Comparison of occurrenceperiods of wheat aphids based on artficial.pdf

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脑子一片空白英语作文高级词汇

脑子一片空白英语作文高级词汇The human mind is a remarkable and complex entity, capable of astounding feats of cognition, creativity, and problem-solving. Yet, there are times when this remarkable organ seems to falter, when the synapses fail to fire and the thoughts become nebulous and indistinct. This phenomenon, often referred to as a "blank mind," can be a source of frustration, confusion, and even anxiety for those who experience it.At its core, a blank mind is a temporary state of mental stagnation, where the individual struggles to conjure up coherent thoughts or engage in meaningful cognitive processes. It is as if the mind has been shrouded in a dense fog, obscuring the usual clarity and vibrancy of one's mental landscape. This disorienting experience can manifest in various ways, from the inability to focus on a task at hand to the sensation of having one's thoughts drift aimlessly without purpose or direction.One of the primary factors contributing to a blank mind is the overwhelming nature of modern life. In an era marked by constantstimulation, information overload, and the relentless demands of work, family, and social obligations, the mind can become fatigued and overwhelmed, leading to a state of cognitive exhaustion. The sheer volume of inputs and expectations can tax the brain's limited resources, causing it to retreat into a protective mode of mental inactivity.Moreover, the prevalence of stress and anxiety in contemporary society can also play a significant role in the emergence of a blank mind. When the mind is consumed by worries, fears, and ruminations, it becomes increasingly difficult to focus on the present moment and engage in productive thought processes. The constant mental chatter and the physiological responses associated with stress can create a mental environment that is inhospitable to clear and focused thinking.Furthermore, certain medical conditions, such as depression, anxiety disorders, and cognitive impairments, can also contribute to the experience of a blank mind. In these cases, the underlying neurological or psychological factors can disrupt the brain's normal functioning, leading to difficulties in information processing, memory retrieval, and decision-making.Despite the discomfort and frustration associated with a blank mind, it is essential to recognize that this phenomenon is a natural andcommon occurrence. The human brain is not a machine that operates with unwavering efficiency; it is a dynamic and adaptive organ that requires rest, nourishment, and stimulation to function optimally. The occasional moments of mental stagnation should not be viewed as a personal failure or a sign of intellectual inadequacy, but rather as a natural response to the demands and stresses of daily life.In fact, the experience of a blank mind can serve as a valuable opportunity for introspection and self-care. By recognizing the signs of mental fatigue and taking proactive steps to address it, individuals can cultivate strategies to manage and overcome these episodes of cognitive disruption.One effective approach is to engage in mindfulness practices, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises. These techniques can help to quiet the mind, reduce anxiety, and promote a greater sense of present-moment awareness. By learning to focus on the breath or the sensations in the body, individuals can train their minds to become more resilient and adaptable in the face of mental challenges.Additionally, incorporating physical exercise into one's routine can be a powerful tool for combating a blank mind. Regular physical activity has been shown to enhance cognitive function, improvemood, and reduce stress levels, all of which can contribute to a more focused and productive mental state.Moreover, ensuring adequate sleep, proper nutrition, and hydration can also play a crucial role in maintaining cognitive health and preventing the onset of a blank mind. The brain, like the rest of the body, requires proper nourishment and rest to function at its best, and neglecting these fundamental needs can lead to a deterioration of mental capacities.Finally, engaging in activities that stimulate the mind, such as reading, learning a new skill, or participating in intellectually challenging hobbies, can help to keep the brain active and adaptable. By continuously challenging and expanding one's cognitive abilities, individuals can build resilience and reduce the likelihood of experiencing prolonged periods of mental stagnation.In conclusion, the experience of a blank mind, while undoubtedly frustrating, is a common and natural occurrence that can be managed and overcome through a combination of self-awareness, self-care, and proactive cognitive engagement. By recognizing the underlying causes and adopting strategies to address them, individuals can cultivate a more resilient and adaptable mind, better equipped to navigate the demands of modern life. Embracing the occasional moments of mental stagnation as opportunities forgrowth and rejuvenation can ultimately lead to a more fulfilling and productive cognitive experience.。

地球过去现在将来的变化英语作文

地球过去现在将来的变化英语作文Changes of the Earth: Past, Present and FutureIntroductionThe Earth, our home planet, has undergone significant changes over the course of its history. From its formation over 4.5 billion years ago to the present day, the Earth has experienced various transformations in its environment, climate, and ecosystems. In this essay, we will explore the past, present, and future changes of the Earth and discuss the impact of these changes on our planet.Past ChangesThe Earth has undergone numerous changes since its formation. One of the most significant events in the Earth's history was the formation of the continents through the process of plate tectonics. Millions of years ago, the Earth's surface was covered by a single supercontinent called Pangaea, which later broke apart to form the continents we know today. This movement of tectonic plates continues to influence the Earth's geography and shape the landscapes we see.Another major change in the Earth's past was the occurrence of ice ages, during which large portions of the Earth werecovered by glaciers. These ice ages had a profound impact on the Earth's climate and biodiversity, leading to the extinction of many species and the evolution of new ones. The Earth has also experienced periods of volcanic activity, asteroid impacts, and other natural disasters that have shaped its surface and atmosphere.Present ChangesIn recent years, the Earth has been experiencing rapid changes due to human activities. The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrialization have led to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, which are causing global warming and climate change. The Earth's temperature is rising, leading to more frequent and severe weather events such as hurricanes, droughts, and heatwaves.The Earth's oceans are also undergoing significant changes, with sea levels rising due to thermal expansion and the melting of ice caps and glaciers. This is causing coastal erosion, flooding, and the loss of habitat for marine life. The Earth's ecosystems are being disrupted, with many species facing extinction due to habitat destruction, pollution, and overexploitation.Future ChangesLooking ahead, the Earth is projected to undergo even more changes in the future. The impacts of climate change are expected to intensify, with temperatures continuing to rise and extreme weather events becoming more common. Sea levels will continue to rise, threatening coastal communities and low-lying islands. The Earth's biodiversity will be further depleted, with many species facing extinction if current trends continue.One of the biggest challenges facing the Earth in the future is the need to transition to a more sustainable and environmentally-friendly way of living. This will require reducing our dependency on fossil fuels, protecting and restoring natural habitats, and promoting conservation efforts to preserve the Earth's biodiversity. Collaboration between governments, industries, and individuals will be essential to address these pressing issues and ensure a healthy and prosperous future for the Earth.ConclusionIn conclusion, the Earth has experienced significant changes in its past, present, and will continue to undergo transformations in the future. From the formation of continents and ice ages to climate change and biodiversity loss, the Earth's history is a testament to its resilience and adaptability. By taking action toaddress the challenges facing our planet, we can work towards creating a sustainable future for generations to come. Let us all do our part to protect and preserve the Earth for the benefit of all living beings.。

OFS Fiber和Cables的衰减规范指南应用说明书

A Guide to Attenuation Specifications in OFS Fiber and CablesApplication Note AN-111ABackgroundThere has been confusion in the telecommunications industry regarding fiber and cable attenuation (loss) specifications for decades. Manufacturers provide different descriptive terms to describe performance, such as the difference between “typical”, “specified”, and “characterized” values. Manufacturers can also use different numbers of significant figures in specifications to legally, technically, and accurately describe their products’ performance, but unfamiliar customers may not fully appreciate the extent to which these techniques can ultimately change the actual performance of the finally deployed product. This document is a basic guide to how OFS specifies attenuation in optical fibers and cables.Fiber Attenuation specificationsThe image to the right is part of the AllWave®One fiber specification.Some key points to note:OFS specifies attenuation at 5 individual wavelengths, and each number is a “maximum” with two significant figures. All fibers are manufactured with a statistical distribution of performance. Only a small portion of the fibers are made with the maximum value, and most fibers have attenuation values well below the maximum. This performance is only specified for uncabled fiber.Cabled fiber attenuation specificationsMany end users of fiber don’t realize that cabling optical fibers can impact attenuation. This is why manufacturers may specify different attenuation values for various cable designs. For fibers used primarily in long-distance routes, OFS defines two terms for cabled fibers - the first is the maximum attenuation for any cabled fiber, and the second is the link design value (LDV) for attenuation which describes the expected performance in an installed system. More detailed definitions are below:Maximum Attenuation“Maximum” has a clear definition. If a maximum specified value is 0.33 dB at 1310 nm, the highest attenuation of any individual fiber will be no greater than 0.334 dB/km, as defined by standard rounding rules. Contrast that to a competitor who may specify 0.4 dB/km. Since 0.4 dB/km has only one significant figure, attenuation of a single fiber may be as high as 0.44 dB/km using the same rounding rules.Maximum attenuation is a useful property for assessing worse case optical performance of individual spools and short distance links. That said, sometimes “maximum” is not the best way to characterize performance. Attenuation in thefinal cable is often well-below the maximum specified value. Selecting the transmitters, receivers and amplifiers used in a long-distance optical link based on the maximum cabled fiber attenuation can potentially increase network costs by requiring spacing electronics more closely together or using more powerful transmitters and amplifiers than if a more representative attenuation value is used. An alternative method is to use Link Design Value (LDV) for attenuation.Link Design Value (LDV) for attenuationIn general, LDV is a way of evaluating a parameter that has a distribution of values throughout the network, such as the attenuation of an optical fiber. LDV is a statistical methodology that can be used to determine the maximum expected attenuation for a given optical link based on assumptions with a known confidence level. The methodology used by OFS assumes that 8 random optical cables concatenated together will have attenuation less than or equal to the LDV for attenuation 99.99% of the time. This methodology has been shown to be a reasonably conservative estimate for links greater than or equal to 40 km1. It is a more realistic look at what the actual attenuation of the network will be once it is installed versus using the maximum attenuation method and is more commonly provided for fiber types associated with longer distance links.Conservatism is good and important in network design. Passive equipment (including fiber) manufacturers add safety factors, as do electronics manufacturers. Engineering firms, being properly cautious, often include additional safety margin when designing networks. However, an inadvertent consequence of many levels of conservatism is that it can inadvertently drive up network costs by forcing shorter amplifier spacings or requiring higher performance optics for a given link. Traditional loss budgets usi ng “maximum’ values is conservative, with levels of safety margin built into network attenuation (optical loss) calculations.A comparison highlighting the differences between the “maximum attenuation” and LDV attenuation is shown below. The maximum attenuation method allows a maximum individual loss of 0.25 dB/km, where the actual link attenuation is based on the distribution of manufactured product, and is 0.21 dB/km.Figure 1: Difference between traditional maximum attenuation and LDV attenuation specificationsThe probability of every cable being at the maximum value is highly unlikely, as very few cabled fibers are at the limit. Using the LDV method, we can determine the probability of that occurrence, and provide the information to inform the specification. This approach often uncovers several dB of unrealized margin in an optical link. An LDV-based specification typically has different language associated with it because the parameter is statistically derived. It provides a statement of loss/km, and also provides a minimum length or number of cables needed for the specification to be valid. Example LDV specification wording follows: “0.33/0.31/0.19dB/km maximum end-to-end link attenuation over a concatenated span of cable, not including splice loss, assuming a minimum of a 8 cables comprising the link”. The reason for this more precise wording is that LDV specifications are based on statistical analyses of the manufacturing distributions (lengths and loss levels) over long periods of time.Benefit in longer distance networksThe benefit from moving to LDV specifications can be substantial. The longer the network, the more substantial the impact is on the network. The impact on a 100 km network is shown in the table below (cable loss only, not including splices or connections):used to add additional distance to the network, use less expensive optics, or however the network designer sees fit.The table below compares the different specification methods for common OFS fiber and cable types. In the case of discrepancies between values in this document versus data sheets, the fiber and cable datasheet values supersede the values below.For more information, please contact your OFS sales representative.Reference(1) David Mazzarese, “Improved Accuracy For Estimating Attenuation of Installed Single-Mode Optical CableLinks”, Proceedings of the IWCS, October 2014.。

NegativeLexicalT...

