金属的热处理外文翻译
金属的热处理外文翻译
外文资料翻译
Heat Treatment of Metal
The generally accepted definition for heat treating metals and metal alloys is “heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in a way so as to obtain specific conditions and I or properties.”Heating for the sole purpose of hot working(as in forging operations) is excludedfrom this definition．Likewise，the types of heat treatment that are sometimes used for productssuch as glass or plastics are also excluded from coverage by this definition．Transformation Curves.
The basis for heat treatment is the
time-temperature-transformation curves or TTT curveswhere，in a single diagram all the three parameters are plotted．Because of the shape of thecurves，they are also sometimes called C-curves or S-curves．
Material forming processes
In this section，a short description of the process examples will begiven. But assembly andjoining processes are not described here.
Forging
Forging can be characterized as: mass conserving, solid state of work material (metal), andmechanical primary basic process-plastic deformation. A wide variety of forging processes areused, and Fig.9.1(a) shows the most common of these: drop forging. The metal is heated to asuitable working temperature and placed in the lower die cavity. The upper die is then lowered sothat the metal is forced to fill the cavity.
[1]Excess material is squeezed out between the die facesat
the periphery as flash, which is removed in a later trimming process. When the term forging isused, it usually means hot forging. Cold forging has several specialized names. The material lossin forging processes is usually quite small.
Normally, forged components require some subsequent machining, since the tolerances andsurfaces obtainable are not usually satisfactory for a finished product. Forging machines includedrop hammers and forging presses with mechanical or hydraulic drives. These machines involvesimple translatory motions.
金属的热处理
普遍认同对金属及合金热处理的定义是，以一定的方式加热或冷却固态金属或合金，以达到一定的条件和/或获得某些性能。以热加工(如锻造)为目的的加热，不在此定义之列。同样地，有时用于生产诸如玻璃或塑料制品的热处理也不属于该定义的范畴。
相变曲线热处理的基础分别是时间—温度相变曲线，即TTT曲线，3 个参数都绘制在一个图中。根据曲线的形状特点，分别称为C 曲线或S 曲线。
为了绘制TTT 曲线，将特定的钢置于给定温度下，以预先确定的时间间隔检查其结构，记录发生相变的量。我们知道共析钢(C80)在平衡条件下，在723℃以上时全为奥氏体，而低于此温度，则为珠光体。为了形成珠光体，碳原子将产生扩散形成渗碳体。扩散是一种渐进过程，需要足够的时间完成奥氏体向珠光体的转变。对于不同的样品，可以记录下在任一温度时产生相变的量。然后把这些点绘制在一条以时间和温度为坐标轴的曲线上。通过这些点就可以得到共析钢的相变曲线。左边的曲线表示任一给定温度下奥氏体
材料成型工艺方法
锻造：锻造是对固态金属材料进行初步机械加工，是产生塑性成形的质量守恒的一种基本工艺方法。锻造有很多类型，最普通的锻造为金属加热到适合加工的温度，并放进下型腔里。上型腔与下型腔合
拢，迫使金属充满型腔。多余的材料被从型腔接缝处挤出，并将被后续的清理型腔接缝工艺清除。当提到锻造术语时，通常意味热锻。冷锻有几种专门的名称。锻造工艺中损失的材料通常相当少。通常，由于公差和表面粗糙度通常不能满足最终产品的需要，因此对锻造的零件要进行一些后续加工。锻造机械包
括落锤和机械或水力驱动的锻压。这些机械包括简单的平移运动。
滚轧：滚轧是对固态金属材料进行初步机械加工，使其产生塑性变形的质量守恒的一种工艺方法。滚轧广泛应用在板材、薄板和结构桁条等制造中。图9.1(b)显示了板材或薄板的滚轧。铸造生产出的铁锭加热后，经过几个阶段厚度上变薄。由于工件的宽度保持不变，工件的长度将随着厚度的变薄而变长。在热轧阶段之后，最终阶段是进行冷却，以提高表面质量、公差，并提高强度。滚轧工艺中，根据需要，轧辊的外形被设计生产成期望的几何形状。
粉末挤压：粉末挤压是对粒状材料进行机械加工，使其产生塑性变形的质量守恒的一种工艺方法。在这里仅提到了金属粉末挤压，但通常成型砂、陶瓷材料的挤压等也属于此加工工艺。金属粉末挤压时，型腔充满标称体积粉末，见图9.1(c)施加大约500 N/mm2 的压力压紧粉末。在挤压过程中，粉末颗粒充满型腔并发生塑性变形。挤压后的典型密度是固态材
模具热处理外文翻译文献
