英汉句子比较与翻译73页
英汉语言对比与翻译

“It is the meaning of a message that is transferred from one language to another, and the transfer is accomplished by analyzing and then reconstructing semantic relationships.”1 “Translation can therefore be defined as the operation by which the relevant signification of linguistic signs is determined through reference to a meaning as formulated in a message, which is then fully reconstructed in the signs of another language.”2 1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach[M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3;52
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义 Nhomakorabea就保留原文句法与译文体现原作精神的问题,傅雷也有精辟的论述:“假如破坏本国文字的结构与特性,就能传达异国文字的特性而获得原作的精神,那么翻译真是太容易了。不幸那种理论非但是刻船求剑,而且结果是削足就履,两败俱伤。” 1
01
怒安. 傅雷谈翻译[M]. 沈阳:辽宁教育出版社2005:2
关于英汉语言的比喻
陈安定:英语句子好比“一串珍珠”,而汉语句子则像“一盘大小各异的珍珠,散落玉盘,闪闪发光,灿烂夺目。”1
英汉语对比与翻译

There isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. (Charles Dickens) 住在这监狱一样的房子里,活着没有多大 意思。 My fool of a doctor told me to make my will. (John Galsworthy) 我那笨蛋医生叫我写遗嘱。
Lecture One
Comparison between English and Chinese vs. Translation
引子
There
isn’t much to live for in this jail of a house. He was open now to charges of willful blindness. 人不犯我,我不犯人。 我走在厚厚的地毯上,一点脚步声也没 有。 一匹马骑两个人。 他赢得起,输不起。 沉鱼落雁之容,闭月羞花之貌
C-E: from personal to impersonal
一看到那棵大树,我便想起了童年的情景。 The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood. 近来忙于其他事务,未能早些复信,深感抱 歉。 I am very sorry that the pressure of other occupations has prevented me from sending an earlier reply to your letter.
汉语动词常常重复或重叠
说是的说是,说非的说非,莫衷一是。 Some say “yes” and others say “no”; I don’t know whom to follow. 说说笑笑,跑跑跳跳,孩子们过得十分愉 快。 Talking and laughing, running and jumping, the children had a good time.
翻译材料_第五章_英汉句子对比与翻译

第五章英汉句子对比与翻译第一节英汉在连贯方式上的“形合”与“意合”连贯是句子依据合理的语义和逻辑关系,恰当地连为一体的语篇特征,但在重意合的汉语中,这种特征往往隐含在上下文中,呈“隐性”状态,但这并不妨碍汉语读者对其阅读和理解,因为汉语是依靠语篇的语境意义来弥补其在逻辑和连贯方面的不足,而英语语篇中的逻辑和连贯关系则表现出“显性”的特征,既它的逻辑和连贯关系是通过外在的形式,既词法和句法结构来体现的,因此,在翻译过程中,译者就应该注意这种“隐性”和“显性”之间的转换。
翻译练习:1)We crossed the Y angtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to myluggage… At the sight of his back tears started to my eyes, but I wiped them hastily so that neither he nor anyone else might see them.2)As the weather was getting better, we decided to go for an outing the next day.3)Three month later, when he had spent all his five dollars, he felt obliged to climb onto slow-goingfreight trains, despite the police’s pursuits or arrests.4)It was only his legendary travel experiences, especially the experiences of his visit to the northern partof Shaanxi Province 60 years ago that determined his lifetime cause, thus closely connoting his life with the Chinese revolution.第二节英汉在语义层次表达上的“形合”和“意合”进行英汉对比研究的学者们常将英语句子比作树木结构,将汉语的句子比作竹子结构。
汉英语言比较及汉译英例句