Negative Lexical Transfer of Native Language in Chinese College Students＇English Writing—Feb.200—5,V olume2,No.2(SerialNo.14)Sino-USEnglishTeaching,ISSl539.8072,USA NegativeLexicalTransferofNativeLanguageinChineseCollegeStudents'EnglishWritingChunliangZhangDaqingWang''NortheasternUniversityAbstract:Thispaperfocusesonmanifestationsofnegativetransferofnativelanguageatlexic allevelreflectedinChinesecollegestudents'Englishwriting.Aclassificationaswellasitsexemplifi cationisofferedconcemingalltheselexicaltransfererrors.Andthecauseofformationisanalyzedforthecorre spondingclassof1exicaItransfer.Keywords:LItransferL2lexicallearningEnglishwritingI.IntroductionManylinguistsholdthatnativelanguage(L1)transferoccursinsecondlanguage(L2)acquisit ion.WhenChinesecollegestudentslearnEnglish,especiallyintheirEnglishwriting,transferismanifes tedatvariouslevels,suchaslexis,syntaxanddiscourse.IntheprocessofLItransferintothelearner'sIL(interlangu age),someofLItracesaredistinctwhileothersareelusive.Lexisisbuildingblocksofalanguage(Brown1994).ForL2lexicallearning.Kellermancom mentsthat "thereareenormousquantitiesofevidencefortheinfluenceofLIonILwhenitcomestolexis"( 1987:42).Hereportsthattheacquisitionoflexis印pearstobefacilitatedifL1andL2arerelatedlanguages,whileRingbom(1987)findsthatthemajorityoflexicalerrorscanbeattributedtotransferofpartialtranslation equivalents.WhenChineselearnersacquireEnglishlexis.theymakeawiderangeoferrors.II.ManifestationofNegativeLexicalTransferinChineseLearners'EnglishWriting2.1AssumedSemanticEquivalence Unlikeyoungchildrenlearningtheirnativelanguage,olderL2learnershavealreadydevelop edrichconceptua1andsemanticsystemswhicharealreadyIinkedtotheirLI.TheacquisitionofL2w ordsusuallyinvolvesamappingofthenewwordformontopre—existedconceptualmeaningsorontoLItranslation equivalentsasapproximations.Ijaz(1986)demonstratesthatevenadvancedadultESLlearn ersareheavilyinfluencedbynativelanguagetransfer,whichhedefinesas"semanticequivalencehypothesi s".Thelearner attemptstointerpretthenewlanguagesymbolsthroughhisacceptedlanguagesymbols.Heisl ikelytodevelopa strategyofliteraltranslationbyseekingwordequivalentsfromhisnativelanguage,andthene stablishadirect connectionbetweenhispreviousexperienceandthenewlanguage. ChineseandEnglisharepolesapart.Therefore,errorsattributedtolinguisticinterferencewill inevitablyoccurintermsoflexicalchoice.SucherrorsoccurwherethechoiceisanequivalenttoaChines ewordor'ChunliangZhang,l~turerofForeignLanguageStudiesofNortheasternUniversity;Researc hfield:Englishteachingwithmultimedia;Address:P.O.B.230.11Lane3.CultureRoad,HepingDistrict.Shenyang.I1000 6.China;Tel:024—83685823;E—mail:**********************"DaqingWang.lecturerofForeignLanguageStudiesofNortheasternUniversity;Researchfi eld:Englishteachingwithmultimedia;Address:P.O.B.230.IILane3,CultureRoad,HepingDistrict,Shenyang,110006,China;Tel: ************;E-mail:************NegativeLexlcalTransfexpressionontheliterallevel,butdoesnotconveytheintendedmeaninginEnglish.Forinstan ce,theevennumberispresumedas"double(堡数)"andtheoddones"single(罩数)"byChineselearnersofEnglish.Moreexamplesfoundinthestudents'writingsareasfollows:1)The—econo—micconditionsofourcompanyareverypoor.(financia1)21WeshouldraiseourspokenEnglishleve1.(improve)3)Theweekendisagoodopportunitytoloos___eeyourself.(relax)Insentence1.theChinese"缨滂保件"isliterallyconvertedtotheEnglishword"economicconditions",for thelearnersimplyassumesthat"缝滂的"inChineseisequalto"economic"inEnglish.thoughheintendsto express"financialconditions".Insentences2and3,"提高…水平","放鬈"aretakenastheirEnglishcorrespondingitems''raiselevel"and"loose"respectively.TheabovecasesreflectthatChine selearnersof EnglishassumethataChineselexiconiscorrespondingwithanEnglishone,therefore,theyte ndtotranslatethelexiconliterally.2.2ImproperCollocation Thecombinationofwordsinalanguageisnotatrandomatal1.Forinstance,teacanbestrong,b utnotheavy, whereasapersoncanbeaheavydrinkerbutnotastrongdrinker.Therefore,aL2learnershould knowawordbythecompanyitkeeps,thatis,"thestrongpatterningintheco—occurrenceofwords"(Schmitt,1997:42).Whena newlexicalitemislearnedthelearnershouldpickupthemostcommoncollocationsintowhich thewordenters.InhiscentralP印eroncollocation,Sinclair(1991)setsouttwoprincipleswhichaccountforthestructural patterningoflexis:theopenchoiceprincipleandtheidiomprinciple.Theopenchoiceprincipl eisessentiallya traditionalapproachtolanguagewhichstressesthegrammaticality,whiletheidiomprinciple restrictsthechoices''notjustinagivenslotbutinthesurroundingco?textualslots"(Schmitt,1997:42).Thesetwop rinciplesarecomplementary,andtheyco—existindeterminingthecollocationofdifferentlexicalitems. Theidiomprincipledeterminescollocations,suchascompounds,phrasalverbs,idiomsandfi xedphrases. Suchcollocationsaresyntacticallyandsemanticallyfixed,therefore,theyarelanguage—specific.Incontrastwiththephraseslike"receivethetelephone(接鼋话)","orderaroom(房同)"or"crowdedtraffic(攘搪的交通)" constructedbyChineselearnersonthebasisofcollocationsintheirnativelanguage,theprope rEnglishexpressionsare"answerthetelephone","bookaroom''or"heavytraffic"respectively. Alargenumberofwrongcollocationsaredirectlyrelatedtonativelanguagetransfer.Thefollo wingexamplescanshedmorelightonthiscase:4)Thecompetitionismoreandmore—cru—e1.(fierce)5)Heshowed—seld—omcourageinthebattle.(rare)6)Ifyouare—conve—nienttonight,I'dliketoinviteyoufordinner.(free) Whenthewrongcollocationsexemplifiedinsentences4—6areanalyzed.thereissometracethattransfer fromthenativelanguagetothetargetlanguagearisesinthelearners'mentalactivities.Althoug hinChinesethecollocations"残酷的兢争"."少有的勇氯",and"(人)方便的"areappropriate.theiridenticalcollocationsinEnglishaleinappropriate.2.3OveruseofSomeTermsChannell(1981)takestheoveruseofafew"highcover"itemsasasourceoferrorsinlexicalcho ice.Hedescribessuchkindofproductionas"flat,uninterestingstyle,andafailuretoexpressthevariet yofideashewantstocommunicate".Theoveruseofacertainitemcandetracttheaccuracyandpropernessi nL2writer,sexpression.The15reliminaryexplanationisthatthesewritersdonotmasterasufficientamou ntofvocabulary,for14—LexicalTransferofN—ativeLanguageinChines—eC—ollege—S—tud——ents'EnglishWriting itiswitnessedmorebythewritersundertheintermediatelevelthanwritersattheadvancedIeve 1.Y etadeeper insightmayattachitatleastinparttonativelanguagetransfer,foreveryitemproducedinL2int hisregardresemblesanitominL1. TwoEnglishwritingsamplesbyChineseCollegestudentscanillustratethispoint.7)W.ththetechnology—morean—dmoreadvancingthepriceofcarsaremuchcheapernow,and—more—and.m.....o.r.epeoplecanaffordtobuyaCal'.But.m.....o...r..e.....a.n...d....m....o...r..e.carsbringaboutmoreand,troubles,suchas—mo—re—andm—oretrafficaccidents,trafficjams.andpollutionandsoon.8)Difficultiescan—ma—keushave,,,,n'~hexperience,—ma—keusgrowS￡￡Q丑g曼r,andmakeushavemorecouragetogoahead.SoIthinkdifficultiesarewealthforus,forit—mak—esus—mat—ure. WhenChineselearnersintendtoexpressatendencyoffurtherdevelopment,theyarequitelike lytoresorttotheEnglishstructure"moreandmore".mainlyduetoitscorrespondingChinesestructure"越束越".Asshownin8).Chineselearners,undertheinfluenceoftheirmothertongue,prefertousealargenumberof "make+complement"structure(e.g.make…rich)insteadofcausativeverbs(enrich).2.4RedundantTwains ChineselearnersofEnglishprefertousetwowordscloseinmeaningtogether,especiallywhe ntheyconsistoffourcharacters.SuchkindofduplicationisacceptableinChinese.andsometimesitmayeve nbenecessary"toavoidambiguity,toreinforcemeaning,toprovidebalanceandsymmetry,orjusttosatisfythee ar''(Pinkham&Jiang.2000).butthepresenceoftwowordsinChineseisneverinitselfasufficientjustification forapplicationof suchaprincipletousetwowordsinanEnglishtranslation.InmostCaSeS,whenthoseunnecessarywordsareremoved.theEnglishsentencecangaininclarityandforce.9)Ifyouhaveanyideaoropinion.,pleasetellmeface-to'face10)WewillfirmlyandresolutelycarryoutthepolicysoastoInsentence9."意兄"and"看法"canbeusedtogethercounterparts"idea''and"opinion".ifoccurringtogether,resultinore.mailme.developourlocaleconomy.inChinese,while,bycontrast,theirEnglishlexicalredundanc5andeitheroneofthemcan clarifytheintendedmeaninginChinese.Thesamecaseisappliedtosentence10,either"n丌nly"or"resolutely"inEng~shcallbeaccountablefor"坠定不移地"inChinese.2.SFuzzyParaphrase WhenChineselearnersprocessanideawhichtheycannotgettheexpressionfromtheirEnglis hvocabulary,theymayinterpretitintheirownway,andthisisespeciallytrueoflessadvancedlearners.Unde rsuch circumstancestheymayprovideaparaphraseoftheexpressionaccordingtoitssemanticcom ponentsintheirL1asameansofcompensation.Suchaparaphraseisgenerallyaprocessofdecompositionofacert ainlexicalitem's semanticcomponentsaccordingtotheinterpretationofthatiteminChinese,butsuchkindofp araphraseisnotappropriateinEnglish. ThefollowingaretwoexamplesbyChinesecollegeEnglishlearners,amongwhichnativelan guagetransferiscrystal-clear:11)Thelittleboyisholdingan堑￡a』inhishand.(balloon)12)Sincecarbondioxideincreasesintheg￡垫..曼E,thetemperatureisincreasinggradually.(atmosphere)Intheparaphraseof"氟球"insentence9,itseemsthatthelearnercombinesthetWOelementsinaccordance withtheformallycorrespondentLIphrase(氟--'*air;球--*bal1).Ifitisthecase,itcanbeunderstoodthatthe procedureofnativelanguagetransferoperatesonILlexicalknowledge.Thisillustrationalso appliestosentencel5Nel~ativeLexicalTransferofNativeLanguageinChineseCollegeS—t—udents'E...n.....g.....1...i..s....h........W.........r...i.t.i...n.—g—10.andthelearnerdecomposes"大氟"intotwosemanticcomponentsandtransfertheminlinewithChinese. semanticrules.Suchkindoftransfermayconfirmthecognitiveperspectiveoflanguagetransf er:itcanbeaproblem..solvingprocedureofusingLIknowledgeinL2communication.2.6ConfusionofLexicalCategory SinceChineselanguagedoesnotrequirederivationalmorphologytopindownawordwithcer tainlexicalcategories.partsofspeechintheChineselexisarenotalwaysformallydistinguished.Onewor dinChinesecan oftenservedifferentsyntacticfunctionswithidenticalform.Forinstance,whiletheEnglishn ominalform "development"andtheverbalform"develop"aredistinguishedmorphologicallyatthelexica lleve1.theirChinesecounterpart"骚展"hasadualfunctionofbeingbothanounandaverb,thedifferencedependingonitssyntactic distribution.ThusinChinese.anominalizedformatthelexical1evelisdefinedbywhereitocc ursinasentenceratherthanbyitsmorphologicalproperties, ItisnotaneasytaskforChineselearnerstolearnEnglishlexicalcategories,foritinvolvesknow ledgeofderivationalmorphologythatdoesnotexistinChinese.Theyoftengetconfusedwithaword'sl exicalcategory,anditislikelyforthemtotakeanadjectiveforanoun,averbforanounoranadjectiveforaverb.E rrortypesduetotransferoftheirmothertongue'slexicalruleintotheirILconstructionaremanifestinChi neselearners'Englishessays.13)Onthewayyoucome,pleasecarefu1.14)Parentsareafraidoftheirchildrentj,g垒Q!亟±sotheydoallthethingsforthem. Allthelexicalerrorsinsentences11and12denotethelearners'nativelanguageinfluencebeca usetheyCall aUbetracedtothenon—distinctivenatureofChineselexicalcategorization.III.ConclusionAsR.Ellis(1994)putsit,transfercanbealearningstrategyadoptedbyL2learnerstocompensa tef0rtllelackofexplicitknowledgeinL2.T0achievecommunication.L2learnerstendtolookforsema nticequivalencebetweenthetwolanguagesinanyform.Thistypeoftransfer,thougharathercreativeone.woul dresultinsomethinginthetargetlanguagelike"themeaningisthere.buttheformiswrong".Alltheabov eerrorsanderror typeswhichcanbetracedbacktoChineseserveasindicationsoftransferatlexicallevels.altho ughsomeofthem maynotseriouslyaffectqualityperceptionofawrittenproductinitsgeneralorganizationandc ontent.RefeI~nee$:1.Brown,H+D.Princ~lesofLanguageLearningandTeaching.EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:Prenti ceHallRegents.1994.2.Channell,J.ApplyingSemanticTheorytoV ocabularyTeaching+ELTI35(2):I15.22.198I.3.Ellis,R.TheStuoftheSecondLanguageAcquisition.Oxford:OxfordUniversity.1994.4-Ijaz,I.H.LinguisticandCognitiveDeterminantsofLexicalAcquisitioninaSecondLangu nguageLearning36:401.511986.5-JoanPinkharnandJiangGuihua.TheTranslator'sGuidetoChinglish.Beijing:ForeignLan guageTeachingandResearchPress+2ooO.6-Kellerman,E-AspectsofTransferabilityinSecondLanguageAcquisition.Unpublishedmanuscript,UniversityofNijmegen.1987.7.Ringbom,H.TheRoleoftheFirstLanguageinForeignLanguageLearning.Clevedon.Avo n:MultilingualMatters.1987.8?Schmitt,N.andMcCarthy,M.(eds.)V ocabulary:Description.AcquisitionandPedagogy. NewY ork:CambridgeUniversityPress.1997.9.Sinclair,J.Corpus,Concordance,Collocation.0xf0rd:OxfordUniversityPress.199I. (EditedbyCandy,PanJuan,andZhaoHongbao)16。

语言学选择题(附答案)

