through APIs or other means of connecting to the data source. It is ___ is secure and that user data is protected when accessing these sources.the code is loaded into memory only once, and each request is handled by a new instance of the servlet class.2. Easier to UseUnlike nal CGI, servlets can be developed using standard Java development tools, such as Eclipse or NetBeans. This makes it easier for developers to write, test, and debug their code. nally, servlets can be packaged into a single WAR (Web n Archive) file, ___.3. More PowerfulServlets have access to the entire Java API, which includes powerful features such as multithreading, orking, ___ to create complex web ns that can handle large amounts of traffic and data.4. More PortableBecause servlets are written in Java, they can run on any platform that supports the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). This includes Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X, among others. This makes it ___ systems.5. Safer___, ___ to run under a specific user account, ___.6. CheaperIn summary, ___ nal CGI, including increased efficiency, ease of use, power, portability, safety, and cost savings. While servlets can be used in a variety of server types, we will focus on HTTP servlets in this n.___-side programming capabilities. They can access the full range of Java APIs, including database connectivity, XML parsing, and ork socket programming. This makes it possible to create complex and dynamic web ns that can handle large amounts of data and perform complex processing tasks. In contrast, CGI programs are ___ and cannot access the full range of system resources available to the server. nally, because servlets are written in Java, they are platform-independent and can run on any server that supports the Java Virtual Machine. This makes it easy to deploy servlet-based ns across a wide range of systems without having to ___.However, with servlets and JSP, they could start with a free server like Apache Tomcat (either standalone, embedded in the regular Apache web server, or embedded in Microsoft IIS). Once the project starts to gain momentum, they could move to a more sophisticated server like WebLogic or WebSphere.One of the main ___. This can lead to security ___ SQL n and Cross-site Scripting (XSS). On the other hand, Java Servlets, JSP, and EJBs ___ the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which provides built-in security features such as memory ___, JavaEE servers like Tomcat and WebLogic have built-in security ___, n, ___'s needs.In contrast, servlets do not suffer from either of these problems. Even if a servlet executes a system call (e.g., withRuntime.exec or JNI) to invoke a program on the local operating system, it does not use a shell to do so. nally, ___ features are a central part of the Java programming language.。