converse antonymy的举例
语言学中英术语对照
语言学中英术语对照Glossary and Index Aabbreviation 缩写词,略语Abercrombieablative 夺格,离格abstractness 抽象性accent 重音(符)accuracy 正确性accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者addition 添加address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人addresser 发话人adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分;附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affix hopping 词缀跳跃affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge 齿龈alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义ambiguous歧义的American descriptive linguistics 美国描写语言学American English 美式英语American Indian languages 美国印第安族诸语言American structuralism 美国结构主义analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应AndersonAnimal communication system 动物交际系统animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词;前在词anthropological 人类学的anthropological linguistics 人类语言学anticipatory coarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称;代类名antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系)appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学applied sociolinguistics 应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性;得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音Apteaptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性argument 中项;中词;主目article 冠词articulation 发音articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语aspect 体aspirated 吐气;送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义assonance 准压韵;半谐音Atkinson, A.M.attributive 属性;修饰语;定语auditory phonetics 听觉语音学Austin, John Langshaw authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法base component 基础部分behaver 行为者behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism 双语现象binary division 二分法binary feature 二分特征binary taxonomy 二分分类学binding 制约binding theory 制约论Black English 黑人英语blade 舌叶;舌面前部blank verse无韵诗blending 混成法borrowing 借用;借词bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 管辖论bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则bridging 架接British English 英式英语broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Brown corpus 布朗语料库Ccalculability 可计算性calque 仿造;仿造词语cancellability 可删除cardinal numeral 基数cardinal vowel 基本元音case 格case grammar格语法case theory格理论category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分causative 使役的;使投动词CD-I, compact disk-interactive 交互式激光视盘center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词chain relation 链状关系chain system 链状系统Chinese 汉语choice 选择choice system 选择系统circumstance 环境因子class 词类class shift 词性变换clause 小句;从句click 吸气音;咂音clipping 截断法closed class 封闭类closed syllable 闭音节cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda 结尾音节;符尾code 语码;信码cognitive psycholinguistics 认知心理语言学cognitive psychology 认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 相关;关联cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际communicative competence 交际能力communicative dynamism, CD 交际性动力communicative language teaching, CLT 交际语言教学法communicative Sentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus 交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘COMPACT DISD-READ ONLY MEMORY,CD-ROM 激光视盘comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementary antonymy 互补反义关系complementary distribution 互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词;复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer 计算机;电脑computer-assisted learning, CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assisted instruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assisted learning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致(关系)concordance 共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing 连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant辅音constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的constituent command 成分指令constituent proposition 成分命题constituent structure analysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义contact 接触content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度content word 实义词context dependent 语境依赖的context of situation 情景语境context 语境contextual analyses 语境分析contextual meaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论controlled language 有控制的语言convention 常规;规约conventional meaning 常规意义;规约意义conventionality 常规性;规约性conversational implicature 会话含义conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle, CP 合作原则coordinate construction 并列结构coordination 并列Cordercoreferential 互参的coronal 舌面前音corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl. corpora) 语料;素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文countable 可数(名词)counterfactual proposition 反事实命题couplet 对句;对联creativity 创造性;原创性Creole 克里澳尔语;混和语cross-cultural 跨文化cross-cultural communication 跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culture 文化culturally-specific 文化特异的curriculum 教学大纲customizing 定制的Ddactyl 扬抑抑格Dani language 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database 数据库dative (case) 与格dative movement 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延;指称dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 衍生derivational affix. 