语言学A__ is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.A. PhonologyB. LexicographyC. LexicologyD. MorphologyC2. ___C_ is defined as the scientific study of language, studying language in general.A. PsycholinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. LinguisticsD. PhoneticsB3. Which of the linguistic items listed below is best described as the smallest unit of meaningA. the wordB. the morphemeC. the phonemeD. the clauseB4. A prefix is an affix which appears ____.A. after the stemB. before the stemC. in the middle of the stemD. below the stemC 5. Which of the following is true ____A. Phonetics is the study of pronunciation.B. Phonetics is the scientific study of the movement of sound waves.C. Phonetics is the scientific study of the sounds of language.D. Phonetics is the scientific study of the organs of speech.D6. “What’s in a name That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweetSo Romeo would, were he not Romeo called,” (Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 2, 43~5)To what characteristic of language dose Shakespeare refer ___A. CreativityB. ProductivityC. DualityD. ArbitrarinessA7. Language, as a system, consists of two sets of structures or two levels, which is known as ____, one of a design features of human language.A. DualityB. DisplacementC. ProductivityD. ArbitrarinessD8. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning, are ____.A. phonemesB. phonesC. soundsD. allophonesA9. What is complementary distribution ____A. Different places of occurrence of allophones within a word.B. When a phone can only occur at the end of a word.C. When an allophone occurs at the beginning of a word.D. Contrastive distribution of allophonesD10. ___ deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.A. MorphemeB. VocabularyC. RootD. LexiconB1. Cold and hot are called ____ antonyms.A. complementaryB. gradableC. reversalD. converseC2. “I regret that I can’t help you.” This is an example of __ _.A. representativesB. directivesC. expressivesD. commissivesD. What is the duality of the language ____A. Letters and soundsB. Sounds and symbolsC. Symbols and meaningD. sounds and meaningA4. “I bought some roses” ___ “I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous withC5. Of the following linguists, ____ should be grouped into Prague School.A. BloomfieldB. SaussureC. JakobsonD. FirthC6. Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and writing ability, which is often referred to as acquired ____.A. diglossiaB. aphasiaC. dyslexiaD. dysgraphiaA7. ____ A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for the spelling and word use.A. Samuel Johnson’sB. Bishop Lowth’sC. Firth’sD. Samuel John’sB8. What is phonology ____A. The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and receivedB. The study of the function, behavior and organization of speech sounds as linguistic items.C. The study of the International Phonetic Alphabet.D. The study of all possible speech sounds.D9. The morpheme “cast” in the common word “telecast” is a (n) ____.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morphemeD10. A phoneme is ____.A. a set of different realization of a phoneB. a set of contrastive allophones in free variationC. a set of phones in complementary distributionD. a set of phonetically similar noncontrastive phonesA1. Firstly, to which of these language groups dose English belong ____A. GermanicB. SlavonicC. romanceD. BalticD2. What is defined as “the study of sentence structure” ___A. MorphologyB. SemanticsC. PhonologyD. SyntaxD3. According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisitionC4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed” in the word “learned” is known as a(n) ____.A. derivational morphemeB. free morphemeC. inflectional morphemeD. free formC5. ____ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language, especially those items which have clear semantic references.A. PhonologyB. LexicologyC. MorphologyD. LexicographyA6. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, ____ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner. A. interlanguage B. interferenceC. language transferD. linguistic relativityA7. ____ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds. A. Arbitrariness B. AbstractnessC. AmbiguityD. FuzzinessB8. The term ___ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativeD9. When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound that follows or precedes it, it is said to be ____.A. nasalizedB. voicedC. aspiratedD. assimilatedC10. F. de Saussure is a (n) ____ linguist.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. RussianA1. N. Chomsky is a (n) ____ linguist.A. AmericanB. CanadaC. SwissD. FrenchB2. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: ___ and ____.A. Linguistic description, Linguistic determinismB. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic relativityC. Linguistic relativity, Linguistic descriptionD. Linguistic determinism, Linguistic performanceA3. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and used by people who speak different language for restricted purpose is ____.A. pidiginB. creoleC. dialectD. blendsB4. By ____, we refer to word forms which differ from each other only by one sound, . “pin” and “bin”.A. complementally distributionB. minimal pairC. Adjacency pairD. code—switchingA5. When two sounds never occur in the same environment they said to be in ___.A. complementary distributionB. free variationC. co-occurrenceD. minimal pairD6. ___ century is considered to be the beginning of Modern English.A. 18thB. 17thC. 19thD. 16thB7. Conventionally a __ __ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phonemeC. phoneD. morphemeD8. __ __ is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that the only things valid enough to confirm or refute o scientific theory are interpersonally observable phenomena, rather than people’s introspections or intuitions.A. MentalismB. Functional grammarC. Case grammarD. BehaviorismC9. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called __C.A. expressivesB. directivesC. commisivesD. declaratives*C 10. A __ _ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.A. morphemeB. wordC. rootD. phonemeD1. Linguistics is the scientific study of ___.A. a particular languageB. the English languageC. human language in generalD. the system of a particular languageA2. __ __ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.A. InterlanguageB. IdeologyC. DialectD. InterferenceB3. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called __ _ rule.A. DeletionB. SequentialC. superasegmentalD. AssimilationB 4. “There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to”. This is the __ view concerning the study of meaning.A. naming theoryB. conceptualistC. contextualistD. behavioristA5. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of _.A. manner of articulationB. openness of mouthC. place of articulationD. voicingA6. According to Chomsky, _ __ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langueA7. __ is not a suprasegmental feature.A. AspirationB. IntonationC. StressD. ToneA8 __ is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1language in their learning process.A. Language transferB. BlendingC. InterferenceD. CooperativeC9. _ are affixes added to an existing form to create a new word, . in-,-er.A. inflectional morphemeB. free morphemeC. derivational morphemeD. rootB10. Writing is the secondary language form based on ___.A. soundB. speechC. gestureD. signC1. ____ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic communication.A. SemanticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PragmaticsD. LinguisticsA2. Morphemes that represent “tense”, “number”, “gender”, “case” and so on are called ____ morphemes.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivationalC3. Which of the following is not a compound word ___A. clearwayB. rainbowC. scarcityD. withoutA4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by process of learning, and not genetically is referred to as ____.A. culture transmissionB. performanceC. competenceD. acquisitionC5. ____ is the language of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.A. Old NorseB. CleticC. Old EnglishD. Middle EnglishC6. A group of two or more consonants together in a syllable is called a (n) ____.A. arresting clusterB. releasing clusterC. consonant clusterD. syllableC7. The semantic features of the word “woman” can be expressed as ____.A. +ANIMATE, -- HUMAN, +ADULT, +MALEB. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, -- ADULT, + MALEC. + ANIMATE, + HUMAN, + ADULT, -- MALED. + ANIMATE, -- HUMAN, -- ADULT, -- MALEA8. ____ is to refer to an auxiliary language used to enable routine communication to take place between groups of people who speak different native languages.A. Lingua francaB. DialectC. PidginD. Ethnic dialectA9. ____ is the study of the relationship between brain and language, including research into how the structure of the brain influences language learning.A. NeurolinguisticsB. PsyhcholingisticsC. Applied LinguisticsD. SociolinguisticsB10. Modern synchronic linguistics traditionally dates from the ____ of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure.A. Syntactic structureB. Cours de Linguitique GeneralC. De Lingua LatinaD. Language and MindA1. According to the strong version of the ____ hypothesis, language determines speakers’ perceptions and patterns their way of life.A. Sapir WhorfB. inputC. GrimD.InnatenessD2. Which of the following is true ____A. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.B. A compound is the combination of only two words.C. The division of English into old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and notarbitrary.D. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully lateron.D3. Which of the following statements is not true ____A. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.B. Language is human specificC. Language is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraintsfirst language was invented by Adam, the first man.B 4. A group of people who do in fact have the opportunity to interact with each other and who share not just a single language with its related varieties but also attitudes to- ward linguistic norms are defined as ____.A. speech varietyB. speech communityC. registerD. sociolectC5. “Your money or your life” is an example of ___.A. representativeB. expressiveC. directivesmissivesD6. Which of the following distinctive features can be used to separate [p] and [b] __A. stopB. fricativesC. bilabialD.voicedD7. ____ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language particularly those items which have clear semantic references.A. LexicographyB. PhonologyC. LexicologyD.MorphologyC8. ____ theorized that acquisition of language is an innate process determined by biological factors which limit the important period for acquisition of a language from roughly two years of age to puberty.A. Input hypothesisB. Interaction hypothesisC. Critical period hypothesisD.Sapir-Whorf HypothesisC9. An example of ___ would be the change in meaning undergone by the OE word, docga, modern day dog. In OE docga referred to a particular breed of dog, while in modern usage it refers to the class of dogs as a whole.A. semantic degradationsB. semantic reductionsC. semantic extensionsD. semantic elevationC10. According to Chomsky, the child is born with a built – in set of rules, which have the specific function of enabling her to construct the grammar of her mother tongue. This view is to be seen as ____.A. Input hypothesisB. X-theoryC. Language acquisition deviceD.Universal grammarD1. “Old” and “Young” are a pair of ____ opposites.A. complementaryB. relationalC. converseD. gradableB2. Systemic-Functional Grammar, one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20th century, is put forward by ____.A. ChomskyB. HallidayC. FirthD.MalinowskiD3. Vowels that are produced between the positions for a front and back vowel are called ____ vowel.A. backB. frontC. unroundedD.centralD4. From Halliday’s viewpoint, language is a form of realization of ____ rather than a form of realizationof______.A. knowing, doingB. thinking, knowingC. doing, thinkingD.doing, knowingC5. ___ believes that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.A. The innatistB. The interactionistC. The behavioristD.The mentalistthe physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted between mouth and ear.A. Articulatory phoneticsB. Physiological phoneticsC Acoustic phonetics D. Auditory phoneticsB7. Creativity refers to ____.A. the unconscious knowledge that language users have in their mindsB. the capacity of language users to produce and understand an indefinitely large number of sentencesC. a property claimed to be characteristic of all languagesD. animals’ capacity to learn more than one human languageA8. Fossilization is a process _ _.A. in which incorrect linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner’s competenceB. in which incorrect as well as correct linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner’s competence,but the correct items gradually delete the incorrect itemsC. which can happen as a result of teachers’ disapproval of an incorrect itemand C are correctB9. “Competence” refers to ____.A. knowledge of meaning of words and sentencesB. a speaker’s unconscious knowledge about his/her languageC. the actual use of a speaker’s unconscious knowledge about his/her languageD. the laws that pertain to all languages throughout the worldA10. ___ refers to unintentionally deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker.A. An errorB. A mistakeC. A slip of the tongueD. FossilizationC1. ____ is a multiword construction that is a semantic unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituents.A. semantic componentB. collocationC. idiomD. referenceB2. The distinction between langue and parole is similar to that between ____.A. prescriptive and descriptiveB. competence and performanceC. speech and writingD. synchronic and diachronicA3. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as ____.A. open class wordsB. grammatical wordsC. closed class wordsD. function wordsB4. What is the meaning relationship between the two words “furniture/bed” ____A. polysemyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. antonymyB5. Which description of componential analysis for the word “woman” is right ____A. +human,-adult, -maleB. +human, + adult, -maleC. +human, + adult, +maleD. +human, -adult, +maleB6. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a ____.A. regional dialectB. registerC. fieldD. repertoireD7. In structural grammar, distributional analysis is used to define ____, which are taken as the basic building blocks.A. morphemesB. wordsC. syllableD. phonemesD8. “Speech Act Theory” was proposed by ____ in 1962.A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. Jane AustinD. John AustinD9. The major new development in linguistics in 20th century was ____ grammar.A. speculativeB. traditionalC. structuralD. transformational-generativeA10. ____ refers to the tendency of many learners to stop developing their inter-language grammar in the direction of the target language.A. FossilizationB. Error analysisC. OvergeneralizationD. InterferenceD1. The most recognizable difference between American English and British English are in ____ and vocabulary.A. structureB. grammarC. usageD. pronunciationC2. The study of how we do things with utterance is the study of ____, the nature of which is determined by context.A. contextB. pragmaticsC. speech actD. semanticsA3. A(n) ___ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, . “pass away” for “die”.A. euphemismsB. deleteC. coinageD. tabooB4. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a characteristic of societies, ____ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.A. transferB. bilingualismC. diglossiaD. inter-languageD5. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in ____.A. relationshipB. dependenceC. sentenceD. contextis a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time and space.A. cultural transmissionB. dualityC. displacementD. productivityB7. Traditional grammarians begin with ____ definition of the sentence and components.A. structuralB. notionalC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveA8. ____ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.A. Speech communityB. A raceC. A societyD. A countryA9. ___ invasions established three major groups in England: Saxons, Angles and Jutes.A. GermanicB. NormanC. FrenchD. RomanD10. Japanese is the only major language that uses ___ writing system.A. a word-writingB. a logographicC. an alphabeticD. a syllabicC1. ____ is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, . a word or group of words, which serves as a definable “center” or “head”.A. Exocentric constructionB. CoordinationC. Endocentric constructionD. CollocationA2. Of the following linguists, ____ should not be grouped into American school.A. FirthB. SapirC. BloomfieldD. BoasD3. When people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards or furthering a career, we say they learn a foreign language with a (n) ___.A. intrinsic motivationB. resultative motivationC. integrative motivationD. instrumental motivationB4. What is the sense relation in the sentence “M y unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.” ____A. PresupposeB. ContradictionC. EntailmentD. InconsistentB5. ---TRUTH.---Do not say what you believe to be false.---Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.Those can be defined as the features of ____ of Gricean maxims.A. maxim of quantityB. maxim of qualityC. maxim of relationD. maxim of mannerC6. ____ caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords refers to the use of pitch in language to distinguish words.A. IntonationB. StressC. ToneD.AspirationC7. ____ is a socially prestigious dialect that is supported by institutions.A. Ethnic dialectB. IdeolectC. Standard dialectD. CreoleD8. Which of the following country are those loanwords “garage, champion, beauty, parliament” borrowed from ____.A. LatinB. DutchC. GermanD.FrenchB9. In the sentence “The angry man went furiously through the rooms.” The first division into immediate constitute should be between ____.A. angry and manB. man and wentC. furiously and throughD. The and angryC10. ____ refers to the effect of the utterance.A. Illocutionary actB. Locutionary actC. Perlocutionary actD. Speech actA1. The consonant sound /p/ is described as ___.A. voiceless bilabial stopB. voiceless alveolar stopC. voiced bilabial stopD.voiced alveolar stopC2. A new word created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part is referred to as ____.A. acronymB. borrowingC. clippingD.blendingC3. According to the author our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions are mainly located in ____.A. right hemispheresB. front hemispheresC. left hemispheresD.back hemispheresC4. “A language pattern which occurs in all known language” is called ____.A. a phonemic representationB. a phonetic representationC. a language universalD. language changeC5. In the sentence-------“The child found the puppy”, ____ is not a constituent.A. The childB. found the puppyC. found theD. the puppyA6. A ____ is a word or phrase which people use in place of terms which they consider to be more disagreeable or offensive to themselves and /or to their audience.A. EuphemismB. metaphorC. denotationD.jargonC7. ____ is the learner’s process of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community.A. AcquisitionB. AssimilationC. AcculturationD. ArticulationC8. What is the relationship between the two words “flower / rose” ____A. HomonymyB. AntonymyC. hyponymyD. PolysemyD9. The function of the sentence “How are you” ____A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phaticC10. Homonyms ____.A. are words that share the same phonetic features and the same semantic featuresB. are words that share the same semantic features but have different sets of phonetic featuresC. are words that share the same phonetic features but have different sets of semantic featuresD. are two words that all but one of semantic features in commonB1. The distinction between language and parole is proposed by ____.A. HallidayB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. FirthC2. In the following dialogue, the maxim of ____ is not observed.A. What time is itB. It’s terribly cold in here.A. qualityB. quantityC. relevanceD. mannerB3. ____ are linguistic units larger than sentences.A. MovesB. DiscoursesC. TopicsD. TendenciesA4. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity __A. single/marriedB. big/smallC. hot / coldD. old /youngA5. Usually ____ refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas, as well.A. applied linguisticsB. theoretical linguisticsC. contextual linguisticsD. general linguisticsD6. Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as “cat” and “rat”, are known as a ____.A. distinctive featureB. argumentC. codeD. minimal pairD7. ____ is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics.A. SaussureB. HallidayC. ChomskyD. LabovC8. ____ is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the processes by which people learn languages in addition to their native tongue.A. IPAB. IC AnalysisC. SLAD. TGC9. The ____ is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.A. bound morphemeB. affixC. rootD. prefixA10. In terms of S earle’s classification system of illocutionary acts, the sentence “Ten bucks say that The Yankee will win the game.” used to bet belongs to ____.A. representativeB. commissiveC. directiveD. declarationB1. Three factors involved in describing vowels are ____.A. place of articulation / part of the tongue raised / voicingB. tongue height / part of the tongue raised / lip roundingC. articulators / extreme vowel positions / tongue positionD. teeth position / alveolar ridge position / voicingC2. In ____ the structure of words is studied.A. phoneticsB. phonologyC. morphologyD. syntaxD3. Which one is not a source of error ____A the native language B. the target languageC. learner’s style of thinkingD. noneC4. “Love” and “hate” are ____.A. binary antonymsB. complementary pairsC. gradable antonymsD. relational oppositesA5. ___ refers to sentences not only describe or report information, but also help speakers accomplish things.A. Speech actB. DiscourseC. ContextD. CommunicationB6. The feature th at distinguishes “hotdog” and “hot dog” is ____.A. toneB. stressC. intonationD. aspirationA7. ____ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. NeurolinguistcsD. Anthropological linguisticsD8. The study of language at some point of time is generally termed as ____ linguistics.A. appliedB. diachronicC. comparativeD. synchronicA9. Of the following linguists, ____ should be grouped into London school.A. FirthB. BloomfieldC. BoasD. TrubetzkoyC10. ____ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. Lingua francaB. CreoleC. PidginD. Standard languageD1. The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the ____ period for the first language acquisition.A. initialB. one-word stageC. pubertyD. criticalA2. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called ____.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. syntaxD. language changeD3. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the ____ principle proposed by J. Grice.A. comprehensiveB. generativeC. discourseD. cooperativeC4. ___ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.A. referenceB. lexical meaningC. senseD. wordB5. “Autumn” and “fall” are used respectively in Britain and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are ___ synonyms.A. collocationalB. dialectalC. completeD. stylisticD6. ____ is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, namely, the underlying level of structural organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.A. surface structureB. syntactic ambiguityC. syntactic componentD. deep structureC7. London speech that was illustrated by Shakespeare’s writing was generally termed ____.A. Old EnglishB. Middle EnglishC. Early Modern EnglishD. Late ModernA8. If we begin interpretation of a sentence spontaneously and automatically on the basis of whatever information is available to us, that is called ____.A. top-down processingB. bottom-up processingC. inductive analysisD. comparative analysisB9. ____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.A. DialectB. IdiolectC. Ethnic dialectD. Linguistic repertoireA10. Of the following words, ____ is an initialism.A. UNB. NATOC. BASICD. UNESCO。

comparison between expository essay and argumentative essay

Essays that analyze cause and effect;
Essays that define;
Two methods of logical reasoning. One is deduction, and the other is induction. Deductive reasoning moves from the general to the specific; inductive reasoning works to the other way.
TB P. 94
Cause and Effect
reasons why; if...then; as a result; therefore; because
To develop the arguments that support the main idea
Moreover, in addition, further…
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Comparison between Expository Essay and Argumentative Essay
Expository Essay
Argumentative Essay
definition
Exposition is a type of oral or written discourse that is used toexplain, describe, give information or inform.
Express the purpose of the essay in the first paragraph when the essay is short; don’t keep the readers guessing and leave the purpose in the body part