一.中西文化、语言比较:语言是思维的载体,首先来比较中西思维方式的区别1.中国人在哲学上注重心理时空,在思维上尤其突出悟性,主张天人合一、物我交融、和谐、了然;文化求全、求圆满,对称平衡。
不注重形式论证、强调整体性的、和谐的辩证法;中国人过着一种心灵的生活(拥有悠久的历史,既有成年人的智慧,又能过着孩子般的生活,所谓赤子之心)2.而西方人:思维以逻辑、分析、线性linear为特点,是直线形的,片面掘进break-through,single-minded, 崇尚个体思维、重形式论证、注重分析。
人为万物之尺度;(对比:音乐、文学、书法、绘画、医学、哲学、直觉)中国人的心态是一种恬静如沐天恩的心境The serene and blessed mood: 富于想象力的理性;语言也是心灵的语言;心灵是纤细而敏感的,就像毛笔,难于掌握,但一旦掌握,能够得心应手,创造促美妙优雅的书画。
二.语言区别:汉语:意合(Parataxis),靠句子内部逻辑关系联系结构:无主语及主语省略很多,主动语态多、连词少,不怕重复;汉语重质、质实结劲、词语内涵丰富,文句结构流洒自如,在词语和句法组织上重意合而非形合;英语: 形合(hypotaxis), 主要靠语言本身语法手段。
多用连词、介词构建句子,非人称主语多用,被动句,主语不省略;主干结构突出,主谓机制突出,名词(尤其是抽象名词)、介词突出。
所以中国的语言也是一种心灵的语言;因此:英语好比一棵大树;汉语好比一节节竹子;红楼梦:和尚;He bought six pens, which cost him 42 yuan.When he brought them home, he found they were all used.冬天来了,春天还会远吗?前途是光明的,道路是曲折的;While the prospects are bright, the road ahead has twists and turns;has zigzags; tortous这是一项宏伟的工程,所有类似的工程与之相比都黯然失色;It is a gigantic project before which all similar projects pale significantly;典型的例子就是连词:so…. that 和when….1.What was the forbidden city in Beijing like? It wasso interesting that I went several times.北京的紫禁城是个什么地方?它是如此有趣以至我去参观了好几次;When 也不是总译成当…..时候..甚至大部分时间不译成“当……时候”有时甚至出现:“当他转过身来看见我手里握着那根上面刻着亨利.史密斯的名字的旧鱼竿的时候….”这样的怪句子;2.汉语:远看山有色,近听水无声,春去花还在,人来鸟不惊;英语:When you look afar, the mountains are green and clear;But no sound of stream is heard when listening near.The flowers remain in full bloom when spring’s away,A human being’s approach the bird doesn’t fray.汉语是婴儿语言;(1)隐含条件从句的意合早知今日,何必当初;If I had known it would come to this, I would have acted differently.(2)隐含结果从句的意合;He spoke so rapidly that we could not clearly understand him.他说得太快,我们不能理解他的意思;It was so cold that the river froze.天气寒冷,河水都结冰了;It couldn’t make out who he was as I only saw his back;我只见到他的背影,认不清是谁;(3)隐含转折的意合:江山易改,本性难移;It is easy to change rivers and mountains but hard to change a person’s nature.三.英汉两种语言句型具体区别及翻译中的应用:核心区别:汉语:并列型coordination, 表面上是没有主次之分的;英语:从属型subordination,一定是有主次之分的;Eg.7 将国有企业提供社会保障待遇与雇佣关系脱钩,这将有助于使国企经理在作出商业决策时不用考虑政府对社会问题的顾虑,同时还可使员工在调动工作不用担心失去社会福利待遇,这就能够提高劳动力的流动性。
英汉句式对比与翻译

of the total population of the earth, China plays in world
affairs a role that can only grow more important in the
years ahead.
-- Jimmy Carter
Trunk line: S + V + (O) Branches and sub-branches : Adverbials and attributes
• 这样的英语句子,结构显得过于松散了,变成汉式英语而非典型地道的英语句子了。
为什么会这样呢?
• 英汉句子的差异:形合与意合 • 这种差异在翻译中给译者带来一定的障碍。将一个重形合的
语篇译成重意合的语篇,最常见的错误就是将形合的特点迁 移(transfer)到重意合的语言中。 • 翻译中译者面临的困难很多,但句型结构的迁移是最大的障 碍。现在不少译者的译文充斥着英语的句法结构,甚至还美 其名曰“忠实于原文”,这种观念实在有害。
• 英语的结构性就很明显,如:
• It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory
explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of
• Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.
英汉语言对比与翻译

翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
• Jean Delisle, representative of French Interpretative Theory of Translation, says in his Translation: An Interpretive Approach, “In other words, each community has developed habits of expression that, over time, have been integrated into the language and lent it certain characteristics.”1 • He also quotes from Edmond Cary: “Two languages can both be inflected and belong to the same family yet nevertheless differ considerably in the way they express ideas and convey meanings.” 1
1. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach [M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 74
翻译中英汉语言对比的重要意义
1、2. Delisle, J. Translation: An Interpretive Approach [M]. Eng. trans, by Logan. P & Creery. M., Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 1980: 3;83
英汉句子比较与翻译

Lecture two
The Comparison of English and Chinese Sentences in Translation(1)
英汉句子结构比较
英语重形合(hypotaxis),汉语重意合 (parataxis) 形合主要靠语言本身语法手段(形式手段), 意合主要靠句子内部逻辑联系
2. 无被动助词 看似主动,但在主谓关系上却有被动含义,这 语言现象在汉语中大量存在。 例句: 那里讲什么语言? What language is spoken there? 这个任务必须按时完成。 This task must be fulfilled in time.
汉语无主句 用来表达观点、态度、要求、告诫、号召等 例句: 应该教育儿童讲老实话。 Children should be taught to speak the truth. 发现了错误,一定要改正。 Wrongs must be righted when they are discovered.
奈达 《译意》Translating meaning: 就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学中最重要的 一个区别就是形合与意合的对比 (contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis) 英语注重显性衔接(overt cohesion),汉语注 重隐性连贯(covert coherence)
雨霖铃
寒蝉凄切。对长亭晚,骤雨初歇。都门帐饮无绪 ,留恋处、兰舟催发。执手相看泪眼,竟无语凝 噎。念去去、千里烟波,暮霭沉沉楚天阔。 多情自古伤离别,更那堪冷落清秋节!今宵酒醒 何处?杨柳岸、晓风残月。此去经年,应是良辰 好景虚设。便纵有千种风情,更与何人说?
英汉句子比较与翻译

• 英语:end-weight头轻脚重,属于主 语显著(subject-prominent)语言 • It is….to…; there… • 英语重视主语的位置及其统帅全局的作 用。因此在汉译英中,如何找准句子重 心,确定主语常常是翻译成败的关键因 素。
• 汉语:头重脚轻,属于主题显著 (topic-prominent)语言 • 语言学家赵元任:在汉语中,主语与谓 语之间的语法关系与其说是施事和动作 的关系,不如说是话题和说明的关系, 施事和动作可以看作是话题和说明的一 个特例。
• Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries. • 农民缺乏训练,许多农场生产率很低, 这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的境地。
• 英语句子中,名词与介词占优势 英语句子中, • 主谓机制:抓住了谓语动词就抓住了英 语句子的灵魂。 • 名词与名词之间的联系要借介词来串通
• Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. (7个介词) • 卡莱尔大街往西伸展,越过一座黑色大 桥,爬下山岗又爬上去,经过许多小铺 和肉市,又经过一些平房,然后突然朝 着一大片绿色草地中止了。
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英语句子中,名词与介词占优势
就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学中最重要的 一个区别就是形合与意合的对比 (contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis)
英语注重显性衔接(overt cohesion),汉语 注重隐性连贯(covert coherence)
傅雷:东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧, 我人重综合,重归纳,重暗示,重含蓄;西方 人则重分析,细微曲折,挖掘唯恐不尽,描写 唯恐不周。
汉语:头重脚轻,属于主题显著(topicprominent)语言
语言学家赵元任:在汉语中,主语与谓语之间 的语法关系与其说是施事和动作的关系,不如 说是话题和说明的关系,施事和动作可以看作 是话题和说明的一个特例。
I worked very hard on this book. 这本书我花了很多心血。
汉语学家王力:西洋语法是硬的,没有弹性; 中国语法是软的,富有弹性。……所以中国语 法以达意为主。 英国人写文章往往化零为整, 而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。
例句:
由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外界隔绝, 而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。
Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.
主谓机制:抓住了谓语动词就抓住了英语句子 的灵魂。
名词与名词之间的联系要借介词来串通
Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great
black bridge, down a hill and up again, by
little shops and meat-markets, past single-
我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该 共处,不仅仅是消极共处,而是要积极地友好相处, 这是正确而必要的。
汉语的习惯是叙事在前,表态在后。英语的习惯是表 态在前,叙事在后。
The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people.
storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. (7个介词)
卡莱尔大街往西伸展,越过一座黑色大桥,爬 下山岗又爬上去,经过许多小铺和肉市,又经 过一些平房,然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中 止了。
Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majorityisadvantageous position in their own countries.
贵国政府一再表示,协议中有关香港的安排不是权宜之 计,这种保证使我感到鼓舞。
英语:end-weight头轻脚重,属于主语显著 (subject-prominent)语言
It is….to…; there…
英语重视主语的位置及其统帅全局的作用。因 此在汉译英中,如何找准句子重心,确定主语 常常是翻译成败的关键因素。
农民缺乏训练,许多农场生产率很低,这就使 得大多数农民处于贫穷的境地。
汉语句子中,动词占优势
《红楼梦》:晴雯先接出来,笑道:“好啊, 叫我研了墨,早起高兴,只写了三个字,扔下 笔就走了,哄我等了这一天,快来给我写完了 这些墨才算呢!”
英汉句子重心的差异
We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side—not just in a passive way but as active friends.
这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就, 这是我向往已久的。
I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency.
He isn’t interested in things like watching TV, listening to songs, or dancing.
英汉句子比较与翻译
英汉句子结构比较
英语重形合(hypotaxis),汉语重意合 (parataxis)
形合主要靠语言本身语法手段(形式手段), 意合主要靠句子内部逻辑联系
比喻: 英语句子:一棵参天大树,一串葡萄,一串珍
珠,一树荔枝 汉语句子:一根竹子,一盘珠子 ,一江波涛
奈达 《译意》Translating meaning: