2012年全国医学博士外语答案及解析( 附听力及原文)2
2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2012年医学博士外语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PartⅢCloze 6. PartⅣReading Comprehension 7. PartⅤWritingSection A听力原文：M: Well, just keep your arm straight there. Fine, there will be a little prick like a mosquito bite. OK? There we go. Ok, I will send that sample off and we’ll check it. If the sample is ok, we won’t need to go on seeing you anymore. W: So you think I’m getting better? M: Absolutely. Q: What can be inferred from the conversation?1．A．The woman’s condition is critical.B．The woman has been picking up quite well.C．The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D．The woman won’t see the doctor any more.正确答案：B解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。
女士问医生是不是好转了，医生回答说当然，故答案为B。
选项C是干扰项，医生让女病人伸直手臂，并说会有向蚊子叮咬的刺痛，prick的含义是“刺痛”。
听力原文：W: It’s Mr. Cong, isn’t it?M: That’s right. I saw you six months ago with a broken finger.W: Yes, of course. And is that all healing well?M: It’s fine.W: What can we do for you today?M: Well, I’ve been having these headaches in the front, about my eyes. It started two months ago.They seem to come on quite suddenly, and I get dizzy spell as well. Q: What is the trouble in the man now?2．A．A broken finger.B．A terrible cough.C．Frontal headaches.D．Eye problem.正确答案：C解析：此题考点为细节信息再现。
2012全国医学考博英语真题+答案详解
20201212年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题试卷一(Paper one)Part l Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The questionwill be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET。
Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.The woman's condition is critical.B.The woman has been picking up quite well.C.The woman's illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D.The woman won't see the doctor any more.2. A.A broken finger. B.A terrible cough.C.Frontal headaches.D.Eye problem.3. A.She needs a physical examination. B.She is in good health.C.It's good to have a doctor friend.D.It's good to visit the doctor.4. A.He prefers to take pills to get antioxidants.B.He prefers to get antioxidants from food.C.He doesn't mind eating a lot every day.D.He is overcautious sometimes.5. A.The blouse is a bargain. B.The blouse is too expensive.C.The blouse is colorful.D.The blouse is so fashionable.6. A.To queue for a ticket. B.To take man's offer.C.To buy a ticket online.D.To try an agency.17. A.She disagrees with the man.B.She couldn't agree with the man more.C.It's hard for them to fulfill their plans.D.It's impossible to get money from the Gates Foundation.8. A.One minute. B.Fifteen minutes.C.Half an hour.D.Five minutes.9. A.She is freezing cold. B.She is crazy about ice cream.C.She has a headache.D.She has brain fever.10. A.She can't wait for the man. B.She is very eager to see the man.C.She will go to the USA with the man.D.She expects the man to stay.11. A.A cold. B.A headache.C.A hoarse voice.D.Insomnia.12. A.To go to Susan for advice. B.To try to think like Susan.C.To break up with Susan.D.To have a date with Susan.13. A.She will become a famous singer soon. B.She will become an American idol.C.She will sign up for a talent show.D.She will surely stand out from the crowd.14. A.To take a month off work. B.To rest in bed as much as possible.C.To take some herbal medicine.D.To put on plaster.15. A.The Chinese face cream. B.The American face cream.C.The French perfume.D.The medication.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16. A.White blood cell count. B.Red blood cell count.C.X-ray.D.ECG.17. A.Too much work to do. B.A heavy load of studying.C.Her daughter's sickness.D.Her insufficient income.18. A.Leukemia. B.Gastric ulcer.C.Immune disease.D.Gastric influenza.19. A.Take the white tablets three times a day. B.Take the charcoal tablets three times a day.C.Take one or two white tablets at a time.D.Take two charcoal tablets a day.20. A.Stay off work. B.Drink plenty of liquids.C.Eat a lot of vegetables and fruit.D.Postpone your exercise when sick.Passage Two21. A.35million. B.34million. C.25million. D.20million.22. A.Author,professor and dreamer B.Writer,professor and insomniac.C.Author,psychologist and insomniac.D.Dramatist,psychologist and scientist.23. A.Sleeping in8-hour consolidated blocks.B.Sleeping during day time.C.Going to bed soon after dark.2D.Two blocks of4-hour sleep with a waking break.24. A.Because they have unnoticeable sleeping patterns.B.Because they sleep very little.C.Because they are insensitive.D.Because they can't complain.25. A.Sleep is highly variable,and wears out with age.B.Falling asleep is a gradual process.C.Sleeping less will help you lose weight.D.People need to sleep eight hours a day.Passage Three26. A.Eight-year-olds. B.Twelve-year-olds.C.Seventeen-year-olds.D.Adults.27. A.The use off MRI. B.The use of computer tasks.C.The three-way division of the subjects.D.The instructions given to the subjects.28. A.12-year-olds respond strongly to negative feedback.B.12-year-olds function the same as8-year-olds.C.8-year-olds function almost the same as adults.D.12-year-olds function almost the same as adults.29. A.Not bad. B.Excellent.C.Not so good.D.Got it wrong this time.30. A.Scientists. B.The general public.C.Teachers at the kindergarten.D.Children with Attention Deficit Disorder Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the statements are incomplete,beneath each of which there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Her dietician suggested that_____diet and moderate exercise would help her recover soon.A.temperateB.temporaryC.tentativeD.tempting32.His health compels him to______in his early30s.e offB.knock offC.drop offD.pull off33.Two days later he regained his consciousness,forgetful of what had happened in the______A.transparencyB.transiencyC.tranceD.trace34.Despite financial belt-tightening this year,Christmas still represents a great time for_____A.arroganceB.surveillanceC.indulgenceD.turbulence35.A succession of______visits by the two countries'leaders have taken their relations out ofthe cooler over the past20months.A.reciprocalB.receptiveC.repulsiveD.Redundant36.The prime minister,beset by______support rate,made the decision to resign over theweekend to avoid a political vacuum.A.spontaneousB.strenuousC.soaringD.sluggish,337.Beijing Tourism Bureau has released a list of translations for2,753dishes and drinksto______public opinions.A.solicitB.perceiveC.conceiveD.investigate38.The greatest risk for rickets is in______breastfed infants who are not supplemented with400 IU of Vitamin D a day.A.exceptionallyB.practicallyC.exclusivelyD.proportionately39.The government is spending hundreds of billions extending the electricity_______to every remote village for the improvement of farmers'livelihoods.A.gridB.grantC.groveD.grandeur40.Social scientists believe that societies with a_______of young men without hope of marriage suffer from instability,violence and surges in crime.A.swarmageB.hatchC.gangD.surplusSection BDirections:In this section you each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word orphrase which are best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted forthe underlined part.Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She,a crazy fan,felt a tingle of excitement at the sight of Michael Jackson.A.glimpseB.gustC.panicD.pack42.She could never transcend her resentments against her mother's partiality for her brother.A.disciplineplainC.conquerD.defy43.One could neither trifle with a terror of this kind,nor compromise with it.A.belittleB.exaggerateC.ponderD.eliminate44.In light of his good record,the police accepted defense.A.In place ofB.In view ofC.In spite ofD.In search of45.City officials stated that workers who lied on their employment applications may be terminated.A.accusedB.punishedC.dismissedD.suspended46.An outbreak of swine flu outside of Mexico City was blamed for the deaths of more than a hundred people in April2009.A.attached toB.ascribed toposed ofD.related to47.When a forest goes ablaze,it discharges hundreds of chemical compounds,including carbon monoxide.A.puts outB.passes offC.pulls outD.sends out48.Unfortunately,the bridge under construction clasped in the earthquake,so they had to do thewhole thing again from scratch.A.from the beginningB.from now onC.from time to timeD.from the bottom49.Identical twin sisters have led British scientists to a breakthrough in leukemia research thatpromises more effective therapies with fewer harmful side-effects.A.administersB.nurturesC.inspiresD.ensures50.Radical environmentalists have blamed pollutants and synthetic chemicals in pesticides forthe disruption of human hormones.A.disturbanceB.distractionC.intersectionD.interpretation4Part III C l oze(10%)Directions:In this section there is passage with ten numbered blanked.For each blank,there are choices marked A,B,C and D listed below the passage.Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dear Dr.Benjamin,Congratulations on your nomination as United States Surgeon General.Based on your extraordinary career and your commitment to51health disparities among underserved populations,no doubt your tenure will be marked by great progress toward the goal of improved health for all Americans.Each United States Surgeon General has the unique opportunity to create his or her own lasting legacy.Dr.Koop focused on smoking prevention.Dr.Satcher one of52mentors, released the first comprehensive report on mental health.We encourage you to build your own legacy53concept of prevention through healthy lifestyles--a legacy that is both sustainable and cost-effective.This also is an important issue for Members of Congress,many of whom believe that54prevention and wellness initiatives will bring down costs and help people lead healthier lives.The American College of Sports Medicine(ACSM)would be honored to partner with you on such an initiative.ACSM,the largest sports medicine and exercise science organization in the world,55 ready to work with you to increase healthy behaviors-especially physical activity--throughout the life span.During this crucial period of health system reform,we've been advocating for strategies that support preventive medicine not just through diagnostic testing,56promoting healthy, active behaviors that all Americans can achieve at little or no cost.In fact,ACSM already has a working agreement with the Surgeon General's office,focused on a series of healthy-lifestyle public service announcements for our Exercise Is Medicine TM program,a program that57calls on doctors to encourage their patients to incorporate physical activity and exercise into their daily routine.As you are58aware,physical activity can prevent and treat a host of chronic conditions--such as heart disease,type II diabetes,and obesity–that currently plague our country.Your example as59whose family has suffered from preventable disease and who demonstrates healthy lifestyles can be powerful indeed.Anytime either before or after your appointment is confirmed,we would60the opportunity to meet with you and your staff to discuss how we,along with other leading health organizations,can enhance the prevention paradigm through physical activity.Again,Dr,Benjamin,I extend our deepest congratulations and best wishes.Sincerely,James Pivarnik,Ph.D.,FACSMPresident,American College of Sports Medicine51. A.handle B.eliminate C.achieving D.addressing52. A.his own B.our own C.your own D.her own53. A.around B.above C.at D.across54. A.promoted B.promoting C.having been promoting D.having been promoted55. A.put B.got C.sits D.stands56. A.but for B.but that C.but by D.but also57. A.arguably B.excessively C.specifically D.exceptionally558. A.well B.better C.the very D.the most59. A.those B.one C.this D.it60. A.greet B.welcome C.deserve D.celebratePart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneAs the defining epidemic of a modem age notable for overconsumption and excess,obesity is hard to beat.The increased availability of high-fat,high-sugar foods,along with more sedentary lifestyles,has helped push the number of obese people worldwide to beyond400million,and the number of overweight to more than1.6billion.By2015,those figures are likely to grow to700 million and2.3billion respectively,according to the World Health Organization.Given the health implications--increased risk of heart disease,stroke,diabetes and some cancers--anything that helps people avoid piling on the pounds must be a good thing,right?Those who agree will no doubt welcome the growing success of researchers striving to develop"diet pills"that provide a technical fix for those incapable of losing weight any other way. Last week a study published in The Lancet showed that tesofensine,which works by inducing a sense of fullness,is twice as effective as any other drug at enabling patients to lose weight.There is no question that advances such as this are good news for those with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity.But for the rest of us it is dangerous to see treatment as a more effective solution than prevention.There are several reasons for this.For a start,the traditional ways of maintaining a safe weight,such as limiting what you eat,increase consumption of fruit and vegetables and taking more exercise,are beneficial for our health in many ways.Second,overindulgence in fatty foods has implications for the entire planet.Consider the deleterious environmental effects of the rising demand for meat.As demonstrated in our special issue on economic growth,technological fixes will not compensate for excessive consumption. Third,interfering with the brain circuits that control the desire for food can have an impact on other aspects of a person's personality and their mental and physical health.We need two approaches:more research into the genetics of obesity to understand why some people are more susceptible,and greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death.Cynics will say we've tried education and it hasn't worked.That is defeatist:getting people to change their behavior takes time and effort,held back as we are by our biological tendency to eat more than we need,and by the food industry's ruthless opportunism in exploiting that.Drugs will be the saving of a few--as a last resort.But the global obesity problem is one of lifestyle,and the solution must be too.61.In the first paragraph all the figures surrounding obesity reflect________A.a close link between growing obese and developing diseaseB.the inevitable diseases of modem civilizationC.the war against the epidemic we have lostD.the urgency of the global phenomenon62.When it comes to the recently reported diet pills,the author would say that________6A.drags are no replacement of preventionB.the technical advance is not necessarily good newsC.the technical fix does help reverse the obesity epidemicD.the mechanism of tesofensine still remains to be verified63.Which of the following can be referred to as the environmental perspective of the author'sargument?A.Belittling good health behavior.B.Imposing a heavy burden on our planet.C.Making trouble for our social environment.D.Having implications for mental and physical health.64.The author argues that we make greater efforts to help people fight against_________A.their biological overeating tendency and aggressively marketed foodsB.the development of diet pills as a technical fix for obesityC.their excuses for their genetic susceptibility to obesityD.the defeatism prevailing in the general populations65.