商务谈判考试简答题

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商务谈判简答题

商务谈判简答题

二十五、商务谈判的过程大致可分为那五个阶段?答:1、准备阶段;2、争论阶段;3、信息收集阶段;4、议题修正阶段;5、结束谈判,签订合同阶段。

一、情报的种类?答:(1)按功能:公开情报、非公开情报、机密情报(2)按内容:和谈判有关的环境因素、有关谈判对象的情报、竞争者的情况、己方的情况。

二、部分国家谈判的风格?1、英国:优点:讲风度和礼仪、保守、谨慎、等级观念强;缺点:慢节奏、喜欢和别人谈论天气。

2、德国:优点:守时、对合同很重视、守信用、严禁;3、法国:擅长交际、喜欢先和别人建立良好的关系,再进行谈判;谈判时会坚持用法语,民族自豪感很强,个别情况除外。

4、拉丁美洲;很少让步,时间节奏慢。

5、美国:自信、果断、精力充沛,情感洋溢;具有职业特点;讨价还价能力强;重视商品的包装和装潢。

6、俄国:重视谈判项目中的技术内容和索赔条款,特别看重坚持“理念”的重要性,而不是经济利益,总的来说比较死板。

7、俄罗斯:节奏慢、谈判中喜欢用专家、喜欢用感情策略、喜欢易货贸易(用商品换商品)。

8、意大利:追求时尚的过家、时间观念不强。

9、北欧:真诚、朴实、生活水平高。

10、阿拉伯:宗教信仰比较强,时间观念不强、中友情,不重视金钱。

12、日本:具有团结倾向、有强烈的团体生存和成功的愿望,生活节奏快、性格有时显得急躁,谈判中喜欢同私人接触,谈判时不太坦率【1、美洲:美国、加拿大;2、欧洲:英国、德国、法国、意大利、北欧、俄罗斯;3、亚洲:日本、韩国、阿拉伯;】三、如何确定谈判目标?答:谈判目标分为三个层次:(1)最低目标(2)可接受目标(3)最高目标。

首先,不能盲目乐观地将全部精力放在争取之高期望目标上,要考虑谈判过程中会出现的种种问题,以免造成束手无策的被动局面。

谈判目标要有一点弹性、定出上、中、下限目标,根据谈判实际情况随机应变、调整目标。

其次,将最高目标分成不同的层次:1、短期内打算达到的特定目标2下一阶段谈判打算达到的、程度比较一般化的目标。

《商务谈判》考试试题

《商务谈判》考试试题

一、名词解释(共10分)1、中立地谈判:2、红白脸策略:3、货比三家技巧:4、双赢:5、商务礼仪:二、选择题(从下列选项中,将正确选项的题号写在括号内,共20分)1、从总体上讲,商务谈判的信息在谈判中的作用()。

A、直接决定谈判的成败B、间接作用C、成为控制谈判过程的手段D、无作用2、商务谈判中,作为摸清对方需要,掌握对方心理的手段是( )A.问B.听C.看D.说3、下列哪种自我介绍符合规范?()A、我叫万芳。

B、我的名字叫万芳,是天秦公司总经理的侄女。

C、我叫万芳,是天秦公司公关部经理。

D、我在天秦公司公关部工作。

4、美国一公司与德国一公司在德国进行谈判,对于美国公司来说,这场谈判属于()。

A、客场谈判B、主场谈判C、让步型谈判D、中立地谈判5、在商务谈判中,要想做到说服对方,应当()。

A、以在必要时采取强硬手段B、使对方明白已方从谈判中获利很小C、使对方明白其从谈判中获利很大D、寻找双方利益的一致性6、谈判是追求()的过程。

A、自身利益要求B、双方利益要求C、双方不断调整自身需要,最终达成一致D、双方为维护自身利益而进行的智力较量7、()是双方下决心按磋商达成的最终交易条件成交的阶段。

A、报价阶段B、成交阶段C、开局阶段D、磋商阶段8、作为买方,初始报价要()。

A、既要低又要接近对方底线B、低C、高D、既要高又要接近对方底线9、商务谈判中所谓合理价格,是指能()的价格。

A、价廉物美B、货真价实C、市场通行D、体现双方共同利益10、对方坚持不合理要求,导致僵持时,应作出()A、重大让步,以利于协议达成的决定B、明确而又坚决的反应,使对方明白施加压力无效C、拒绝对方要求,让谈判破裂的决定D、进一步让步以示诚意,让谈判继续进行的决定二、简答题(每小题10分,共30分)1、商务谈判的原则有哪些?2、你觉得与同学交往应注意哪些礼仪?3、你看中了一件商品,对方开价500元,你觉得这件商品只值400元。

你准备如何与对方谈判?三、论述题(20分)通过《商务谈判》课程的学习,你认为你学到了什么?对你今后的生活和工作会有哪些帮助?四、案例分析题(20分)美国一公司的商务代表迈克到法国去进行一场贸易谈判,受到法国人的热烈欢迎。

商务谈判简答题

商务谈判简答题

商务谈判简答题:1.商务谈判应遵循哪些主要原则?(P28)⑴自愿原则,它是指作为谈判主体的当事各方,不是屈服于某种外来的压力和他人的驱使,而是出于自身利益目标的追求和互补互惠的意愿来参加谈判的。

自愿原则商务谈判的前提。

⑵平等原则,它是指商务谈判中无论各方的经济实力强、弱,组织规模大、小,其地位都是平等的。

平等原则是商务谈判的基础。

⑶互利原则,它是指谈判达成的协议对各方都是有利的。

互利是平等的客观要求和直接结果。

⑷求同原则,它是指谈判中面对利益分歧,从大局着眼,努力寻求共同的利益。

⑸效益原则,它是指商务谈判要重视效益,不仅要节约谈判成本,重视谈判自身效益,而且,也要重视谈判项目的社会效益。

⑹合法原则,它是指商务谈判必须遵守国家的法律、政策,国际商务谈判还应当遵循有关的国际法和对方国家的有关法规。

2.如何评价商务谈判的成败?评价商务谈判的成败,从根本上来说,就是要以效益原则为指导,既要考察谈判带来的经济利益,又要考察投入的谈判成本;既要考察经济效益,又要考察社会效益,以克服商务谈判中的单纯经济观点和短期行为,具体来说包括:⑴经济利益。

评价商务谈判的成败,不能离开交易各方可以获得的直接的经济利益,可以说交易各方获得饿经济利益的大小,是评价商务谈判成功与否的首要标准。

⑵谈判成本。

商务谈判是一个“给”与“取”兼而有之的过程。

为了获得期望的交易利益,也需要一定的投入,这种投入就是商务谈判的成本代价。

谈判成本包括费用成本和机会成本。

⑶社会效益,它是指商务谈判所产生的社会效果和社会反映。

社会效益包括多方面的内容,有些是有形的,有些是无形的;有些是可以计量的,更多是不能计量的,只能定性描述。

计量的指标形式不是以价格为量纲,多通过社会效果、社会声誉、社会福利等你来反映。

3.技术贸易中技术价格的确定受哪些因素的影响?(P46)⑴影响技术价格的因素,从转让方的角度,主要有以下方面:①技术开发费,指该技术设计、试验、制造等人力、物力消耗的成本②技术转让费,指为转让技术而发生的直接费用,包括接待考察费、技术资料费、咨询服务费、人员培训费等③利润损失补偿费指由于技术转让,转让方失去了利用该技术获取市场利润的机会和引进方使用该技术增加了转让方的竞争压力并缩小了转让方的商品市场而导致的利益损失的补偿。

商务谈判考试简答题

商务谈判考试简答题

1、如何把握谈判的基本概念?谈判是具有利害关系的参与各方出于某种需要,在一定的时空条件下,就所关心或争执的问题进行相互采协调和让步,力求达到协议的过程和行为。

具体地说,这一概念可以从以下四个方面来理解(1)谈判总是以某种利益的满足为目标,是建立在人们需要的基础之上的,这是人们进行谈判的动机,也是谈判产生的原因。

2)谈判必须是两个或两个以上的参与者之间的交际活动,只有参与谈判的各方的需要有可能通过对方的行为而得到满足时,才会产生谈判。

(3)谈判是寻求建立或改善人们社会关系的行为(4)谈判是一种协调行为的过程2、商务谈判有哪些特点?商务谈判是一门科学,又是综合运用多学科知识于商务活动的一门艺术。

它作为经营者开展商务活动的开路先锋,与其他经营活动相比,具有四个特点:一是谈判对象的广泛性和不确定性;二是谈判双方的排斥性和合作性;三是谈判的多变性和随机性;四是谈判的公平性与不平等性3、商务谈判的作用是什么?现代经济社会离不开商务谈判,商务谈判在现代经济社会中扮演着非常重要的角色:(1)有利于促进商品经济的发展;(2)有利于加强企业间的经济联系;(3)有利于促进我国对外贸易的发展4、商务谈判具有哪些基本原则?(1)合作原则;(2)互利互惠原则;(3)立场服从利益原则;(4)对事不对人原则;(5)坚持使用客观标准原则;(6)遵守法律原则。

