高分子材料专业英语第二版部分答案2
高分子材料与工程专业英语
第二单元链式聚合反应Staudinger第一个发现一例现象，许多烯烃和不饱和烯烃通过打开双键可以形成链式大分子。
二烯烃以同样的方式聚合，然而，仅限于两个双键中的一个。
这类反应是通过单体分子首先加成到引发剂自由基或引发剂离子上而进行的，靠这些反应活性中心由引发剂转移到被加成的单体上。
以同样的方式，借助于链式反应，单体分子一个接一个地被加成（每秒2000～20000个单体）直到活性中心通过不同的反应类型而终止。
聚合反应是链式反应的原因有两种：因为反应动力学和因为作为反应产物它是一种链式分子。
链分子的长度与动力学链长成正比。
链式反应可以概括为以下过程（R·相当与引发剂自由基）：略借助于聚合度估算的分子链长，在一个大范围内可以通过选择适宜的反应条件被改变。
通常，通过大量地制备和利用聚合物，聚合度在1000～5000范围内，但在许多情况下可低于500、高于10000。
这不应该把所有聚合物材料的分子量理解为由500，或1000，或5000个单体单元组成。
在几乎所有的事例中，聚合物材料由不同聚合度的聚合物分子的混合物组成。
聚合反应，链式反应，依照与众所周知的氯（气）-氢（气）反应和光气的分解机理进行。
双键活化过程的引发剂反应，可以通过热、辐射、超声波或引发剂产生。
用自由基型或离子型引发剂引发链式反应可以很清楚地进行观察。
这些是高能态的化合物，它们能够加成不饱和化合物（单体）并保持自由基或离子活性中心以致单体可以以同样的方式进一步加成。
对于增长反应的各个步骤，每一步仅需要相当少的活化能，因此通过一步简单的活化反应（即引发反应）即可将许多烯类单体分子转化成聚合物，这正如连锁反应这个术语的内涵那样。
因为少量的引发剂引发形成大量的聚合物原料（1：1000～1：10000），从表面上看聚合反应很可能是催化反应。
由于这个原因，通常把聚合反应的引发剂看作是聚合反应的引发剂，但是，严格地讲它们不是真正意义上的催化剂，因为聚合反应的催化剂进入到反应内部而成为一部分，同时可以在反应产物，既聚合物的末端发现。
(完整版)高分子材料工程专业英语第二版课文翻译(基本全了
A 高分子化学和高分子物理UNIT 1 What are Polymer?第一单元什么是高聚物？What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。
高分子材料工程专业英语II.pdf
Unit 30: Synthetic Rubber (3rd-4th paragraph)
Two important developemnts occurred in the U. S. A. in the years immediately following World War I. The first was …. The second… Unitil comparatively recently, emulsion polymerisation has been the principal process for producing synthetic rubbers from their monomers… It is the presence of this chlorine atom in each repeat unit of the rubber molecule which gives the product its unusual properties, such as moderate resistance to swelling in hydrocarbon oils and resistance to deterioration by heat and ozone. …
Z. B. Guan, et al., Nat. Chem. 2012, DOI: 10.1038/NCHEM.1314
K. Matyjaszewski and N. V. Tsarevsky, Nat. Chem. 2009, 1, 276-289.
Writing Practice 1. rubbery… could…into .. converted..solid ..be…a …isoprene
丁纳橡胶这个词作为德国在那时及其以后生产的的合成橡胶的通用名就是源于这一个 事实。
高分子专业英语答案
高分子专业英语答案【篇一：高分子材料工程专业英语课文翻译(曹同玉,冯连芳)主编】txt>unit 1 what are polymer?第一单元什么是高聚物？what are polymers? for one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. to contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. these big molecules or‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. to illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. when these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。
高分子材料工程专业英语第二版课文翻译(基本全了
A 高分子化学和高分子物理UNIT 1 What are Polymer?第一单元什么是高聚物？What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. These big molecules or ‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。
高分子材料专业英语第二版部分答案2
unit11.Not all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. At the other extreme ,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acide repeat units are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less usefull,since an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself,rather than the degree of the polymerization ,is generally used to describe the molecule. When the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由一个重复单元链接在一起而形成的。
在另一个极端的情形中，蛋白质分子是由n个氨基酸重复单元链接在一起形成的聚酰胺。
尽管在这个例子中，我们也许仍然把n称为聚合度，但是没有意义，因为一个氨基酸单元也许是在蛋白质中找到的20多个分子中的任意一个。
在这种情况下，一般是分子量本身而不是聚合度被用来描述这个分子。
高分子材料工程专业外语第二版(UNIT23-32译文)
高分子材料工程专业外语（第二版）UNIT23-32注：本次译文纯人工操作，如有问题，尽量谅解哈~UNIT 23 聚合物加工在其最一般的情况下，聚合物加工涉及固态（有时是液态）聚合物树脂以一种不规则的形式（如：粉状、球状、珠粒状）转化成一种具有特殊形状、尺寸和性能的固态塑料制品。
这通过转变过程来实现：挤出、模塑、压延、涂覆、热成型等。
为了实现上面的目的，加工过程通常涉及下述操作：固体输送、压缩、加热、熔融、混合、成型、冷却、固化及修饰。
显然，这些操作不必按序发生，而许多可以同时发生。
通过成型可以赋予材料所需要的几何形状和尺寸。
它包括黏弹性形变和热成型，这种黏弹性形变和热传递是和产品从熔体的固化相联系的。
成型包括：（1）二维操作，如：口模成型、压延及涂覆。
（2）三维的模塑和成型操作。