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.No Quick FixB.Disease of CivilizationC.Pursuing a Technical FixD.A War on Global ObesityPassage TwoAn abandoned airfield near a former Nazi concentration tramp may soon feature pagodas and Tai Chi parks.A$700million project aims to give Germany its own Chinatown22miles north of Berlin in the town of Oranienburg,housing2,000residents by2010.The investor group behind the scheme hopes the new Chinatown will attract tourists and business to rival the famed Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York by delivering an "authentic Chinese experience.""You'll be able to experience China,go out for a Chinese meal, and buy Chinese goods,"says Stefan Kunigam,managing director of Bandenburg-China -Project-Management GmbH.The project has attracted investors in both Germany and China,reports Christoph Lang of Berlin's Trade and Industry promotion Office."Chinese investors have already asked if we have a Chinatown here."He says."The cultural environment is very important for them.You cannot build a synthetic Chinatown."Germany is home to about72,000Chinese migrants(2002Federal Statistical Office figures), but the country has not had a Chinatown since the early1930s in Hamburg,when most of the city's2,000Chinese residents fled or were arrested by the Nazis.German's more-recent history with anti-foreigner extremism remains a problem even within the government,reports Deutsche Welle(DW),Germany's international broadcaster.DW notes that National Democratic Party lawmaker Holger Apfel's xenophobic(恐外的)comments about "state-subsidized Oriental mega-families"at first went largely uncriticized."Every fourth German harbors anti-foreigner sentiments,"DW quotes Miriam Gruss,a Free Democratic Party parliamentarian."Right-wing extremism is clearly rooted in the middle of society.It's not a minor phenomenon."The German government initiated a special youth for Democracy andTolerance program in January2007as part of its tolerance-building efforts.7While it is not clear how many Chinese migrants will ultimately settle in the new German Chinatown,developers hope the project will increase Germans'understanding for China and Chinese culture.66.If set up,according to the passage,the new German Chinatown will probably be_______A.a rival to the Chinatowns of San Francisco and New YorkB.mainly made of pagodas and Tai Chi parksC.located in the north suburbs of BerlinD.the biggest one in Germany67.When he says that you cannot build a synthetic Chinatown,Lang means_______A.the real imported goods made in ChinaB.the authoritative permission for the projectC.the importance of the location for a ChinatownD.the authentic environment to experience Chinese culture68.By mentioning the population of Chinese migrants in Germany,the author most probablymeans that_________A.it is too late to build a ChinatownB.it is their desire to save a ChinatownC.it is important to create jobs for themD.it is necessary to have a Chinatown there69.According to the passage,German anti-foreigner extremismA.can seed the new community with hatredB.could be an obstacle to the projectC.will absolutely kill the planD.is growing for the scheme70.The message from the plan is clear:A.to build a new communityB.to fight against right-wing extremismC.to promote more cultural understandingD.to increase Chinese's understanding of GermanyPassage ThreeThe American research university is a remarkable institution,long a source of admiration and wonder.The idyllic(田园诗的),wooded campuses,the diversity and energy of the student populations,and,most of all,the sheer volume of public and private resources available to nm them,have made them the envy of the world.Seen from the inside,however,everything is not quite so rosy.Setting aside the habitual complexity of medical schools,which have separate healthcare and finance issues,the structure of these institutions is straightforward and consistent.The bedrock of each university is a system of discipline-specific departments.The strength of these departments determines the success and prestige of the institution as a whole.This structure raises a few obvious questions.One is the relevance of the department-based structure to the way scientific research is done.Many argue that in a host of areas--ranging from computational biology and materials science to pharmacology and climate science--much of the most important research is now interdisciplinary in nature.And there is a sense that,notwithstanding years of efforts to adapt to this change by encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration,the department-based structure of the university is essentially at odds with such collaboration.8A second set of issues surrounds the almost static nature of the departmental system.In a country where most things are highly fluid,the fields covered by departments,as well as the pecking order(权势等级)between them,have remained largely unchanged for many years.Aspeople and money have flowed,particularly over the past twenty years,to the south and the southwest,the strongest US universities and departments remain embedded in the northeast and in California.League tables drawn up by the National Academy of Sciences and others show little movement in this pecking order,even over several decades.Another,perhaps more contentious,issue concerns the relevance of the modem research university to the community it serves.The established model,whatever else its strengths and weaknesses,reflects the desire of the middle classes for undergraduate training that prepares their offspring for a stable career.But how does it serve a society in which people may have to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?71.The passage begins with the presentation of the American research university_______A.in a unique wayB.in a jealous toneC.in the eyes of outsidersD.out of personal admiration72.The traditional model of the US research university________A.determines the complexity of the single-discipline departmentB.is well established with competition among its departmentsC.ensures the success and prestige of each single departmentD.is characterized by the department-based structure73.The structure of the US research university,the author contends,needs to be stretched_____A.to change the way scientific research is done along the disciplineB.to promote individuality and creativity in doing scienceC.to address the current interdisciplinary challengesD.to advance the discipline-based department74.In addition to the department-based structure,the pecking order_______A.remains unchallenged as the name of the gameB.fosters unfair competition at the American institutionC.contributes to insufficient interdisciplinary collaborationD.makes uneven allocations of financial resource among the US universities75.What can be inferred from the question:But how does it serve a society in which people mayhave to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?A.The American societal structure has an impact on that of the research university.B.College students need to be trained to be dedicated to the social value of science.C.The modem research university ought to change the way it serves the middle class.D.The established model serves as an obstacle to the best service of the society.Passage FourScience and politics make uncomfortable bedfellows.Rarely is this more true than in the case of climate change,where it is now time for emergency counseling.One point repeatedly made at last week's climate change congress in Copenhagen was that formulating an action plan to curb climate change is not a job of scientists.Politicians may be left scratching their heads over what to do,but at this stage climatescientists cannot provide more guidance than they did in the2007report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,for two reasons.9First,models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. As one Copenhagen delegate put it:"Tell me what the stock market will do in100years and I will tell you what the climate will do."Second as most climate scientists will agree,their role is not toformulate policy.They can provide more or less apocalyptic(大灾预测的)scenarios of what will happen if emissions hit certain thresholds,from burning forests to disappearing islands.But when politicians ask what is the absolute maximum amount of carbon dioxide we should allow to be pumped out,the answer is,invariably,how much risk do you want to take?There are ways out of the deadlock.As the major climate negotiations in December approach,scientists need to be able to take off their labcoats sometimes and speak as concerned citizens.Some may feel uncomfortable with blurting the line between science and activism,but they should be aware that no one understands the risks better than they do and no one is better placed to give informed opinions.Politicians,for their part,should stop begging climatologists for easy answers.What they need instead is a new breed of advisers to descend from the ivory towers of academia and join the climate fray–people who are willing and able to weight up the risks,costs and benefits of various degrees of action.If all else fails,there may still be the safety net of geoengineering.As we have said on several occasions,this option can no longer be dismissed as fantasy.Reputable scientists are discussing options among themselves and with policy-makers,but the fact that we are even considering it should spur governments to cut emissions,cut them deeply and cut them fast. Geoengineering is no get-out-of-jail-free card;it has dangers of its own.The military are already taking an interest,raising the spectre of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing we want.76.In the case global warning,scientists_______A.tend to be more conservative than politiciansB.are in no position to offer a definite answerC.never trust politicians as in other casesD.feel incapable more than ever before77.Speaking of climate change,politicians______A.don't like it when scientists are indirectB.never see eye to eye with scientists thereC.seldom want to play the game with scientistsD.are left puzzled over the formulation of policy78.To bridge the gap between the two sides,according to the passage,scientists are supposedto_______A.act with more concern and enthusiasmB.discard their prejudice towards politiciansC.be definite enough to offer informed opinionsD.do as concerned citizens do in protecting environment79.For their part,politicians ought to be reasonable and_______A.pick up the right scientists for informed opinionsB.place policy and decision in the hands of scientistsC.receive reeducation in the ivory towers of academia10D.choose those who can provide a straightforward prediction80.The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of________A.the other alternatives in the matterB.the climate weapon as a double-edged swordC.the dangers of the fantasy among the reputable scientistsD.the urgency of emission reduction on the part of governmentsPassage FiveYou are what you eat notwithstanding,it is only recently that most consumers have become interested in the technical details of their food's composition,production and transport.With obesity and climate change now major concerns,and"localvore"and"food miles"entering the lexicon,shoppers are clamoring for information.And many food companies are happy to supply it, resulting in a dizzying array of multicolored labels and claims.But not everyone is happy.A proposed law in Indiana is the latest attempt in the United States to ban milk labels proclaiming that the cows from whence the milk came were not treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone(rBGH,also called recombinant bovine somatotropin or rbST).This hormone,produced by engineered bacteria,is virtually identical to the cow's own and can increase milk production by10-15%.There are two bad arguments for banning such labels.The f~t--that it is impossible to determine from the milk whether the cow was injected with rBGH--is the reason cited in the bill language.The second--that proliferation of"no rBGH"labels will train consumers to distrust the product--is the real motivation.The first argument can be disposed of easily:it is already illegal to make false claims about a product.The second argument may seem more convincing.There is no firm scientific evidence that injecting cows with rBGH affects human health in any way,but prevalent labeling touting the absence of rBGH would suggest to consumers that there are some differences.The mandating(颁布)of an additional phrase such as that agreed last month in Pennsylvania--"No significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rbST-treated and non-rbST-treated cows" ---ameliorates(减轻)this problem.There are good reasons not to ban accurate labels.More information means that consumers can be more discerning,and not just about their own health.They can vote with their purchases for farming practices they prefer.And if a company wants to use a technology with a bad reputation,it is the firm's responsibility to educate the consumer about why it is beneficial.If consumers choose irrationally to reject it,that is their prerogative(特权).Capitalism thrives on the irrationality of consumers,from their noted fear of smelling bad,to their preference for redness in apples,farmed salmon and fast-food signage(标记).Indeed,if consumers were suddenly to become rational,an economic cataclysm(大灾难) would result,as households in all the rich nations would cut their consumption to only what they really needed.Such a crash would no doubt make the current economic doldrums(萧条)look like the mildest hiccup(打嗝)。
2012年12月听力原文及答案
Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.11.W: This crazy bus schedule has got me completely confused. I can’t figure out when my bus to Cleveland leaves?M: Why don’t you just go to the ticket window and ask?Q: What does the man suggest the woman do?12.W: I really enjoyed the TV special about drafts last night. Did you get home in time to see it?W: Oh, yes, but I wish I could have stayed awake long enough to see the whole thing.Q: What does the man mean?13.W: Airport, please. I’m running a little late. So just take the fastest way even if it’s not the most direct.M: Sure, but there is a lot of traffic everywhere today because of the football game.Q: What do we learn about the woman from the conversation?14.W: May I make a recommendation, sir? Our seafood with this special sauce is very good.M: Thank you, but I don’t eat shellfish. I’m allergic to it.Q: Where does this conversation most probably take place?15. W: now one more question if you don’t mind, what position in the company appeals to you most?M: Well, I’d like the position of sales manager if that position is still vacant.Q: What do we learn about the man?16. M: I don’t think I want to live in the dormitory next year. I need moreprivacy.W: I know what you mean. But check out the cost if renting an apartment first. I won’t be surprised if you change your mind.Q: What does the woman imply?17. M: You’re on the right track. I just think you need to narrow the topic down.W: Yeah, you’re right. I always start by choosing two boarder topics when I’m doing a research paper.Q: What do we learn from the conversation?18. W: This picnic should beat the last one we went to, doesn’t it?M: Oh, yeah, we had to spend the whole time inside. Good thing, the weather was cooperative this time.What do we learn about the speakers from the conversation?Long ConversationConversation OneM: When I say I live in Sweden, people always want to know about the seasons.W: The seasons?M: Yeah, you know how cold it is in winter? What is it like when the days are so short?W: So what is it like?M: Well, it is cold ,very cold in winter. Sometimes it is cold as 26 degrees below centigrade. And of course when you go out, you’ll wrap up warm. But inside in the houses it’s always very warm, much warmer than at home. Swedish people always complain that when they visit England, the houses are cold even in the good winter.W: And what about the darkness?M: Well, yeah, around Christmas time there’s only one hour of daylight, so you really looks forward to the spring. It is sometimes a bit depressing. But you see the summers are amazing, from May to July in the North of Sweden the sun never sets. It’s still light in the midnight. You can walk in the mountains and read a newspaper.W: Oh, yeah, the land of the midnight sun.M: Yeah, that’s right, but it’s wonderful. You won’t stay up all night. And the Swedes makes most of it often they started work earlier in summer and then leave at about 2 or 3 in the afternoon, so that they can really enjoy the long summer evenings. They’d like to work hard, but play hard, too. I think Londoners work longer hours, but I’m not sure this is a good thing.Q19: What do we learn about the man from the conversation?Q20: What do Swedish people complain about when they visit England in winter?Q21: How does the man describe the short hour of daylight around Christmas in Sweden?Q21: What does the man say about the Swedish people? Conversation TwoW: What kind of training does one need to go into this type of job?M: That’s a very good question. I don’t think there is any, specifically. W: For example, in your case, what was your educational background? M: Well, I did a degree in French at Nottingham. After that, I did careers work in secondary schools like the careers guidance people. Here is in the university. Then I went into local government because I found I was more interested in the administrative side. Then progressed on to universities. So there wasn’t any plan and there was no specific training. There are plenty of training courses in management techniques and committee work which you can attend now.W: But in the first place, you did a French degree.M: In my time, there wasn’t a degree you could do for administration. I think most of the administrators I’ve come across have degrees and all sorts of things.W: Well, I know in my case, I did an English literature degree and I didn’t really expect to end up doing what I am doing now.M: Quite.W: But you are local to Nottingham, actually? Is there any reason why you went to Nottingham University?M: No, no, I come from the north of England, from west Yorkshire. Nottingham was one of the universities I put on my list. And I like the look of it. The campus is just beautiful.W: Yes, indeed. Let’s see. Were you from the industrial part of Yorkshire? M: Yes, from the Woolen District.Q23. What was the man’s major at university?Q24: What was the man’s job in secondary schools?Q25: What attracted the man to Nottingham University?Section BPassage OneWhile Gail Obcamp, an American artist was giving a speech on the art of Japanese brush painting to an audience that included visitors from Japan,she was confused to see that many of her Japanese listeners have their eyes closed. Were they tuned off because an American had the nerve to instruct Japanese in their own art form or they deliberately tried to signal their rejection of her? Obcamp later found out that her listeners were not being disrespectful. Japanese listeners sometimes closed their eyes to enhance concentration. Her listeners were showing their respect for her by chewing on her words. Some day you may be either a speaker or a listener in a situation involving people from other countries or members of minority group in North America. Learning how different cultures signal respect can help you avoid misunderstandings. Here are some examples. In the deaf culture of North America, many listeners show applause not by clapping their hands but by waving them in the air. In some cultures, both overseas and in some minority groups in North America, listeners are considered disrespectful if they look directly at the speaker. Respect is shown by looking in the general direction but avoiding direct eye contact. In some countries, whistling by listeners is a sign of approval while in other courtiers it is a form of insult.Questions:26, What did Obcamp’s speech focus on?27, Why do Japanese listeners sometimes close their eyes while listening to a speech?28, What does the speaker try to explain?Passage TwoChris is in charge of purchasing and maintaining equipment in his Division at Taxlong Company. He is soon going to have an evaluation interview with his supervisor and the personnel director to discuss the work he has done in the past year. Salary, promotion and plans for the coming year will also be discussed at the meeting. Chris has made several changes for his Division in the past year. First, he bought new equipment for one of the departments. He has been particularly happy about the new equipment because many of the employees have told him how much it has helped them. Along with improving the equipment, Chris began a program to train employees to use equipment better and do simple maintenance themselves. The training saved time for the employees and money for the company. Unfortunately, one serious problem developed during the year. Two employees the Chris hired were stealing, and he had to fire them. Chris knows that a new job for a purchasing and maintenance manager for the whole company will be open in a few months, and he would like to be promoted to the job. Chris knows, however, that someone else wants that new job, too. Kim is in charge of purchasing and maintenance in another Division of thecompany. She has also made several changes over the year. Chris knows that his boss likes Kim’s work, and he expects that his work will be compared with hers.Questions 29 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. What is Chris’s main responsibility at Taxlong Company?30. What problem did Chris encounter in his Division?31. What does Chris hope for in the near future?32. What do we learn about Kim from the passage?Passage ThreeProverbs, sometimes called sayings, are examples of folk wisdom. They are little lessons which older people of a culture pass down to the younger people to teach them about life. Many proverbs remind people of the values that are important in the culture. Values teach people how to act, what is right, and what is wrong. Because the values of each culture are different, understanding the values of another culture helps explain how people think and act. Understanding your own culture values is important too. If you can accept that people from other cultures act according to their values, not yours, getting along with them will be much easier. Many proverbs are very old. So some of the values theyteach may not be as important in the culture as they once were. For example, Americans today do not pay much attention to the proverb “Haste makes waste”, because patience is not important to them. But if you know about past values, it helps you to understand the present and many of the older values are still strong today. Benjamin Franklin, a famous American diplomat, writer and scientist, died in 1790, but his proverb “Time is money”is taken more seriously by Americans of today than ever before. A study of proverbs from around the world shows that some values are shared by many cultures. In many cases though, the same idea is expressed differently.Questions 33- 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.33. Why are proverbs so important?34. According to the speaker what happens to some proverbs with the passage of time?35 What do we learn from the study of proverbs from around the world?Section CCompound DictationOur lives are woven together. As much as I enjoy my own company, I no longer imagine I can get through a single day much less all my lifecompletely on my own. Even if I am on vacation in the mountains, I am eating food someone else has grown, living in a house someone else has built, wearing clothes someone else has sewn from cloth woven by others, using electricity someone else is distributing to my house. Evidence of interdependence is everywhere; we are on this journey together.As I was growing up, I remember being carefully taught that independence not interdependence was everything. “Make your own way”,”Stand on your own two feet”or my mother’s favorite remark when I was face-to-face with consequences of some action: Now that you’ve made your bed, lie on it.Total independence is a dominant thing in our culture. I imagine that what my parents were trying to teach me was to take responsibilities for my actions and my choices. But the teaching was shaped by our cultural imagines. And instead, I grew up believing that I was supposed to be totally independent and consequently became very reluctant to ask for help. I would do almost anything not to be a burden, and not require any help from anybody.答案：11.答案：B) Go and ask the staff.12.答案：A) He fell asleep in the middle of the TV program.13.答案：B) She is worried about missing her flight.14.答案：A) In a restaurant15.A) He is being interviewed for a job.16.B) The man is unlikely to move out of the dormitory.17.D) The woman is going to make her topic more focused.18.B) They didn’t quite enjoy their last picnic.19. C）He is an English living in Sweden.20. B）The cold houses.21. C）Depressing.22. B）They work hard and play hard.23. What was the man’s major at university?答案：B）French.24. What was the man’s job in secondary schools?答案：C）careers guidance.25. What attracted the man to Nottingham University?答案：B）Its pleasant environment.Section BPassage One（听力短文第一大题）26. A. The art of Japanese brush painting27. A. To enhance concentration28. C. How listeners in different cultures show respectPassage Two（听力短文第二大题）29. A. Buying and maintaining equipment.30. A. Two of his employees committed theft.31. D. Advancement to a higher promotion32. D. She is competing with Chris for that new job.33. A) They help us see the important values of a culture。
医学博士考试01-06试题 加详解
2000FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER TWO31.A 32.B 33.C 34.D 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.A 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.B46.D 47.C 48.B 49.A 50.C51.C 52.B 53.D 54.A55.C 56.D 57.D 58.C59.C 60.C 61.D 62.D63.A 64.B 65.D 66.D67.C 68.B 69.C 70.A71.C 72.C 73.C 74.D 75.D2001FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）PAPER ONE1.A2.C3.D4.B5.A6.A7.C8.A9.D 10.C 11. PAPER TWO1.C2.C3.A4.B5.C6.D7.B8.D9.C 10.D 11.D 12.A 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.A 19.D 20.D 21.D 22.C 23.A 24.C 25.C 26.C 27.A 28.B 29.A 30.A31.C 32.A 33.B 34.A 35.A 36.B 37.C 38.C 39.D 40.B 41.C 42.C 43.A 44.B 45.B46.C 47.D 48.B 49.D 50.A51.C 52.A 53.A 54.D55.D 56.C 57.A 58.A59.C 60.C 61.D 62.A63.B 64.D 65.D 66.C67.A 68.A 69.D 70.D71.C 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.A2002FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.B2.C3.C4.A5.D6.B7.C8.C9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.D 14.C 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.A 21.D 22.D 23.C 24.C 25.C 26.A 27.D 28.A 29.C 30.B31.B 32.C 33.A 34.C 35.D 36.C 37.C 38.C 39.D40.D41.B 42.D 43.D 44.B 45.C 46.D 47.A 48.B 49.A50.B51.B 52.C 53.D 54.A 55.C 56.C 57.C 58.C 59.A60.A61.A 62.D 63.D 64.B 65.A 66.D 67.D 68.A 69.C70.C71.B 72.A 73.A 74.A 75.A 76.B 77.C 78.B 79.C80.D81.C 82.B 83.D 84.D 85.D 86.A 87.B 88.C 89.A 90.D2003FA TMD医学博士研究生入学外语考试――英语参考答案（部分）1.D 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.D 9.B 10.D 11.B 12.D 13.D 14.A 15.A16.C 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.D 21.C 22.D 23.D 24.A 25.C 26.D 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.D31.A 32.B 33.D 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.C 39.C 40.A 41.A 42.C 43.C 44.D 45.D 46.B 47.D 48.D 49.C 50.A51.B 52.A 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.B 57.A 58.C 59.B60.A61.C 62.B 63.C 64.B 65.C 66.C 67.B 68.D 69.A70.B71.D 72.A 73.D 74.C 75.D 76.B 77.D 78.C 79.C80.A81.A 82.A 83.D 84.C 85.B 86.B 87.C 88.A 89.D 90.B2004年全国医学考博英语试题答案（仅供参考）1.A2.B3.C4.C5.C6.B7.D8.A9.D 10.D11.A 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.A21.A 22.B 23.D 24.C 25.D 26.A 27.D 28.C 29.B 30.C31.B 32.A 33.D 34.A 35.B 36.B 37.A 38.B 39.C 40.B41.A 42.C 43.B 44.D 45.C 46.D 47.C 48.A 49.D 50.A51.A 52.B 53.D 54.A 55.B 56.C 57.A 58.A 59.B 60.C61.D 62.C 63.B 64.D 65.C 66.D 67.D 68.C 69.D 70.B71.B 72.D 73.B 74.C 75.B 76.B 77.A 78.D 79.A 80.B81.B 82.D 83.C 84.C 85.A 86.B 87.D 88.A 89.A 90.D2005年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案1-5CACDA6-10CDBCB11-15CADBA16-20DDBCB21-25ABCBD26-30CCDAD31-35CABAA36-40CADAD41-45BACBA46-50ABDCC51-55BACBA56-60ACBCB61-65BCBBC66-70BDABC71-75CACBB76-80CACBB81-85CBACD86-90ADBCC2006年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案31-40 CDCCB BCBDA41-50 ACACA ACDDB51-60 BCACA AADBC61-70 DDDDA ACABD71-80ACCCC BCAAD81-90DBDBD DDBBC2001part III vocabulary(15%)1.we are all overwhelmed with more facts and information than we can possibly____A.feedB.maintainC.absorbD.consume2.pleasure,or joy, is vital to ____health. vital.生死攸关的, 重大的, 生命的, 生机的, 至关重要的, 所必需的A.optimistic pessimistic悲观的B.optional可选择的, 随意的C.optimal最佳的, 最理想的near optimal近似最佳D.operational3.A ____ effort is required to achieve health.mitted 承担义务的；忠于既定立场的；坚定的B.restrictedposed镇静的, 沉着的D.sophisticated诡辩的, 久经世故的4.A person’s belief ____ and colors his experience.A.contradicts vt.同...矛盾, 同...抵触contradict a statement驳斥一项声明contradict oneself自相矛盾B.shapes shape the destiny of决定...的命运C.summarizes概述, 总结, 摘要而言D.exchanges交换, 调换, 兑换, 交流, 交易.exchange experience 交流经验5.Many professors encourage students to question and ____ their idearsA.convey vt.搬运, 传达, 转让I can't convey my feelings in words.我的情感难以言表。
北京师范大学博士入学英语试题与答案详解(2012年)