模具热处理外文翻译文献 (文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译) 原文： Heat Treatment of Die and Mould Oriented Concurrent Design Abstract: Many disadvantages exist in the traditional die design method which belongs to serial pattern. It is well known that heat treatment is highly important to the dies. A new idea of concurrent design for heat treatment process of die and mould was developed in order to overcome the existent shortcomings of heat treatment process. Heat treatment CAD/CAE was integrated with concurrent circumstance and the relevant model was built. These investigations can remarkably improve efficiency, reduce cost and ensure quality of R and D for products. Key words:die design; heat treatment; mould Traditional die and mould design,mainly by experience orsemi—experience，is
外文翻译--金属热处理
外文原文 Metal heat treatment Metal heat treatment is a kind of craft to heat pieces of metals at the suitable temperature in some medium and to cool them at different speed after some time. The metal heat treatment is one of the important crafts in the machine-building, comparing with other technologies, the heat treatment seldom changes the form of the work pieces and chemical composition of the whole .it improve the serviceability of the work piece through changing their micro- work pieces, chemical composition, or surface. Its characteristic is improving inherent quality of work pieces which can not be watched by our eyes. In order to make the metal work piece have mechanics , physics and chemical property which are needed, besides the use of many materials and various kinds of crafts which are shaped , the heat treatment craft is essential. Steel is a wide-used material in the mechanical industry, its complicated micro-composition can be controlled through the heat treatment , so the heat treatment of the steel is a main content of the metal heat treatment . In addition aluminium, copper, magnesium, titanium and their alloys also can change their mechanics , physics and chemical property through the heat treatment to make different serviceability. During the process of development from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age and to the Iron Age, the function of the heat treatment is gradually known by people. As early as 770 B.C.~222 B.C., the Chinese in production practices had already found the performance of the copper and iron changed by press and temperature . White mouthfuls of casting iron’s
外文翻译--金属热处理
英文原文 HEAT TREATMENT OF METAL Annealing The word anneal has been used before to describe heat-treating processes for softening and regaining ductility in connection with cold working of material. It has a similar meaning when used in connection with the heat treating of allotropic materials. The purpose of full annealing is o decrease hardness, increase ductility, and sometimes improve machinability of high carbon steels that might otherwise be difficult to cut. The treatment is also used to relieve stresses,refine grain size, and promote uniformity of structure throughout the material. Machinability is not always improved by annealing. The word machinability is used to describe several interrelated factors, including the ability of a material to be cut with a good surface finish. Plain low carbon steels, when fully annealed, are soft and relatively weak , offering little resistance to cutting, but udually having sufficient