2018四联法硕考研英语(一)真题及答案(完整版)

18.[A] forced[B] willing[C] hesitant[D] entitled19.[A] In contrast[B] As a result[C] On the whole[D] For instance20. [A] inflexible[B] incapable[C] unreliable[D] unsuitablepartADirections:Read the following four tests . Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C orD.Mark your anwers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40 points)Text 1Among the annoying challenges faching the middle class is one one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for tlieir jobs?Don't dismiss that possibility entirely. About half of U.S. jobs aie at high risk of being automated, according to a University of Oxford study, with tlie middle classdisproportionately squeezed. Lower-income jobs like gardening or day care don't appeal to robots. But many middle- class occupations-tmcking’ financial advice, software engineering — have aroused theii' interest, or soon will. The rich own the robots, so they will be fine.This isnl to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. The Industrial Revolution didn't go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed. Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by diiving down prices, and free workers from hard, boiing work. But in the medium tenn, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting.The first step, as Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue in The Second Machine Age，should be rethinking education and job training. CiuTiculums _from gramniai* school to college- should evolve to focus less oil memorizing facts and more on creativity andcomplex communication. Vocational schools should do a better job of fosteringproblem-solving skills and helping students work alongside robots. Online education can supplement the traditional kind. It could make extra training and instruction affordable.Professionals tiying to acquire new skills will be able to do so without going into debt.The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism: Starting new companies must be made easier. In previous eras of drastic technological change, entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and macliines. The best uses of 3D printers and viilual reality haven't been invented yet. The U.S. needs the new companies that will invent them.Finally, because automation tlueatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought. Taxes on low-wage labor need to be cut, and wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit should be expanded: Thiswould boost incomes, encourage work, reward companies for job creation, and reduce inequality.Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to tliose who find tlieir lives and careers upended by automation. Destroying the macliines tliat are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable.21 .Who will be most threatened by automation?[A] Leading politicians.[B] Low-wage laborers.[C] Robot owners.[D] Middle-class workers.22 .Which of the following best represent the author's view?[A] Worries about automation are in fact groundless.[B] Optimists' opinions on new tech find little support.[C] Issues arising fiom automation need to be tackled[D] Negative consequences of new tech can be avoided23. Education in the age of automation should put more emphasis on[A] creative potential.[B] job-hiinting skills.[C] individual needs.[D] cooperative spirit.24. The author suggests that tax policies be aimed at[A] encouraging the development of automation.[B] increasing the return on capital investment.[C] easing the hostility between rich and poor.[D] preventing the income gap from widening.25.In tliis text, the author presents a problem with[A] opposing views oil it.[B] possible solutions to it.[C]its alarming impacts.[D]its major variations.Text 2A new survey by Harvard University finds more than two-thirds of young Americans disapprove of President Tnunp's use of Twitter. The implication is that Millennials prefer news from the White House to be filtered through other source，Not a president’s social media platform.Most Americans rely on social media to check daily headlines. Yet as distrust has risen toward all media, people may be starting to beef up their media literacy skills. Such a trend is badly needed. During the 2016 presidential campaign, neaily a quarter of web content shared by Twitter users in the politically critical state of Micliigan was fake news, according to the University of Oxford. And a siuvey conducted for BuzzFeed News found 44 percent of Facebook users raiely or never trust news from the media giant.Young people who are digital natives are indeed becoming more skillfiil at separating fact from fiction in cyberspace. A Knight Foundation focus-group suivey of young people between ages 14and24 found diey use ^distributed tnist^ to verify stories. They cross-check sources and prefer news from different perspectives—especially those tliat are open about any bias. t4Maiiy young people assume a gieat deal of personal responsibility for educating themselves and actively seeking out opposing viewpoints,” the survey concluded.Such active research can have another effect. A 2014 survey conducted in Australia, Britain， and the United States by the University of "Wisconsin-Madison found that young people’s reliance on social media led to greater political engagement.Social media allows users to experience news events more intimately and immediately while also pennitting them to re-share news as a projection of their values and interests. This forces users to be more conscious of their role in passing along infomiation. A suivey by Bama research gioup found the top reason given by Americans for tlie fake news phenomenon is "reader eiTor,^ more so than made-up stories or factual mistakes in reporting. About a tliird say tlie problem of fake news lies in “misinterpretation or exaggeration of actual news” via social media. In other words, the choice to share news on social media may be the heart of the issue. “This indicates there is a real personal responsibility in counteracting this problem，” says Roxanne Stone，editor in chief at Bama Group.So when young people aie critical of an over-tweeting president, they reveal a mental discipline in thinking skills - and in their choices on when to share on social media.26. According to the Paragraphs 1 and 2, many young Americans cast doubts on[A] the justification of tlie news-filtering practice.[B] people's preference for social media platforms.[Cj the administrations ability to handle information.[D] social media was a reliable source of news.27.The phrase “beer up”(Line 2, Pa ra. 2) is closest in meaning to[A] sharpen[B] define[C] boast[D] share28. According to the knight foundation suiTey, young people[A] tend to voice their opinions in cyberspace.[B] verify news by referring to diverse resources.[C] have s strong sense of responsibility.[D] like to exchange views on “distributed trust”29. The Bama suiTey found that a main cause for the fake news problem is[A] readers outdated values.[B] journalists' biased reporting[C] readers，misinterpretation[D] journalists，made-up stories.30. Wliich of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] A Rise in Critical Skills for Sharing News Online[B] A Counteraction Against the Over-tweeting Trend[C] The Accumulation of Mutual Trust on Social Media.[D] The Platfonns for Projection of Personal Interests.Text 3Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal between Britain's National Health Sei*vice (NHS) and DeepMind must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well. DeepMind is one of the leading artificial intelligence (AI) companies in tlie world. The potential of this work applied to healthcare is veiy gieat, but it could also lead to fiirther concentration of power in the tech giants. It Is against that background that the infonnation coimnissionei.，Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital tmst under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients In 2015 oil the basis of a vague agieement wliich took far too little account of the patients' rights and their expectations of privacy. DeepMind has almost apologized. The NHS tmst has mended its ways. Further anaiigements- and there may be many-between the NHS and DeepMind will be carefully scrutinised to ensure that all necessaiy pennissions have been asked of patients and all iinnecessaiy data has been cleaned. There are lessons about infonned patient consent to leam. But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. Ms Denliam chose to concentrate the blame on the NHS trust，since under existing law it “controlled” the data and DeepMind merely “processed” it. But tliis distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives tlie data value.The great question is who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate. Privacy law builds on the concept of damage to ail individual from identifiable knowledge about them. That misses the way the surveillance economy works. The data of an individual there gains its value only when it is compared with the data of countless millions more. The use of privacy law to crnb the tech giants in tliis instance feels slightly maladapted. Tliis practice does not address the real worry. It is not enough to say that the algorithms f)eepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed tliem using public resources. If software promises to save lives on the scale tliat dugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big phann has done. We aie still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. A long stniggle will be needed to avoid a futuie of digital feudalism. Ms Denham's report is a welcome start.31 .Wha is true of the agreement between the NHS and DeepMind ?[A] It caused conflicts among tech giants.[B] It failed to pay due attention to patient's rights.[C] It fell short of the latter's expectations[D] It put botli sides into a dangerous situation.32. The NHS tmst responded to Denham's verdict with[A] empty promises.[B] tough resistance.[C] necessary adjustments.[D] sincere apologies.33. The author argues in Paragraph 2 that[A] privacy protection must be secured at all costs.[B] leaking patients' data is worse than selling it.[C] making profits from patients' data is illegal.[D] the value of data comes from the processing of it34.According to the last paragraph，the real worry arising from this deal is[A] the vicious rivaliy among big pharmas.[B] tlie ineffective enforcement of privacy law.[C] tlie uncontrolled use of new so^are.[D] the monopoly of big data by tech giants.35. The author's attitude toward the application of AI to healthcare is[A] ambiguous.[B] cautious.[C] appreciative.[D] contemptuous.Test4The U.S. Postal Ser\'ice (USPS) continues to bleed red ink. It reported a net loss of $5.6 billion for fiscal 2016, the 10th straight year its expenses have exceeded revenue. Meanwhile, it has more than $120 billion in unfunded liabilities, mostly for employee health and retirement costs. There are many bankruptcies. Fundamentally，the USPS is in a historic squeeze between technological change that has permanently decreased demand for its bread-and-butter product，first-class mail, and a regiilatoiy structme that denies management the flexibility to adjust its operations to the new realityAnd interest gioups ranging from postal unions to greeting-caid makers exert self-interested pressme on the USPS's ultimate overseer-Congress-insisting that whatever else happens to the Postal SeiTice, aspects of the status quo they depend oil get protected. This is why repeated attempts at reform legislation have failed in recent years，leaving the Postal Service unable to pay its bills except by deferring vital modernization.Now comes word that everyone involvedDemocrats，Republicans，the Postal Service，the unions and the system's heaviest users—has finally agreed on a plan to fix the system. Legislation is moving thiough the House that would save USPS an estimated $28.6 billion over five years, wliich could help pay for new vehicles, among other survival measures. Most of the money would come from a penny-per-letter permanent rate increase and from shifting postal retirees into Medicaie. The latter step would largely offset the financial burden of annually pre-funding retiree health care, thus addiessing a long-standing complaint by the USPS and its union.If it clears the House, this measure would still have to get tluough the Senate - where someone is bound to point out that it amounts to the bare，bare minimum necessaiy to keep the Postal Service afloat, not comprehensive refonn. There's no change to collective bargaining at the USPS, a major omission considering that personnel accounts for 80 percent of the agency’s costs. Also missing is any discussion of eliminating Saturday letter delivery. That common-sense change enjoys wide public support and would save the USPS $2 billion per year. But postal special-interest groups seem to have killed it, at least in the House. The emerging consensus around the bill is a sign that legislators are getting fiightened about a politically embarrassing short-term collapse at the USPS. It is not, however, a sign that tliey're getting serious about transfomiing tlie postal system for the 21 st centuiy.36. The financial problem with tlie USPS is caused partly by[A] , its unbalanced budget.[B] .its rigid management.[c] .the cost for technical upgrading.[D]. the withdrawal of bank support.37. According to Paragiaph 2? the USPS fails to modernize itself due to[A] , the inteiference from interest gioups.[B] .the inadequate funding from Congress.[Cj .the shrinking demand for postal service.fD] .the incompetence of postal unions.38. The long-standing complaint by tlie USPS and its unions can be addressed by[A] .removing its burden of retiree health care.[B] .making more investment in new vehicles.[C] .adopting a new rate-increase mechanism.[D] . attracting more fiist-class mail users.39.In the last paragiaph, the autlior seems to view legislators with[A] respect.[B] tolerance.[C] discontent.[D] gratitude.40.Which of the following would be tlie best title for the text?[A] The USPS Starts to Miss Its Good Old Days[B] The Postal Sendee: Keep Away from My Cheese[C] The USPS: Clironic Illness Requires a Quick Cure[D] The Postal Service Needs More than a Band-AidPart BDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your angers on ANSWER SHEET. (10points)A. In December of 1869, Congiess appointed a commission to select a site and prepare plans and cost estimates for a new State Department Building. The commission was also to consider possible arrangements for the War and Navy Departments. To the horror of some who expected a Greek Revival twin of the Treasury Building to be erected on the otlier side of the Wliite House,the elaborate French Second Empire style design by Alfred Mullett was selected，and construction of a building to house all three departments began in June of 1871.B. Completed in 1875, the State Department's south wing was the first to be occupied, with its elegant four-story library (completed in 1876)，Diplomatic Reception Room, and Secretary's office decorated with cai*ved wood. Oriental mgs, and stenciled wall patterns. The Navy Department moved into the east wing in 1879, where elaborate wall and ceiling stenciling and marquetiy floors decorated the office of the Secretary.C. The State, War, and Na^ Building, as it was originally known, housed the three Executive Branch Departments most intimately associated with fomiulating and conducting the nation's foreign policy in the last quarter of tlie nineteenth centuiy and the first quarter of the twentieth cenUuy-the period when the United States emerged as an international power. The building has housed some of the nation's most significant diplomats and politicians and has been the scene of many historic events.D. Many of the most celebrated national figures have participated in historical events that have taken place within the EEOB’s granite walls. Theodore and Franklin D. Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Jolmson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming president. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy，21 Secretaries of War, and 24 Secretaries of State. Winston Chmchill once walked its coiridors and Japanese emissaries met here with Secretaiy of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor.E. Tlie Eisenhower Executive Office Building (EEOB) commands a unique position in both the national histoiy and the 肌hitectiual heritage ohhe United States. Designed by SupeM Architect of the Treasury，Alfred B. Mullett，it was built from 1871 to 1888 to house the growing staffs of the State，"War，and Navy Departments，and is considered one of the best examples of French Second Empiie architecture in tlie comitry.F. Construction took 17 years as the building slowly rose wing by wing. When the EEOB was finished, it was the laigest office building in Wasliington, with nearly 2 miles of black and white tiled conidors. Almost all of the interior detail is of cast iron or plaster; the use of wood was minimized to iiisiue fire safety. Eight monumental ciuving staircases of granite with over 4,000 individually cast bronze balusters aie capped by foiu* skylight domes and two stained glass rotundas.G. The history of the EEOB began long before its foundations were laid. The first executive offices were constructed between 1799 and 1820. A series of fires (including those set by the British in 1814) and overcrowded conditions led to the construction of the existing Treasury Building. In 1866, the construction of the North Wing of tlie Treasury Building necessitated the demolition of the State Department building.【答案 1 41. (E)—C —42. (G) —43. (A)—F—44. (B)—45. (D)Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then tramlate the underlined segments into Chinese. You?- translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points) Shakespeare’s life time was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity and achievement in the drama.(46) By tlie date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy. These new foims were at first mainly written by scholars and perfonned by amateurs, but in England, as eveiywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular，whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval，literaiy or farcical. Court, school organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in supplying a widespread desire for diamatic entertainment; and (47) no boy who went a grammar school could be ignorant that the drama was a fonn of literature which gave glory to Greece and Rome and might yet bring honor to England.When Shakespeare was twelve years old，the first public playhouse was built in London. For a time literature showed no interest in this public stage. Plays aiming at literaiy distinction were written for school or comt, or for tlie choii* boys of St. Paul's and the royal chapel, who, however, gave plays in public as well as at comt.(48) but the professional companies prospered in their peiinanent theaters, and university men with literatuie ambitions were quick to turn to these theaters as offering a means of livelihood. By the time Shakespeare was twenty-f ive’ Lyly，Peele， and Greene had made comedies that were at once popular and literary; Kyd had written a tragedy that crowded the pit; and Marlowe had brought poetiy and genius to triumph oil tlie common stage -where tliey had played no part since the death of Euripides. (49) A native literary diama had been created, its alliance with the public playhouses established, and at least some of its great traditions had been begun.The development of the Elizabethan drama for the next twenty-five years is of exceptional interest to students of literaiy liistoiy, for in this brief period we may trace the beginning, giowth, blossoming, and decay of many kinds of plays, and of many great careers. We are amazed today at the mere number of plays produced，as well as by the number of dramatists writing at the same time for this London of two hundred thousand inhabitants. (50)T〇 realize how great was the diamatic activity, we must remember further that hosts of plays have been lost, and that probably there is no author of note whose entire work has suivived.【参考译文]46. 到莎士比亚出生的年代，欧洲经历了宗教戏剧的消亡，以及在古典悲剧和喜剧的影响下新的戏剧形式的产生。