(7)讲究诚信原则5、遵循互利互惠原则应注意哪些方面?(1)提出新的选择。

打破传统的思维方式,进行创造性的思维活动,搜集大量的信息、资料作为考虑问题的依据,同时鼓励谈判组成员大胆发表个人见解,集思广益(2)寻找共同利益。

从理论上讲,提出满足共同利益的方案对双方都有好处,有助于达成协议。

尽管每一次合作都存在着共同利益,但是它们大部分是潜在的,需要谈判者去挖掘、发现,最好能用明确的语言和文字表达出来,以便谈判双方了解和掌握它(3)协调分歧利益。

利益上、观念上、时间上的分歧,都可以成为协调分歧的基础。

商务谈判简答

商务谈判简答

1、What are the fundamental elements of negotiation?A: The Fundamental Elements of Negotiation are Negotiator, Negotiating topic and Negotiating background.Negotiator: Those who are engaged in negotiation.On-table/off-table negotiatorNegotiating topic: Specific problems that should be discussedTopic should be common interestNegotiating background: Objective condition of negotiationEnvironment/organization/staff background 2、Please explain the features, disadvantage and advantage of soft negotiation, hard and principled negotiation respectively? A:①soft negotiation:Features:1、To consider opponent as friend, emphasis to build mutual good relations ,strengthen mutual understanding and Friendly consultations2、The power o f one party is inferior to another’s;orboth parties had been making friends for many years; to take effort to pursue the long-term of interestsAdvantage: Easy to approach agreement ,high efficiency, maintain and strengthen the bilateral relationDisadvantage: Blindly compromise and concessions to give the opponent opportunity②hard negotiation:Features:To consider the opponent as enemy ,pay more attention to the stand position rather than interests gain, focus to willpower test so as to impose self position on the other.Advantage: much more pressure imposed on the opponent ,to promote the agreementDisadvantage:Easy to cause deadlock and lead to failure of performing agreement and maintaining the long-term cooperation.③principled negotiation:Features: To negotiate based on equalityAdvantage:To separate the people from the problemDisadvantage:To insist on using objective criteria3、How do you understand the conflict in the business negotiation?A:1.Parties in conflicts are interdependent , which means there remainsa kind of relationship developed by interrelated interests and concerns.There would be no conflict if two parties were not interrelated and had nothing to do with each other.2.Contradictions and interests coexist. If there are only contradictions and no sharing of common interests, negotiation becomes groundless and unnecessary.3.Two parties in a conflict will naturally fight for each other’s own interests and make every effort to gain more from the other side, as a result it will reduce gain of interests expected initially.4、Please explain the three stages of business negotiation?A:The three Stages of business negotiation are Pre-negotiation, Face-to-face negotiation and Post-negotiation.The pre-negotiantion stage:1、The pre-negotiantion stage begins from the first contactbetween the two sides whose interest in doing business with each other is shown.2、It is from this stage on that both sides begin to understand oneanother’s needs and evaluate the benefits of entering intothe process of negotiation.3、The main issue here is to define the problem to be jointlysolved for it .environmental factors and information collection are two main task during this stage.The Face-to-face negotiation stage:1)Introducing team members2)Discussing agenda3)five phase will proceed:• A exploration B bidding C bargaining D settling & ratifyThe Post-negotiation stage:Post negotiation or wrapping up is the last phase of a negotiation: •(1) The contract is being drawn up and to be signed.•(2)the terms agreed on should be read to each after the concessions are exchanged.•(3)Pay enough attention to details to make sure the perfect implementation of the contract; the performance of the contract that is significant,not just the negotiation itself.•In a word, the main thing at this phase is to review and confirm the agreement and result of talks on each issue so that no ambiguity of understanding exists. Also wrapping up includes follow-up work for future.5、What do you think about the Assumptions during the negotiation?A: Assumptions are a vital part of negotiations. In entering a negotiation, a man is severely handicapped unless he reviews his ownassumptions---and anticipates the assumptions of the other party.The negotiator must never forget that what his or her assumptionsare only a guess or a probability. It is necessary for us to reexamine our supercargo of assumptions. Some are wrong and must be discarded.Others need to be modified. Still others remain valid.6、How do you break the barrier of listening?A: simple rules at the same time that will actually help you maximize thebenefit you get from what the other person is sayingFirst of all, if you find the subject dull and would normally gooff on a mental tangent, recognize that you are trapped into listening anyway and force yourself to tune in for any new knowledge that you can perhaps sift out. Try to develop an interest and grasp the meaning of thebroad things being said.Second, we tend to dismiss statements if they come from peoplewe consider unimportant. Withhold judgment until your comprehension of the speaker’s proposal is complete. The good listener will hear out theother person before passing judgment and framing rebuttals.Third, do not turn yo urself off simply because the speaker’sdelivery is poor or unintelligible. The speaker may still know a lot more about the subject than it appears. Make every effort to understand what is being said.*7、How do you ask question appropriately and make effective respectively?A: There are two ways to assure a high degree of reliability for answersto your questions.One way is to lay the foundation for asking them.The second method of assuring the reliability of answers to yourquestions is through the use of the tactic called “bipolar questioning.”Because uncertainty is one of the prime factors in making poor orbad deals, you must force yourself to ask questions that make you uncomfortable. Have the courage to pry into the other person’s affairs if the facts you are looking for are important to your decision. Have the courage to ask what may seem to be dumb questions. Have the courage to ask questions that you feel will be evaded. Evasion itself will give you information you need to know. Be quiet after you ask your question. Make silence your tool for encouraging the other person to talk more and more and more. Be persistent in following up your questions when they evade.8、What kind of requirements must be needed for the chief negotiator?A:Generally speaking the chief negotiator must meet the following requirements:①He must exercise a high degree of self-control and keep the teamon track under trying circumstances.②The chief negotiator should be able to use the specialization ofeach member to its maximum advantage.③The chief negotiator’s greatest skill is the ability to deal withpressure from a variety of directions.④Candidates for chief negotiator should also be technically astutewith regard to both the company’s products and modern day information technology.9、What are the disadvantage and advantage for individual negotiation and team negotiation respectively?A: The advantages of a single negotiator might be:①to prevent the opposer from aiming questions at the weakermembers of the team or creating disagreement among teammembers;②to prevent from placing complete responsibility on oneperson;③to prevent the weakening of stated positions throughdifferences of opinion between team members④to avoid making on-the-spot decisions.But it has a very high level requirement of the negotiator. It needs the negotiator to keep a close eye on everything of the other party, to familiarize with every field that relate to the negotiation and at the same time to be alert enough to put forward quick responses to a scheme.Especially when the other party send in some experts, it’s really hard for a single one to manage all on his own. In this case in order to get an effective negotiation result it’s better to have a team, a team of two members though, with one as leader is better than a single negotiator.On the other hand, a team might be best because①it would use a number of people with different technicalbackgrounds who can correct misstatements of fact;② it enables a pooling of judgments and planning in advance;③ it presents the other side with a large opposition.But with a big team, it is rather difficult to control and the weak member is very easy to pick out by the other party and they will attack individually. Many members in a team will interfere with the negotiation efficiency. So keep the negotiation team as small as possible. And this will result in a favorable position in the negotiation.10、What are the desirable target, acceptable target and bottom target?A:The desirable target is what we wish to attain but in reality rarely reach. It serves two purposes in negotiations:setting a potential goal for negotiators to strive for and leaving room for bargaining in negotiations. The acceptable target is what we make all efforts to achieve. If we take advantage of their power and strength, and