ductility and toughness that acut chip tends to pull and tear the surface from which it is removed, leaving a comparatively poor quality surface, which results in a poor machinability rating.1 For such steels annealing may not be the most suitable treatment. The machinability of many of the higher plain carbon and most of the alloy steels can usually be greatly improyed by annealing, as they are often too hard and strong to be easily cut at any but their softest condition.2 The procedure for annealing hypoeutectoid steel is to heat slowly to approximately 60 above the Ac3 line,3°°to soak for a long enough period that the temperature equalizes throughout the material and homogeneous austenite is formed, and then to allow the steel to cool very slowly by cooling it in the fumace or burying it in lime ot some other insulating material. The slow cooling is easential to the precipitation of the maximum ferrite and the coarsest pearlite to place the steel in its softest, most ductile, and least strained condition. Normalizing The purpose of normalizing is somewhat similar to that of annealing with the exceptions that the steel is not reduced to its softest condition and the pearlite is left rather fine instead of coarse. Refinement of grain size, relief of internal stresses, and improvement of
级进模的热处理的并行设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附录A 级进模的热处理的并行设计 传统的级进模设计，主要是经验或半经验，脱离制造过程。在设计完成之前,级进模计划通常一再修改，从而形成一些弊端。如开发期长、成本高、效果不实用。由于对精确、使用寿命、开发成本和时间有很高的要求，现代级进模设计和制造应该很完全。因此，越来越多的先进技术和创新已经被应用，例如并行工程、灵活制造、虚拟制造、合作设计等。 级进模的热处理是与设计、制造和装配同等重要的，因为它对制造、装配和服务具有重要影响。级进模的设计和制造进步很快。但在它们背后热处理严重滞后。级进模工业的发展，热处理必须保证级进模有好的状态及制造、装配和抗磨损性要求。热处理可以影响级进模生产比如过硬和软、装配。传统的热处理过程和方法提出了按设计提出的方式。这会使设计者和级进模及热处理偏离对方，设计者和级进模不能完全实现热处理过程中，材料特性、创意设计了解甚少的服务环境和设计思想。这些分歧将影响级进模进度。因此，如果程序设计热处理是在早期设计阶段，目标是缩短开发时间、降低成本、稳定质量，实现了从传统的发展模式，同时并行顺序将会实现。 并行工程是把电脑整合系统设计为载体,在每个阶段开始后，工厂要考虑，例如制造、热处理、成本等因素，以避免错误。并行方式驳回有缺陷的连续方式，给连续方式带来一场革命。在当前的工作，同时结合热处理的情况下，死亡和发展模式，并进行了系统的研究和深刻。 1热处理下的并行处理 并行方式与顺序方式最终不同。对于顺序方式，主要考虑级进模的结构设计，几乎没有考虑到过程，这样的错误很容易扩散倒退。同时，设计部门很少与组装、销售部门和成本核算沟通。这些问题势必影响级进模的开发进度和市场前景。而并行方式，政府部门之间的密切关系，各有关部门参加级进模的发展和进步，与买家有着密切联系。这有利于消除部门之间的矛盾，提高效率，降低成本。在并行方式中的热处理，没有经费的情况后，采取了蓝图，但在级进模的设计，这样做，有利于优化热处理过程中充分利用潜力的材料。2CAD/CAM在级进模热处理一体化中的应用 可以看出设计和模拟过程是热处理一体化框架的核心。在信息输入透过产品设计及模
材料成型及控制工程外文文献翻译
本科毕业论文 外文文献及译文 文献、资料题目：The effects of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechani- cal property of laser melting dep- ositionγ-TiAl intermetallic alloys 文献、资料来源：Materials and Design 文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2009.10.25 院（部）：材料科学与工程学院 专业：材料成型及控制工程 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期：2011.4.3
中文译文： 热处理对激光沉积γ-TiAl金属间化合物合金的组织与性能的影响摘要： Ti-47Al-2.5V-1Cr 和Ti-40Al-2Cr (at.%)金属间化合物合金通过激光沉积（LMD）成形技术制造。显微组织的特征通过光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、投射电子显微镜（TEM）、和X射线衍射仪（XRD）检测。沿轴向评估热处理后的沉积试样室温下的抗拉 性能和维氏硬度。结果表明：由γ-TiAl 和α 2-Ti 3 Al构成的γ-TiAl基体试样具有全 密度柱状晶粒和细的层状显微组织。Ti-47Al-2.5V-1Cr基体合金和Ti-40Al-2Cr基体合金沿轴向的室温抗拉强度大约分别为650 MPa、600MPa，而最大延伸率大约为0.6% 。热处理后的Ti-47Al-2.5V-1Cr和Ti-40Al-2Cr合金可以得到不同的显微组织。应力应变曲线和次表面的拉伸断裂表明沉积和热处理后的试样的断裂方式是沿晶断裂。 1.简介 金属间化合物γ-TiAl合金由于其高熔点（﹥1450℃）、低密度（3g/cm3）、高弹性模量（160-180GPa）和高蠕变强度（直到900℃）成为很有前景的高温结构材料，一直受到广泛研究[1–4]。但是对于其结构应用来说，这种材料主要缺点之一是在室温下缺少延展性。