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学description 描写descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体deviation 偏离;变异devoicing 清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic 历时的diacritic 附加符号;变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学dialogue对话dictionary 词典digitized sound 数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音;双元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性discourse 语篇;话语discourse analysis 语篇分析;话语分析discourse interpretation 语篇理解discrete 分离的;离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction 分离关系displacement 移位dissimilation 异化(作用) distinctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分distribution 分布do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围;领域dorsal 舌背音;舌中音dorsum 舌背(音)double comparative 双重比较download 下载drama 戏剧drill-and-practice software 操练软件D-structure D结构dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性Eearly Modern English 早期现代英语economy 经济性;简洁性ejective 爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略(法)elliptical sentence structure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的emotive 感情的emphasis 强调empirical 经验主义的empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills 使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentric construction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音;增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability 相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST 科技英语ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography of communication 交际民族学etic 非位的;素的evaluation 评估event process 事件过程example-based machine translation 基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的;彻底的existent 存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的exocentric construction 外向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimental psycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy 解释充分性explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论extensive 引申的;扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsic sources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动。
《Antonymy总结》课件
Antonymy在语言学研究中的地位和作用
地位
反义词是语言学研究中的重要概念之一，是 词汇语义关系的重要组成部分。反义词的辨 析和研究有助于深入理解语言的本质和结构 ，推动语言学的发展。
作用
反义词在语言学研究中具有多种作用，如词 汇语义对比、语言演变研究、语言习得和教 育等。通过对反义词的研究，可以更深入地 了解语言的内部机制和规律，为语言学研究
和应用提供有力支持。
Antonymy在未来的应用前景
随着自然语言处理技术的不断发展，反义词的应用前景将更加广阔。例如，在机 器翻译中，通过对反义词的辨析和应用，可以提高翻译的准确性和流畅性。在语 义分析和文本生成中，反义词的应用也有助于提高文本的质量和自然度。
此外，反义词的研究和应用也有助于提高语言习得和教育水平。通过对反义词的 辨析和对比，可以帮助学习者更好地掌握词汇的意义和使用，提高语言表达能力 。同时，反义词的应用也可以丰富教育手段和资源，提高教育效果和质量。
挑战
随着语言的发展和变化，反义词的边界和意 义也在不断演变，需要不断更新和修正研究 方法。同时，反义词的语义关系和用法也需 要深入探究，以更全面地理解其本质。
机遇
随着语言学理论和方法的不断进步，反义词 的研究将更加深入和全面。同时，随着自然 语言处理技术的发展，反义词的应用前景也 将更加广阔，如机器翻译、语义分析和文本 生成等领域。
详细描述
Antonymy是指两个或多个词具有相反或相对的意义关系。它是语言学中的一 种重要概念，对于理解词汇关系和语言结构具有重要意义。
Antonymy的起源和历史
总结词
起源与演变
详细描述
Antonymy起源于古希腊和拉丁语的词汇对比，随着语言的发展而逐渐丰富。在 英语中，Antonymy主要表现在同义词和反义词之间，是词汇关系中的重要组成 部分。
英语语言学单选
9.1. Displcement means that human languages enable their users to _____ .A. symbolize objects, events and concepts that are presentB. communicate in an arbitrary mannerB. SociolinguisticsD. Pragmatics3. A language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his _____ . And _____ refers to the actual use of language in concrete situation.A. intercultural communicative comp etence ….. performance4. All monomophemic words are ______ . And polymorphemic words are called _____.pounds …… free compoundsC. stems and prefixesD. words formation and backformation6. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meaning of the constituent words andB. propositionD. configuration7. Which of the following pairs is NOT an example of converse antonymy?A. buy, sellC. uncle, nephew-formation”.B. edit →editorD. possible →impossible9. /p/ and /b/ can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning. Therefore they are ___ .B. in complementary distributionD. allophonesB. IntonationC. StressD. ToneA. become, run, feelC. clever, green, beautiful12. The word “politician” differs from the word “statesman” in its _______ .A. conceptual meaningC. referential meaningB. The Philosophy of GrammarD. Language----- this is the main idea of _____ .C. the Politeness PrincipleD. semantics15. In order to red uce the ambiguity of the term “word”, the term _____ is postulated as the ____ unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language.。