manage the negotiations skillfully, the acceptable target is attainable and very often can be gained. The bottom target is what we will defend and safeguard with all our might. Unless the bottom target is met, we would block further discussion and announce failure of negotiations. In other words, we would never give up the targets or benefits and there is no room to bargain.11、What’s about the advantages while the major issue is listed first/the minor issue is listed first?A: The issues might be listed so that the major ones are discussed first. This will prevent wasting time on minor issues and to make sure of leaving sufficient time to discuss the major onesMinor issues might be listed first so that you can begin the negotiation by making concessions, expecting that as the issues become more important you will get concessions in return.12、What are the advantages and disadvantages for host venue, guest venue and the third party’s venue?A: The general rule that you do better at home is not surprising. Scientific research indicates that you will do best in a negotiation when you are at your home office and the other party is in unfamiliar territory.The host venue has the following advantages:①it enables you to get the approval that may be necessary onproblems that you did not anticipate;②it prevents the other side from concluding the negotiationprematurely and leaving, which he might do if he is in his ownoffice;③you can take care of other matters and have your own facilitiesavailable while you are handling the negotiation;④it gives you the psychological advantage of having the otherside come to you;⑤it saves you money and traveling time.The guest venue has the following advantages:①you can devote your full time to the negotiation without thedistractions and interruptions that your office may produce;②you can withhold information, stating that it is not immediatelyavailable;③you might have the option of going over your opposer’s head tosomeone in his higher management;④the burden of preparation is on the opposer and he is not free fromother duties.The third party’s venue: meet on neutral grounds:(1) It is fair for both parties;(2) no one will have the psychological edge(3)disadvantage:the risk of intervene from the third party.13、Why do we should set the “ highest ” defensible bidding as seller?A:The opening bid needs to be “the highest” because:①The opening bid sets a limit beyond which we cannot desire. Oncemade, we cannot normally put in a higher bid at a later stage②Our first bid influences others in their valuation of our offer③A high bid gives scope for manoeuvre during the later bargainingphases④The opening bid has a real influence on the final settlement level.The higher we set the more we shall achieveThe opening bid needs to be high. At the same time it must be defensible.The bidding side should not only seek to his own advantage but also take the acceptable possibility of the other side into consideration14、Please explain the advantage and disadvantage of the first bid.A:The advantages are associated with the establishment of influence. Most people take the first bid to be a good idea.To some extent first bid is more influential than responsive bid. The first bid confines the bargaining into a special frame of the first bid so as to reach a more favorable agreementA disadvantage is that when a party hears another party’s opening bid, they can then make some final adjustment in their own thinking. A new element of information is provided about regarding a party’s starting point, providing modification to their own bidding to gain fresh advantage.Another disadvantage is that others may try to concentrate on attacking our bid, trying to drive us down and down without giving us any information about their own position.15、What’s the basic principle that govern concessions in bargain stage?A: The basic principles that govern concessions in bargaining are:①A concession by one party must be matched by a concession of theother party②It’s better for the pace of concession to be as little as possible andthe frequency of concession to be slow. What’s mor e the pace of concession must be similar as between the two parties.③A party should trade their concessions to their own advantage,doing their best to give the other party plenty of satisfaction even if concessions are small④A party must help the other party to see each of their concessionsas being significant⑤Move at a measured pace towards the projected settlement point⑥Reserve concessions until they are needed.16、How do you break the impasse?A: In general, there are nine ways to break the impasse:①keep it fluid②seeking easy escape routes③use time breaks either as recesses within a particular negotiationmeeting or as breaks between meetings④look to bringing in third party arbitrators or even third partychairmen to control further negotiation.⑤to move out of the negotiating arena into some ambience in whichinformal discussion can take place⑥to make some changes on the team⑦bring in the bosses from back home⑧to insist on argument⑨never compromise17、What are the characteristics of the final offer toward the settlement?A: Characteristics of the final offer are:1)It should not be made too soon2)It must be big enough to symbolize closure3)Negotiating to our advantage demand the last halfpenny4)give him that satisfaction18、what time do we use the recess during negotiation?A: We can use the recess during negotiation in the following time:①at the end of a phase in the negotiations;②before issue identification;③when nearing an impasse;④team maintenance needs;⑤breaking a trough.19、What is the recommended procedure to get a recess?A: They are following:⑥state the need for a recess;⑦summarize and look forward;⑧agree on the duration of the recess;⑨avoid fresh issues. If others want to insert anything further, askthem to wait until after the recess.20、What are the evaluation standards of business negotiation? A: The evaluation standards of business negotiation can be summarized as the following:1)Realization degree of the business negotiation objectives;2)Negotiating efficiency;3)The personal relationship after negotiatingTo sum up , a successful negotiation must be one in which both sides’ needs are met.21、How do we restart the meeting after recess?A: After the recess, the meeting is re-opened with a miniature version of the steps that are taken to open a negotiation.1)A few moments of ice-breaking, as we again attune ourwavelengths;2)Re-state the progress made on agreed plan;3)Confirm rest of agreed plan or suggest/agree changes to it;4)Re-opening statements, defining positions and interests as they arenow perceived and paving the way to further creative development.22、What kind of strategies should be applied for strong party or weak party respectively?A: The stronger party should choose quick deal.The weaker party should choose either quick deal or hold back, depending on the strategy assumed to have been selected by the opponent.If there is no clear pattern of dominance/subordination, the strategy should be to hold back.23、How do you deal with the difficult people and difficult situation?A: In general, there are seven things one needs to do in dealing with the difficult people and difficult situation.①developing self-control②accurate diagnosis③knowing one’s core values④appropriate anger management⑤role selection⑥doing the unexpected⑦resiliency24、What kind of benefits would conflict lead to?A: if dealt with effectively, conflicts can lead to the following benefits:①conflicts can provide new information about a situation;②conflicts can bring a problem into the open where it can be dealtwith;③conflicts can provide a new perspective on a situation;④conflicts can produce new ideas or new approaches to solvingproblems, if creativity is used;⑤conflicts can lead to a better understanding of oneself, and one’smotivations, goals and behaviorsIn short, an effectively managed conflict can be a learning and growing experience.25、What are the main contents for quotation and offer respectively?A: The main contents for quotation are following:①details of prices, discounts and terms of payment;②a statement or clear indication of what the prices cover③an undertaking as to the date of delivery or time of shipment;④the period for which the quotation is valid;A satisfied offer will include the following:① name of commodities, quality, quantity and specifications;② unit price and type of currency;③ terms of payment and discounts;④indication of what the price covers;⑤packing conditions and date of delivery;⑥the term of validity of the offer;26、What are the differences between the offer and quotation? A: An offer is different from a quotation .The quotation is just an indication of price without contractual obligation, while the offer is a definite commitment on the part of a supplier.A firm offer is made when a seller promises to sell goods at a stated price within a stated period of time. It can develop into a contractual obligation. Therefore, once it is accepted by a buyer, the seller cannot revoke it .。