此外，这种合金运用传统的制造工艺诸如锻压、轧制和焊接，加工起来比较困难[5]。 对于TiAl组份，传统的铸造技术不利条件是粗大的铸态组织导致室温下的机械性能变差。另一方面，在传统的缓慢冷却固结过程中诸如气孔和缩孔等金相缺陷是不可避免的。产品的形状和尺寸受热应力诱发结晶的制约，铸件的地延展性导致裂纹缺陷。虽然适当的组件可以通过传统的铸造工艺制造，但是这种方法相当昂贵、耗时。一些其他制造和加工方式如放电等离子烧结（SPS）[6,7]、混合粉末半固态成型[8]、烘托冶金反应[9]和激光工程粉末冶金零件近净成形(LENS) [10]一直受到广泛研究，以便制造出高质量的TiAl合金部件。然而，在此类金属的粉末冶金过程中不可避免的氮化和氧化的增强，进一步恶化了TiAl合金的延展性。 激光沉积（LMD）是一种利用电脑辅助设计（CAD）模型分层快速凝固材料添加剂为增效组分的制造技术。在LMD过程中，大功率激光束的运动有计算机数控（CNC）系统控制，而该系统由CAD模型发展而来。金属粉末注入激光聚焦带，然后从粉末输出喷嘴连续熔化。由于该方法冷却凝固速度高，连续层可堆积成全密度和极细小的快速凝固微观组织的近净成形零件。利用CAD文档的LMD添加剂分层制造的方式，可以得到任意复杂形状和尺寸的
模具外文翻译--模具热处理及其导向平行设计
Heat Treatment of Die and Mould Oriented Concurrent Design Abstract: Many disadvantages exist in the traditional die design method which belongs to serial pattern. It is well known that heat treatment is highly important to the dies. A new idea of concurrent design for heat treatment process of die and mould was developed in order to overcome the existent shortcomings of heat treatment process. Heat treatment CAD/CAE was integrated with concurrent circumstance and the relevant model was built. These investigations can remarkably improve efficiency, reduce cost and ensure quality of R and D for products. Key words:die design; heat treatment; mould Traditional die and mould design,mainly by experience or semi—experience，is isolated from manufacturing process.Before the design is finalized，the scheme of die and mould is usually modified time and again，thus some disadvantages come into being,such as long development period,high cost and uncertain practical effect.Due to strong desires for precision,service life,development period and cost,modern die and mould should be designed and manufactured perfectly.Therefore more and more advanced technologies and innovations have been applied,for example,concurrent engineering,agile manufacturing virtual manufacturing,collaborative design,etc. Heat treatment of die and mould is as important as design,manufacture and assembly because it has a vital effect on manufacture，assembly and service life．Design and manufacture of die and mould have progressed rapidly，but heat treatment lagged seriously behind them．As die and mould industry develops，heat treatment must ensure die and mould there are good state of manufacture，assembly and wear—resistant properties by request. Impertinent heat treatment can influence die and mould manufacturing such as over—hard and—soft and assembly．Traditionally the heat treatment process
钢铁热处理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 原文: Heat Treatment of Steel Types of Heat Treating Operations Five Operations are detailed in this lesson as the basis of heat treatment. Explanations of these operations follow. Full annealing Full annealing is the process of softening steel by a heating and cooling cycle, so that it may be bent or cut easily. In annealing, steel is heated above a transformation temperature and cooled very slowly after it has reached a suitable temperature. The distinguishing characteristics of full annealing are: (a) temperature above
the critical temperature and (b) very slow cooling, usually in the furnace. Normalizing Normalizing is identical with annealing, except that the steel is air cooled; this is much faster than cooling in a furnace. Steel is normalized to refine grain size, make its structure more uniform, or to improve machinability. Hardening Hardening is carried out y quenching a steel, that is, cooling it rapidly from a temperature above the transformation temperature. Steel is quenched in water or brine for the most rapid cooling, in oil for some alloy steels, and in air for certain higher alloy steels. After steel is quenched, it is usually very hard and brittle; it may even crack if dropped. To make the steel more ductile, it must be tempered. Tempering Tempering consistes of reheating a quenched steel to a suitable temperature below the transformation temperature for an appropriate time and cooling back to room temperature. How this process makes steel tough will be discussed later. Stress relieving Stress relieving is the heating of steel to a temperature below the transformation temperature, as in tempering, but is done primarily to relieve internal stress and thus prevent distortion or cracking during machining.
金属的热处理外文翻译
外文资料翻译 Heat Treatment of Metal The generally accepted definition for heat treating metals and metal alloys is “heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in a way so as to obtain specific conditions and I or properties.”Heating for the sole purpose of hot working(as in forging operations) is excludedfrom this definition．Likewise，the types of heat treatment that are sometimes used for productssuch as glass or plastics are also excluded from coverage by this definition．Transformation Curves. The basis for heat treatment is the time-temperature-transformation curves or TTT curveswhere，in a single diagram all the three parameters are plotted．Because of the shape of thecurves，they are also sometimes called C-curves or S-curves． Material forming processes In this section，a short description of the process examples will begiven. But assembly andjoining processes are not described here. Forging Forging can be characterized as: mass conserving, solid state of work material (metal), andmechanical primary basic process-plastic deformation. A wide variety of forging processes areused, and Fig.9.1(a) shows the most common of these: drop forging. The metal is heated to asuitable working temperature and placed in the lower die cavity. The upper die is then lowered sothat the metal is forced to fill the cavity.
真空热处理和形变热处理
真空热处理和形变热处理 真空可以指压力小于正常一个大气压(负压)的任何气态空间。当金属的热处理过程是置于真空中进行时，就称为真空热处理。真空热处理几乎可实现全部热处理工艺，如淬火、退火、回火、渗碳、渗铬、氮化和沉淀硬化等;在淬火工艺中可实现气淬、油淬、硝盐淬火、水淬、脱气等，在通入适当介质后，也可用于化学热处理。 形变热处理(thermal-mechanical treatment)是将形变强化和相变强化相结合的一种综合强化工艺。它包括金属材料的范性形变和固态相变两种过程，并将两者有机地结合起来，利用金属材料在形变过程中组织结构的改变，影响相变过程和相变产物，以得到所期望的组织与性能。形变热处理的主要优点是:?将金属材料的成形与获得材料的最终性能结合在一起，简化了生产过程，节约能源消耗及设备投资。?与普通热处理比较，形变热处理后金属材料能达到更好的强度与韧性相配合的机械性能。有些钢特别是微合金化钢，唯有采用形变热处理才能充分发挥钢中合金元素的作用,得到强度高、塑性好的性能。?采用形变热处理工艺不仅可以获得由单一强化方法难以达到的良好的强韧化效果，而且还可大大简化工艺流程，使生产连续化，获得良好的经济效益。 12. 1 真空在热处理中的作用 12.1.1 真空基本概述 真空状态下负压的程度称为真空度。真空度最常用的单位是Pa和托(Torr， 1Torr=133.3Pa)。气压越低，真空度越高;气压越高，真空度则越低。根据真空度的大小，
-2-3-4-5真空通常被分为低真空(10,10×1333.3Pa);中真空 (10,10×1333.3Pa);高真空(10,-7-810×1333.3Pa)和超高真空(>10×1333.3Pa)四级。 另外，真空度还常用真空状态内水蒸气的露点来表示，它们的关系如表11-1 所示: 表11-1 真空度和露点的关系 -1-2-3-4-5真空度(×133.3Pa) 100 10 1 10 10 10 10 10 露点(?) 11 18 -40 -59 -74 -88 -101 真空炉中的气体包括残留空气、炉体，工件内释放的气体;润滑油蒸发气体和外界渗入气体等，非常复杂，必须要用真空泵不停排气以保证达到所需要的真空度。 12.1.2 真空热处理的优越性 真空热处理(vacuum heat treatment)方法所得到的金属工件表面可以获得一般热处理所没有的特殊效果，显示出一定的优越性。 真空气氛在钢的热处理过程中，主要有以下几种有益或有害的作用: 1(脱脂 工件在热处理之前，由于机械加工或压力成型，往往在表面粘有油污。粘附在金属表面的油脂、润滑剂等蒸气压较高，在真空加热时，自行挥发或分解成水，氢气和二氧化碳等 气体，并被真空泵抽走，与不同金属表面产生化学反应，得到无氧化、无腐蚀的非常光洁的表面。不过，生产中工件一般仍要进行预先脱脂处理，以减轻油污对于真空系统的污染。 2(除气
金属热处理外文文献及翻译
The following descriptions of the principal heat treating processes are generally arranged according to their interrelationships． Normalizing consists of heating a ferrous alloy to a suitable temperature(usually50°F to100°F or28℃to56℃)above its specific upper transformation temperature．This is followed by cooling in still air to at least some temperature well below its transformation temperature range．For low-carbon steels,the resulting structure and properties are the same as those achieved by full annealing；for most ferrous alloys,normalizing and annealing are not synonymous. Normalizing usually is used as a conditioning treatment,notably for refining the grains of steels that have been subjected to high temperatures for forging or other hot working operations.The normalizing process usually is succeeded by another heat treating operation such as austenitizing for hardening,annealing,or tempering. Annealing is a generic term denoting a heat treatment that consists of heating to and holding at a suitable temperature followed by cooling at a suitable rate.It is used primarily to soften metallic materials,but also to simultaneously produce desired changes in other properties or in microstructure. The purpose of such changes may be,but is not confined to,improvement of machinability,facilitation of cold work(known as in-process annealing),improvement of mechanical or electrical properties,or to increase dimensional stability.When applied solely to relive stresses,it commonly is called stress-relief annealing,synonymous with stress relieving. When the term“annealing”is applied to ferrous alloys without qualification,full annealing is applied.This is achieved by heating above the alloy’s transformation temperature,then applying a cooling cycle which provides maximum softness.This cycle may vary widely,depending on composition and characteristics of the specific alloy. Quenching is a rapid cooling of a steel or alloy from the austenitizing temperature by immersing the work piece in a liquid or gaseous medium.Quenching medium commonly used include water,5% brine,5%caustic in an aqueous solution,oil,polymer solutions,or gas(usually air or nitrogen). Selection of a quenching medium depends largely on the hardenability of material and the mass of the material being treating(principally section thickness). The cooling capabilities of the above-listed quenching media vary greatly.In selecting a quenching medium,it is best to avoid a solution that has more cooling power than is needed to achieve the results, thus minimizing the possibility of cracking and warp of the parts being treated.Modifications of the term quenching include direct quenching,fog quenching,hot quenching,interrupted quenching, selective quenching,spray quenching,and time quenching.
外文翻译
压铸高速钢轧辊的研制与应用 蒋志强1，2 ，傅寒光2，丁宇诚1 （1．西安交通大学，中国西安71004；2.郑州航空研究所，中国郑州450015） 摘要：由于高速钢在高温下的高硬度、良好的红硬性和优异的耐磨性，因此它（高速钢）适用于制造轧辊。为了克服高速钢离心铸造轧辊的偏析,通过对压铸工艺的研究发现，压力，保压时间和浇注速度是影响缩孔的三个重要因素。当浇注温度为1400 - 1450℃，压力为150 - 160 M Pa时，保压时间为120-150秒，浇注速度为14-16毫米/秒时,即可得到一个致密的高速钢轧辊，它无偏析同时可以满足低成本的要求。在高速线材轧机上，高速钢轧辊的使用寿命为高镍铬无限冷硬铸铁轧辊的5—8倍甚至更长时间。 关键词：高速钢，轧辊，压铸，收缩 目前对于很多轧辊已经有了一定的研究。例如,镍铬无限冷硬铸铁轧辊，贝氏体球墨铸铁轧辊，高铬铸铁轧辊和硬质合金轧辊。虽然前三种轧辊成本较低,但存在使用寿命较短的问题。对于硬质合金轧辊,它具有优异的耐磨损性，但成本较高。近年来，高速钢（HSS）轧辊已经被开发【5-7】,并且可以通过CPC【5】，ESR 【8】，HIP【9】，ESSLM【10】和OSPEREY【11】制成具有高硬度,高耐磨性和无隔离的轧辊。这种轧制工艺流程与国内广泛运用的离心铸造【12-13】工艺相比，生产效率较低且生产成本较高。由于不同合金元素的比重不同,离心力的作用使高比重的元素，如钨和钼富集在轧辊表面，是表面得以强化。然而低密度元素则在内层富集，比如钒，这些元素会导致高速钢轧辊的严重偏析,并降低其机械性能和耐磨性。为了克服这种偏析问题,Ichino【14】等人开发了一些降低钨和钼含量并适量提高铌含量的方法。然而，由于钨和钼的含量减少,导致高速钢的红硬性和高温耐磨性也同步下降。因此，开发一种新的工艺来制造高速钢轧辊是非常有必要的。通过压铸制造的高速钢轧辊具有结构紧凑，较小的消耗和工序简单且无偏析的优点，所以采用压铸工艺生产高速钢轧辊是一种有效的方法。 1 高速钢轧辊的组成 为了降低生产高速钢轧辊的成本，用废料M 2高速钢取代钨铁和钼铁。用
金属的热处理外文翻译
附录 1 英文及翻译 Heat Treating of metals Heating For this discussion, I will take you through the hardening process that I use on a high carbon steel blade, but first a few asides. When you place the steel in the fire it begins to gain heat. The steel will begin to give off visible color just above 900F it will continue to pick up color until it reaches a point where it seems to hang. It is still gaining heat, but it is undergoing an internal transformation from its cold structure into a metastable condition called austenite. This point at which it seems to hang is called decalescence and it represents the bottom of the critical temperature. It usually begins around 1335F In carbon steel depending on the carbon content. Once it passes through this point, the crystal structure of the steel changes as the ferrite reacts with some of the carbide and begins to pool into austenite. As the temperature increases more of the austenite will begin to form in other places and continue until it reaches a point 10 or 15 degrees above the critical temperature where all of the ferrite should be consumed. At this point the steel should consist of austenite and undissolved carbides. The austenite grains start from a small nucleus and continue to grow until they impinge on other growing grains. The initial grain size is established at this point and if the excess carbide is in large quantities it will maintain this size with little increase, pinned by the carbide. You can see this transformation if you watch the steel carefully and bring the steel up slowly. The Japanese talked about watching the shadows on the blade and quenching when the shadows turned to liquid. If you take the blade out of the fire at this point and watch the colors drop, you will notice a point where the steel will brighten even as it is cooling. On a tapered cross section like a knife blade it will appear to travel up from the edge to the spine of the blade. This is call