雅思阅读时间：说脏话

potty-mouthed 满嘴脏话的potty mouth满口脏话的人sling v. （随意而稍用力地）扔，掷，抛e.g. Lou slung his suitcase onto the bed.卢把手提箱扔到床上。

profanity n. 亵渎的语言；脏话profane adj.亵渎的v.亵渎with abandon 恣意地，放纵地abandon v.抛弃n. 放任lament v. 哀悼，悲叹e.g. The nation lamented the death of its great war leader.举国上下都在哀悼他们伟大的战时领袖。

debasement n. 贬低，堕落debase v.贬低(声望)e.g. The medical profession has been debased by these revelations.这些事被披露后，医学界的声誉受到了损害。

a silver lining 一线希望taboo n. 禁忌trash talking 废话，脏话02For all their shock value, swear words are practical and elastic, capable of threatening aggression or coaxing a laugh. Among peers, profane banter is often a sign of trust—a way of showing solidarity with a larger group. Critics may say such language reveals boorish thinking or a limited vocabulary, but swearing is often impressively strategic, and a fluency in crass language typically correlates with verbal fluency in general.段落大意：脏话很实用而且很灵活。

说脏话通常需要策略，而且流利地说粗话表明语言使用的流利度。

elastic adj. 有弹性的elasticity n.弹性，灵活性aggression n. 攻击性e.g. Television violence can encourage aggression in children.电视暴力会助长儿童的攻击性行为。

coax v.哄骗，劝诱banter n.玩笑，打趣solidarity n.团结solidary adj.团结一致的boorish adj.粗野的boor n.粗野的人strategic adj.策略的crass adj.粗鲁的03Because the language learnt in infancy has the greatest emotional resonance, swearing in your mother tongue always feels most powerful, even among the most fluent multilinguals. As swearing functions as a complex signal, subtle enough either to amuse or to offend, these words vary according to what a culture deems unmentionable. Russian, for example, “has an almost infinite number” of ways to swear, most of them involving the honour of your mother. As for Japanese, because the culture is largely free of an excretory taboo (hence the poo emoji), there is no equivalent of “shit”. Yet the word kichigai (loosely translated as “retard”) is usually bleeped on television. Translators often struggle to render curse words and insults in other languages, as their emotional heft tends to be culturally circumscribed. For example, Westerners were more amused than alarmed by reports of an Iraqi minister declaring “A curse be upon your moustache!” to a Kuwaiti diplomat in 2003.段落大意：婴儿期习得的语言最引起感情共鸣，所以大家骂人最爱用母语。

每个语言用的脏话往往是该文化的禁忌语。

如俄罗斯人骂人经常是‘问候’母亲，日本人是与‘shit’有关等。

emotional resonance情感共鸣a traditionthat has little resonance in the 21st century在21世纪难以引起共鸣的传统vary v.变化excretoryadj.排泄物的equivalentn.对应物adj.等价的aqualification which is equivalent to a degree相当于学位的资历bleep v.（发出）哔哔声render v.（以某种方式）表达；致使The blow to his head was strong enough to render him unconscious.他头上挨了重重的一击，昏了过去。

heft n.重要性，重量v.举起circumscribe v.限制04Women who curse face a double standard. Although swearing in a male-dominated profession can be a short cut to acceptance, women are also more likely to be shunned or seen as untrustworthy—even by women—when they sound like stevedores. This is not only becausewomen are expected to be more polite than men, Ms. Byrne suggests, but also because swearing tends to be associated with sexuality. Since women are judged more harshly than men for their sexual adventures, bad language leads to assumptions of bad behaviour.段落大意：在骂人领域也有性别歧视，如果女性爆粗口对自身不利。

哎，这个男权社会。

male-dominated男性主导的dominate v.主宰，统治shun v.避开，躲避e.g. Victimsof the disease found themselves shunned by society.患这种病的人发现，社会上的人都躲着他们。

stevedore n.搬运工harshly adv.严厉地，苛刻的e.g. Histheory met with harshcriticism from colleagues.他的理论遭到了同事们的严厉批评。

05Stoicism in the face of pain may seem noble, but swearing a blue streak is apparently more helpful. A study of volunteers forced to plunge their hands in ice-cold water found that those who swore kept their hands submerged for longer than those who were stuck bellowing a neutral word. By making people feel more aggressive—and therefore, perhaps, more powerful—swearing seems to improve the tolerance of pain.段落大意：实验表明说脏话可以提高大家对痛苦的容忍度。

stoicism斯多葛学派,坚忍stoic adj.斯多葛派的，禁欲的a blue streak连珠炮似的讲话e.g. Mrs.White always talks a blue streak.怀特太太总是一开口就滔滔不绝。

bellow v.吼叫，怒吼neutral adj.中立的，中性的原文例句：A study ofvolunteers forced to plunge their hands in ice-cold water found that those whoswore kept their hands submerged for longer than those who were stuck bellowing aneutral word.翻译：由志愿者所做的研究—志愿者被迫将手浸入冰水中-- 发现那些咒骂的人要比那些只能大声说些中性词语的人停留在水下的时间久一些。

06A self-described swearing evangelist, Ms. Byrne is certainly bullish on the merits of bad words. But in her eagerness to prove how “fucking useful”they are, she sometimes overplays her hand. She argues that swearing makes people less likely to be physically violent, but offers little evidence to back this up. She commends the way piss-taking can help people work together more effectively, but largely overlooks the way this approach can alienate minorities. She also occasionally trades empiricism for hyperbole, as when she declares: “I don’t think we would have made it as the world’s most populous primate if we hadn’t learned to swear.”段落大意：尽管说脏话的好处有不少，但是具体作用有多大还是不确定的。