国际商务谈判--简答题

国际商务谈判--简答题

国际商务谈判简答题与论述题汇总第一章国际商务谈判概述(3-20):一、国际商务谈判的特殊性有哪些?P51.国际商务谈判既是一笔交易商洽,也是一项涉外活动,具有较强的政策性;2.应按国际惯例办事;3.国际商务谈判内容广泛;4.影响谈判的因素复杂多样。

二、国际商务谈判与一般贸易谈判的共性有哪些方面?P51.以经济利益为谈判的目的;2.以经济利益作为谈判的主要评价指标;3.以价格作为谈判的核心。

三、谈判准备工作的内容主要有哪些?P15~161.对谈判环境因素的分析;2.信息的收集;3.目标和对象的选择;4.谈判方案的制定;5.模拟谈判。

四、简述商务谈判的基本程序。

P15~171.准备阶段;2.开局阶段;3.正式谈判阶段;4.签约阶段。

五、简述PRAM谈判模式的构成。

P17~191.制定谈判计划;2.建立关系;3.达成使双方都能接受的协议;4.协议的履行与关系的维持。

第二章影响国际商务谈判的因素(25--57)2.经济的运行机制;3.政治背景;4.政局稳定性;5.政府间的关系。

2.外汇储备状况;3.货币的自由兑换;4.支付信誉;5.税法方面的情况。

1.群体成员的素质;2.群体成员的结构;3.群体规范;4.群体的决策方式;5.群体内的人际关系。

1.信心不足;2.热情过度;3.不知所措。

1、有利于摸清谈判对手的心理活动和心理特征,以便选择相应的谈判策略。

2、有利于了解己方谈判成员的心理活动和心理弱点,采取相应的措施进行调整和控制,保证己方2、灵活选择决策程序3、建立严明的纪律和有效地激励机制4、理顺群体内部信息交流的渠道第三章国际商务谈判前的准备(60-124)1.根据谈判对象确定组织规模;2.谈判人员赋予法人或法人代表资格;3.谈判人员应层次分明,分工明确;4.组成谈判队伍时要贯彻节约原则。

1.第一层次是谈判小组的领导人或首席代表,即主谈人;2.第二层次是专家和专业人员,还包括实际的核心人员翻译者,还有财经人员与法律人员;3.第三层次是谈判的必需工作人员,如速记或打字员。

国际商务谈判期末简答题

国际商务谈判期末简答题

国际商务谈判期末简答题1、谈判的特点及构成要素。

特点:(1)谈判主体是相互独立的利益主体(2)谈判的目的是经济利益(3)谈判的中心议题是价格要素:(1)谈判主体(2)谈判议题(3)谈判背景2、提问的功能。

(1)引起他人的注意(2)取得情报(3)说明自己的感受,把消息传出给对方(4)让对方好好的去思考(5)归纳成结论3、谈判策略的作用。

(1)创造良好的开端(2)掌握前进的方向(3)控制谈判的进程(4)促进双方合作(5)保证理想的结局4、开局策略的基本要求。

(1)遵循开局的原则(2)探测对方情况,了解对方虚实(3)引起谈判对方的注意与兴趣(4)正确估计自己的能力(5)讲究“破冰”技巧(6)掌握谈判主动权5.谈判信息的作用有哪些?首先,谈判信息是制定谈判战略的依据;其次,谈判信息是控制谈判过程的手段;最后,谈判信息是谈判双方相互沟通的中介;6.与谈判有关的环境因素有哪几类?政治状况;宗教信仰;法律制度;商业习惯;社会习俗;财政金融状况;基础设施与后勤供应状况;气候状况;7.谈判准备工作的内容包括哪些?(1)对谈判环境因素的分析;(2)信息的收集;(3)目标和对象的选择;(4)谈判方案的制定;(5)模拟谈判;8.谈判中说服的技巧有哪些?(一)说服技巧的环节;(1)建立良好的人际关系,取得他人的信任;(2)分析你的意见可能导致的影响;(3)简化对方接受说服的程序;(二)说服技巧的要点:(1)站在他人的角度设身处地谈问题,不要只说自己的理由;(2)消除对方的戒心,创造良好的氛围。

9.简述商务谈判的价值评价标准。

商务谈判的价值评价标准有三方面:(1)、谈判的收益。

谈判收益是指谈判目标的实现程度。

具体来讲,在一个谈判中,谈判目标的实现程度是通过三个层次来体现的。

第一个层次是指具体的财务目标,赚多少利润;第二个层次是指远期的商务目标;第三个层次是指商务关系的维系。

(2分)(2)、谈判的效率高低。

谈判效率就是指谈判的收益与所费成本之间的比率。

国际商务谈判-简答题

国际商务谈判-简答题

第一章名词解释:国际商务谈判:指跨越国界的当事人之间为实现一定的经济目的,明确相互的权利与义务关系而进行协商的行为。

双边谈判:指谈判主体只有当事人彼此两方,而没有第三方作为正式的利益主体参加的谈判。

多边谈判:指谈判的主体由三方或三方以上所构成,各方均以正式的利益主体身份参与的谈判。

实质性谈判:指谈判内容与当事人各方的谈判目标直接相关的谈判。

让步型谈判:指谈判者在谈判中不以获利而以达成协议为最终目标的谈判。

立场型谈判:指谈判者在谈判中把注意力集中在如何维护自己的利益,如何去否定对方的立场之上的谈判。

原则型谈判:指谈判者在谈判中,既重视经济利益,又重视人际关系,既不回避对立的一面,但更重视去发现和挖掘合作的一面的谈判。

主场谈判:指当事人在其居住地(或所在国)或营业地(或营业国)所进行的谈判。

简答:一、为了在国际商务谈判中贯彻诚信原则,谈判当事人应如何做?答:1、守信,即遵守谈判过程中自己所作出的承诺,此乃取信于人的核心。

2、信任对方,这是守信的基础,也是取信于人的方法。

只有信任对方,才能得到对方的信任。

3、不轻诺,这是守信的重要保障。

轻诺寡信,最终将失信于人。

4、诚恳,以诚相待,这是取信于人的积极方法。

二、基本需求理论认为在任何一种非个体的谈判中,往往都有两种需求在同时起作用,是哪两种需求?如何利用它们使谈判获得成功?答:尼氏认为:在任何一种非个体的谈判中,往往都有两种需求在同时起作用,一起是谈判者所代表的法人的需求;另一种是谈判者的个体需求。

因此,作为一个有经验的谈判者,不但需要顾及对方所代表的群体的需求,而且还须特别重视对方的个体需求,努力通过恰当的方法去发现、诱导和尽可能满足对方的个体需求, 进而影响对方的固有立场、观点,以便使谈判的对方能同己方合作。

三、实力决定论的基本观点是什么?答:谈判的成功以及各种谈判技巧运用的基础和依据是谈判者所拥有的谈判实力,建立并加强自己谈判实力的基础又在于对谈判的充分准备和对对方的充分了解。

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1如何把握谈判的基本概念?(1)谈判总是以某种利益的满足为目标,是建立在人们需要的基础之上的,这是人们进行谈判的动机,也是谈判产生的原因。

(2)谈判必须是两个或两个以上的参与者之间的交际活动,只有参与谈判的各方的需要有可能通过对方的行为而得到满足时,才会产生谈判。

(3)谈判是寻求建立或改善人们社会关系的行为(4)谈判是一种协调行为的过程2商务谈判有哪些特点?一是谈判对象的广泛性和不确定性;二是谈判双方的排斥性和合作性;三是谈判的多变性和随机性;四是谈判的公平性与不平等性3商务谈判的作用是什么?(1)有利于促进商品经济的发展;(2)有利于加强企业间的经济联系(3)有利于促进我国对外贸易的发展4商务谈判具有哪些基本原则?(1)合作原则(2)互利互惠原则(3)立场服从利益原则;(4)对事不对人原则(5)坚持使用客观标准原则(6)遵守法律原则(7)讲究诚信原则5遵循互利互惠原则应注意哪些方面?(1)提出新的选择。

打破传统的思维方式,进行创造性的思维活动,搜集大量的信息、资料作为考虑问题的依据,同时鼓励谈判组成员大胆发表个人见解,集思广益(2)寻找共同利益。

从理论上讲,提出满足共同利益的方案对双方都有好处,有助于达成协议。

尽管每一次合作都存在着共同利益,但是它们大部分是潜在的,需要谈判者去挖掘、发现,最好能用明确的语言和文字表达出来,以便谈判双方了解和掌握它(3)协调分歧利益。

利益上、观念上、时间上的分歧,都可以成为协调分歧的基础。

协调利益的一种有效的方法是指出自己能接受的几种方案,问对方更喜欢哪一种。

要千方百计寻求对你代价低,对对方好处多的方案,要在分歧中求生存6商务谈判的类型有哪些?(1)国商务谈判和国际商务谈判;(2)商品贸易谈判和非商品贸易谈判;(3)一对一谈判、小组谈判和大型谈判(4)主座谈判、客座谈判、主客座轮流谈判和中立地点谈判;(5)传统式谈判和现代式谈判;(6)不求结果的谈判、意向书与合同书的谈判、准合同与合同的谈判、索赔谈判7在客座商务谈判时,客方必须注意哪几个方面?(1)要入境问俗、入国问禁。

要了解各地、各国的不同风俗和国情、政情,以免做出会伤害对方感情但稍加注意即可防止的事情(2)在客场谈判中,客居他乡的谈判者,受着各种条件的限制。

客场谈判人在这种处境中,要审时度势、灵活反应、争取主动,包括分析市场、主人的地位、心理变化等。

有希望则坚持,无希望成功则速决,对方有诚意就考虑可能给予的优惠条件,若无诚意则不必随便降低自己的条件(3)如果是在国外举行的国际商务谈判,遇到的首先是语言问题。

要配备好的翻译、代理人,不能随便接受对方推荐的人员,以防泄露。

8交易会谈判的优势何在?(1)谈判规模大,参加人员多,便于进行比较和选择。

(2)多方面对面地洽谈交易,有利于谈判各方当面提出条件和意见,也便于谈判者察言观色,掌握心理,施展谈判技巧。

(3)无论是谈判者在推销滞销商品,还是采购紧俏商品,双方都有说服对方的余地9商品品质的表示方法有哪几种?(1)样品表示法。

(2)规格表示法。

(3)等级表示法。

(4)标准表示法。

(5)牌名或商标表示法。

10技术贸易谈判的基本容是什么?(1)技术类别、名称和规格;(2)技术经济要求;(3)技术的转让期限(4)技术商品交换的形式;(5)技术贸易的计价、支付方式;(6)责任和义务。

11劳务合作谈判的基本容有哪些?劳务合作谈判的基本容是围绕着某一具体劳动力供给方所能提供的劳动者的情况和需求方所能提供给劳动者的有关生产环境条件和报酬、保障等实质性的条款。

其基本容有:劳动力供求的层次、数量、素质、职业、工种、技术水平、劳动地点(国别、地区、场所)、时间、劳动条件、劳动保护、劳动工资、劳动保险和福利12优秀的商务谈判人员应该具备什么样的素质?(1)坚强的政治思想素质;(2)健全的心理素质;(3)合理的知识结构;(4)谈判人员的能力素养;(5)健康的身体素质13怎样进行谈判人员的配备?第一,有关技术方面的知识。

第二,有关价格、交货、支付条件等商务方面的知识第三,有关合同法律方面的知识。

第四,语言翻译方面的知识谈判班子应配备相应的人员:(1)业务熟练的经济人员;(2)技术精湛的专业人员;(3)精通经济法的法律人员;(4)熟悉业务的翻译人员。

从实际出发,谈判班子还应配备一名有身份、有地位的负责人组织协调整个谈判班子的工作,一般由单位副职领导兼任,称首席代表,另外还应配备一名记录人员14信息情报搜集包括哪几个方面的容?(1)与谈判有关的环境因素,包括政治状况、法律制度、信仰、商业习惯、财政金融状况、社会习俗、基础设施、后勤供应系统和气候因素等(2)有关谈判对手的情报,主要包括该企业的发展历史、组织特征、产品技术特点、市场占有率和供需能力,价格水平及付款方式,对手的谈判目标、资信情况以及参加谈判人员的资历、地位、性格、爱好、谈判风格、谈判作风及模式等(3)竞争者的情况,主要包括市场同类产品的供求状况;相关产品与替代产品的供求状况;产品的技术发展趋势;主要竞争厂家的生产能力、经营状况和市场占有率;有关产品的配件供应状况;竞争者的推销力量、市场营销状况、价格水平、信用状况等(4)己方的情况,包括本企业产品及生产经营状况和本方谈判人员情况15为什么要搜集谈判对手的情报?古人云:“知己知彼,百战不殆。

”打仗如此,商务谈判也不例外。

知己,就是了解本国、本地区、本企业的产品及经营情况;知彼,就是千方百计地全面了解谈判对手的情报,在这这方面,有许多成功的案例。

谈判对手的情报主要包括该企业的发展历史、组织特征、产品技术特点、市场占有率和供需能力,价格水平及付款方式,对手的谈判目标、资信情况以及参加谈判人员的资历、地位、性格、爱好、谈判风格、谈判作风及模式等等。

这里我们主要介绍资信情况、合作欲望及对手的谈判人员等情况16如何制定谈判的目标?谈判目标是对主要谈判容确定期望水平,一般包括技术要求、考核或验收标准、技术培训要求、价格水平等。

通常谈判目标分为最高目标、中间目标和最低目标三个层次。

具体确定某个项目的谈判目标,主要依据对许多因素的综合分析才能做出判断,但最重要的是今后的发展战略和综合利益。

首先要对谈判双方各自优势、劣势进行分析。

其次,要考虑今后是否会与谈判对手保持长期的业务往来。

如果这种可能性很大,就要着眼于与对方建立友好、持久的关系,对于谈判目标的确定应本着实事的态度,确定合理的水平。

此外,交易本身的性质与重要程度、谈判与交易的时间限制等因素,在制定具体谈判目标时也是必须考虑的17举例说明谈判物质条件准备的重要意义。

谈判物质条件准备的重要意义,包括两个方面:一是创造良好的谈判环境,提高谈判效率;二是缓解紧的谈判气氛,有利于谈判者精力、体力的恢复,加深双方关系融洽、共同合作的印象,促进谈判走向成功。

18如何进行模拟谈判?模拟谈判即正式谈判前的“彩排”,即将谈判小组成员一分为二,一部分人扮演谈判对手,并以对手的立场、观点和作风来与另一部分己方谈判人员交锋,预演谈判的过程19谈判人员在开局阶段应当如何创造和谐的谈判气氛?(1)塑造良好的第一印象。

从双方走到一起准备洽谈时,洽谈的气氛就已经形成了,而且将会延续下去,以后很难改变(2)营造洽谈气氛不能靠故意做作。

当双方第一次走到一起准备进行洽谈时,首先互致问候,开始某种形式的对话。

要建立良好的洽谈气氛,应该本着诚挚、合作、轻松而又认真的态度,并以平等互利、友好合作作为谈判的基本原则准备谈判(3)以思想协调作为开局目标。

要想使谈判顺利进行,首先要融洽感情、协调思想。

在开局阶段,最重要的工作就是创造出一种良好的谈判气氛,使谈判双方能尽快地协调一致。

因此,洽谈开始时的话题最好是松弛的、非业务性的20通过摸底交谈,我方应了解对方哪些情况?摸底阶段的工作主要是通过开场述来进行的,这个开场述应该是分别进行的。

洽谈双方应通过此活动搞清对方的意图,而不要对对方的观点发表异议,然后提出倡议,并确定下一阶段的谈判议题(1)开场述。

把己方的观点、立场、表达的方式、述的容向对方说清楚,同时还要表明对对方建议的反应(2)倡议。

倡议是对开场述在共同性上的延续,开场述已经向各自的对方明示了个别利益与合作的愿望,接下来就应该抓住寻求这一共同利益的机会提出倡议。

在倡议阶段,需要双方各自提出各种设想和解决问题的方案,然后再在设想与符合他们商业标准的现实之间,搭起一座通向最终成交道路的桥梁(3)双方互提意见。

如果不是双方互提意见,而是一方对对方的某个建议纠缠不休,则可能导致失败或中断。

假如对方不但未提出自己的建议,而且对于我方的建议一直纠缠不休的话,我方应设法引导对方提出他们的设想。

只有双方通力合作,充分发挥各自的创造潜力提出各种设想,然后在各种设想的基础上寻求最佳方案,才有可能使谈判顺利进行下去,否则不可能有好的结果出现(4)确认对方底细。

经过一系列的开场述、倡议与选择可行方案,使摸底工作有条不紊地进行着。

至此,通过这种“温和式”交锋,双方应该就对方的底细有一个明确的认识,这一点对于下一阶段激烈的谈判很有帮助21怎样确定开盘价?实际谈判过程中的最初报价称开盘价。

开盘价应根据国际市场价和市场需求以及购销、意图与报价策略等确定一个符合情理的可行价。

理论上讲,开盘价应是最高的可行价格,它通常有两种形式:一种是以最高价格报出的期望价;另一种是以不能突破的最低底盘价报出的期望价。

买卖双方如何报出期望价要根据具体情况具体定夺;在提出报价时,一般应注意以下问题:第一,报价要非常明确。

报价时切忌含含糊糊使对方产生误解。

一方报价必须让对方准确无误地了解其期望,选择才能达到提出报价的目的第二,报价要非常果断,毫不犹豫。

这样才能给对方一种诚实而又认真的印象第三,报价时不必做过多的解释或说明。

因为如果你要使对方相信你的开盘价是符合情理的话,你就没有必要为那些合乎情理的事情进行过多的解释和说明22议价与磋商时,应把握好哪几个环节?(1)捕捉信息,探明依据;(2)了解分歧,归类分析;(3)掌握意图,心中有数;(4)对症下药,选择方案;(5)控制议程,争取主动23如何让步才能有理有谋?让步是在实际谈判过程中部分地或全部地放弃已方的意见或利益。

在商务谈判中,要努力做到有原则地让步、有步骤地让步和有方式地让步(1)有原则地让步。

谈判过程中的让步原则一般有:绝不做无谓的让步;坚持让步的同步性;坚持轻重缓急的原则;坚持让步的艰难性;坚持步步为营的原则;以适当的速度向着预定的成交点推进(2)有步骤地让步。

在进行让步磋商中,应该有步骤地进行。

第一,应先考虑因权衡对方要求而做出的让步所付出的代价与不做让步所受的影响之间的利害关系与后果,同时考虑对方为获得己方这项让步的重视程度以及对方对获得这项让步的成功的估计;第二,列出让步磋商清单;第三,保持一个和谐的洽谈气氛,并制定出一个新的双方都同意的磋商方案,开始实际磋商;第四,在让步磋商时,尽量让对方先表达意向,并给予足够的时间让其表明所有的要求,然后给其最圆满的解释,即使是相同的理由,也不妨多说一次;同时,要借助温和、礼貌、谦虚的言词去制造良好的洽谈气氛(3)有方式地让步。

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