二维的操作要么是连续的固定队的形状（如：薄膜及片材挤出、电线的涂层、纸和片材涂覆、压延、纤维纺丝、管材和型材挤出等），要么是间歇式的，在挤出的情况下伴有间歇挤出吹膜。
通常模塑成型操作是间歇式的，然而它们倾向于非固定条件。
热成型、真空成型及类似过程可以被看做是二次成型操作，因为它们通常包括已成型形状的再次成型。
在某些情况下，像吹塑，加工包括首次成型（型坯形成）和二次成型（型坯膨胀）。
成型操作包括同时或交错的液体流动和热传递。
在二维加工中，固化伴随着成型加工，反之在三维加工的固化和成型往往在模具中同时发生。
根据材料的性质、设备和加工条件的不同，流动形式以及根据流动面的自由与否，通常包含剪切流动、拉伸流动及挤压流动。
经历了流动和固化的聚合物热机械历史导致了加工产品中微观结构（形态学、结晶度及取向分布）的发展。
产品的最终性能与微观结构是紧密相关的。
因此，加工和产品质量的控制必须基于在树脂性能、设备设计、操作条件、热机械历史、微观结构和最终产品性能之间相互作用的了解。
数学建模和计算机模拟被同时用于获得这些相互间作用的了解。
鉴于进一步利用计算机辅助设计/计算机辅助制造/计算机辅助工程（CAD/CAM/CAE）系统协同塑料塑料加工诸如这一趋近获得了更多的重要性。
高分子材料与应用(英文版) Chapter 2 Commodity Plastics幻灯片PPT
Of the seven symbols used for domestic recycling, 5 of them are for commodity plastics.
Polyolefins
PP and PE are often given a special name, polyolefins
Crystalline - The polymer chains form a regular pattern. Molecular structure forms regular order (crystals) with molecules or portions of molecules regularly stacked in crystal-like fashion. Molecular arrangement is arranged in an ordered fashion.
• HDPE is probably the most common form people are familiar with so the properties provided will be for HDPE
• LDPE – Low Density Polyethylene
Commodity PlasticsCmmodity Plastics
Polyethylene
History – Polyethylene (PE) was developed in 1898 by a German chemist named Hans von Pechmann. He prepared it by accident while heating diazomethane.
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unit11.Not all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. At the other extreme ,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acide repeat units are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less usefull,since an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself,rather than the degree of the polymerization ,is generally used to describe the molecule. When the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由一个重复单元链接在一起而形成的。
在另一个极端的情形中，蛋白质分子是由n个氨基酸重复单元链接在一起形成的聚酰胺。
尽管在这个例子中，我们也许仍然把n称为聚合度，但是没有意义，因为一个氨基酸单元也许是在蛋白质中找到的20多个分子中的任意一个。
在这种情况下，一般是分子量本身而不是聚合度被用来描述这个分子。
当知道了特定的氨基酸分子的实际含量，它们的序列正是生物化学家和分子生物学家特别感兴趣的地方。
1,题目：Another striking ...答案：.that quantity low saturation bottom much absorb2. 乙烯分子带有一个双键，为一种烯烃，它可以通过连锁聚合大量地制造聚乙烯，目前，聚乙烯已经广泛应用于许多技术领域和人们的日常生活中，成为一种不可缺少的材料。
Ethylene molecule with a double bond, as a kind of olefins, it can make chain polymerization polyethylene, at present, polyethylene has been widely used in many fields of technology and People's Daily life, become a kind of indispensable materials.Unit31 The polymerization rate may be experimentally followed by measuring the changes in any of several properties of the system such as density,refractive index,viscosity, or light absorption. Density measurements are among the most accurate and sensitive of the techniques. The density increases by 20-25 percent on polymerization for many monomers. In actual practice the volume of the polymerizing system is measured by carrying out the reaction in a dilatometer. This is specially constructed vessel with a capillary tube which allows a highly accurate measurement of small volume changes. It is not uncommon to be able to detect a few hundredths of a percent polymerization by the dilatometer technique. 聚合速率在实验上可以通过测定体系的任一性质的变化而确定，如密度、折射率、黏度、或者吸光性能。
密度的测量是这些技术中最准确最敏感的。
对许多单体的聚合来说，密度增加了20%-25%。
在实际操作中，聚合体系的体积是通过在膨胀计中进行反应测定的。
它被专门设计构造了毛细导管，在里面可以对微小体积变化进行高精确度测量。
通过膨胀计技术探测聚合过程中万分之几的变化是很常见的。
Unti42 合成聚合物在各个领域中起着与日俱增的重要作用，聚合物通常是由单体通过加成聚合与缩合聚合制成的。
就世界上的消耗量而论，聚烯烃和乙烯基聚合物居领先地位，聚乙烯、聚丙烯等属聚烯烃，而聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯等则为乙烯基聚合物。
聚合物可广泛地用作塑料、橡胶、纤维、涂料、粘合剂等The synthetic polymers play an increasingly important role on a range of domains, which are synthesized by monomers through addition polymerization or condensation polymerization. Polyolefin and vinyl polymer have taken the lead in terms of the world consumption. PE, PP, etc. belong to the polyolefin, while PS, PVC etc. belong to the vinyl polymer. Polymers can be widely applied in plastics, rubbers, fibers, coatings, glues and so on.Unit7Ring-opening polymerizations proceed only by ionic mechanisms, the polymerization of cyclic ethers mainly by cationic mechanisms, and the polymerization of lactones and lactones by either a cationic or anionic mechanism. Important initiators for cyclic ethers and lactone polymerization are those derived from aluminum alkyl and zinc alkyl/water systems. It should be pointed out that substitution near the reactive group of the monomer is essential for the individual mechanism that operates effectively in specific cases; forexample, epoxides polymerize readily with cationic and anionic initiators, while fluorocarbon epoxides polymerize exclusively by anionic mechanisms.开环聚合反应只能通过离子机理进行，环醚（的开环）聚合主要通过阳离子机理，而内酯和内酰胺的聚合物是通过阳离子或阴离子机理。
对于环醚和内酯型聚合物很重要的引发剂是那些来自于烷基铝和烷基锌/水的体系。
应该指出的是（对于）在活性基团附近有取代的单体，只能由单一机理，（这一机理）是在特定条件下的有效操作，例如环氧聚合能用阳离子和阴离子引发剂，然而碳氟环氧化物的聚合只能是阴离子机理。
Unti81 Polymers can be classified into two main groups, addition polymers and ___condensation__ polymers. This classification is based on whether or not the repeating unit of the polymer contains the same atoms __as____ the monomer. The repeating unit of an addition polymer is identical _with/to____ the monomer, while condensation polymers contain __different/less___ because of formation of __compound/byproduct___ during the polymerization process. The corresponding polymerization processed would then be called addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. As was mentioned earlier, this classification can result ___in__ confusion, since it has been shown in later years that many important types of polymers can be _prepared by both addition and condensation processes. For example, polyesters, polyamides and polyurethanes are usually considered to be _condensation____ polymers, but they can be prepared by addition as well as by condensation reaction. Similarly, polyethylene normally considered an _addition_ polymer, can also be prepared by _condensation_ reaction.2. Answer the following questions in English(1) What is chain polymerization?Many olefinic and vinyl unsaturated compounds are able to form chain-like macromolecules through eliminat ion of double bond.(2) Which kinds of monomers can carry out step-growth polymerization process?There are two kinds of monomers could carry out step-growth polymerization process. One is polyfunctional monomers and the other is a single monomer containing both types of functional groups.(3) What properties of polymers can be based on for measuring the molecular weight?The molecular weight of polymer could be measured based on colligative properties, light scattering, viscosity, ultracentrifugation sedimentation.3. Please write out at least 10 kinds of polymers both in English and in Chinese4. Please write out at least 10 kinds of monomers both in English and in Chinese and the corresponging chemical structureClFF F COOH乙烯 氯乙烯 丙烯 1-丁烯 丙烯腈1,4-丁二烯 四氟乙烯 苯乙烯 异丁烯 丙烯酸ethylene vinylchloride propylene 1- butene acrylonitrile1,4-butadiene tetrafluoroethylene styrene isobutene acrylic acid5 In general ，head-to-tail addition is considered to be the predominant mode of propagation in all polymerizations 。