高英二第四课

Lesson 4 Love Is a Fallacyby Max ShulmasTeaching PointsⅠ. Background KnowledgeⅡ. Introduction to the PassageⅢ. Text analysisⅣ. Rhetorical DevicesⅤ. QuestionsTeaching ProcessWarming upQuestion 1:What is love?Question 2: What is logic?Question 3: Love is blind?Question 4: Love is reason?Introduction to the Passage1. Type of literature: a piece of narrative writing--protagonist/antagonists--climax--denouement2. The main theme3. Well chosen title and words4. Style--a very fast pace with a racy dialogue full of American colloquialism and slang--employing a variety of writing techniques to make the story vivid, dramatic and colorfulText AnalysisVocabulary1. Pay attention to words and expressions in the following aspects respectively:Spelling and PronunciationSynonymsOppositesSimilar words and expressionsSettled or habitual usage2. Word building knowledgeEffective Writing Skills1. Employing colorful lexical spectrum, from the ultra learned terms to the infra clipped vulgar forms2. Too much figurative language and ungrammatical inversion for specific purposes3. The using of short sentences, elliptical sentences and dashes to maintain the speed of narration Rhetorical Devices1. metaphor2. antithesis3. transferred epithet4. hyperbole5. metonymy6. litotes7. ellipsis8. synecdoche9. inversion10. simile11. mixed metaphor12. rhetorical questionsSpecial DifficultiesAnalyzing the logical fallaciesUsing inverted sentences to achieve emphasisEffectively using many figures of speechUnderstanding colloquial expressions and slangAllusions:--Frankenstein--PygmalionParaphrasing some sentencesIdentifying figures of speechQuestions1. Define and give an example of each of the logical fallacies discussed in this essay.2. Can you find any evidence to support the view that the writer is satirizing a bright but self-satisfied young man?3. Comment on the language used by Polly. What effect does her language create?4. Why does the writer refer to Pygmalion and Frankenstein? Are these allusions aptly chosen?5. In what sense is the conclusion ironic?Assignment:Write a composition of classification.Lesson 4 Love Is a Fallacyby Max ShulmanⅠ. Additional Information Related to the Text:1. Max SchulmanMax Schulman (1919-1988) was a 20th century American writer humorist best known for his television and short story character Dobie Gillis, as well as for best-selling novels.He first delved into the world of writing as a journalist student at the University of Minnesota. Max Schulman‟s earliest published writing was for Ski-U-Mah, the college humor magazine of the University of Minnesota, in the 1930s. His writing often focused on young people, particularly in a collegiate setting. He wrote his first novel, Barefoot Boy with Cheek《无礼的赤脚少年》a satire on college life, while still a student. Schulman‟s works include the novels Rally Round the Flag, Boys!,《孩子们，团结在旗帜的周围吧》which was made into a film starring Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward; The Feather Merchant《衣冠楚楚的商人》，The Zebra Derby, Sleep till Noon, and Potatoes Are Cheaper. He was also a co-writer, with Robert Paul Smith, of the long-running Broadway play, The Tender Trap, which was later adapted into a movie starring Frank Sinatra and Debbie Reynolds.Schulman‟s college charater, Dobie Gillis, was the subject of a series of short stories complied under the title The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, which became the basis for the 1953 movie The Affairs of Dobie Gillis. Shulman also wrote the series‟theme song. The same year the series began. Schulman published a Dobie Gillis novel, I was a Teenage Dwarf (1959). After his success with Dobie Gillis, Shulman syndicated a humor column, “On Campus”, to over 350 collegiate newspapers at one point.A later novel, Anyone Got A Match? satirized both the television and tobacco industries, as well as the Soth and college football. His last major project was House Calls, which began as a 1978 movie based on one of his stories; it spun off the 1979-1982 television series of the same name. Schulman was the head writer.Also a screenwriter, Schulman was one of the collaborators on a 1954 non-fiction television program, Light’s Diamond Jubilee, timed to the 75th anniversary of the invention of the lihght bulb.2. Logical fallacy:逻辑谬误An argument in logic presents evidence in support of some thesis or conclusion.（逻辑论证，即提支持某些论题或结论的论据。

Gravity from Spinors

Gravity from Spinors
C. Wetterich
Institut f¨ ur Theoretische Physik, Philosophenweg 16, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany We investigate a possible uniﬁed theory of all interactions which is based only on fundamental spinor ﬁelds. The vielbein and metric arise as composite objects. The eﬀective quantum gravitational theory can lead to a modiﬁcation of Einstein’s equations due to the lack of local Lorentz-symmetry. We explore the generalized gravity with global instead of local Lorentz symmetry in ﬁrst order of a systematic derivative expansion. At this level diﬀeomorphisms and global Lorentz symmetry allow for two new invariants in the gravitational eﬀective action. The one which arises in the one loop approximation to spinor gravity is consistent with all present tests of general relativity and cosmology. This shows that local Lorentz symmetry is tested only very partially by present observations. In contrast, the second possible new coupling is severely restricted by present solar system observations. PACS numbers: 12.10.-g; 04.20.Cv; 11.10.Kk I. INTRODUCTION HD-THEP-03-32