北京师范大学2012年博士入学英语试题与答案详解一、试题部分Part I: Listening Comprehension(略)Part：Reading ComprehensiveDirections: There are six passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.Passage OneIn 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residents-New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930,it had ten giant metropolises. The newer ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.Line the population of Los Angeles(114000 in 1900)rose spectacularly in the early decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1400 percent from 1900 to 1930.A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however, was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North America's greatest refining center.Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown businessdistrict did not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000 cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.21. What is the passage mainly about?( )A. The growth of cities in the United States in the early 1900'sB. The development of the Southern California oil fieldsC. Factors contributing to the growth of Los AngelesD. Industry and city planning in Los Angeles22. The author characterizes the growth of new large cities in the United States after 1900 as resulting primarily from ( )A. new economic conditionsB. images of cities shown in moviesC. new agricultural techniquesD. a large migrant population23. The word "meteoric" in line 6 is closest in meaning to ( )A. rapidB. famousC. controversialD. methodical24. According to the passage, the most important factor in the development of agriculture around Los Angeles was the ( )A. influx of "new residents to agricultural areas near the cityB. construction of an aqueductC. expansion of transportation facilitiesD. development of new connections to the city's natural harbor25. The visitors from the east coast mentioned in the passage thought that Los Angeles ( )A. was not accurately portrayed by Hollywood imagesB. lacked good suburban areas in which to liveC. had an excessively large populationD. was not really a single cityPassage TwoImagine eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat. That would be great , wouldn’t it?New “fake fat” products appeared on store shelves in the United Stat es recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, sayfood manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods, Critics, however, say that the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it is up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can’t be digested at all.Normally, special chemicals in the intestines “grab” molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers say it’s that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids, compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E and K as well as carotenoids to theirproducts now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.26. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that ( )A. contains plenty of nutrientsB. renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitaminsC. makes foods easily digestibleD. makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious27. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be ( )A. commercially uselessB. just as anticipatedC. somewhat controversialD. quite unexpected28. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that ( )A. it passes through the intestines without being absorbedB. it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the bodyC. it helps reduce the incidence of heart diseaseD. it prevents excessive intake of vitamins29. What is a possible effect of olestra according to some critics? ( )A. It may impair the digestive system.B. It may affect the overall fat intake.C. It may increase the risk of cancer.D. It may spoil the consumers’ appetite.30. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra? ( )A. It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.B. People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.C. The function of the intestines may be weakened.D. It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.Passage ThreeA “scientific” view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguistswho affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century. Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic, as they were by these “scientific” thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard; for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person. It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that it goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering. It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances—real or fictional—that are similar to our own circumstances. Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse：they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances. A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears.Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account what the “scientific” view leaves out. If it is a weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action, must either be liars themselves or be very naive;pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceasedto be pure logic.31. According to the passage, to reject rhetoric and still hope to persuade people is( )A. an aim of most speakers and writers.B. an indication either of dishonesty or of credulity.C. a way of displaying distrus t of the audience‘s motives.D. a characteristic of most humanistic discourse.32. It can be inferred from the passage that in the late nineteenth century rhetoric was regarded as ( )A. the only necessary element of persuasive discourse.B. a dubious art in at least two ways.C. an outmoded and tedious amplification of logic.D. an open offense to the rational mind.33. The passage suggests that a speech that attempts to persuade people to act is likely to fail if it does NOT ( )A. distort the truth a little to make it more acceptable to the audience.B. appeal to the self-interest as well as the humanitarianism of the audience.C. address listeners‘ emotions as well as their intellects.D. concede the logic of other points of view.34. Which of the following persuasive devices is NOT used in the passage？( )A. A sample of an actual speech delivered by an oratorB. The contrast of different points of viewC. The repetition of key ideas and expressionsD. An analogy that seeks to explain logical argument35. Which of the following best states the author‘s main point about logical argument？( )A. It is a sterile, abstract discipline, of little use in real life.B. It is an essential element of persuasive discourse, but only one such element.C. It is an important means of persuading people to act against their desires.D. It is the lowest order of discourse because it is the least imaginative.Passage FourExtraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from differences in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare's Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso's painting Guernica primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field: the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovationsare confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits--the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach--in strikingly original ways.36.The author considers a new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another to be the ( )A. basis for reaffirming a well-established scientific formulation.B. byproduct of an aesthetic experience.C. tool used by a scientist to discover a new particular.D. result of highly creative scientific activity.37.The passage supplies information for answering all of the following questions EXCEPT: ( )A. Has unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary?B. Did Beethoven work within a musical tradition that also included Handel and Bach?C. Is Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro an example of a creative work that transcended limits?D. Who besides Monteverdi wrote music that the author would consider to embody new principles of organization and to be of high aesthetic value?38. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits with--- ( )A. deep skepticismB. strong indignationC. marked indifferenceD. moderate amusement39. The author implies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that ( )A. is cited with high frequency in the publications of other scientistsB. is accepted immediately by the scientific community.C. does not relegate particulars to the role of data.D. introduces a new valid generalization.40. Which of the following statements would most logically conclude the last paragraph of the passage? ( )A. Unlike Beethoven, however, even the greatest of modern composers, such as Stravinsky, did not transcend existing musical forms.B. In similar fashion, existing musical forms were even further exploited by the next generation of great European composers.C. Thus, many of the great composers displayed the same combination of talents exhibited by Monteverdi.D. By contrast, the view that creativity in the arts exploits but does not transcend limits is supported in the field of literature.Passage FiveCultural norms so completely surround people, so permeate thought and action, that we never recognize the assumptions on which their lives and their sanity rest. As one observer put it, if birds were suddenly endowed with scientific curiosity they might examine many things, but the sky itself would be overlooked as a suitable subject; if fish were to become curious about the world, it would never occur to them to begin by investigating water. For birds and fish would take the sky and sea for granted, unaware of their profound influence because they comprise the medium for every fact. Human beings, in a similarly way, occupy a symbolic universe governed by codes that are unconsciously acquired and automatically employed. So much so that they rarely notice that the ways they interpret and talk about events are distinctively different from the ways people conduct their affairs in other cultures.As long as people remain blind to the sources of their meanings, they are imprisoned within them. These cultural frames of reference are no less confining simply because they cannot be seen or touched. Whether it is an individual neurosis that keeps an individual out of contact with his neighbors, or a collective neurosis that separates neighbors of different cultures, both are forms of blindness that limit what can be experienced and what can be learned from others.It would seem that everywhere people would desire to break out of the boundaries of their own experiential worlds. Their ability to react sensitively to a wider spectrumof events and peoples requires an overcoming of such cultural parochialism. But, in fact, few attain this broader vision. Some, of course, have little opportunity for wider cultural experience, though this condition should change as the movement of people accelerates. Others do not try to widen their experience because they prefer the old and familiar, seek from their affairs only further confirmation of the correctness of their own values. Still others recoil from such experiences because they feel it dangerous to probe too deeply into the personal or cultural unconscious. Exposure may reveal how tenuous and arbitrary many cultural norms are; such exposure might force people to acquire new bases for interpreting events. And even for the many who do seek actively to enlarge the variety of human beings with whom they are capable of communicating there are still difficulties.Cultural myopia persists not merely because of inertia and habit, but chiefly because it is so difficult to overcome. One acquires a personality and a culture in childhood, long before he is capable of comprehending either of them. To survive, each person masters the perceptual orientations, cognitive biases, and communicative habits of his own culture. But once mastered, objective assessment of these same processes is awkward since the same mechanisms that are being evaluated must be used in making the evaluations.41. The examples of birds and fish are used to ( )A. show that they, too, have their respective culturesB. explain humans occupy a symbolic universe as birds and fish occupy the sky and the seaC. illustrate that human beings are unaware of the cultural codes governing themD. demonstrate the similarity between man, birds, and fish in their ways of thinking42. The term "parochialism" (Line 3, Para. 3) most possibly means ( )A. open-mindednessB. provincialismC. superiorityD. discrimination43. It can be inferred from the last two paragraphs that ( )A. everyone would like to widen their cultural scope if they canB. the obstacles to overcoming cultural parochialism lie mainly in people’s habit ofthinkingC. provided one’s brought up in a culture, he may be with bias in making cultural evaluationsD. childhood is an important stage in comprehending culture44. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? ( )A. Individual and collective neurosis might prevent communications with others.B. People in different cultures may be governed by the same cultural norms.C. People’s visions will be enlarged if only they knew that cultural differences exist.D. If cultural norms are something tangible, they won’t be so confining.45. The passage might be entitled ( )A. How to Overcome Cultural MyopiaB. Behavioral Patterns and Cultural BackgroundC. Harms of Cultural MyopiaD. Cultural Myopia-A Deep-rooted Collective NeurosisPassage SixWhen you leave a job with a traditional pension, don't assume you've lost the chance to collect it. You're entitled to whatever benefit you've earned——and you might even be entitled to take it now. “A lot of people forget they have it, or they think that by waiting until they're 65, they'll have a bigger benefit,” says Wayne Bogosian, president of the PFE Group, which provides corporate pre-retirement education.Your former employers should send you a certificate that says how much your pension is worth. If it's less than $ 5,000, or if the company offers a lump-sum payout, it will generally close your account and cash you out. It may not seem like much, but $5,000 invested over 20 years at eight percent interest is $23,000. If your pension is worth more than $ 5,000, or your company doesn't offer the lump-sum option, find out how much money you're eligible for at the plan's normal retirement age, the earlier age at which you can collect the pension, the more severe penalty for collecting it early. You'll probably still come out ahead by taking the money now and investing it.What if you left a job years ago, and you're realizing you may have unwittingly left behind a pension? Get help from the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation. It has an online search tool that has helped locate $47 million in lost benefits for more than 12,000 workers.If you have a traditional pension, retiring early costs more than you might expect. Most people assume you take a proportional cut for leaving before your plan's normal retirement age. For example, you might think that if you need to accrue 30 years of service and you leave three years early, you'd get a pension 90 percent of the full amount. But that's not how it works. Instead, you take an actuarial reduction, determined by the employer but often around five percent a year, for each year you leave early. So retiring three years early could leave you with only 85 percent of the total amount.When you retire early with a defined-contribution plan, the problem is you start spending investments on which you could be earning interest. If you retire when you're 55, for example, and start using the traditional pension then, by age 65 you'll have only about half of what you would have had if you'd kept working until 65.46. When one leaves a job with a traditional pension, ( )A. he tends to forget that he has the pensionB. he has no right to ask for the pensionC. he'll have a bigger benefit than if he waits until the age of 65D. he has a specified worth of pension47. If one leaves early before his plan's normal retirement age, ( )A. he'll take 90 percent of the total amount of his pensionB. he'll have half of his pension paymentsC. he'll have his pension payment reduced by 5% a yearD. he'll have only 85 percent of his full pension48. If one retires early with a defined-contribution plan, he is expected to ( )A. earn less interest.B. be better off than with a traditional pension.C. start investment immediately.D. get less Social Security benefits.49. Which of the following can be used as the subtitle for the last three paragraphs?( )A. Your Payout Is Not Guaranteed.B. The Retirement Dilemma.C. Leave Early, Lose Big.D. Take the Pension with You.50. Which of the following is NOT true? ( )A. If one leaves 3 years early on a 30-year-service basis, he won't get a pension worth 27/30ths.B. It pays to get an early retirement if one understands how retirement pension plan works.C. The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation helps the retiree to recover last benefits.D. If one keeps his expenses within his retirement framework, he won't be severely affected.Part III. Translation and WritingPart A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese:Blacks have traditionally been poorly educated -- look at the crisis in urban public schools -- and deprived of the sorts of opportunities that create the vision necessary for technological ambition. Black folkways in America, those unspoken, largely unconscious patterns of thought and belief about what is possible that guide aspiration and behavior, thus do not encompass physics and calculus. Becoming an engineer -- unlike becoming a doctor or a lawyer or an insurance salesman -- has not been seen as a way up in the segregated black community. These folkways developed in response to very real historical conditions, to the limited and at best ambivalent interactions between blacks and technology in this country. Folkways, the "consciousness of the race," change at a slower pace than societal conditions do -- and so a working strategy can turn into a crippling blindness and self-limitation.Translate the following into English:“失落之城”马丘比丘坐落在秘鲁热带山地森林，直到1911 年才被美国探险家海勒姆-宾厄姆发现。
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析
2008年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section A1. C 根据男士的话Fewer people came than we had expected，可知募捐仪式来的人比预料的少。
2. C 根据男士的话allowing acid content to flow into the esophagus(让酸性物质流进食道)可知这是关于胃的疾病。
3. A 根据女士的话I understand that this office helps students with housing，is that fight 可知这是校园内公寓管理办公室。
4. C 根据文中we've acted for hours，Let's get something to eat，We'd be able to feel better with a little nutrition(我们吃点东西就会好子)可知他们是筋疲力尽了。
5. C 根据文中you and some friends are organizing a cruise to Maldives以及Alone if I have to可知即使是没有朋友，他也会自己一个人去航行。
6. C 根据男士的话I'm afraid to have the runs(恐怕我拉肚子了)以及女士的话Are you going to the toilet often(你经常上厕所吗)可知男士的病是腹泻。
diarrhea腹泻。
revert返祖现象。
nausea恶心。
a running nose流鼻涕。
7. A 根据对话，女士已检查过男士的伤口，并清除了玻璃片，给伤口消过毒，根据女士的话The next thingI should do is to stitch you up可知下一件事是缝合男士的伤口。
全国医学博士外语统一入学考试英语试题
2015 年全国医学博士外语统-入学考试英语试题1 请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚,并按"考场指令"要求,将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好;2. 试卷一Paper One答案和试卷二PaperTwo答案都作答在标准答题卡上,不要做在试卷上;3. 试卷一答题时必须使用28 铅笔,将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑:如要更正,先用橡皮擦干净;书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域;4. 标准答题卡不可折叠,同时答题卡须保持平整干净,以利评分;5. 听力考试只放一遍录音,每道题后有15 秒左右的答题时间;国家医学考试中心PAPERONEPart 1 : Listening comprehension 30%Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between twospeakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said,The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of yourchoice on the ANSWER SHEETListen to the following example.You will hear.Woman: 1 fell faint.Man: No wonder You haven't had a bite all dayQuestion: What's the matter with the womanYou will read.A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an antC. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answerNow let's begin with question Number 1.1 A. How to deal with his sleeping problem.B. The cause of his sleeping problem.C. What follows his insomnia.D. The severity of his medical problem.2. take the medicine for a longer timeB. To discontinue the medication.C. To come to see her again.D. To switch to other medications.3. tale it easy and continue to workB. To take a sick leave.C. To keep away from work.D. To have a follow-up.. Fullness in the stomach.B. Occasional stomachache.C. Stomach distention.D. Frequent belches.5. A. extremely severe.B. Not very severe.C. More severe than expected.D. It's hard to say.6. A. He has lost some weight.B. He has gained a lot.C. He needs to exercise moreD. He is still overweight.7. A. She is giving the man an injectionB. She is listening to the man's heartC. She is feeling the man's pulse.D. She is helping the man stop shivering8. A. In the gym. B. In the officeC. In the clinic.D. In the boat.9 . A. Diarrhea. B. Vomiting.C. Nausea.D. Acold.10. A. She has developed allergies.B. She doesr1·t know what al|ergies are-C. She doesn't have any allergiesD. She has allergies treated already.11 A. Listen to music. B. Read magazines.C. Go play tennis.D. Stay in the house12 A She isn’t feeling well B. She is under pressure.C. She doesn't like the weather D She is feeling relieved13. A. Mlchael's wife was ill.B. Michael's daughter was illC. Michael's daughter gave birth to twins.D. Michael was hospitalized for a check-up.14. is absent-minded B. She is in high spirits.C. She is indifferent.D. She is compassionate.15. A. Ten years ago B. Five years ago.C. Fifteen years ago.D. Several weeks ago.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of .your choice on the ANSWER SHEETDialogue16. blood test.B. A gastroscopyC. A chest X-ray exam.D. A barium X-ray test.17. lose some weight.B. To take a few more testsC. To sleep on three pillows.D. To eat smaller lighter meals18. A. Potato chips. B. Chicken. C. Cereal. D. fish.19 . A. Ulcer B. Cancer C. Depression D. Hernia20. A. He will try the diet the doctor recommended.B. He will ask for a sick leave and relax at home.C. He will take the medicine the doctor prescribed.D. He will take a few more tests to rule out cancer.Passage One21 A. Anew concept of diabetesB. The definition of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.C. The new management of diabetics in the hospital.D. The new development of non-perishable insulin pills.22. A. Because it vaporizes easily.B. Because it becomes overactive easily.C. Because it is usually in injection form.D. Because it is not stable above 40 degrees Fahrenheit.23. A. The diabetics can be cured without taking synthetic insulin any longerfindings provide insight into how insulin works.C. Insulin can be more stable than it is now.D. Insulin can be produced naturally.24. A. It is stable at room temperature for several years.B. It is administered directly into the bloodstream.C. It delivers glucose from blood to the cells.D. It is more chemically complex.25. A. Why insulin is not stable at room temperature.B. How important it is to understand the chemical bonds of insulin.C. Why people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes don't produce enough insulin.D. What shape insulin takes when it unlocks the cells to take sugar form blood.PassageTwo26 . A. Vegetative patients are more aware.B. Vegetative patients retain some control of their eye movement.C. EEG scans may help us communicate with the vegetative patientsD. We usually communicate with the brain-dead people by brain-wave.27 A. The left-hand side of the brain.B. The right-hand side of the brain.C The central part of the brain.D. The front part of the brain28. A. 31 B. 6. . D. 129. A. The patient was brain-deadB. The patient wasn't brain-dead.C. The patient had some control over his eye movements.D. The patient knew the movement he or she was making30. A. The patient is no technically vegetative.B. The patient can communicate in some way.C. We can train the patient of speak.D. The family members and doctors can provide better care.Part 11 Vocabulary 10%Section ADirection: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four word- or phrasesmarked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the wordorphrase that best completes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET31 Despite his doctor’s note of caution, he never __ from drinking and smokingA. retainedB. dissuadedC. alleviatedD. abstained32. People with a history of recurrent infections are warned that the use of personal stereos with headsets is likely to _ their hearingA. rehabilitateB. jeopardizeC. tranquilize33. Impartial observers had to acknowledge that lack of formal education did not seem to _ Larry in any way in his success.A. refuteB. ratifyC. facilitateD. impede34. When the supporting finds were reduced, they should have revised their planA. accordingly B alternatively C. considerably D. relatively35. It is increasingly believed among the expectant parents that prenatal education of classical music can_ _ future adults with appreciation of music.A acquaint B. familiarized C. endow D. amuse36. If the gain of profit is solely due to rising energy prices, then inflation should be subsided when energy pricesA. level out B stand out C come off D. wear off37 Heat stroke is a medical emergency that demands immediate from qualified medical personnel.A. prescriptionB. palpationC. interventionD. interposition38. Asbestos exposure results in Mesothelioma, asbestosis and internal organ cancers, and of these diseases is often decades after the initial exposure.A. offsetB. intakeC. outletD. onset39. Ebola, which spreads through body fluid or secretions such as urine, and semen, can kill up to 90% of those infected.A. salineB. salivaC. scabiesD. scrabs40. The newly designed system is to genetic transfections, and enables an incubation period for studying various genes.A. comparableB. transmissibleC. translatableD. amenableSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There arefour words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.41 Every year more than 1,000 patients in Britain die on transplant waiting lists, prompting scientists to consider other ways to produce organs.A. propellingB. prolongingC. puzzlingD. promising42. Improved treatment has changed the outlook of HIV patients, but there is still a serious stigma attached to AIDS.A. disgraceB. discriminationC. harassmentD. segregation43. Survivors of the shipwreck were finally rescued after their courage of persistence lowered to zero by their physical lassitude..A. depletionB. dehydrationC. exhaustionD. handicap44. Scientists have invented a 3D scan technology to read the otherwise illegible wood-carved stone, a method that may apply to other areas such as medicine.A. negativeB. confusingC. eloquentD. indistinct45. Top athletes scrutinize both success and failure with their coach to extract lessons from them, but they are never distracted from long-term goals.A. anticipateB. clarifyC. examineD. verify46. His imperative tone of voice reveals his arrogance and arbitrariness.A. challengingB. solemnC. hostileD. demanding47 The discussion on the economic collaboration between the United States and the European Union may be eclipsed by the recent growing trade friction.A. erasedB. triggeredC. shadowedD. suspended48. Faster increases in prices foster the belief that the future increases will be also stronger so that higher prices fuel demand rather than quench itA. nurtureB. eliminateC. assimilateD. puncture49. Some recent developments in photography allow animals to be studied in previously inaccessible places and in unprecedented detail.A. unpredictableB. unconventionalC. unparalleledD. unexpected50. A veteran negotiation specialist should be skillful at manipulating.A. estimatingB. handlingC. rectifyingD. anticipatingPart III Cloze 10%Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and 0 on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.A mother who is suffering from cancer can pass on the disease to her unborn child in extremely rare cases, 51 a new case report published in PNAS this week.According to researchers in Japan and at the Institute for Cancer Research in Sutton, UK, a Japanese mother had been diagnosed with leukemia a few weeks after giving birth, 52 tumors were discovered in her daughter's cheek and lung when she was 11 months old. Genetic analysis showed that the baby's cancer cells had the same mutation as the cancer cells of the mother But the cancer cells contained no DNA whatsoever from the father, 53 would be expected if she had inherited the cancer from conception. That suggests the cancer cell made it into the unborn child 's body across the placental barrier.The Guardian claimed this to be the first 54 case of cells crossing the placental barrier But this is not the case -- microchimerism , 55 cells are exchanged between a mother and her unborn child, is thought to be quite common, with some cells thought to pass from fetus to mother in about 50 to 75 percent of cases and to go the other way about half 56 .As the BBC pointed out, the greater 57 in cancer transmission from mother to fetus had been how cancer cells that have slipped through the placental barrier could survive in the fetus without being killed by its immune system. The answer in this case at least, lies in a second mutation of the cancer cells, which led to the 58 of the specific features that would have allowed the fetal immune system to detect the cells as foreign. As a result, no attack against the invaders was launched.59 according to the researchers there is little reason for concern of "cancer danger" Only 17 probable cases have been reported worldwide and the combined 60 of cancer cells both passing the placental barrier and having the right mutation to evade the baby's immune system is extremely low51 A. suggests B. suggestingC. having suggestedD. suggested52. A. since B. althoughC. whereasD. when53. A. what B. whomC. who54. A. predicted B. notoriousC. provenD. detailed55. A. where B. whenC. ifD. whatever56. A. as many B. as muchC. as wellD. as often57 A. threat B. puzzleD. dilemma58. A. detection B. deletionC. amplificationD. addition59. A. Therefore B. FurthermoreC. NeverthelessD. Conclusively60. A. likelihood B. functionC. influenceD. flexibilityPart IV Reading Comprehension 30%Directions: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEETPassage OneThe American Society of Clinical Oncology wrapped its annual conference this week, going through the usual motions of presenting a lot of drugs that offer some added quality or extension of life to those suffering from a variety of as-yet incurable diseases. But buried deep in an AP story are a couple of promising headlines that seems worthy of more thorough review, including one treatment study where 100 percent of patients saw their cancer diminish by half.First of all, it seems pharmaceutical companies are moving away from the main cost-effective one-size-fits-all approach to drug development and embracing the long cancer treatments, engineering drugs that only work for a small percentage of patients but work very effectively within that group.Pfizer announced that one such drug it's pushing into late-stage testing is target for 4% of lung cancer patients. But more than 90% of that tiny cohort responded to the drug initial tests, and 9 out of ten is getting pretty close to the ideal ten out of ten. By gearing toward more boutique treatments rather than broad umbrella pharmaceuticals that try to fit for everyone it seems cancer researchers are making some headway. But how can we close the gap on that remaining ten percentAsk Takeda Pharmaceutical and Celgene, two drug makers who put aside competitive interests to test a novel combination of their treatments. In a test of 66 patients with the blood disease multiple myeloma, a full 100 percent of the subjects saw their cancer reduced by half. Needless to say, a 100 percent response to a cancer drug or in this case a drug cocktail is more or less unheard of. Moreover, this combination never would've been two competing companies hadn't sat down and put their heads togetherAre there more potentially effective drug combos out there separated by competitive interest and proprietary informationWho's to say, but it seems like with the amount of money and research being pumped into cancer drug development, the outcome pretty good. And if researchers can start pushing more of their response numbers toward 100 percent, we can more easily start talking about oncology's favorite four-letter word: cure.61 Which of the following can be the best title for the passageA. Competition and CooperationB. Two Competing Pharmaceutical CompaniesC. The Promising Future of PharmaceuticalsD. Encouraging News: a 100% Response to a Cancer Drug62. In cancer drug development, according to the passage, the pharmaceuticals nowA. are adopting the cost-effective one-size-fits-all approachB. are moving towards individualized and targeted treatmentsC. are investing the lion's shares of their moneyD. care only about their profits63. From the encouraging advance by the two companies, we can infer thatA. the development can be ascribed to their joint efforts and collaborationB. it was their competition that resulted in the accomplishmentC. other pharmaceuticals will join them in the researchD. the future cancer treatment can be nothing but cocktail therapy64. From the last paragraph it can be inferred that the answer to the question_ A. is nowhere to be foundB. can drive one crazyC. can be multipleD. is conditional65. The tone of the author of this passage seems to beA. neutralB. criticalC. negativeD. optimistPassage TwoLiver disease is the 12th -leading cause of death in the ., chiefly because once it's determined that a patient needs a new liver it's very difficult to get one. Even in case where a suitable donor match is found, there's guaranteea transplant will be successful. But researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital have taken a huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab, successfully transplanting culture-gown livers into rats.The livers aren't grown from scratch, but rather within the infrastructureof a donor liver. The liver cells in the donor organ are washed out with a detergent that gently strips away the liver cells, leaving behind a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture that is very hard to duplicate synthetically.With all of that complicated infrastructure already in place, the researchers then seeded the scaffold 支架 with liver cells isolated from healthy livers, as well as some special endothelial cells to line the bold vessels. Once repopulated with healthy cells, these livers lived in culture for 10 days.The team also transplanted some two-day-old recellularized livers back into rats, where they continued to thrive for eight hours while connected into the rats' vascular systems. However the current method isn't perfect and cannot seem to repopulate the blood vessels quite densely enough and the transplanted livers can't keep functioning for more than about 24 hours hence the eight-hour maximum for the rat transplantBut the initial successes are promising, and the team thinks they can overcome the blood vessel problem and get fully functioning livers into rats within two years. It still might be a decade before the tech hits the clinic,but if nothing goes horribly wrong-and especially if stem-cell research establishes a reliable way to create health liver cells from the every patients who need transplants-lab-generated livers that are perfect matches for their recipients could become a reality.66. It can be inferred from the passage that the animal model was mainly intendedtoA. investigate the possibility of growing blood vessels in the labB. explore the unknown functions of the human liverC. reduce the incidence of liver disease in the .D. address the source of liver transplants67 What does the author mean when he says that the livers aren't grown from scratchA. The making of a biological scaffold of proteins and extracellular architecture.B. A huge step toward building functioning livers in the lab.C. The building of the infrastructure of a donor liverD. Growing liver cells in the donor organ68. The biological scaffold was not put into the culture in the lab untilA. duplicated syntheticallyB. isolated from the healthy liverC. repopulated with the healthy cellsD. the addition of some man-made blood vessels69. What seems to be the problem in the planted liverA. The rats as wrong recipients.B. The time point of the transplantation .C. The short period of the recellularization.D. The insufficient repopulation of the blood vessels.70. The research team holds high hopes ofA. creating lab-generated livers for patients within two yearsB. the timetable for generating human livers in the labC. stem-cell research as the future of medicineD. building a fully functioning liver into ratsPassage ThreePatients whose eyes have suffered heat or chemical burns typically experience severe damage to the cornea--the thin, transparent front of the eye that refracts light and contributes most of the eye's focusing ability. In a long-term study, Italian researchers use stem cells taken from the limbus, the border between the cornea and the white of the eye, to cultivate a graft of healthy cells in a lab to help restore vision in eyes. During the 10-years study,the researchers implanted the healthy stem cells into the damaged cornea in 113 eyes of 112 patients. The treatment was fully successful in more than 75 percent of the patients, and partially successful in 13 percent. Moreover, therestored vision remained stable over 10 years. Success was defined as an absence of all symptoms and permanent restoration of the cornea.Treatment outcome was initially assessed at one year, with up to 10 years of follow-up evaluations. The procedure was even successful in several patients whose burn injuries had occurred years earlier and who had already undergone surgery.Current treatment for burned eyes involves taking stem cells from a patient's healthy eye, or from the eyes of another person, and transferring them to the burned eye. The new procedure, however stimulates the limbal stem cells from the patient's own eye to reproduce in a lab culture. Several types of treatments using stem cells have proven successful in restoring blindness, but the long-term effectiveness shown here is significant. The treatment is only for blindness caused by damage to the cornea; it is not effective for repairing damaged retinas or optic nerves.Chemical eye burns often occur in the workplace, but can also happen due to mishaps involving household cleaning products and automobile batteries.The results of the study, based at Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, were published in the June 23 online issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.71 What is the main idea of this passageA. Stem cells can help restore vision in the eyes blinded by burns.B. The vision in the eyes blinded by burns for 10 years can be restored.C. The restored vision of the burned eyes treated with stem cells can last for10 years.D. The burned eyes can only be treated with stem cells from other healthy persons.72. The Italian technique reported in this passageA. can repair damaged retinasB. is able to treat damaged optic nervesC. is especially effective for burn injuries in the eyes already treated surgicallyD. shows a long-term effectiveness for blindness in vision caused by damage to cornea73. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about eye burnsA. The places in which people work.B. The accidents that involve using household cleaning products.C. The mishaps that involved vehicles batteries.D. The disasters caused by battery explosion at home.74. What is one of the requirements for the current approachA. The stem cells taken from a healthy eye.B. The patient physically healthy.C. The damaged eye with partial vision.D. The blindness due to damaged optic nerves.75. Which of the following words can best describe the author's attitude towards thenew methodA. Sarcastic.B. Indifferent.C. Critical.D. PositivePassage FourHere is a charming statistic: divide the US by race, sex and county of residence, and differences in average life expectancy across the various groups can exceed 30 years. The most disadvantaged look like denizens of a poor African country: a boy born on a Native American reservation in Jackson County, South Dakota, for example, will be lucky to reach his 60th birthday. A typical child in Senegal can expect to live longer than that.America is not alone in this respect. While the picture is extreme in other rich nations, health inequalities based on race, sex and class exist in most societies--and are only partly explained by access to healthcare.But fresh insights and solutions may soon be at hand. An innovative project in Chicago to unite sociology and biology is blazing the trail 开创, after discovering that social isolation and fear of crime can help to explain the alarmingly high death rate from breast cancer among the city's black women. Living in these conditions seems to make tumors more aggressive by changing gene activity, so that cancer cells can use nutrients more effectively.We are already familiar with the lethal effect of stress on people clinging to the bottom rungs of the societal ladder, thanks to pioneering studies of British civil servants conducted by Michael Marmot of University College London. What's exciting about the Chicago project is that it both probes the mechanisms involved in a specific disease and suggests precise remedies. There are drugs that may stave tumors of nutrients and community coordinators could be employed to help reduce social isolation .Encouraged by the US National Institutes of Health, similar projects are springing up to study other pockets of poor health, in populations ranging from urban black men to white poor women in rural Appalachia.To realize the full potential of such projects, biologists and sociologists will have to start treating one other with a new respect and learn how to collaborate outside their comfort zones. Too many biomedical researchers still take the arrogant view that sociology is a "soft science" with little that's serious to say about health. And too many sociologists reject any biological angle--fearing that their expertise will be swept aside and that this approach will be used to bolster discredited theories of eugenics, or crude race-based medicineIt's time to drop these outdated attitudes and work together for the good of society's most deprived members. More important, it's time to use this fusion of biology and sociology to inform public policy. This endeavor has huge implications, not least in cutting the wide health gaps between blacks and whites, rich and poor76. As shown in the 1st paragraph, the shaming statistic reflects -A. injustice everywhereB. racial discriminationC. a growing life spanD. health inequalities77. Which of the following can have a negative impact on health according to the Chicago-based projectA. Where to live.B. Which race to belong toC. How to adjust environmentally.D. What medical problem to suffer.78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment78. The Chicago-based project focuses its management onA. a particular medical problem and its related social issueB. racial discrimination and its related social problemsC. the social ladder and its related medical conditionsD. a specific disease and its medical treatment79. Which of the following can most probably neglected by sociologistsA. The racial perspective.B. The environmental aspect.C. The biological dimension.D. The psychological angel.80. The author is a big fan ofA. the combination of a traditional and new way of thinking in promoting healthB. the integration of biologists and sociologists to reduce health inequalitiesC. the mutual understanding and respect between racesD. public education and health promotionPassage FiveAmerican researchers are working on three antibodies that many mark a new step on the path toward an HIV vaccine, according to a report published online Thursday, July 8, 2010, in the journal Science.One of the antibodies suppresses 91 percent of HIV strains, more than any AIDS antibody ever discovered , according to a report on the findings published in the WallStreet Journal. The antibodies were discovered in the cells of a 60-year-old African-American gay man whose body produced them naturally. One antibody in particular is substantially different from its precursors, the Science study says.The antibodies could be tried as a treatment for people already infected with HIV, the WSJreports. At the very, least, they might boost the efficacy of current antiretroviral drugs.It is welcome news for the 33 million people the United Nations estimated were living with AIDS at the end of 2008.The WSJ outlines the painstaking method the team used to find the antibody amidthe cells of the African-American man, known as Donor 45. First they designed a probe that looks just like a spot on a particular molecule on the cells that HIV infects. Theyused the probe to attract only the antibodies that efficiently attack that spot. They screened 25 million of Donor 45's cell to find just 12 cells that produced the antibodies。
2012年英语试博士试题
Ⅰ.Complete each of the following sentences with the best answer. (0.5’*40)1.Until he took off his glasses __________.A. I didn’t recognize himB. I hadn’t recognized himC. didn’t I recognize himD. hadn’t I recognized him2.We can __________ that after some time our farmers will be able to __________ international competition.A. expect; fit themselvesB. presume; adjust toC. assume; adapt toD. suppose; get used to3. A good reader can tell the difference between words that sound __________, and know ____________ to usethem.A. like; why and howB. alike; why and whereC. like how and whereD. alike; when and how4.90 percent of all English writing ____________ 1,000 basic words.A. is consistedB. consist ofC. consists ofD. consisted5.____________ to develop his talent, Adam could become an excellent artist.A. AllowedB. AllowingC. Being allowedD. Have been allowed6.Don’t ever drive past a hitchhiker, ____________?A. will youB. don’t youC. do youD. can you7.As a senior professor she should have known better ____________ to get involved in such a scandal.A. and notB. but notC. thanD. than not8.His power was seriously ____________ by a succession of crises, and when he died, a bitter power struggle____________.A. weakened; was ensuedB. eroded; ensuedC. damaged; followedD. reduced; occurred9.Leonardo da Vinci ____________ caged birds in order to have the pleasure of setting them free.A. was said to buyB. is said to buyC. has said to buyD. is said to have bought10.In China, customers pay far less for a DVD than ____________ countries.A. those in manyB. in manyC. those in many otherD. in many other11.____________dull he may be, he is certainly a very successful top executive.A. AlthoughB. whateverC. AsD. However12.The party, ____________I was the guest of honour, was extremely enjoyable.A. by whichB. for whichC. to whichD. at which13.If only I ____________ play the guitar as well as you!A. wouldB. couldC. shouldD. might14.It’s high time we ____________ cutting down the rainforests.A. stoppedB. had to stopC. shall stopD. stop15.The student said there were a few points in the essay he ____________ impossible to comprehend.A. has foundB. was findingC. had foundD. would find16.Loudspeakers were fixed in the hall so that everyone____________ an opportunity to hear the speech.A. ought to haveB. must haveC. may haveD. should have17.I am surprised____________ this city is a dull place to live in.A. that you should thinkB. by what you are thinkingC. that you would thinkD. with what you were thinking18.Susan is very hardworking, but her pay is not____________ for her work.A. enough goodB. good enoughC. as good enoughD. good as enough19.It is imperative that the government ____________ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.A. attractsB. shall attractC. attractD. has tond belongs to the city; there is ____________ thing as private ownership of land.A. no such aB. not suchC. not such aD. no such21.My daughter has walked eight miles today. We never guessed that she could walk____________far.A. /B. suchC. thatD. as22.The statistics ____________ that living standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times.A. provesB. is provingC. are provingD. prove23.There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ____________ the spoilt ones.A. not countingB. not to countC. don’t countD. having not counted24.It was ____________we had hopedA. more a success thanB. a success more thanC. as much of a success asD. a success as much as25.There used to be a petrol station near the park, ____________?A. didn’t itB. doesn’t thereC. usedn’t it?D. didn’t there26.It is an offence to show ____________ against people of different races.A. distinctionB. differenceC.separationD. discrimination27.A great amount of work has gone into ____________ the Cathedral to its previous splendour.A. refreshingB. restoringC. renovatingD. renewing28.The thieves fled with the local police close on their ____________.A. backsB. necksC. toesD. heels29.The economic recession has meant that job____________ is a rare thing.A. securityB. safetyC. protectionD. secureness30.Many people nowadays save money to ____________ for their old age.A. caterB. supplyC. provideD. equip31.The tone of the article ____________ the writer’s mood at the time.A. reproducedB. reflectedC. imaginedD. imitated32.The job of a student accommodation officer____________ a great many visits to landladies.A. concernsB. offersC. asksD. involves33.Our family doctor’s clinic ____________at the junction of two busy roads.A. restsB. standsC. staysD. seats34.She was so fat that she could only just ____________ through the door.A. assembleB. appearC. squeezeD. gather35.After the heavy rain, a builder was called to repair the roof, which was ____________.A. leakingB. tricklingC. prominentD. noticeable36.The reception was attended by ____________ members of the local community.A. excellentB. conspicuousC. prominentD. noticeable37.Share prices on the Stock Exchange plunged sharply in the morning but ____________slightly in the afternoon.A. regainedB. recoveredC. restoredD. revived38.His ____________ brain has worked away on the idea of a universal cure.A. richB. quickC. productiveD. fertile39.The couple has donated a not____________ amount of money to the foundation.A. inconsiderableB. inconsiderateC. inaccurateD. incomparable40.I hear that it is estimated that the number of people ____________ less than one dollar a day has____________ one billion worldwide.A. relying on; gone up toB. living on; exceededC. depending on; reached overD. living with; surpassedⅡ.Proofreading and error correction (1’*10)The following passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. You should proofread the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline it and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “︿” sign and write the missing word in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross out the unnecessary w ord with a slash “/” and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.Many artist today are in what is called applied art. They usetheir ability in advertise, interior decoration, or some similar job. 41. ________ But people in business which hire the artists for that kind of wok 42. ________say that simple artist ability is not enough. There are lots of young 43. ________people who have that. But not enough of them who know anything 44. ________about physics, or mechanical things, or math.To be a druggist you have to study chemistry. You can’t learnchemistry without knowing something about algebra.How about a nurse? One of the requiring subjects in a course of 45. ________nursing is known to “materia medica”. In “materia medica” you’ll46. ________learn how to figure out doses and prepare for medicines. Algebra is 47. ________important in doing the figuring. Too many student nurses flunk outof the course because of their weak math.It’s the same for many trades. If you want to be a crafts-man, 48. ________a machinist, a molder, and a patternmaker, you’ll need algebra and49. ________geometry and even trigonometry.Even you want to go into business for yourself, you’ll need50. _______math. Business today, whether it is running a little gas station or abig factory, takes good management. Good management takes mathematics.Ⅲ.Reading comprehension (2*20)Text AAmerica’s most relentless examiner, the Educational Testing Service, has developed computer software, known as E-Rater, to evaluate essays on the Graduate Management Admission Test. Administered to 200,000 business school applicants each year, the GMAT includes two 30-minute essays that test takers type straight into a computer. In the past, those essays were graded on a six-point scale by two readers. This month, the computer will replace one of the readers with the proviso that a second reader will be consulted if the computer and human-reader scores differ by more then a point.It’s one thing for a machine to determine whether a bubble has been correctly filled in, but can it read outside the lines, so to speak? Well, yes and no. E-Rater “learns” what constitutes good and bad answers from a sample of pregraded essays. Using that information, it breaks the essay down to its syntax, organization and contents. The software checks basics like subject-verb agreement and recognizes phrases and sentence structures that are likely to be found in high-scoring essays.Of course, the machine cannot “get” a clever turn of phrase or an unusual analogy. “If I’m unique, I might not fall under the scoring instructions,” concedes Frede ric McHale, a vice president at the GMAT Council. One the other hand, E-Rater is mercilessly objective and never tired halfway through a stack of essays. The upshot: a pretrial tests, E-Rater and a human reader were just as likely to agree as were two read ers. “It’s not intended to judge a person’s creativity,” says Darrel Laham, co-developer of the Intelligent Essay Assessor, a computer-grading system similar to E-Rater. “It’s to give students a chance to construct a response instead of just pointing at a bubble.”That won’t reassure traditionalists, who argue that writing simply can’t be reduced to rigid adjective plussubject plus verb formulations. “Writing is a human act, with aesthetic dimensions that computers can only begin to understand,” says David Schaafsman, a professor of English education at Teachers Colleges of Columbia University. The Kaplan course, a leader in test prep, has taken a more pragmatic approach: it has issued a list of strategies for “the age of the computerized essay.” One of its tips: use transitional phrases like “therefore”, and the computers just might think you’re Dickens.51.E-Rater is described as __________.A. a substitute for GMATB.America’s most relentless examinerC. a machine to grade bubble-filling papersD. a computer-grading system52.In paragraph two, the expression “read outside the lines” refers to the ability to __________.A.understand student essaysB.report scoresC.recognize a wrong bubbleD.judge a person’s creativity53.Frederic McHale implies that if the test taker is unique, he would __________.A.get a top gradeB.get an average gradeC.be at an advantageD.be at a disadvantage54.It seems that Professor Schaafsman agrees with __________.A. traditionalistsB. Darrell LahamC. supporters of E-RaterD. the Kplan course designers55.What is the implied meaning of “the computer just might think you’re Dickens”?A.It thinks you are great at tests.B.It thinks you are doing great.C.It thinks your essay is with great wording.D.It thinks your essay is written by Dickens himself.Text BAt some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don’t act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject.One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is topic that Americans talk about constantly. It’s not taboo to talk about fat; it’s taboo to be fat. The “in” look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking, trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor, and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-discipline, and self-respect. In an image-conscious society like theU.S., thin is “in”, fat is “out”.It’s not surprising, then, that millions of Americans have become obsessed with staying slim and “in shape”. The pursuit of a youthful physical appearance is not, however, the sole reason for America’s fascination with diet and exercise. Recent research has shown the critical importance of diet and exercise for personal health. As in most technologically developed nations, the life-style of North Americans has changed dramatically during the course of the last century. Modern machines do all the physical labor that people were once forced to do by hand. Cars and buses transport us quickly from point to point. As a result of inactivity and disuse, people’s bodies can easily become weak and vulnerable to disease. In an effort to avoid such a fate, millions of Americans are spending more of their time exercising.56. From the passage we can infer taboo is__.A. a strong desire to do something strange or terrible.B. a crime committed on impulse.C. behavior considered unacceptable in society’s eyes.D. an unfavorable impression left on other people.57. Based on the ideas presented in the passage we can conclude “being fat” __ in American society.A. will always remain a taboo.B. is not considered a taboo by most people.C. has long been a taboo.D. may no longer be a taboo some day.58. The topic of fat is __ many other taboo subjects.A. the same asB. different fromC. more popular thanD. less often talked about than.59. Apart from this new understanding of the correlation between health and exercise, the main reason the passage gives for why so many Americans are exercising regularly is__.A. their changed life-style.B. their eagerness to stay thin and youthful.C. their appreciation of the importance of exercise.D. the encouragement they have received from their companies.Text CA 1990 United Nations survey revealed that the more highly developed countries spend an average of 2to 3 percent of their annual budgets on crime control, while developing countries spend even more, an average of 9 to 14 percent. Increasing the size of the police force and providing it with better equipment takes priority in some localities. But results are mixed. Some Hungarian citizens complain: “There are never enough policemen to catch the criminals but always enough to catc h traffic violators.”Many governments have recently found it necessary to pass tougher crime laws. For example, since “kidnapping is on the rise across Latin America,” says Time magazine, the governments there have responded with laws that are “at once vigorous and ineffectual… Passing laws is one thing,” it admits, “applying them another.”It is estimated that in Britain more than 100,000 neighborhood watch schemes, covering at least four million homes, existed in 1992. Similar programs were implemented in Australia in the mid-1980s. Their aim, says the Australian Institute of Criminology, is to reduce crime “by improving citizens’ awareness about public safety, by improving residents’ attitudes and behavior in reporting crime and suspicious events in the neighborhood and byreducing vulnerability to crime with the help of property identification and installation of effective security devices.”Closed-circuit television is used in some places to link police stations with commercial premises. Video cameras are used by police, banks, and stores as a crime deterrent or as a tool for identifying lawbreakers.In Nigeria the police have checkpoints on highways in efforts to apprehend robbers and carjackers. The government has set up a task force on trade malpractices to combat fraud. Police-community relations committees made up of community leaders inform the police of criminal activity and people of questionable character.Visitors to the Philippines note that homes are generally not left unattended and that many people have watchdogs. Businessmen employ private security guards to protect their businesses. Anti-theft devices for cars sell well. People who can afford to do so withdraw to tightly secured subdivisions or condominiums.The London newspaper the indep endent commented: “As confidence in the rule of law falls, citizens are organizing the defense of their own communities in increasing numbers.” And more and more people are arming themselves. In the United States, for example, it is estimated that every second household owns at least one gun. Governments are constantly developing new methods of combating crime. But V. Vsevolodov, of the Academy of Home Affairs in Ukraine, points out that according to UN sources, so many gifted people are finding “unique me thods of carrying on criminal activity” that “the training of law enforcement personnel” cannot keep up. Clever criminals funnel huge sums of money back into businesses and social services, merging with society and “gaining for themselves high positions in society.”60. What is the main reason for citizens to take in hand the defense of themselves?A.there are not enough policemenB.they do not trust the rule of lawC.the police force is inefficientD.security devices do not work61. A neighborhood watch scheme will probably do all the following EXCEPT ___________A. helping to install anti-theft devicesB. raising citizens’ consciousness of community safetyC. helping citizens to claim a lost propertyD. encouraging citizens to report suspicious events62. According to the author, the outlook for ending crime is _______________A.rosyB.unclearC.hard to describeD.bleak63. According to the Time Magazine, the measures taken by governments in Latin America _____________.A. will have much effect at onceB. focuses on increasing the size of the police forceC. are intended to catch more traffic violatorsD. are seemingly strong but will have little effectText DIt has been known for many decades that the appearance of sunspots is roughly periodic, with an average cycle of eleven years. Moreover, the incidence of solar flares and the flux of solar cosmic rays, ultraviolet radiation, and X-radiation all vary directly with the sunspot cycle. But after more than a century of investigation,the relation of these and other phenomena, known collectively as the solar-activity cycle, to terrestrial weather and climate remains unclear. For example, the sunspot cycle and the allied magnetic-polarity cycle have been linked to periodicities discerned in records of such variables as rainfall, temperature, and winds. Invariably, however, the relation is weak, and commonly of dubious statistical significance.Effects of solar variability over longer terms have also been sought. The absence of recorded sunspot activity in the notes kept by European observers in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries has led some scholars to postulate a brief cessation of sunspot activity at that time (a period called the Maunder minimum). The Maunder minimum has been linked to a span of unusual cold in Europe extending from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. The reality of the Maunder minimum has yet to be established, however, especially since the records that Chinese naked-eye observers of solar activity made at that time appear to contradict it. Scientists have also sought evidence of long-term solar periodicities by examining indirect climatological data, such as fossil records of the thickness of ancient tree rings. These studies, however, failed to link unequivocally terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle, or even to confirm the cycle’s past existence.If consistent and reliable geological or archaeological evidence tracing the solar-activity cycle in the distant past could be found, it might also resolve an important issue in solar physics: how to model solar activity. Currently, there are two models of solar activity. The first supposes that the Sun’s internal motions (caused by rotation and convection) interact with its large-scale magnetic field to produce a dynamo, a device in which mechanical energy is converted into the energy of a magnetic field. In short, the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is taken to be self-sustaining, so that the solar-activity cycle it drives would be maintained with little overall change for perhaps billions of years. The alternative explanation supposes that the Sun’s large-scale magnetic field is a remnant of the field the Sun acquired when it formed, and is not sustained against decay. In this model, the solar mechanism dependent on t he Sun’s magnetic field runs down more quickly. Thus, the characteristics of the solar-activity cycle could be expected to change over a long period of time. Modern solar observations span too short a time to reveal whether present cyclical solar activity is a long-lived feature of the Sun, or merely a transient phenomenon.64. The author focuses primarily on ______________ .A.two competing scientific models concerning the sun’s magnetic fieldB.an overview of some recent scientific developments in solar physicsC.the reasons why a problem in solar physics has not yet been solvedD.the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial climate with solar activity65. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons are the late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century Chinese records important?A.They contradict the theory of the Maunder minimumB.They suggest that the Maunder minimum cannot be related to climateC.They verify the existence of a span of unusual cold worldwide during the Maunder minimumD.They show that the European observations are of dubious statistical significance66. On which of the following assumptions is based the belief that tree-ring thicknesses show links between solar periodicity and terrestrial climate?A.Solar-activity cycle existed in its present form during the period in questionB.Average tree-ring thickness varies from species to speciesC.Tree-ring thickness varies with changes in terrestrial climateD.Both terrestrial climate and solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thicknessText EThe first time I saw Stephen Leacock at close quarters he came swinging into a classroom in Moyse Hall, the serenely ugly old Arts Building of McGill University in Montreal. The room was packed with undergraduates like me who had come with huge curiosity to listen to their first lecture on political science by a man whose humorous writing had rocked the English-speaking world with laughter, but who was a campus character for very different reasons.Leacock enjoyed a reputation for eccentricity and for an impish individualism that expressed itself in blunt speech on every subject. Naturally we looked him carefully.What we saw was a shock of graying hair crowning a rugged face that wore a friendly smile, emphasized by crinkles of mirth about the ey es. I remember thinking, “He could use a haircut.” His necktie had slipped its moorings, and his tweedy suit looked slept-in. Across his vest his watch chain had come apart in the middle and had been put together with a safety pin. The effect was of a man who gave no thought to his appearance. But his manner was far too buoyant to suggest the absent-minded professor.His apparel was topped by one of those loose, black gowns professors wore in those days. Leacock’s had been acquired about the time he received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1903. Even though the garment was showing signs of wear in 1914, it was still one of the essential properties of his play-acting. At least a dozen times during every lecture it would slip off his shoulders and seize him by the crook of his elbows. Without pause in the flow of talk and motion——he was a walking lecturer——a great shrug of the shoulders would hoist the gown part way into place.Leacock was tremendously proud of his Chicago Ph. D., but it was inescapably in character that he must spoof it. “The meaning of this degree,” he quipped in a lecture, “is that the recipient has been examined for the last time in his life and pronounced full. After this, no new ideas can be imparted to him.” In similar vein, after returning from a holiday abroad he told his class, “I was sitting quietly in my cabin when a steward knocked and, after making sure I am called Doctor, asked if I would come and look at the stewardess’s knee. I was off like a shot, but another fello w got there ahead of me. He was a Doctor of Divinity.”What came through to me, even in the first lecture, was Leacock’s warmth and humanness. I knew I was listening to a man who loved young people and was determined to give them as much wisdom as he could. His teaching methods were unconventional. He couldn’t resist the temptation to explore bypaths. In discussing the days of Queen Victoria, he mentioned Disraeli, and this set him off to talk about the man rather than the Prime Minister——his way of living, his quick mind, his dilettantism, his great love affair with his wife. The digression lifted the great statesman into a framework of his own and, when Leacock returned to the main line of his subject, the listener understood, in a way no textbook could inform him, how such a man could bring off the coup which gave Britain control of the Suez Canal and made the Empire impregnable for decades to come.67. Stephen Leacock could be described as all the following EXCEPT _____________.A.careless about his appearanceB.witty and eloquentC.an inspiring professorD.an absent-minded person68. Leacock’s account of being summoned to look at a stewardess’s knee _________________.A.tells us that he was always ready to help othersB.indicates that he was an incompetent doctorC.reveals that he was very proud of his degreeD.shows that he could playful sometimes69. Speaking of Disraeli, a conventional professor would probably have ______________.A.focused on his accomplishments as a statesmanB.talked about his family lifeC.explored the little-known aspects of the personD.looked at him from a fresh perspective70. Which of the following statements about Disraeli is NOT true?A. Disraeli once served as Prime Minister in the days of Queen Victoria.B. Disraeli was the biggest shareholder of the Suez Canal CompanyC. Disraeli contributed to making the British Empire the most powerful countryD. Disraeli was instrumental in Britain’s successful control of the Suez CanalⅣ.Translation (15’)Chinese-to- English translation. (8’)澳门在地理位置上靠近港、台地区及东南亚各国。
2012高考英语全国卷听力真题、答案解析及原文
听力试题：第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)做题时，先将答案标在试卷上。
录音内容结束后，你将有两分钟的时间将试卷上的答案转涂到答题卡上。
第一节(共5小题：每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题.从题中所给的A. B.C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
例:How much is the shirt?A.￡19.15.B.￡9.15.C. ￡9.18.答案是B。
1. Where does this conversation probably take place?A．In a bookstore.B. In a classroom.C. In a library.2.At what time will the film begin?A.7:20B.7:15C.7:003. What are the two speakers mainly talking about?A. Their friend Jane.B. A weekend trip.C. A radio programme.4. What will the woman probably do?A. Catch a train.B. See the man off.C. Go shopping.5. Why did the woman apologize?A. She made a late delivery.B. She went to the wrong place.C. She couldn't take the cake back.第二节(共15小题;每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟:听完后，各小题给出5秒钟的做答时间。
2012医博统考听力题及原文
2012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷试卷一(Paper One)Part ⅠListening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said. The question will be read only once. Aider you hear the question, read the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I fell faint.Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.Question: What’s the matter with the woman?You will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B ● DNow let’s begin with question number 1.1. A. The woman’s condition is critical.B. The woman has been picking up quite well.C. The woman’s illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D. The woman won’t see the doctor any more.2. A. A broken finger. B. A terrible cough.C. Frontal headaches.D. Eye problem.3. A. She needs a physical examination. B. She is in good health.C. It’s good to have a doctor friend.D. It’s good to visit the doctor.4. A. He prefers to take pills to get antioxidants.B. He prefers to get antioxidants from food.C. He doesn’t mind eating a lot every day.D. He is overcautious sometimes.5. A. The blouse is a bargain. B. The blouse is too expensive.C. The blouse is colorful.D. The blouse is so fashionable.6. A. To queue for a ticket. B. To take man’s offer.C. To buy a ticket online.D. To try an agency.7. A. She disagrees with the man.B. She couldn’t agree with the man more.C. It’s hard for them to fulfill thei r plans.D. It’s impossible to get money from the Gates Foundation.8. A. One minute. B. Fifteen minutes.C. Half an hour.D. Five minutes.9. A. She is freezing cold. B. She is crazy about ice cream.C. She has a headache.D. She has brain fever.10. A. She can’t wait for the man. B. She is very eager to see the man.C. She will go to the USA with the man.D. She expects the man to stay.11. A. A cold. B. A headache.C. A hoarse voice.D. Insomnia.12. A. To go to Susan for advice. B. To try to think like Susan.C. To break up with Susan.D. To have a date with Susan.13. A. She will become a famous singer soon. B. She will become an American idol.C. She will sign up for a talent show.D. She will surely stand out from the crowd.14. A. To take a month off work. B. To rest in bed as much as possible.C. To take some herbal medicine.D. To put on plaster.15. A. The Chinese face cream. B. The American face cream.C. The French perfume.D. The medication.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear three passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage One16. A. White blood cell count. B. Red blood cell count.C. X-ray.D. ECG17. A. Too much work to do. B. A heavy load of studying.C. Her daughter’s sickness.D. Her insufficient income.18. A. Leukemia. B. Gastric ulcer.C. Immune disease.D. Gastric influenza.19. A. Take the white tablets three times a day. B. Take the charcoal tablets three times a day.C. Take one or two white tablets at a time.D. Take two charcoal tablets a day.20. A. Stay off work. B. Drink plenty of liquids.C. Eat a lot of vegetables and fruit.D. Postpone your exercise when sick.Passage Two21. A. 35million. B. 34million. C. 25million. D. 20million.22. A. Author, professor and dreamer. B. Writer, professor and insomniac.C. Author, psychologist and insomniac.D. Dramatist, psychologist and scientist.23. A. Sleeping in 8-hour consolidated blocks. B. Sleeping during day time.C. Going to bed soon after dark.D. Two blocks of 4-hour sleep with a waking break.24. A. Because they have unnoticeable sleeping patterns.B. Because they sleep very little.C. Because they are insensitive.D. Because they can’t complain.25. A. Sleep is highly variable, and wears out with age. B. Falling asleep is a gradual process.C. Sleeping less will help you lose weight.D. People need to sleep eight hours a day.Passage Three26. A. Eight-year-olds. B. Twelve-year-olds.C. Seventeen-year-olds.D. Adults.27. A. The use of f MRI. B. The use of computer tasks.C. The three-way division of the subjects.D. The instructions given to the subjects.28. A. 12-year-olds respond strongly to negative feedback.B. 12-year-olds function the same as 8-year-olds.C. 8-year-olds function almost the same as adults.D. 12-year-olds function almost the same as adults.29. A. Not bad. B. Excellent.C. Not so good.D. Got it wrong this time.30. A. Scientists. B. The general public.C. Teachers at the kindergarten.D. Children with Attention Deficit Disorder. 2012年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷答案与解析Pan ⅠListening ComprehensionSection A1. 【B】此题考点为细节信息再现。