antonyms的三种类型及其例子
antonyms的三种类型及其例子类型一：反义词对立反义词对立是最常见的一种反义关系类型，即两个词在语义上完全对立，有相反的意义。
这些反义词通常在词义和用法上都有一定的差异，并且在词汇中具有相对的地位。
以下是一些反义词对立的例子：1.大小：大-小例句：这本书很大，那本书很小。
2.高矮：高-矮例句：他比我高一点，但比他的弟弟矮。
3.厚薄：厚-薄例句：这件衣服很厚，那件衣服很薄。
4.轻重：轻-重例句：这个箱子很轻，那个箱子很重。
5.快慢：快-慢例句：她跑得很快，他跑得很慢。
类型二：层级反义词层级反义词是指在同一个概念范畴中，表示不同程度、强度或数量的两个词。
一个词表示较高程度或数量，另一个词表示较低程度或数量。
以下是一些层级反义词的例子：1.高低：高-低例句：海拔高的地方气温较低。
2.年长：年长-年轻例句：他的姐姐比他年长五岁，他的弟弟比他年轻三岁。
3.浓淡：浓-淡例句：这杯茶太浓，用水稀释一下变得更淡些。
4.多少：多-少例句：这个城市有很多人口，而乡村地区的人口少。
5.忙碌：忙-闲例句：工作日他很忙，但周末他比较闲。
类型三：逆序反义词逆序反义词是指两个词通过改变或反转其中一种性质、方向或状态，表达相反的含义。
这种反义关系常常用于表示转换、否定、否认等概念。
以下是一些逆序反义词的例子：1.开关：开-关例句：请把门打开，别把门关上。
2.收放：收-放例句：下雨了，请把洗好的衣服收回来。
3.增减：增-减例句：今年的销售额增长了10%，比去年增加了很多。
4.进退：进-退例句：需要进一步推进，不能停滞不前。
5.接收：接-放例句：我将接收他的工作，他则可以放松一下。
总结起来，反义关系可分为反义词对立、层级反义词和逆序反义词三种类型。
反义词对立的反义关系最为明显，两个词在意义上完全相反；层级反义词表示同一个概念中两个词的不同程度或数量；逆序反义词通过改变其中一种性质、方向或状态，表达相反的含义。
这些不同类型的反义关系在我们的日常交流和写作中起着重要的作用，能够丰富我们的词汇选择，使语言更加灵活多样。
语言学教程胡壮麟（第四版）第5章
语言学教程胡壮麟（第四版）第5章Chapter 5 Meaning第一部分Meanings of “meaning”一、The Study of Meaning：1. Meaning:refers to what a language expresses about the world we live in or any possible or imaginary world.2. Connotation: opposite to denotation, means the properties of the entity a word denotes. For example, the connotation of human is "biped", "featherless", and "rational", etc.3. Denotation: involves the relationship between a linguistic unit and the non-linguistic entity it refers to. So it is equivalent to referential meaning. For example, the denotation of human is any person such as John and Mary.二、Seven types of meaning (Recognized by Leech) 三大类七种论述1.Conceptual meaning:Logical, cognitive, or denotative content of language. It is the essential part of language and similar to literal meaning.E.g. What's this? It's a … (desk, boy, dog…). When you answer this question, you are expressing the conceptual meaning of language.Associative meaning: same in conceptual meaning but different in implication.2.Connotative meaning:What is communicated by virtue of what language refers to.E.g. “mother” implies love, “blue” implies depressed.3.Social meaning:What is communicated of the social circumstances of language use. It mainly involves dialect and status.E.g. Different style of words like horse and pony imply different social circumstances of language use.4.Affective meaning:What is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/ writer. It involves the choice of commendatory or derogatory meanings of words.E.g. The difference between statesman and politician is connotative because the former is commendatory and the latter is derogatory .5.Reflected meaning:What is communicated through association with another sense of the same expression.E.g. Click the mouse twice. (Mouse may remind you of either the part of a computer or a kind of animal who is clicked twice by Tom in the cartoon Tom and Jerry.)6.Collocative meaning:What is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another word.E.g. Different meanings of paper are expressed in its collocation with "exam, white and daily"7.Thematic meaning:What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.E.g. I hit a dog. A dog was hit by me.1第二部分Referential theory1.The referential theory:The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. We explain the meaning of a word by pointing to thething it refers to.E.g. proper nouns and definite noun phrases.Problem with this theory: the meaning of desk:When we explain the meaning of desk by pointing to the t hing it refers to, we don’t mean a desk must be of the particular size, shape, color and material as the desk we are pointing to at the moment of speaking. We are using this particular desk as an example of something more general.2.Semantic triangle:A th eory which employs the notion “concept”. Ogden and Richards presented the classic “Semantic Triangle”. They argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by the concept. In a diagram form, the relation can be showed as follows:conceptword thingAnd something is abstract, which has no existence in the material world and can only be sensed in our minds. This abstract thing is usually called concept.3.Sense and referenceSense and reference are two sides of meaning. Although they are different, they are closely to each other.1. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. Sense refers to the main features, the defining properties an entity has.2. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.E.g. The sense of desk: a piece of furniture with a flap top andfour legs, at which one reads and writes. Sense is equivalent to concept. The concept of desk may also be called the sense of desk. The concrete entities a particular desk in the world is reference.3. The distinction between sense and reference:① It is comparable between connotation and denotation. The former refers to the abstract properties of an entity, while the latter refers to the concrete entities having these properties.① Every word has a sense, or we will not be able to use it or understand it. But not every word has a reference. Grammatical words like but, if, and don’t refer to anything. Words like God, ghost, and dragon refer to imaginary things, which don’t exist in reality. Abs tract words like love don’t have a concrete entities in the world.① Words are in different sense relations with each other. Sense may be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another, or more generally between one linguistic unit and another. In contrast, reference is concerned with the relation between a word and the thing it refers to, or more generally between a linguistic unit and a non-linguistic entity it refers to.第三部分sense RelationsThere are three kinds of sense relations, namely, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation.1. Synonymy 同义关系Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.e.g. buy and purchase. Synonym refers to the words that are closed in meaning.But total synonymy is rare. It can be divided into two sub-types: absolute synonymy (they are identical in meaning.) andrelative synonymy (they are similar in meaning.).The so-called synonymy are all context dependent. E.g.Little Tom ____ a toy bear. (buy/ purchase)1) dialectal synonyms: synonyms used in different regional dialects.There are dialectal differences.E.g. Autumn is British while fall is America.2) stylistic synonyms: they may differ in style.E. g. kid, child, offspring; start, begin, commence.3) synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning.E. g. thrifty-economical-stingy4)collocational synonyms:E. g. accuse…of, charge…with.5) semantic synonyms:E. g. amaze, surprise.2. Antonymy 反义关系Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation. There are three sub-types: gradable, complementary, and converse antonymy.1) Gradable antonymyGradable antonymy is the commonest type of antonymy. There are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair. They are mainly adjectives, e.g. good / bad, big / small, etc. They have three characteristics:First, they are gradable. That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree. E.g. big, medium, small.Second, antonymy of this kind are graded against different norms. E.g. big dog, small dog; big cat, small cat.Third, one member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term. E.g. old covers young, highcovers low.2) Complementary antonymyThe members of a pair in complementary antonymy are complementary to each other. Not only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other.E.g. alive / dead, boy / girl, etc.There is no intermediate forms between the two. The adjectives of this kind can’t be modified by very, and they don’t have comparative or superlative degrees either. The norm in this type is absolute, and there is no cover term for the two members of a pair.3) Converse antonymyConverse antonyms are also called relational opposites. This is a special type of antonymy, because the members of a pair don’t constitute a positive-negative opposition. They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities, e.g. buy / sell. The comparative degrees like bigger: smaller, longer: shorter.3. Hyponymy 上下义关系The sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. Inclusiveness意义内包关系: Superordinate: the word which is more general in meaning.Hyponyms: the word which is more specific in meaning.Co-hyponyms: hyponyms of the same superordinate.Hyponymy involves us in the notion of meaning inclusion. It is a matter of class membership. That is, when x is a kind of y, the lower term x is the hyponym, and the upper term y is the superordinate. E.g. under flower, there are peony, tulip, violet, rose, etc., flower is the superordinate of rose, peony, etc., peony is the hyponym of flower, and peony, tulip, violet, rose, etc. areco-hyponyms.4. Polysemy 多义现象Polysemy means the same one word may have more than one meaning. A word having more than one meaning is called a polysemic word. Historically polysemy can be understood as the growth and development or change in the meaning of words.E.g. “table” may mean a piece of furniture, all the people seated at a table, or the food that is put on a table, etc.5. Homonymy 同音异义Homonymy means different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. There are three kinds of homonyms:①Full hom onyms: words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.E.g. bear (n. a kind of animal), bear(v. to give birth to a baby)②Homophones: words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.E.g. dear (a loved person), deer (a kind of animal)③Homographs: words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.E.g. tear (n.), tear (v.)6. Sense relations between sentences 句子之间的涵义关系1) X is synonymous with Y X与Y同义X: The boy killed the cat.Y: The cat was killed by the boy.If X is true, Y is true; if X is false, Y is false.2) X is inconsistent with Y X与Y不一致X: He is single.Y: He has a wife.If X is true, Y is false; if X is false, Y is true.3) X entails Y X 蕴含在Y里X: Marry has been to Beijing.Y: Marry has been to China.Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, then the meaning of X is included in Y.If X is true, Y is necessarily true; if X is false, Y may be false.4) X presupposes Y X预设YX: His bike needs repairing.Y: He has a bike.If X is true, Y must be true; If X is false, Y is still true.5) X is a contradiction X是矛盾的* My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.6) X is semantically anomalous X是异常的* The man is pregnant.第四部分Componential analysisSemantic components: the meaning of a word is not an unanalysable whole. It is a way to analyze lexical meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.It may be seen as a complex of different semantic features. There are semantic units smaller than the meaning of a word. For example, the meaning of the word boy may be analysed into three components: HUMAN, YOUNG and MALE.优：①By showing the semantic components of a word in this way, we may better account for sense relations. Two words, or two expressions, which have the same semantic components will be synonymous with each other. For example, bachelor and unmarried man.②And these semantic components will also explain sense relations between sentences.弊：①O ne difficulty is that many words are polysemous. They have more than one meaning, consequently they will have different sets of semantic components.②Some semantic components are seen as binary taxonomies.③There may be words whose semantic components are difficult to ascertain.第五部分Sentence meaning一、Sentence meaning 句子意义The meaning of a sentence is obviously related to the meanings of the words used in it, but it is also obvious that the sentence meaning is not simply the sum total of the words. Sentences using the same words may mean quite differently if they are arranged in different orders. E.g.The man chased the dog. (人追狗。
词汇学 反义关系精编版
Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as unmarked and marked terms respectively, on the grounds that one member is more specific than the other and the meaning of the marked term is found in that of the unmarked. 反义词在语义包孕方面有所不同。成对反义词的两 方分别被看作无标记项和有标记项，其根据是一方比另一方更 加具体，无标记项的意义存在于有标记项的意义之中。
very big / big / quite big / medium-sized / quite small / small / very small llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
2) Contraries 相对反义词
Contraries are best envisaged in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. 相对反义词最好被想像为处于 两极之间的一个标尺。
scale: a piece of wood, plastics, etc, with marks along the edge 标尺，刻度尺
Many words, though having synonyms, do not find their semantic opposites. 许多词虽然有同义词，但却没有语义上的 对立词（即反义词）。
语义学
一、语义学的七种意义——Geoffrey Leech里奇七种意义可以被分成三大类：概念意义Conceptual，联想意义Associative and主题意义Thematic Meanings1.概念意义Conceptual Meaning是Leech理论的中心Core概念，表示单词和其所指代的事物之间的关系，类似于“Reference”2.联想意义Associative Meaning五小类——内涵意义，社会Social意义，情感Affective意义，反映Reflected意义和搭配Collocative意义内涵Connotative意义：指在交际中语言所传达出来的意思社会Social意义：使用语言时传达出的有关社会场合的信息情感Affective意义：指说话人或作者表达出来的情感或态度反映Reflected意义：通过联想某个表达法的别种意义而产生出来的意义搭配Collocative意义：通过联想经常同现于一个语境中的单词而产生的意义3.主题意义Thematic Meanings通过信息的组织方式而传达的意义what is communicated by the way in which the message isorganized in terms of order and emphasis二、语义关系Sense Relations——三种：同义关系Synonymy，反义关系Antonymy，上下义关系Hyponymy1.同义关系Synonymy来源有二——Anglo-Saxon Language and Latin;完全同义的单词不存在，主要差别在于地域Dialect，场合Register，风格Style，正式度Formality，态度Attitude等2.反义关系Antonymy可分等级的Gradable：最常见的，两词间并非绝对而是相对对立的。
E.g. good-bad，long-short等互补的Complementary：两词间的对立是绝对的，非此即彼的。
Antonymy_课件
AntonymyClassification of Antonymy Gradable antonymy(分等级的反义关系)Complementary antonymy(互补反义关系) Converse antonymy(相反反义关系)Gradable AntonymyThis is the commonest type of antonymy. When we say two words are antonyms, we usually mean pairs of words like good: bad, long: short, big: small. As the examples show, they are mainly adjectives. And they have three characteristics.Gradable AntonymyFirst, as the name suggests, they are gradable. That is, the members of a pair differ in terms of degree.The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other.Something which is not "good" is not necessarily "bad". It may simply be "so-so" or "average".They can be modified by "very“, and have comparative and superlative degrees.Gradable AntonymySecond, antonyms of this kind are graded against different norms.There is no absolute criterion by which we may say something is good or bad, long or short, big or small. The criterion varies with the object described. A big car is in fact much smaller than a small plane. A micro-computer is giant by the standard of microorganism.Gradable AntonymyThird, one member of a pair, usually the term for the higher degree, serves as the cover term.We ask somebody "How old are you ?" and the person asked may not be old in any sense. He may be as young as twenty or three. The word old is used here to cover both old and young. The sentence means the same as "What is your age?"Complementary Antonymy alive: dead odd: evenmale: female pass: fail ( a test )present: absent boy: girlinnocent: guilty hit: miss ( a target )Complementary AntonymyNot only the assertion of one means the denial of the other, the denial of one also means the assertion of the other. Not only He is alive means "He is not dead", He is not alive also means "He is dead". There is no intermediate ground between the two.In other words, it is a question of two term choice: yes or no. So the adjectives in this type cannot be modified by "very". Onecannot say somebody is very alive or very dead. And they do not have comparative or superlative degrees either.Complementary AntonymySecondly, the norm in this type is absolute.For example, the criterion for separating the male from the female is the same with human beings and animals. And the death of a man is the same as that of an elephant, or even a tree, in the sense that there is no longer any life in the entity.Complementary AntonymyThirdly, there is no cover term for the two members of a pair.If you do not know the sex of a baby, you ask "Is it a boy or a girl?" not "How male is it?"The word male can only be used for boys, it can not cover the meaning of girl.As a matter of fact, no adjective in this type can be modified by how. This is related to the fact that they are not modifiable by words like very.gradable complementaryA B A BConverse AntonymyPairs of words like buy-sell, lend-borrow, parent-child, husband-wife, teacher-student, above-below, before-after belong to this type of antonymy.They show the reversal of a relationship between two entities.X buys something from Y means the same as Y sells something to X. It is the same relationship seen from two different angles.Converse AntonymyThis type of antonymy is typically seen in reciprocal social roles, kinship relations, temporal and spatial relations. It is in this sense that they are also known as RELATIONAL OPPOSITES. There are always two entities involved.Converse AntonymyIf there is a buyer, there must also be a seller. A parent must have a child. Without a child, one can not be a parent. If X is above Y, there must be both X and Y. And one cannot simply say "He is a husband". One must say whose husband he is.。
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converse antonymy的举例
converseantonymy是一种词语关系，指的是两个词语的意思相反，并且在同一语境下可以互换使用。
以下是一些常见的converse antonymy的例子：
1. 上下：上和下是一对converse antonymy的词语。
比如说，“往上走”和“往下走”就是同一个路径的相反方向。
2. 前后：前和后也是一对converse antonymy的词语。
比如说，“前进”和“后退”就是行进方向的相反。
3. 大小：大和小同样是一对converse antonymy的词语。
比如说，“大象”和“小猫”就是动物大小的相反。
4. 富裕-贫穷：富裕和贫穷也是一对converse antonymy的词语。
比如说，“富人”和“穷人”就是财富水平的相反。
5. 日夜：日和夜也是一对converse antonymy的词语。
比如说，“白天”和“黑夜”就是时间的相反。
以上是一些常见的converse antonymy的例子，通过对这些词语的理解，我们可以更好地掌握它们在不同语境下的用法。
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