关于自然灾害的英语科普短文

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植物保护学报ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＰｌａｎｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ，２０１６，４３（３）：３５３－３６１ＤＯＩ：１０１３８０２／ｊ．ｃｎｋｉ．ｚｗｂｈｘｂ．２０１６０３００１基金项目：山西省科技攻关项目（２０１２０３１１０１３⁃４），山西省留学基金（２０１３⁃重点６）∗通讯作者（Ａｕｔｈｏｒｆｏｒｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅ），Ｅ⁃ｍａｉｌ：ｓｘａｕｌｉｓｃ＠１２６．ｃｏｍ收稿日期：２０１５－０８－０１ＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｓｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋａｎｄｗａｖｅｌｅｔｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍｓＪｉｎＲａｎ㊀ＬｉＳｈｅｎｇｃａｉ∗（ＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ，ＳｈａｎｘｉＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｔａｉｇｕ０３０８０１，ＳｈａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｏｂｕｉｌｄａｍｏｒｅａｃｃｕｒａｔｅａｎｄｓｔａｂｌｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｆｏｒｉｎｓｅｃｔｐｅｓｔｓ，ｔａｋｅｐｒｅｃａｕｔｉｏｎｓａｇａｉｎｓｔｉｎｓｅｃｔｐｅｓｔｓ，ｒｅｄｕｃｅｔｈｅｃｒｏｐｌｏｓｓａｎｄｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｃｒｏｐｙｉｅｌｄｓａｎｄｑｕａｌｉｔｙ，ｅｉｇｈｔｎｅｗｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｗｅｒｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｆｒｏｍ４２ｂａｓｉｃｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓｂｙｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｍｅｔｈｏｄｏｆｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔａｎａｌｙｓｉｓａｎｄｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｓｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙ．Ｋｅｙｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｗｅｒｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｃｕｔ⁃ａｎｄ⁃ｔｒｉａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄ．ＷａｖｅｌｅｔＮｅｕｒａｌＮｅｔｗｏｒｋ（ＷＮＮ）ｍｏｄｅｌｗａｓｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｗｉｔｈＭｏｒｌｅｔｗａｖｅｌｅｔｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｓｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈＢａｃｋＰｒｏｐａｇａｔｉｏｎＮｅｕｒａｌＮｅｔｗｏｒｋ（ＢＰＮＮ）ｍｏｄｅｌｗｉｔｈＳｉｇｍｏｉｄｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｓｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ．ＩｎＷＮＮ，ｔｈｅｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｄａｔａｆｒｏｍｓｉｘｏｕｔｏｆｔｅｎｙｅａｒｓｓｈｏｗｅｄａｆｉｔｔｉｎｇｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｏｆｍｏｒｅｔｈａｎ９０％ｗｉｔｈａｎａｖｅｒａｇｅｆｉｔｔｉｎｇｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｏｆ８９％．Ｔｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｅｄｍｅａｎａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｅｒｒｏｒ（ＭＡＰＥ）ａｎｄｍｅａｎｓｑｕａｒｅｅｒｒｏｒ（ＭＳＥ）ｖａｌｕｅｗｅｒｅ４１９３９ａｎｄ５９７６４，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．ＩｎＢＰＮＮ，ｔｈｅｆｉｔｔｉｎｇｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｗａｓａｂｏｖｅ９０％ｆｏｒｆｏｕｒｏｆｔｅｎｙｅａｒｓｗｉｔｈａｎａｖｅｒａｇｅｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｒａｔｅｏｆ８１０７％．ＴｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｅｄＭＡＰＥａｎｄＭＳＥｖａｌｕｅｓｗｅｒｅ６４６９４ａｎｄ８２４５７，ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．ＴｈｅｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｍｏｄｅｌｓｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈａｔＷＮＮｍｏｒｅａｃｃｕｒａｔｅｌｙｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｐａｔｔｅｒｎｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｓｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄａｎｄｄｉｓｐｌａｙｅｄｂｅｔｔｅｒｆｉｔｔｉｎｇａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｈａｎＢＰＮＮ．Ｂｅｓｉｄｅｓ，ＷＮＮｐｏｓｓｅｓｓｅｄｓｔｒｏｎｇｅｒｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｃｃｕｒａｃｙａｎｄｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｈａｎＢＰＮＮ．Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄ；ＷａｖｅｌｅｔＮｅｕｒａｌＮｅｔｗｏｒｋ；ＢａｃｋＰｒｏｐａｇａｔｉｏｎＮｅｕｒａｌＮｅｔｗｏｒｋ；ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄ；ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ基于小波神经网络和ＢＰ神经网络的麦蚜发生期预测对比靳㊀然㊀李生才∗（山西农业大学农学院，太谷０３０８０１）摘要：为建立更准确㊁稳定的病虫害预测预报模型，减少农作物病虫害损失㊁提高农作物产量与质量，运用主成分分析法从４２个基础气象因子中整合形成８个新的自变量输入模型，采用试凑法对网络关键参数进行筛选，用２００２２０１１年数据进行网络训练，建立了以Ｍｏｒｌｅｔ小波函数为传递函数的小波神经网络模型，并与以Ｓｉｇｍｏｉｄ函数为传递函数的ＢＰ神经网络模型进行了比较㊂在小波神经网络训练过程中，有６年拟合精度在９０％以上，平均拟合精度为８９％，预测结果ＭＡＰＥ值为４１９３９，ＭＳＥ值为５９７６４；在ＢＰ神经网络的训练过程中，有４年拟合精度超过９０％，平均拟合精度仅为８１０７％，预测结果中ＭＡＰＥ值为６４６９４，ＭＳＥ值为８２４５７㊂从训练结果看，小波神经网络更能准确描述麦蚜发生期的变化规律，其拟合能力较ＢＰ神经网络好；从预测精度和模型的稳定性来看，小波神经网络好于ＢＰ神经网络㊂关键词：麦蚜；小波神经网络；ＢＰ神经网络；发生期；预测㊀㊀Ｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｐａｓｔｄｅｃａｄｅｓ，ｗｏｒｌｄｗｉｄｅｅｎｔｏｍｏｌｏｇｉｓｔｓｈａｖｅｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｄｔｏｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｖａｒｉｏｕｓｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｆｏｒｉｎｓｅｃｔｐｅｓｔｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ，ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｄａｔａｏｒｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ（Ｚｈａｎｇｅｔａｌ．，１９８５）．Ｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｆａｃｔｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｉｎｓｅｃｔｐｅｓｔｏｕｔｂｒｅａｋｓ，ｓｕｃｈａｓｕｎｅｖｅｎｎｅｓｓ，ｏｔｈｅｒｎｅｓｓ，ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ａｂｒｕｐｔｎｅｓｓ，ａｎｄｐｅｒｉｏｄｉｃｉｔｙ，ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｉｎｅａｒｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｓａｒｅｎｏｔａｂｌｅｔｏｄｅｌｉｖｅｒｄｅｓｉｒａｂｌｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ．Ｔｈｅｒｅ⁃ｆｏｒｅ，ｍｏｄｅｒｎｎｏｎ⁃ｌｉｎｅａｒｔｈｅｏｒｉｅｓｗｅｒｅｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄｉｎｔｏｐｅｓｔｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ．ＣｏｕｐｌｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌＫｉｎｅｔｉｃＴｈｅｏ⁃ｒｙ，ｍａｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃａｌｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓａｎｄｍｏｄｅｒｎｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｔｅｃｈ⁃ｎｏｌｏｇｙ，ｎｏｖｅｌｐｅｓｔｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｄｅｖｅｌ⁃ｏｐｅｄ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇＡｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌＮｅｕｒａｌＮｅｔｗｏｒｋ（ＡＮＮ），ｐｈａｓｅ⁃ｓｐａｃｅｒｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ，ＷａｖｅｌｅｔＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ（ＷＡ）ａｎｄＳｕｐｐｏｒｔＶｅｃｔｏｒＭａｃｈｉｎｅ（ＳＶＭ）（Ｍａｅｔａｌ．，２００２；Ｙｕａｎｅｔａｌ．，２００８）．ＡＮＮｉｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｂｙｍｉｍｉｃｋｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｈｕｍａｎｂｒａｉｎｗｉｔｈａｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｂｓｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｉｍｐｌｉｆｉｃａ⁃ｔｉｏｎ，ａｎｄｗｏｒｋｓｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｉｎｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｆｉｅｌｄｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ，ｍｏｄｅｌｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｉｇｎａｌｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇａｎｄａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ，ｄｉｓｅａｓｅｄｉａｇｎｏｓｉｓ，ｍａｒ⁃ｋｅｔｐｒｉｃｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ，ｒｉｓｋｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎ，ａｕｔｏｍａｔｉｏｎｃｏｎ⁃ｔｒｏｌａｎｄｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔａｔｉｏｎ（Ｋｉａｌａｓｈａｋｉ＆Ｒｅｉｓｅｌ，２０１４；Ｎｙｈａｎｅｔａｌ．，２０１４）．ＷＡｓｈｏｗｓｇｏｏｄｑｕａｌｉｔｙｉｎｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙａｎｄｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｆｏｃａｌｌｅｎｇｔｈ．Ｔｈｅｎｅｅｄ⁃ｂａｓｅｄａｄｊｕｓｔｍｅｎｔｓｃａｎｂｅｄｏｎｅｗｉｔｈｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｗｉｎｄｏｗｗｈｉｃｈｈａｓｂｅｅｎｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｌｙａｐｐｌｉｅｄｉｎｓｉｇｎａｌａｎｄｉｍａｇｅｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ，ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄｓｉｇｎａｌａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ（Ｍｏｓｔａｆａｐｏｕｒｅｔａｌ．，２０１４；Ｍｏｙａ⁃Ｍａｒｔíｎｅｚｅｔａｌ．，２０１５）．ＣｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇｗａｖｅｌｅｔｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｔｈｅｏｒｙａｎｄＡＮＮ，Ｚｈａｎｇ＆Ｂｅｎ⁃ｖｅｎｉｓｔｅ（１９９２）ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄａｎｅｗｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ，ＷＮＮｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｗａｖｅｌｅｔｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｗａｓｕｓｅｄａｓｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃ⁃ｔｉｏｎ（Ｚｈａｎｇ＆Ｂｅｎｖｅｎｉｓｔｅ，１９９２；Ｂａｋｓｈｉ＆Ｓｔｅｐｈａｎｏｐｏ⁃ｕｌｏｓ，１９９３）．Ｔｈｕｓａｎｅｗａｒｅａｗａｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｆｏｒｒｅ⁃ｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄｏｆｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋａｎｄｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｐ⁃ｐｌｉｅｄｉｎｓｉｇｎａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇ，ｉｍａｇｅｃｏｍｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ，ｍｏｄｅｌｉ⁃ｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ（Ｆａｌａｍａｒｚｉｅｔａｌ．，２０１４；Ｔａｇｈａｖｉｆａｒ＆Ｍａｒｄａｎｉ，２０１４）．Ｓｏｆａｒ，ＡＮＮｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｐｐｌｉｅｄｉｎｉｎｓｅｃｔｐｅｓｔｐｒｅ⁃ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｉｌｅｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔｉｎｇｐｅｓｔｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｗｉｔｈＷＮＮｗａｓｊｕｓｔｂｅｇａｎｉｎｂｏｔｈＣｈｉｎａａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｐａｒｔｓｏｆｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄ（Ｌｉ＆Ｐｅｎｇ，１９９９；Ｗａｎｇｅｔａｌ．，２０１１）．Ｔｈｅｏｂ⁃ｊｅｃｔｉｖｅｓｏｆｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙａｒｅｔｏｄｅｖｅｌｏｐａｎｄｖｅｒｉｆｙｔｈｅｐｒａｃ⁃ｔｉｃａｌＷＮＮｍｏｄｅｌｓｂｙｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｎｇｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｉｎｔｈｅｃｒｏｐｆｉｅｌｄｓａｎｄｔｏｃｏｍｐａｒｅｔｈｅａｄ⁃ｖａｎｔａｇｅｓａｎｄｄｉｓａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓｏｆＷＮＮｗｉｔｈＢＰＮＮｍｏｄｅｌｓｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｐｅｓｔｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ．１ＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓａｎｄＭｅｔｈｏｄｓ１１ＤａｔａｓｏｕｒｃｅＳｉｎｃｅ１９９０ｓ，ｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒａｎｋｅｄｔｈｅｔｈｉｒｄｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔｃｒｏｐｐｅｓｔｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｄａｍａｇｅａｒｅａａｎｄｙｉｅｌｄｌｏｓｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａ（Ｃａｏｅｔａｌ．，２００６）．Ａｎｄｉｎｓｏｕｔｈ⁃ｅｒｎＳｈａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，ｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｉｓａｌｓｏｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｄａｎｇｅｒｉｎｓｅｃｔｐｅｓｔｓｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄｓ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ｔｈｅｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｗａｓｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄａｓｔａｒｇｅｔｉｎｓｅｃｔ，ａｎｄｒｅｌａｔｅｄｅｍｅｒｇｉｎｇｄａｔａｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｓｅｃｔｗｅｒｅｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄｆｒｏｍＳｈａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｉａｌＳｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＰｌａｎｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄＱｕａｒａｎｔｉｎｅ．ＴｈｅｍａｉｎｓａｍｐｌｉｎｇｓｉｔｅｗａｓｌｏｃａｔｅｄｉｎＢｅｉｇｕａｎＶｉｌｌａｇｅ，ＧｕｗｅｉＴｏｗｎ，ＲｕｉｃｈｅｎｇＣｏｕｎｔｙｏｆＹｕｎｃｈｅｎｇＣｉｔｙ，ＳｈａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ（３４ʎ３６ᶄ－４８ʎ３０ᶄＮ，１１０ʎ３６ᶄ－４２ʎ３０ᶄＥ）．Ｔｈｅａｎｎｕａｌａｖｅｒａｇｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｆ１２７７ħｗｉｔｈ２５０ｆｒｏｓｔ⁃ｆｒｅｅｄａｙｓａｎｄａｎｎｕａｌｒａｉｎｆａｌｌｏｆ５１３ｍｍ．Ａｓｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｐｌａｃｅｏｆｗｈｅａｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅｔｏｗｎｉｓｐｌａｉｎａｎｄｆｅｒｔｉｌｅｗｉｔｈａｒｏｕｎｄ５０００ｈｍ２ｏｆａｒａ⁃ｂｌｅｌａｎｄ．Ｄａｔａｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ：ｄａｔａｗｅｒｅｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｒｏｍｆｉｖｅｓａｍｐｌｉｎｇｓｉｔｅｓａｌｏｎｇａｄｉａｇｏｎａｌｌｉｎｅｗｉｔｈ５０ｐｌａｎｔｓｏｆｅａｃｈｓｉｔｅ．Ｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆａｐｈｉｄｓｅｘｃｅｅｄｓ５００ｆｏｒｅａｃｈｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｐｌａｎｔｓ，ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｐｌａｎｔｓｆｏｒｅａｃｈｓｉｔｅｗａｓｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｄｔｏ２０．Ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｐｌａｎｔｓｄａｍａｇｅｄｂｙａｐｈｉｄｓ，ｔｈｅｓｐｅｃｉｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆａｐｈｉｄｓｗｅｒｅｉｎ⁃ｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄｉｎｄｅｓｉｇｎａｔｅｄｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｓｒｅｇｕｌａｒｌｙｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓａｍｅｍｅｔｈｏｄ．Ｓｃｏｐｅｏｆｄａｔａ：ｄａｔａｗａｓｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄｄｕｒｉｎｇＦｅｂｒｕａｒｙ２００２ａｎｄＪｕｎｅ２０１４，ａｎｄｗａｓｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｅｖｅｒｙｆｏｕｒｄａｙｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｌａｔｅＦｅｂｒｕａｒｙａｎｄｅａｒｌｙＪｕｎｅｏｆｅａｃｈｙｅａｒ．Ｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｄａｔａ：ｔｈｅｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｄａｔａｕｓｅｄ４５３植㊀物㊀保㊀护㊀学㊀报４３卷ｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙｗａｓｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄｆｒｏｍＳｈａｎｘｉＭｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＢｕｒｅａｕ．ＡｓｗｈｅａｔｓｇｒｏｗａｎｄｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｒｉｓｅｓｉｎＡｐｒｉｌ，ｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｓａｒｅｌｅｓｓｌｉｋｅｌｙｔｏｄｉｅｄｕｅｔｏｃｌｉｍａｔ⁃ｉｃｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｔｈｕｓｔｈｅｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｓｐｅｒｐｌａｎｔｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｗｉｔｈｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｓ．ＥｎｔｅｒｉｎｇＭａｙ，ｗｉｔｈｗｈｅａｔｓｈｅａｄｉｎｇ，ｆｌｏｗｅｒ⁃ｉｎｇ，ｐｏｓｔｕｌａｔｉｎｇ，ｔｈｅｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｍｏｒｅｓｕｉｔ⁃ａｂｌｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｓ，ｌｅａｄｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅｄｒａｍａｔｉｃｇｒｏｗｔｈｏｆｉｔｓｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｏｆｂｕｉｌｄｉｎｇａｓｈｏｒｔ⁃ｔｅｒｍｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌ，ｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｓｉｎｇｕｌａｒｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｉｎｄｉｃａｔｏｒｓｗｅｒｅｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｅｄｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓｏｆｅｖｅｒｙＡｐｒｉｌｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ２００２ａｎｄ２０１４，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｆｉｖｅ⁃ｄａｙａｖｅｒａｇｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ｈｉｇｈｅｓｔｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｌｏｗｅｓｔｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ａｖｅｒａｇｅｆｉｖｅ⁃ｄａｙｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｈｕｍｉｄｉｔｙ，ｐｒｅ⁃ｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎ，ｓｕｎｌｉｇｈｔｈｏｕｒｓａｎｄｗｉｎｄｓｐｅｅｄ（Ｔａｂｌｅ１）．Ｔａｂｌｅ１Ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙ㊀ＤａｔｅＡｖｅｒａｇｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ（ħ）Ａｖｅｒａｇｅｈｉｇｈｅｓｔｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ（ħ）Ａｖｅｒａｇｅｌｏｗｅｓｔｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ（ħ）Ａｖｅｒａｇｅｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｈｕｍｉｄｉｔｙ（％）Ａｖｅｒａｇｅｐｒｅｃｉｐｉ⁃ｔａｔｉｏｎ（ｍｍ）Ａｖｅｒａｇｅｓｕｎｓｈｉｎｅｄｕｒａｔｉｏｎ（ｈ）Ａｖｅｒａｇｅｗｉｎｄｓｐｅｅｄ（ｍ／ｓ）㊀４０１４０５ｘ１ｘ２ｘ３ｘ４ｘ５ｘ６ｘ７㊀４０６４１０ｘ８ｘ９ｘ１０ｘ１１ｘ１２ｘ１３ｘ１４㊀４１１４１５ｘ１５ｘ１６ｘ１７ｘ１８ｘ１９ｘ２０ｘ２１㊀４１６４２０ｘ２２ｘ２３ｘ２４ｘ２５ｘ２６ｘ２７ｘ２８㊀４２１４２５ｘ２９ｘ３０ｘ３１ｘ３２ｘ３３ｘ３４ｘ３５㊀４２６４３０ｘ３６ｘ３７ｘ３８ｘ３９ｘ４０ｘ４１ｘ４２１２Ｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｏｆｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ１２１ＮｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋａｎｄｉｔｓｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅＭｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇａｆｔｅｒｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ，ＡＮＮｉｓａｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌａｂｓｔｒａｃｔｉｏｎ，ｓｉｍｐｌｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｕｍａｎｂｒａｉｎｓａｎｄｈａｓｓｔｒｏｎｇｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｃａｐａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｎｏｎ⁃ｌｉｎｅａｒｗａｙｓ．Ａｎｄａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｎｅｕｒｏｎｓａｒｅｆｏｒｍｅｄｉｎｔｏｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｍｅａｎｓｏｆｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｈａｓｆｏｕｒｂａｓｉｃｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｎｏｎ⁃ｌｉｎｅａｒｉｔｙ，ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｉｚｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，ａｄａｐｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｏｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｃｈａｎｇｅｓａｎｄｃｏｎｖｅｘｉｔｙ．Ｗｉｔｈｇｏｏｄｓｅｌｆ⁃ａｄａｐｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ，ｓｅｌｆ⁃ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｅｌｆ⁃ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇａｂｉｌｉｔｙ，ｉｔｕｓｅｓａｐａｒａｌｌｅｌｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｖｅｓｙｓｔｅｍ，ｏｖｅｒｃｏｍｉｎｇｔｈｅｆｌａｗｓｏｆｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｏｇｉｃｓｙｍｂｏｌｓ⁃ｂａｓｅｄａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅｉｎｄｅａｌｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｕｉｔｉｖｅａｎｄｎｏｎ⁃ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒａｌｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｖａｒｉｏｕｓｔｙｐｅｓｏｆｎｅｕ⁃ｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ．ＴｈｅｍｏｓｔｃｏｍｍｏｎｌｙｕｓｅｄｉｓＢＰＮＮ．ＷＡｗａｓｆｉｒｓｔｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｂｙＦｒｅｎｃｈｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒＪｅａｎＭｏｒｌｅｔｉｎ１９７４．Ｉｔｉｓａｂｌｅｔｏｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｅｆｆｅｃ⁃ｔｉｖｅｌｙｉｎｔｉｍｅａｎｄｓｐａｔｉａｌｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｓ，ｍａｋｉｎｇｄｅ⁃ｔａｉｌｅｄｍｕｌｔｉ⁃ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｓｉｇｎａｌｓｉｎｔｈｅｓｃａｌｅａｎｄｓｈｉｆｔａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｓ．Ｉｎａｐｅｒｍａｎｅｎｔｗｉｎｄｏｗｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｔｉｍｅａｎｄｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｗｉｎｄｏｗｓｃａｎｃｈａｎｇｅ，ｔｈｅｌｏｗ⁃ｆｒｅ⁃ｑｕｅｎｃｙｐａｒｔｈａｓｎａｒｒｏｗｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｗｉｎｄｏｗｂｕｔｗｉｄｅｔｉｍｅｗｉｎｄｏｗｗｈｉｌｅｔｈｅｏｐｐｏｓｉｔｅｉｓｔｒｕｅｗｉｔｈｈｉｇｈ⁃ｆｒｅ⁃ｑｕｅｎｃｙｐａｒｔ．Ｔｈｅｒｅａｒｅｔｗｏｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓｆｏｒｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔ⁃ｗｏｒｋｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｗａｖｅｌｅｔａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ．Ｏｎｅｉｓｌｏｏｓｅ⁃ｔｙｐｅＷＮＮｗｈｉｃｈｍｅａｎｓｔｏｐｒｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｓｉｇｎａｌｓｗｉｔｈｗａｖｅｌｅｔａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｂｅｆｏｒｅｔｈｅｏｕｔｐｕｔｏｆｓｉｇｎａｌｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｒｄｉｎａｒｙｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ．Ｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒｉｓｃｏｍｐａｃｔ⁃ｔｙｐｅＷＮＮ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓａｗｉｄｅｌｙ⁃ａｐｐｌｉｅｄｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｔｈａｔｒｅｐｌａｃｅｈｉｄｄｅｎｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｎｏｒｍａｌｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓｗｉｔｈｗａｖｅｌｅｔｆｕｎｃ⁃ｔｉｏｎｓ，ｔｈｅｗｅｉｇｈｔｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｉｎｐｕｔｓａｎｄｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｃａｌｅｓｏｆｗａｖｅｌｅｔｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ，ａｎｄｔｈｒｅｓｈｏｌｄｖａｌ⁃ｕｅｓｏｆｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｌａｔｏｒｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｏｆｗａｖｅｌｅｔｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ（Ｆｕｅｔａｌ．，２０１０）．Ｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙｔｏｏｋｔｈｅｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉ⁃ｏｄｓｏｆ２００２２０１１ａｓｔｈｅｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｓｅｔａｎｄｔｈｏｓｅｏｆ２０１２２０１４ａｓｔｈｅｔｅｓｔｓｅｔ．ＴｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓｗｅｒｅａｓｓｈｏｗｎｉｎＦｉｇ．１．Ｉｎｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｐｒｏ⁃ｇｒａｍｓｗｉｔｈＭＡＴＬＡＢＳｔａｒｔｅｒＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ，ｉｔｔｏｏｋｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅｓ，ｄａｔａｎｏｒｍａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ，ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇ，ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ，ｅｒｒｏｒａｎａｌｙｓｉｓａｎｄｒｅｓｕｌｔｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎ．ＷＮＮａｎｄＢＰＮＮｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｓｗｅｒｅｂｕｉｌｔｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｗｉｔｈｔｈｒｅｅｌａｙｅｒｓｏｆｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇａｎｉｎｐｕｔｌａｙｅｒ，ａｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒａｎｄａｎｏｕｔｐｕｔｌａｙｅｒ．１２２Ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓｗｉｔｈｐｒｉｎｃｉ⁃ｐｌｅｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ（ＰＣＡ）Ｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｔｈｅａｃ⁃ｃｕｒａｃｙｏｆｐｅｓｔｓａｎｄｄｉｓｅａｓｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄ⁃５５３３期ＪｉｎＲａｎ，ｅｔａｌ．：ＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｓｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍｓＦｉｇ．１Ｔｈｅｍｏｒｐｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐａｔｈｏｇｅｎｃａｕｓｉｎｇｋｉｗｉｆｒｕｉｔｒｏｔｄｉｓｅａｓｅｅｎｔｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｍｕｓｔｂｅｈｉｇｈｌｙｒｅｌａｔｅｄｔｏｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄ．ＷｉｔｈＰＣＡ，ａｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｍａｔｒｉｘｗａｓｇａｉｎｅｄｖｉａｄａｔａｍａｔｒｉｘｆｏｒｍｅｄｗｉｔｈｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌｍｕｌｔｉｄｉ⁃ｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｉｎｐｕｔｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓ．Ａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｅｄｖａｒｉａｎｃｅｃｏｎ⁃ｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｗａｓｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｖａｌｕｅｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｍａｔｒｉｘ，ｔｈｅｎｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓｗｅｒｅｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｖｅｃｔｏｒｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｍａｔｒｉｘ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｗｅｒｅａｓｍａｎｙａｓ４２ａｎｎｕａｌｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｓｔｈｅｉｎｐｕｔｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｏｆｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙ．Ｇｉｖｅｎｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎａｍｏｎｇｆａｃｔｏｒｓ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｔｈｅｍａｌｌａｓｔｈｅｉｎｐｕｔｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｍａｙｌｅａｄｔｏｔｈｅｏｖｅｒｕｓｅｏｆｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ，ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｉｔｙｏｆｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔ⁃ｗｏｒｋｍｏｄｅｌ，ｐｒｏｌｏｎｇｉｎｇｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ，ｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙａｎｄｗｅａｋｅｎｉｎｇｇｅｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｐｅｒ⁃ｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ，ＰＣＡｗａｓｕｓｅｄｔｏｓｃｒｅｅｎｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓｏｆｃｏｌｌｉｎｅａｒｎａｔｕｒｅｏｎＳＰＳＳｐｌａｔｆｏｒｍａｎｄｎｅｗｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓｗｅｒｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｏｒｆｅｅｄｉｎｇｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｌ（Ｌｉｕｅｔａｌ．，１９９７）．１２３ＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｄａｔａｗｉｔｈｎｏｒｍａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄＡｓｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓｈａｖｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｄｉ⁃ｍｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ，ｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｓｍｏｓｔｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｅｔｏｄａｔａｗｉｔｈｉｎ［０，ｌ］（Ｙｅ＆Ｗｅｉ，２０１５）．Ｔｈｕｓ，ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓｗｅｒｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｒａｎｇｅｏｆ［０，ｌ］ｂｅｆｏｒｅｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇ．Ｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｕｌａｉｓａｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｓ：ｘ＝（ｘｉ－ｘｍａｘ）／（ｘｍａｘ－ｘｍｉｎ）．Ｉｎｔｈｅｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎ，ｘｉｉｓｔｈｅｖａｌｕｅｏｆｏｒｉｇｉ⁃ｎａｌｄａｔａ，ｘｉｓｔｈｅｎｏｒｍａｌｉｚｅｄｄａｔａ，ｘｍａｘａｎｄｘｍｉｎｒｅｐｒｅ⁃ｓｅｎｔｓｔｈｅｍａｘｉｍｕｍａｎｄｍｉｎｉｍａｌｖａｌｕｅｏｆｅａｃｈｃｏｍｐｏ⁃ｎｅｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙ．１２４Ｓｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇｏｆｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｗｉｔｈｃｕｔ⁃ａｎｄ⁃ｔｒｉａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄＴｈｅｒｅａｒｅｖａｒｉｏｕｓｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｆｏｒＡＮＮ，ｓｕｃｈａｓｉｎｐｕｔｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｓ，ｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｓ，ｏｕｔｐｕｔｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｓ，ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ，ｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｌｅａｒｎ⁃ｉｎｇｒａｔｅｓｅｔｃ．（Ｌｉｕｅｔａｌ．，２００６）．Ｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ，ｗｅｉｇｈｔｓａｎｄｔｈｒｅｓｈｏｌｄｖａｌｕｅａｒｅｔｈｅｓａｍｅ，ｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｓ，ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ，ｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙａｆｆｅｃｔｓｔｈｅｌｅａｒｎ⁃ｉｎｇａｎｄｇｅｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ．ＴｈｅｂｉｇｇｅｓｔｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＷＮＮａｎｄＢＰＮＮｌｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｉｎｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ．ＷＮＮｔａｋｅｓＭｏｒｌｅｔｗａｖｅｌｅｔｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｓｉｔｓｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ．ＩｔｉｓａｓｉｎｅｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｉｎｇｌｅｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｒａｔｉｏｕｎｄｅｒＧａｕｓｓｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ（Ｃｈｅｎ＆Ｆｅｎｇ，１９９９），Ｃｉｓｔｈｅｎｏｒｍａｌｉｚｅｄｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｄｅｆｉｎｅｄａｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｓ：ψ（ｔ）＝Ｃｅ－（ｔ＾２）／２ｃｏｓ（５ｘ）．ＭｏｒｌｅｔｗａｖｅｌｅｔｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｓｎｏｔｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＭＡＴＬＡＢ．Ｃｕｓｔｏｍｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃ⁃ｔｉｏｎｓｍｕｓｔｂｅｃｒｅａｔｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｐｒｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｗｏｓｕｂ⁃ｒｏｕｔｉｎｅｓａｒｅ：（１）ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｙ＝ｍｙｍｏｒｌｅｔ（ｔ），ｙ＝ｅｘｐ（－（ｔ．＾２）／２）∗ｃｏｓ（１７５∗ｔ）；（２）ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｙ＝ｄ＿ｍｙｍｏｒｌｅｔ（ｔ），ｙ＝－１７５∗ｓｉｎ（１７５∗ｔ）．∗ｅｘｐ（－（ｔ．＾２）／２）－ｔ∗ｃｏｓ（１７５∗ｔ）．∗ｅｘｐ（－（ｔ．＾２）／２）；Ｎｏｒｍａｌｌｙ，ＳｉｇｍｏｉｄｉｓｃｈｏｓｅｎａｓｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＢＰＮＮ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓｔｈｒｅｅｍａｊｏｒｔｙｐｅｓｏｆｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ，ｌｏｇｓｉｇ，ｔａｎｓｉｇ，ａｎｄｐｕｒｅｌｉｎ．Ｓｉｇｍｏｉｄｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｉｓｓｍｏｏｔｈａｎｄｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｂｌｅ，ｍｏｒｅａｃｃｕｒａｔｅｔｈａｎｌｉｎｅａｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｂｅｔｔｅｒｆａｕｌｔｔｏｌｅｒａｎｃｅ．Ｉｔｓｄｅｆｉｎｅｄａｓｆｏｌｌｏｗｓ：ｉｎ⁃ｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｎｏｄｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｃａｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇａｃｃｕｒａｃｙｏｆｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔ⁃ｗｏｒｋ，ｂｕｔｔｏｏｍａｎｙｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｓｃａｎａｌｓｏｒｅｄｕｃｅｔｈｅｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｓｐｅｅｄ．Ｃｏｎｓｕｌｔｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｆｏｒｍｕｌａｆｏｒｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｎｅｕｒｏｎｎｏｄｅｓ：（１）ｌ＝｜ｍｎ｜（Ｌｉｅｔａｌ．，２００６）；（２）ｌ＜｜ｍ＋ｎ｜＋ａ（Ｃｈｅｎ，２００９）；（３）ｌ＝２ｎ＋１（Ｗａｎｇｅｔａｌ．，２０１２）；（４）ｌ＝ｌｏｇ２ｎ；（５）ｌ＜ｎ－１（Ｗａｎｇｅｔａｌ．，２０１３）．Ｔｈｅｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｒａｔｅｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｓｔｈｅｖａｒｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆｗｅｉｇｈｔｓｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄｉｎｅａｃｈｃｉｒｃｕｉｔｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇ．Ａｎｏｖｅｒｌｙｈｉｇｈｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｒａｔｅｌｅａｄｓｔｏｒｅｄｕｃｅｄｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｌｗｈｉｌｅａｎｏｖｅｒｌｙｌｏｗｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｒａｔｅｌｅａｄｓｔｏｐｒｏｌｏｎｇｅｄ６５３植㊀物㊀保㊀护㊀学㊀报４３卷ｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｔｉｍｅａｎｄｒｅｄｕｃｅｄｒａｔｅｏｆｃｏｎｖｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅ⁃ｆｏｒｅ，ｉｎｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｎｇｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｒａｔｅ，ｔｈｅｒａｎｇｅｗａｓｓｅｔｂｅ⁃ｔｗｅｅｎ００１ａｎｄ０８（Ｆｅｎｇ，２００７）．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙ，ｏｐｔｉｍａｌｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓａｒｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄｆｏｒｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｓ，ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ，ａｎｄｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｒａｔｅｓｗｉｔｈｃｕｔ⁃ａｎｄ⁃ｔｒｉａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄ．Ｔｈｅｂｅｓｔｏｒｉｇｉｎａｌｖａｌｕｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｗａｓｇａｉｎｅｄａｆｔｅｒｓｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇｗｈｉｌｅｏｔｈｅｒｐａ⁃ｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｗｅｒｅａｃｈｉｅｖｅｄｂａｓｅｄｏｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅ．１２５ＭｏｄｅｌｖｅｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄＩｎｔｈｉｓｓｔｕｄｙ，ｍｏｄｅｌｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｓａｒｅａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄｗｉｔｈＭＡＰＥａｎｄＭＳＥｉｎｄｉｃａｔｏｒｓ（Ｘｉａｎｇ＆Ｚｈｏｕ，２０１０；Ｌｉｅｔａｌ．，２０１３）．ＭＡＰＥ＝１ｎｎｉ＝１｜（ｙｉ－ｙ＾ｉ）／ｙｉ｜；ＭＳＥ＝１ｎｎｉ＝１（ｙｉ－ｙ＾ｉ）２，ｉｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｕｌａ，ｙｉｉｓｔｈｅａｃｔｕａｌｖａｌｕｅｉｎｏｃ⁃ｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄ，ｙ＾ｉｉｓｔｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｅｄｖａｌｕｅｂｙｔｈｅｍｏｄ⁃ｅｌ，ａｎｄｎｉｓｔｈｅｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｓａｍｐｌｅｎｕｍｂｅｒ．ＬｏｗｅｒＭＡＰＥｖａｌｕｅｍｅａｎｓｈｉｇｈｅｒｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｏｆｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｂｙｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｌａｎｄｌｏｗｅｒＭＳＥｖａｌｕｅｍｅａｎｓｍｏｒｅｓｔａｂｌｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ．２ＲｅｓｕｌｔｓａｎｄＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓ２１ＲｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆＰＣＡＴｈｅａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｖｅｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｓｗｅｒｅｇａｉｎｅｄｂｙａｎａ⁃ｌｙｚｉｎｇ４２ｉｎｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｉｎＴａｂｌｅ１ｗｉｔｈＰＣＡｍｅｔｈｏｄ．Ｔｈｅａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｖｅｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｏｆｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｅｉｇｈｔｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓｗａｓ９１８５１％．Ｔｈｅｓｅｅｉｇｈｔｎｅｗｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄｂａｓｉｃａｌｌｙｔｈｅｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｌｌｆａｃｔｏｒｓｔｈａｔｗｅｒｅｎｏｔｃｏｒｒｅｌａｔｅｄ．Ｔｈｅａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｖｅｃｏｎ⁃ｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｓｔ３４ｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓｗａｓｏｎｌｙ８１４９％ａｎｄｍａｙｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄｎｏｉｓｅｉｔｅｍｓａｎｄｎｏｔｂｅｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ．ＴａｋｅＡｐｒｉｌ１０ｔｈａｓｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒ１ａｎｄｔｈｅｄａｉｌｙｉｎｃｒｅｍｅｎｔａｓ１，ｂｙｔｈａｔａｎａｌｏｇｙ，Ｍａｙ１ｓｔｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｒｅｆｅｒｒｅｄｔｏａｓｔｈｅ２２．Ｔｈｅｎｅｗｓａｍｐｌｅｓｅｔｃｏｍｐｒｉ⁃ｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｎｅｗｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓｚ１－ｚ８ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｃｏｍｐｏ⁃ｎｅｎｔｍａｔｒｉｘａｎｄｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｗｅｒｅｓｈｏｗｎｉｎｔｈｅＴａｂｌｅ２．Ｔａｂｌｅ２ＳａｍｐｌｅｓｅｔｏｆｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄａｆｔｅｒＰＣＡＹｅａｒｚ１㊀ｚ２㊀ｚ３ｚ４ｚ５ｚ６㊀ｚ７㊀ｚ８ｙ２００２１１３６５－０５３５６－２１４５８００９６１０２０１９１６７４２－０９５６２－０８９７６３１２００３－０９９３０－１５１１１００９４８－００３６５２２９０６－０６５１５－０７３１４０２１３６５１２００４１４８５２１１３１２－０１０５４０８５８００６６２３－０９８８２－０７９８０１８９８９２１２００５０６５３６１０５５９０５３４０－２０１５００４２３９０６６９３０４６６００３７４５４１２００６－０２６４６０７１９０－０２１７８－１２１４００８７８３－１０６５５０６５２２－１６５５３３１２００７０５３５６０２１７２０２８９２１００８９－０６６１４－００８３００１９１７－１１２８２２６２００８－１１２２３０３９２８１４４１５－０５０２８－０５８５７１５５４２－１６７６６０３５５８３６２００９－０３３２３－０１４６９０５９３７１４９３２０１４９３－０００６１－０１０４７－０３９４９２６２０１０－１０２９１０２８３１－０７５５６－０２３７６－１６９３１－１６４９２－１１６８４－０３４６３４０２０１１１０８２６－０８３０８１７４５３０５６６６－０２４７９００８９９０７８４３－０７８８９５０２０１２０１９９１０７９４９－０３５５９０１０４５－０３１９１－０２０２８０７４１９０２７４２４０２０１３０３６８１－２１３７８－０２７５７－１０１５５－１２１５２－０３０４９０７９７５１２６７２３６２０１４－１７１９５０５６８０－０８４２２０８９４１０１１６１０９６３５１８０１８０８２６９４６２２Ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆｍｏｄｅｌｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｓｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇ２２１ＲｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆＷＮＮｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｓｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇＯｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｓｆｏｒｍｕｌａｃａｌｃｕ⁃ｌａｔｉｏｎ，ｃｈｏｓｅｎ＝８（ｉｎｐｕｔｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｎｕｍｂｅｒ），ｍ＝１（ｏｕｔｐｕｔｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｎｕｍｂｅｒ），ａｗａｓｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ［１，１０］，ｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｓｏｆＷＮＮｗａｓａｄｊｕｓｔｅｄｂａｓｅｄｏｎｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄｔｅｓｔｅｄｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ１ａｎｄ２０．Ｔｈｅｔｅｓｔｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｅｄｔｈａｔｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｓｗａｓ１５，ｔｈｅｖａｌｕｅｏｆＭＳＥａｎｄＭＡＰＥｈｉｔｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｓｔｌｅｖｅｌ（Ｔａｂｌｅ３）．Ｔｈｅｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｒａｔｅｗａｓｓｅｔｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ００１ａｎｄ０８，ａｎｄＬｒ１ａｎｄＬｒ２ｗｅｒｅｐａｉｒｅｄ．ＷｈｅｎＬｒ１＝０１，Ｌｒ２ｗａｓｓｅｔｗｉｔｈｉｎｔｈｅｒａｎｇｅｏｆ００１－００９ａｎｄ０１－０８ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｆｏｒｔｅｓｔｉｎｇ．ｗｈｅｎＬｒ２ｗａｓ０１，ｔｈｅｖａｌｕｅｓｏｆＭＳＥａｎｄＭＡＰＥｗｅｒｅｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｓｔ，ｗｈｉｃｈｍｅａｎｔｔｈｅｂｅｓｔｖａｌｕｅｆｏｒＬｒ２ｗａｓ０１ｗｈｅｎＬｒ２＝０１，Ｌｒ１ｗａｓｔｅｓｔｅｄｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ００１－００９ａｎｄ０１－０８ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ⁃ｌｙ．ＷｈｅｎＬｒ１ｗａｓ０３，ｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｓｔＭＳＥａｎｄＭＡＰＥｖａｌｕｅｓｗｅｒｅｏｂｔａｉｎｅｄ．ＴｈｕｓｔｈｅｂｅｓｔＬｒ１ｖａｌｕｅｗａｓ０３（Ｔａｂｌｅ４）．７５３３期ＪｉｎＲａｎ，ｅｔａｌ．：ＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｓｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍｓＴａｂｌｅ３ＦｏｒｅｃａｓｔｅｒｒｏｒｓｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｔｏｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｓｉｎＷＮＮＮｏｄｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｎｅｕｒｏｎｓＭＳＥＭＡＰＥ（％）１１０５１１３１２１０５５２３０１３９０１０５１１３３３４８７２６９４３０３７９４５３２５４４１５６１３４５１６８８７６６２２１０６０６２０４４５７１０８６２６７８５２２１８１８８５７２８１２５３５４０２４８２１６９１６９１６２１３０８１４３１０４１４０８４８４５０２１９１１４５２６４８９４３３９８６１２４９６５４８２５３９８６５１３２１１９０８３２６０５５７１４５０７４７４１６２１３５１５１６５６５１９５９０９１６８６１６５２１９５６９３１７１０７４１７７２３９００９１８６８０６５６１９４６８５１９４７６３３０２４８８５０２２０５１２１１５３５２０２５８Ａｆｔｅｒｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｒｅｅ⁃ｌａｙｅｒＷＮＮｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ８⁃１５⁃１ｗａｓｂｕｉｌｔｕｐｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｒａｔｅＬｒ１＝０３，Ｌｒ２＝０１，ｉｔｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆ１５０ａｎｄｅｒｒｏｒａｃｃｕｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆ０．２２２ＲｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆＢＰＮＮｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｓｃｒｅｅｎｉｎｇＴｈｅｔｈｒｅｅｍａｊｏｒｔｙｐｅｓｏｆＳｉｇｍｏｉｄｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓｗｅｒｅｐａｉｒｅｄｃｏｎｓｅｃｕｔｉｖｅｌｙｔｏｏｂｔａｉｎｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｐｒｅ⁃ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｅｒｒｏｒｓｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ．ＳｈｏｗｎｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｓｔｖａｌｕｅｓｆｏｒｂｏｔｈＭＳＥａｎｄＭＡＰＥｉｎｔｈｅｔｅｓｔ，ｔｈｅｌｏｇｓｉｇ⁃ｌｏｇｓｉｇｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｗａｓｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄａｓｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｈｉｄｄｅｎａｎｄｉｎｐｕｔｌａｙｅｒｓ．Ｔｅｓｔｉｎｇｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｒａｔｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ００１－００９ａｎｄ０１－０８ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅＭＳＥａｎｄＭＡＰＥｖａｌｕｅｓｏｆＢＰＮＮｗｅｒｅｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｓｔｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｒａｔｅｗａｓ００２．Ｉｔｗａｓｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｉｎｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｎｏｄｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｓｗｈｅｎｔｈｅｎｏｄｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｗａｓ２０，ｔｈｅＭＳＥａｎｄＭＡＰＥｖａｌｕｅｓｏｆＢＰＮＮｈｉｔｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｓｔｌｅｖｅｌ．Ａｆｔｅｒｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｍｐｉｒｉｃａｌｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｄａｔａｗｅｒｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｅｄ：８⁃２０⁃１ａｓｔｈｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆＢＰＮＮ；ｌｏｇｓｉｇａｓｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｏｔｈｔｈｅｈｉｄｄｅｎａｎｄｏｕｔｐｕｔｌａｙｅｒｓ，ｔｒａｉｎｌｍａｓｔｈｅｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ，ｌｅａｒｎｇ⁃ｄｍａｓｔｈｅｗｅｉｇｈｔｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ，０９ａｓｆａｃｔｏｒｏｆｍｏｍｅｎｔｕｍ，７ａｓｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙ，Ｌｒ＝００２ａｓ㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀Ｔａｂｌｅ４ＦｏｒｅｃａｓｔｅｒｒｏｒｓｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｔｏｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｒａｔｅｓｉｎＷＮＮＮｕｍｂｅｒＬｒ１Ｌｒ２ＭＳＥＭＡＰＥ（％）１０１０００１８２６９８９４６６３１４２２０１０００２５９０４０９１４９５２０７３０１０００３３９０８２４８４２７９１８４０１０００４１５７９８４６３１０３２３５０１０００５８９１８６８２３２４５５６０１０００６２１０６６３８３２０３２７７０１０００７７８４７７４６５８６５９７８０１０００８６５２６７１８６２３３３７９０１０００９１９１１５７８３２３７３０１００１００１０２９８５３８１０４４８９１１０１００２０１５３３８９６３０１０８９１２０１００３０１００５３６０２１７４００１３０１００４０２９２６５５３４２４６３２１４０１００５０６２６９０２１８７６７１１５０１００６０２６９０９８５３０３０７３１６０１００７０１７１２２７８２９０３４７１７０１００８０５６０５３５１８３６３６１８００１０１０３２３５０２１２８０１８１９００２０１０４６４９６２０５０５６４７２０００３０１０４６７２９７０５３８０７４２１００４０１０２６１７１３０３７７７４０２２００５０１０１５８５９４９２５３５３９２３００６０１０７０７６３３０５３４５１４２４００７０１０７３１０３３０６１９５５５２５００８０１０４３６２８１８５０１３７７２６００９０１０１１２３５７９２３５０８４２７０１００１０２９８５３８１０４４８９２８０２００１０４９６２３３１７３１５２２９０３００１０５９７６４４１９３９３００４００１０４６９８７９８５１９４９８３１０５００１０５１３８２３１６７６０６３２０６００１０２９３８９０４３３５３９４３３０７００１０２７３３８５５４０５３９５３４０８００１０１６４１０６０２８０７４９ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｒａｔｅ，１ˑ１０－５ａｓｔｈｅｌｏｗｅｓｔｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｔａｒｇｅｔｅｒｒｏｒ．㊀２３Ｆｉｔｔｉｎｇｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｓｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｄｕｒｉｎｇ２００２—２０１１Ｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｓｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｏｆ２００１２０１１ｗｅｒｅｔｒａｉｎｅｄｕｓｉｎｇＷＮＮ，ｔｈｅｆｉｔｔｉｎｇｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｗａｓａｂｏｖｅ９０％ｉｎｓｉｘｏｆｔｈｅｙｅａｒｓｗｉｔｈａｎａｖｅｒａｇｅｐｒｅ⁃ｃｉｓｉｏｎｒａｔｅｏｆ８９％（Ｆｉｇ．２）．ＩｎＢＰＮＮｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇ，ｆｏｕｒｙｅａｒｓｓｈｏｗｅｄａｆｉｔｔｉｎｇｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｏｆ９０％ｗｉｔｈａｎａｖｅｒａｇｅｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎｏｆ８１０７％．ＴｈｅｔｅｓｔｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｔｈａｔＷＮＮｗａｓｂｅｔｔｅｒａｔｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｉｎｇｔｈｅｃｈａｎｇｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎｏｆｏｃｃｕｒ⁃８５３植㊀物㊀保㊀护㊀学㊀报４３卷Ｆｉｇ．２ＴｈｅｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆｓｔｕｄｙｏｆＷＮＮａｎｄＢＰＮＮｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｗｉｔｈｂｅｔｔｅｒｆｉｔｔｉｎｇｃａｐａｂｉｌｉ⁃ｔｙｔｈａｎＢＰＮＮ．２４Ｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ２０１２ａｎｄ２０１４Ｔｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇｃａｎｂｅｌｅａｒｎｔｂｙｃｏｍｐａｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒｅ⁃ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｃｃｕｒａｃｙａｎｄｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆＷＮＮａｎｄＢＰＮＮ：㊀㊀㊀ＷＮＮｂｅｉｎｇ９５８１％ａｎｄＢＰＮＮｂｅｉｎｇ９３５３％．ＡｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔｏｆｂｏｔｈｍｏｄｅｌｓＭＳＥｓｕｇｇｅｓｔｅｄｔｈｅＭＳＥｖａｌｕｅｏｆＷＮＮ（５９７６４）ｗａｓｓｍａｌｌｅｒｔｈａｎＢＰＮＮ（８２４５７）．ＴｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｔｈａｔＷＮＮｗａｓｂｅｔｔｅｒｔｈａｎＢＰＮＮｉｎｔｈｅａｃｃｕｒａｃｙａｎｄｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｐｒｅ⁃ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎ（Ｔａｂｌｅ５）．Ｔａｂｌｅ５ＲｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｂａｓｅｄｏｎＰＣＡ⁃ＷＮＮａｎｄＰＣＡ⁃ＢＰＮＮＹｅａｒＡｃｔｕａｌｖａｌｕｅＰＣＡ⁃ＷＮＮＰＣＡ⁃ＢＰＮＮＰｒｅｄｉｃｔｅｄｖａｌｕｅＥｒｒｏｒａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅｖａｌｕｅＦｉｔｔｉｎｇｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ（％）ＰｒｅｄｉｃｔｅｄｖａｌｕｅＥｒｒｏｒａｂｓｏｌｕｔｅｖａｌｕｅＦｉｔｔｉｎｇｐｒｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ（％）２０１２４０００３６７７３２３９１９３３６００４００９０００２０１３３６００３６１３０１３９９６５３８８９２８９９１９８２０１４４６００４４０９１９１９５８４４６６４０６４９８６１Ａｖｅｒａｇｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｃｃｕｒａｃｙ９５８１９３５３３ＤｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎＴｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｃｒｏｐｐｅｓｔｓａｒｅｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｅｄａｎｄｎｏｎ⁃ｌｉｎｅａｒｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄ．Ｂｙｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ，ＷＮＮａｎｄＢＰＮＮｍｏｄｅｌｓｗｅｒｅｂｕｉｌｔｂａｓｅｄｏｎｔｈｅｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇｄａｔａｏｆｔｈｅｐｏｐｕｌａ⁃ｔｉｏｎｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｄｄｕｒｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｔｉｍｅｉｎＳｈａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ．Ｔｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｃｃｕｒａｃｙａｎｄｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｔｗｏｍｏｄｅｌｓｗｅｒｅｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｄｉ⁃ｃａｔｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅａｖｅｒａｇｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｃｃｕｒａｃｙｏｆｂｏｔｈｍｏｄ⁃ｅｌｓｗａｓｇｒｅａｔｅｒｔｈａｎ９０％，ａｎｄＷＮＮｓｈｏｗｅｄｂｅｔｔｅｒｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｃｃｕｒａｃｙａｎｄｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆＢＰＮＮ．ＷＮＮａｌｓｏｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙｏｆｔｅｍｐｏｒａｌｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｓｉｍｕｌｔａｎｅｏｕｓａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｗａｖｅｌｅｔａｎａｌｙｓｉｓａｎｄｔｈｅｃａｐａ⁃ｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆｓｅｌｆ⁃ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ，ｓｅｌｆ⁃ｏｒｇａｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｎｏｎ⁃ｌｉｎｅａｒｍａｐｐｉｎｇｏｆｔｈｅｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ．ＷＮＮｍｏｄｅｌｈａｓｐｏｔｅｎ⁃ｔｉａｌｔｏｂｅｕｓｅｄａｓａｎｏｖｅｌｍｅｔｈｏｄｆｏｒｉｎｓｅｃｔｐｅｓｔｐｒｅｄｉｃ⁃ｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄｂｙｇｒａｄｕａｌｌｙｏｐｔｉｍｉｚｉｎｇｔｈｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆｉｎｓｅｃｔｐｅｓｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓｏｎｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｌｓｕｃｈａｓｏｖｅｒｗｉｎｔｅｒｉｎｇｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ，ｎａｔｕｒａｌｅｎｅｍｙｔｙｐｅｓ，ｐｅｓｔｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓｔｒａｔｅｇｙ，ａｎｄｓｏｏｎ．Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃａｔｅｄｐｏｔｅｎ⁃ｔｉａｌｏｆＢＰＮＮｗｉｔｈｃｏｔｔｏｎａｐｈｉｄ，ＡｐｈｉｓｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｉＧｌｏｖｅｒ，ｏｎｓｕｇａｒｃａｎｅ（Ｏｕｅｔａｌ．，２００８）ａｎｄｔｈｅｓｔｕｄｙｏｆＷＮＮｐｒｅｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｏｎｅｇｇｌａｙｉｎｇｐｅａｋｏｆｃｏｒｎｅａｒ⁃ｗｏｒｍ，Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ（Ｈüｂｎｅｒ）（Ｚｈｕｅｔａｌ．２０１０），ｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｕｄｙｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｅｄｔｈｅｐｒｅ⁃ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｃｃｕｒａｃｙｏｆｂｏｔｈＢＰＮＮａｎｄＷＮＮ，ｂｕｔａｌｓｏｏｐ⁃ｔｉｍｉｚｅｄｔｈｅｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｄｕｒｅ，ａｎｄｖｅｒｉｆｉｅｄｔｈｅａｄ⁃ｖａｎｔａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅＷＮＮ．９５３３期ＪｉｎＲａｎ，ｅｔａｌ．：ＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｓｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍｓＴｈｅｒｅａｓｏｎｓｏｆＷＮＮｍｏｄｅｌｐｏｓｓｅｓｓｉｎｇｂｅｔｔｅｒｐｒｅｄｉｃａｔｅｄｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆｔｈｅｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｗｅｒｅ，ｆｉｒｓｔｌｙ，ｐｒｉｏｒｔｏｂｕｉｌｄａｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ，ｔｈｅｉｎｐｕｔｖａｒｉａｂｌｅｓｗｅｒｅｐｒｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｅｄｗｉｔｈＰＣＡｍｅｔｈ⁃ｏｄ，ｍｉｎｉｍｉｚｅｄｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｐｌａｙｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｆａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｆａｃｔｏｒｓ，ａｎｄｒｅｄｕｃｅｄｔｈｅｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎｓｆｒｏｍ４２ｔｏｅｉｇｈｔ，ｗｈｉｃｈｅｆ⁃ｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙａｖｏｉｄｅｄｔｈｅｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｈｉｇｈｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎｓ．Ｓｅｃｏｎｄｌｙ，ｔｈｅｎｏｄｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｓｏｆｔｈｅｈｉｄｄｅｎｌａｙｅｒｗｅｒｅｓｃｒｅｅｎｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｓｏｆ８⁃１５⁃１ｆｏｒＷＮＮａｎｄ８⁃２０⁃１ｆｏｒＢＰＮＮｗｅｒｅｓｅｔｕｐ，ｉｎｗｈｉｃｈＷＮＮｈａｄ１５ｎｅｒｖｅｃｅｌｌｓａｎｄＢＰＮＮｈａｄ２０．Ｔｈｅｓｉｍｐｌｅｒｓｔｒｕｃ⁃ｔｕｒｅｏｆＷＮＮｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄｔｈｅｓｈｏｒｔｅｎｅｄｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇｔｉｍｅｗｈｉｃｈｅｎｓｕｒｅｄｏｐｔｉｍｕｍｐｏｉｎｔｓａｃｃｅｓｓｉｂｌｅａｎｄａｖｏｉｄｅｄｆａｌｌｉｎｇｉｎｔｏｔｈｅｌｏｃａｌｍｉｎｉｍｕｍｐｏｉｎｔｓａｎｄｔｈｅｏｖｅｒ⁃ｆｉｔ⁃ｔｉｎｇｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎｄｕｒｉｎｇｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｔｒａｉｎｉｎｇ，ｂｙｗｈｉｃｈｔｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｃｃｕｒａｃｙｏｆＷＮＮｗａｓｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄ．Ｔｈｉｒｄｌｙ，ＷＮＮｃｈｏｓｅｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｏｎｗａｖｅｌｅｔｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎＭｏｒｌｅｔａｓｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｉｌｅＢＰＮＮｕｓｅｄｌｏｇｓｉｇａｓｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｈｉｄｄｅｎａｎｄｏｕｔｐｕｔｌａｙｅｒ．Ｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｅｒｈａｄｂｅｔｔｅｒｃａｐａｂｉｌｉｔｙｉｎｅｘｔｒａｃｔｉｎｇｎｏｎ⁃ｌｉｎｅａｒｑｕａｌｉｔｉｅｓ，ｂｅｔｔｅｒＲｏｂｕｓｔｎｅｓｓ，ｌｅｓｓｅｒｅｒｒｏｒ，ａｎｄｂｅｔｔｅｒｇｅｎｅｒａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｏｃｏｐｅｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒ⁃ｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓ．Ｆｉｎａｌｌｙ，ＷＮＮｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈｅｃａｐａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｏｅｆｆｅｃ⁃ｔｉｖｅｌｙｅｘｔｒａｃｔａｎｄｍｏｄｉｆｙｔｈｅｋｅｙｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｉｇｎａｌｓｂｙｍｕｌｔｉ⁃ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｓｉｇｎａｌｓｗｉｔｈｓｃａｌｅｅｘ⁃ｐａｎｓｉｏｎｆａｃｔｏｒｓａｎｄｔｉｍｅｓｈｉｆｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓ．ＲｅｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｓＢａｋｓｈｉＢＲ，ＳｔｅｐｈａｎｏｐｏｕｌｏｓＧ．１９９３．Ｗａｖｅ⁃ｎｅｔ：ａｍｕｌｔｉｒｅｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ，ｈｉｅｒａｒｃｈｉｃａｌｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｗｉｔｈｌｏｃａｌｉｚｅｄｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ．ＡＩＣｈＥＪｏｕｒｎａｌ，３９（１）：５７－８１ＣａｏＹＺ，ＹｉｎＪ，ＬｉＫＢ，ＺｈａｎｇＫＣ，ＬｉＸＱ．２００６．Ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｏｎｏｎｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｓｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｌｙｒａｍｐａｎｔｒｅａｓｏｎｓａｎｄｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ．ＰｌａｎｔＰｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ，３２（５）：７２－７５（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＣｈｅｎＺ，ＦｅｎｇＴＪ．１９９９．Ｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｐｒｏｓｐｅｃｔｓｏｆｗａｖｅｌｅｔｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＯｃｅａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＱｉｎｇｄ⁃ａｏ，２９（４）：６６３－６６８（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＣｈｅｎＺＧ．２００９．ＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍａｎｄＢＰＮＮｉｎＧＤＰｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔｓ．ＣｏｍｐｕｔｅｒａｎｄＤｉｇｉｔａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，３７（９）：１７２－１７５（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＦａｌａｍａｒｚｉＹ，ＰａｌｉｚｄａｎＮ，ＨｕａｎｇＹＦ，ＬｅｅＴＳ．２０１４．Ｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｎｇｅｖａｐｏｔｒａｎｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅａｎｄｗｉｎｄｓｐｅｅｄｄａｔａｕｓｉｎｇａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌａｎｄｗａｖｅｌｅｔｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ（ＷＮＮｓ）．ＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＷａｔｅｒＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ，１４０：２６－３６ＦｅｎｇＺＹ．２００７．ＴｈｅｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎａｎｄｓｔｕｄｙｂａｓｅｄｏｎＷａｖｅｌｅｔｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋａｎｄＢＰＮＮ．ＭａｓｔｅｒＴｈｅｓｉｓ．Ｃｈｅｎｇｄｕ：ＣｈｅｎｇｄｕＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，ｐｐ．２６（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＦｕＨＸ，ＺｈａｏＨ，ＷａｎｇＹＣ，ＳｏｎｇＨＹ．２０１０．ＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｄｅｓｉｇｎｏｆｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｏｎＭＡＴＬＡＢ．Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ：ＣｈｉｎａＭａｃｈｉｎｅＰｒｅｓｓ，ｐｐ．１９３－２０８（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＫｉａｌａｓｈａｋｉＡ，ＲｅｉｓｅｌＪＲ．２０１４．Ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｖａｌｉｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｒｔｉ⁃ｆｉｃｉａｌｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｍｏｄｅｌｓｏｆｔｈｅｅｎｅｒｇｙｄｅｍａｎｄｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｄｕｓ⁃ｔｒｉａｌｓｅｃｔｏｒｏｆｔｈｅＵｎｉｔｅｄＳｔａｔｅｓ．Ｅｎｅｒｇｙ，７６：７４９－７６０ＬｉＱＱ，ＷａｎｇＣＱ，ＺｈａｎｇＷＪ，ＹｕＹ，ＬｉＢ，ＹａｎｇＪ，ＢａｉＧＣ，ＣａｉＹ．２０１３．Ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｉｌｎｕｔｒｉｅｎｔｓｓｐａｔｉａｌｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｂａｓｅｄｏｎｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｍｏｄｅｌｃｏｍｂｉｎｅｄｗｉｔｈｇｏｅｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓ．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ，２４（２）：４５９－４６６（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＬｉＷＣ，ＳｏｎｇＤＭ，ＣｈｅｎＢ．２００６．Ａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｂａｓｅｄｏｎｇｅｎｅｔｉｃａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍ．ＣｏｍｐｕｔｅｒＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｓｉｇｎ，２７（２）：３１６－３１８（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＬｉＺＹ，ＰｅｎｇＬＨ．１９９９．Ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｏｆａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌｐｌａｎｔｄｉｓｅａ⁃ｓｅｓａｎｄｉｎｓｅｃｔｐｅｓｔｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋａｎｄｉｔｓｖｅｒｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．ＡｃｔａＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａＳｉｎｉｃａ，１９（５）：７５９－７６２（ｉｎＣｈｉ⁃ｎｅｓｅ）ＬｉｕＧ，ＹａｎｇＸＨ，ＧｅＹＢ，ＭｉａｏＹＸ．２００６．Ａｎａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔ⁃ｗｏｒｋ⁃ｂａｓｅｄｅｘｐｅｒｔｓｙｓｔｅｍｆｏｒｆｒｕｉｔｔｒｅｅｄｉｓｅａｓｅａｎｄｉｎｓｅｃｔｐｅｓｔｄｉａｇｎｏｓｉｓ．Ｐｒｏｃｅｅｄｉｎｇｓｏｆｔｈｅ２００６ＩＥＥＥＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｏｎｆｅｒ⁃ｅｎｃｅｏｎＮｅｔｗｏｒｋｉｎｇ，ＳｅｎｓｉｎｇａｎｄＣｏｎｔｒｏｌ．Ｆｌｏｒｉｄａ：ＩＥＥＥＰｕｂ⁃ｌｉｓｈｅｒ，ｐｐ．１０７６－１０７９ＬｉｕＬＦ，ＦｅｎｇＤＹ，ＺｈａｎｇＨＣ．１９９７．Ｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｏｆａｍｏｕｎｔｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｂｙａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔａｎａｌｙ⁃ｓｉｓ．ＥｎｔｏｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＫｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅ，３４（５）：２６０－２６３（ｉｎＣｈｉ⁃ｎｅｓｅ）ＭａＦ，ＸｕＸＦ，ＺｈａｎｇＸＬ，ＣｈｅｎｇＸＮ．２００２．Ａｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｉｎ⁃ｔｅｇｒａｔｉｎｇｐｈａｓｅｓｐａｃｅｒｅｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔ⁃ｗｏｒｋａｎｄｉｔｓａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｐｅｓｔｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔｉｎｇ．ＡｃｔａＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａＳｉｎ⁃ｉｃａ，２２（８）：１２９７－１３０１（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＭｏｓｔａｆａｐｏｕｒＡ，ＤａｖｏｏｄｉＳ，ＧｈａｒｅａｇｈａｊｉＭ．２０１４．Ａｃｏｕｓｔｉｃｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｏｕｒｃｅｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｐｌａｔｅｓｕｓｉｎｇｗａｖｅｌｅｔａｎａｌｙｓｉｓａｎｄｃｒｏｓｓｔｉｍｅｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｃｙｓｐｅｃｔｒｕｍ．Ｕｌｔｒａｓｏｎｉｃｓ，５４：２０５５－２０６２Ｍｏｙａ⁃ＭａｒｔíｎｅｚＰ，Ｆｅｒｒｅｒ⁃ＬａｐｅñａＲ，Ｅｓｃｒｉｂａｎｏ⁃ＳｏｔｏｓＦ．２０１５．Ｉｎ⁃ｔｅｒｅｓｔｒａｔｅｃｈａｎｇｅｓａｎｄｓｔｏｃｋｒｅｔｕｒｎｓｉｎＳｐａｉｎ：ａｗａｖｅｌｅｔａｎａｌｙ⁃ｓｉｓ．ＢｕｓｉｎｅｓｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＱｕａｒｔｅｒｌｙ，１８：９５－１１０ＮｙｈａｎＭ，ＭｃＮａｂｏｌａＡ，ＭｉｓｓｔｅａｒＢ．２０１４．Ｅｖａｌｕａｔｉｎｇａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｎｅｕ⁃ｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓｆｏｒｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｎｇｍｉｎｕｔｅｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｌｕｎｇｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｅｄｄｏｓｅｉｎｃｏｍｍｕｔｉｎｇｃｙｃｌｉｓｔｓ．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＴｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔ＆Ｈｅａｌｔｈ，１：３０５－３１５ＯｕＺＲ，ＴａｎＺＫ，ＳｕＹＸ．２００８．ＳｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅｍｅｔｅｏｒｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｇｒａｄｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｓｕｇａｒｃａｎｅａｐｈｉｄｉｎＧｕａｎｇｘｉｗｉｔｈｔｈｅＢＰ０６３植㊀物㊀保㊀护㊀学㊀报４３卷ｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｎｈｕｉＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，３６（２１）：９１４１－９１４３，９１５２（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＴａｇｈａｖｉｆａｒＨ，ＭａｒｄａｎｉＡ．２０１４．Ｗａｖｅｌｅｔｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋａｐｐｌｉｅｄｆｏｒｐｒｏｇｎｏｓｔｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏｎｔａｃｔｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｓｏｉｌａｎｄｄｒｉｖｉｎｇｗｈｅｅｌ．ＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｉｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ，１：５１－５６ＷａｎｇＤＭ，ＷａｎｇＬ，ＺｈａｎｇＧＭ．２０１２．Ｓｈｏｒｔ⁃ｔｅｒｍｗｉｎｄｓｐｅｅｄｆｏｒｅ⁃ｃａｓｔｍｏｄｅｌｆｏｒｗｉｎｄｆａｒｍｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｇｅｎｅｔｉｃＢＰＮＮ．ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＺｈｅｊｉａｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ（ＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ），４６（５）：８３７－８４１，９０４（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＷａｎｇＧＣ，ＷａｎｇＨＬ，ＬüＷＹ，ＱｉｎｇＸＦ，ＹｕＨ．２０１１．Ｐｅｓｔｉｎｓｅｃｔｓｆｏｅｃａｓｔｉｎｇｂａｓｅｄｏｎａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ．／／Ｔｈｅ２ｎｄＡｓｉａ⁃ＰａｃｉｆｉｃＣｏｎｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｏｎＩｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎＮｅｔｗｏｒｋａｎｄＤｉｇｉｔａｌＣｏｎｔｅｎｔＳｅｃｕｒｉｔｙ，ｐｐ．１１０－１１２（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＷａｎｇＸＣ，ＳｈｉＦ，ＹｕＬ，ＬｉＹ．２０１３４３ｃａｓｅｓａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎＭＡＴＡＬＢｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ．Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ：ＢｅｉｈａｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙＰｒｅｓｓ，ｐｐ．９（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＸｉａｎｇＣＳ，ＺｈｏｕＺＹ．２０１０．ＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡＲＩＭＡａｎｄＳＶＭｈｙｂｒｉｄｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｐｅｓｔｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔ．ＡｃｔａＥｎｔｏｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａＳｉｎｉｃａ，５３（９）：１０５５－１０６０（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＹｅＱＬ，ＷｅｉＬＸ．２０１５．Ｔｈｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｔｏｃｋｐｒｉｃｅｂａｓｅｄｏｎｉｍ⁃ｐｒｏｖｅｄｗａｖｅｌｅｔｎｅｕｒａｌｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ．ＯｐｅｎＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＳｃｉ⁃ｅｎｃｅｓ，５：１１５－１２０ＹｕａｎＺＭ，ＺｈａｎｇＹＳ，ＸｉｏｎｇＪＹ．２００８．Ｍｕｌｔｉｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｔｉｍｅｓｅｒｉｅｓａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｖｅｃｔｏｒｍａｃｈｉｎｅｒｅｇｒｅｓｓｉｏｎａｎｄｉｔｓａｐ⁃ｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅ．ＳｃｉｅｎｔｉａＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａＳｉｎｉｃａ，４１（８）：２４８５－２４９２（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＺｈａｎｇＱＨ，ＢｅｎｖｅｎｉｓｔｅＡ．１９９２．Ｗａｖｅｌｅｔｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ．ＩＥＥＥＴｒａｎｓａｃ⁃ｔｉｏｎｓｏｎＮｅｕｒａｌＮｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ，３（６）：８８９－８９８ＺｈａｎｇＸＸ，ＺｈａｉＢＰ，ＭｏｕＪＹ，ＺｈａｎｇＧＡ，ＬｉｕＸＤ．１９８５．Ｉｎｓｅｃｔｅｃｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔ．Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ：ＣｈｉｎａＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＰｒｅｓｓ，ｐｐ．２０５－２０７（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）ＺｈｕＪＳ，ＺｈａｉＢＰ，ＤｏｎｇＢＸ．２０１０．Ｆｏｒｅｃａｓｔｉｎｇｍｏｄｅｌｆｏｒｔｈｅｏｖｉｐｏ⁃ｓｉｔｉｏｎｐｅａｋｄａｙｉｎｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆＨｅｌｉｃｏｖｅｒｐａａｒｍｉｇｅｒａ（Ｌｅｐｉｄｏｐｔｅｒａ：Ｎｏｃｔｕｉｄａｅ）ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｒａｄｉａｌｂａｓｉｓｗａｖｅｌｅｔｎｅｔ⁃ｗｏｒｋ．ＡｃｔａＥｎｔｏｍｏｌｏｇｉｃａＳｉｎｉｃａ，５３（１２）：１４２９－１４３５（ｉｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅ）（责任编辑：高㊀峰）１６３３期ＪｉｎＲａｎ，ｅｔａｌ．：Ｃｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｐｅｒｉｏｄｓｏｆｗｈｅａｔａｐｈｉｄｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ。