动词不定式的形式

一、动词不定式的形式

1. 动词不定式各种形式有：一般式、完成式、不定式的进行式、不定式的完成进行式、

不定式一般式和完成式的被动语态。

以下几种情况用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义：

a. 在某些静态形容词后作状语的不定式：如 easy ， hard ， difficult ， tiresome ，good ， heavy ， interesting 等。

b. 当不定式的动作与所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系时，可以用主动表示被动。

c. 在too … to 或 enough to 结构中，不定式主动表被动。

2. 不定式的否定式

不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加否定词 not 或 never 等。

3. 不定式短语

a. 疑问词 + 不定式

在 tell ， show ， teach ， find out ， decide ， discuss ， learn ， ask ， advise ，remember ， know 等动词后常用“疑问词 + 不定式”这一结构作其定语。

b. of/ for sb to do

当不定式作主语时，可以有自己的逻辑主语，指明动作的执行者。常常使用 for 来引出不定式的逻辑主语，但当和不定式搭配的形容词是表示主语的品行、性格特征和行为表现时，需要用 of 来代替 for ，引出其逻辑主语。

使用 of 的此类形容词有： kind ， foolish ， stupid ， wise ， nice ， clever ，silly ， rude ， careless ， thoughtful 等。

二、动词不定式充当各种句子成分的具体用法。

动词不定式可以充当除谓语之外的任外的任何句子成分。

1. 不定式作主语

a. 动词不定式可以放在句首作句子的主语，表示某个具体或将来的动作。例如：

To swim in the river is dangerous.

b. 在现代英语中为了平衡句子，人们常用先行词 it 作形式主语，而把真正的作主语不定式放在后边。如：

It is dangerous to swim in the river.

c. 在上述 b 的情况下，可以用介词 for 或 of 来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。例如：

It is difficult for the foreigners to learn Chinese.

2. 不定式作宾语

a. 动词不定式可以作某些动词的宾语，表示某个具体的动作或行为。例如：

I can't afford to buy a new car.

这样的动词有： wish ， hope ， manage ， ask ， offer ， promise ， pretend ，decide 等。

b. 有些动词后既可以接动名词作宾语，也可接不定式作宾语。但表达的意义不尽一样，动名词作宾语表示动作的经常性、习惯性，而不定式作宾语则表示某次具体的活动或行为。这样的动词有： start ， begin ， continue ， fear ， like ， love 等。例如：

I like swimming, but I don't like to swim in such cold weather. (like swimming 表示一种习惯，而 like to swim in such cold weather 则表示一种具体的动作 )

c. “疑问句 + 不定式”这一结构可以充当某些动词的宾语。

d. 有时可以用 it 作形式宾语，而把真正作宾语的动词不定式放在后面。例如：

I fine it hard to persuade her.

e. 有些动词后面接不定式作宾语表示动作尚未发生，接动名词作宾语表示动作已经发生。如 remember ， forget ， stop ， try ， mean 等。例如：

I remember locking the door. （ lock 动作已经发生）

Please remember to lock the door when you leave. （ lock 动作还没有发生）

3. 动词不定式作表语

My job is to teach you English.

4. 动词不定式作宾语补足语

a. 动词不定式可以用在某些动词后面作其宾语补足语。例如：

He helps me to study English.

此类动词有： advise ， ask ， allow ， expect ， encourage ， force ， permit ，order ， persuade ， request ， tell ， want ， wish 等。

b. 但不定式在下列这些词后面作宾补时，不定式符号要去掉。如： make ， let ， have ，see ， hear ， watch ， notice ， observe ， feel 等。

5. 动词不定式作主语补足语

The boy was made to work all day long.

比较： They made the boy work all day long.

6. 动词不定式作定语

a. 动词不定式可以用在名词后面作定语。例如：

I have many letters to answer.

b. 但如果动词不定式的动词为不及物动词时，要在其后面加上适当的介词。如：

She has only a cold room to live in.

c. 动词不定式作定语还可表示将来发生的动作。例如：

The meeting to be held tomorrow will be of great importance.

7. 动词不定式作状语

a. 表目的。例如：

He worked hard to support his large family.

有时为了加强语气，不定式可以提前到句首，也可以用 in order to 或 so as to 来引导目的状语，但是 so as to 不能放在句首。

b. 表结果。例如：

He hurried home to find his wife gone.

有时，可以在不定式前用 only 来加强语气。

c. 表原因。例如：

We are proud to be Chinese.

三、不定式符号的省略

1. 在使役动词 have, let, make 之后。

2. 在感官动词 feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, listen to, look at 之后。

3. 在 why 和 why not 之后。

4. 在其他结构之中。如：

a. can do nothing / everything but / except do

b. cannot help / choose but do

c. cannot but do

d. had better do sth

e. would rather do sth

f. help sb (to) do sth 或 help (to) do

四、不定式符号的单独使用

为了避免重复，不定式符号之后的动词原形及其他补充成份可以省略，这种情况常见于非正式文体中。如： George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don't think he really wants to. 原句： George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don't think he really wants to leave Shanghai. 如果不定式符号之后的动词原形是 be 或 have done 时，要保留 be 和 have ，而随后的其他成份仍可省略。例如：

— Aren't you the manager?

— No, and I don't want to be. (I don't want to be the manager)

五、动词不定式的特殊用法例句

To tell the truth, the solider was captured. （不定式作独立成份）说实话，那位士兵被俘了。

动词不定式是非限定性动词的一种，不能独立充当谓语动词，在形式上不受主语的人称和数的制约，也不体现句子的时态的特征。动词不定式一般由“to+动词原形”构成。“to”仅为

符号，无实义，个别情况下可省略。

一、作主语1．不定式直接做主语。如：

(1)To do more exercise is good for our health．(2)To learn English well is not easy．

为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语放在句首，作主语的不定式常放在句末。如上两句可改为：

(1)It’s good for our health to do more exercise．

(2)It’s not easy to learn English well．

2．“疑问词+动词不定式”作主语。如：

(1)How to use the computer is a question．

(2)Where to go has not been decided yet．

二、作宾语

1．带to的不定式直接作动词的宾语。如：

(1)It began to rain when I got home．

(2)Jim wanted to be an inventor．

2．“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。疑问词可以是：what、where、when、who、whom、which、whether、how等。如：

(1)I don’t know how to get there．

(2)He asked what to do next．

3．不定式带补语构成复合宾语时必须借助于形式宾语it。如：

I think it possible to get on well with him．

三、作宾语补足语

1.动词不定式作宾语补足语，事实上宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。常见的能接动词不定式作“宾补”的动词有：want、ask、wish、tell、

get、teach、encourage等。如：

(1)He asked Tom’s mother to take the boy home．

(2)Miss Gao tells her students to ask questions．

2.不定式不带，to的动词有“一感、二听、三让、四看”，即：①feel②hear、listen to③let、have、make④see、watch、notice、observe。如：

(1)His mother makes him sweep the floor every day．

(2)We felt the house shake．

但这些动词若用于被动时态时，不定式必须加“to”。如：

He was made to sing an English song at the party.

当主语较长，谓语较短时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到

谓语的后面。

【例如】

It is important for modern young people to master

at least two foreign languages.

It做形式主语，不定式放在谓语动词之后常用于下列结构中：

a) It is＋形容词(easy, important, difficult, foolish,

inconvenient, unnecessary, right, wrong...)＋( for/of sb.)＋

不定式

【例如】

It is essential to reserve a table in advance of

Christmas Eve. hard to put my hopessintoswords.

It is not easy to catch fish with your hands only.

It is important for us young people to learn English and

master it.

b) It is＋名词(a pleasure, a pity, a pleasant thing,

one’s du ty, an honor, a shame, a crime, no easy job...)

＋不定式

It is a sheer waste of time to read that kind of trash.

It is a pity to have to go without her.

It is a glorious death to die for the people.

c) It takes (sb.) some time (hours, months, days,

a lot of time, patience...)＋不定式

It takes me three hours to learn English each day.

It took them half the night to get home in the snow.

2)不定式作表语不定式作表语常表示将来的动作，主语常常是表示

意向、打算、计划的词，如wish, idea, task, purpose, duty,

job等。

【例如】

The most important thing for one’s health is to have

plenty of exercise.

My chief purpose has been to point out the difficulties of

the matter.

The purpose of the organization is to greet all new comers

to the city and to provide them with any necessary information.

What I wanted was to get the work done as quickly as possible.

3)不定式作宾语不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语：

afford,agree,apply,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,begin,care, choose,claim,consent,demand,decide,desire,determine,

expect,fail,hope,hesitate,hate,intend,learn,like,manage,mean, neglect,offer,plan,prepare pretend,promise,refuse,resolve, seek,tend,threaten,want等。

【例如】

I like to go out for walks in the warm sunshine in

spring.

My mother hates to move from place to place, for she feels tired.I decide to work hard and get doctor’s degree.

The room is designed to be my study,but now it has to

be used as a bedroom for the children.

She failed to finish the assignment in time, and she was worried about it.

There is a man at the reception desk who seems very angry

and I think he means( )trouble. (CET-4 1997, 1)

A) making B) to make

C) to have made D)shavingsmade

mean后面一般加不定式，所以A和D可以排除。根据句意，

他看起来非常生气，他想找麻烦，不定式的动作还没有实施，

应用一般式，因此答案为B。不定式作宾语还常用在下面

结构中；主语＋动词＋it＋形容词＋不定式。

【例如】

We found it impossible to get everything ready in time.

I think it important to learn English well in college.

使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe, consider, declare, feel,

find, guess, imagine, prove, realize, suppose, think,等。

4)“wh word＋不定式”结构不定式前加一个疑问代词(what,

which, who, whom, whose)或疑问副词(where, when, how, why)，

以及连词whether构成特殊的不定式短语，其作用相当于一个从句，

这样的不定式短语常在某些动词后面作宾语。

常见的可以接这种不定式短语的动词有：

know, see, decide, tell,ask,consider,discover,explain,

findout,forget,guess,hear,imagine,inquire,learn,observe, perceive,remember,think,understand,wonder等。

【例如】

I couldn’t decide which book to choose. I can tell youswheresto get this book.They found it hard to decide whether to go swimming next Sunday or to visit Aunt

Sally in New Year.“wh word+不定式”结构除了作宾语外，

还可以在句中作主语或者表语。

【例如】

When to start the program remains undecided.

The question is how to put the plansintospractice.

5)不定式作状语

a)不定式作状语表示目的。或用于so as和in order之后，

来强调这种目的。

【例如】

To learn a foreign language well, you must make painstaking efforts.

Mother saved every cent she could spare to pay for my schooling. We must develop science and technology at high speed

so as to raise scientific and cultural level of our country. Insgroups to get a high mark in Band 4, he did a lot of exercises both in grammar and reading comprehension.

b)不定式表示结果，特别是在so...as to, such...as to,

only to...以及too...to等结构中的不定式表示结果。

【例如】

I rushed to the station as fast as I could, only to

find the train already gone.

She left her hometown with her beloved man, never to return.

No one is too old to learn.

Would you be so kind as to carry the luggage for me?

c)不定式常用来修饰形容词，构成下列词组：be able to,

be afraid to, be apt to, be bound to, be certain to,

be easy to, be eager to, be fit to, be likely to, be ready

to, be sure to, be unable to, be unwilling to, be willing to等。【例如】

Chinese team is bound to win the World Cup.

It is likely to rain today, for it is very cloudy.

I am willing to help you with your homework, for we are friends.

6)不定式作宾语补语不定式常跟在下列动词之后作宾语补语：

ask, advise, allow, beg, cause, compel, command, enable, encourage, expect, feel, force, find, hear, have,

inform, invite,let, make, mean, notice, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, request, teach, tell, urge, watch,

warn, watch等。

【例如】

Because of the complexity of the modern equipments,

most offices require secretaries to have specified training.

He asked you to call h im at ten o’clock.

The note reminds me to be careful whatever I do.

I’d never allow my children to behave like that.

当不定式在let, make, have, hear, look at, listen to,

feel, observe, watch, notice, perceive(感觉到)等

动词后面作宾语补语时，不定式不带to.

【例如】

Whenever something is wrong with you,please do let me know.

I will have the students write a passage about Internet.

I saw my mother shed tears at the news that the neighbor

girl got seriously hurt in a car accident.

It seemed so long before he heard the stone hit the water.

7)不定式作主补带有宾语及宾语补足语结构的动词变为被动语态时，

原来的宾语变为主语，宾补则变为主补。加主补的动词主要有：assume, believe, know, report, say, suppose等。

【例如】

Mr. Brown is said to have left for Italy last week.

(It is said that Mr. Brown left for Italy last week.)

Persons have been said to climb on roofs, solve

mathematical problems, compose music, walk through

windows and commit murder in their sleep.

He is reported to have won the 100 meter running race

in the Olympic games.

8)不定式作定语

a)不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。

不定式常作下列的名词定语：attempt, ability, anything, chance, desire, determination, decision, effort, failure, intention, need, opportunity, plan, promise, pressure, right, tendency,time, way等。

【例如】

His efforts to carry out the plan were successful.I have

no intention to go to the cinema with you.

There is no need to bother him with such trifles.

There is a tendency to writer quite long sentences

in commercial correspondence.

The pressure( )causes Americans to be energetic,

but it also put them under a constant emotional strain. (CET-4 1997,6)

A) to compete B) competing

C) to be competed D)shavingscompeted

pressure后面应接后置定语，表示竞争的压力。单个分词作

定语一般置于名词前，故B和D可以排除。C为不定式的被动式，

而竞争和压力之间没有被动关系，因此正确答案为A。

特别注意的是在

不定式与其修饰的名词有动宾关系时，

要根据句子的需要在不定式后加适当的介词，

这个介词的选用取决于被修饰的名词或不定式本身的要求。

【例如】

She is a very nice person to work with.

This is an important issue to talk about.

b)由only, last, next,序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词

常用不定式作定语。

【例如】

Mr. Zhang is always the first man to arrive at the office and the last man to leave.I don’t think he is the best

one to do the work.

9)不带to的不定式在下列词组后面的不定式不带to：would

rather ...than(宁愿……也不), had better...(最好)，can’t help but...(不得不), had rather...(宁愿)，cannot but...

(不得不，必然)，may/might as well...(不妨)，

let alone(更不用说)。

【例如】You’d better return the books to the library

on time. Otherwise, you will be fined. I can’t help but wish

that nothing would go wrong.

They had never seen such delicio us food, let alone eat it.

一、The Teaching Main Points (教学要点)

1. 动词不定式在句子中的作用 (作主语、宾语、表语、定语等)。

2. 动词不定式的复合结构(A. of somebody to do something B. for somebody to do something); 动词不定式的时态、语态变化。

3. 动词不定式与分词、动名词用法的区别(与要点 1、2 一起讲练、区别 )。

二、Preparation Before Teaching(课前准备)

1. 按照教学要点, 设计多媒体软件。把教学内容分为三部分。

2. 3.5英寸软磁盘3-6片。

三、The Teaching Procedures (教学过程)

非限定动词是在句子时里不能单独作谓语的动词 , 共有三种 :

1. The Infinitive

2. The Participle

3. The Gerund

动词不定的基本形式 : to + 动词原形

I. 动词不定式在句子中的作用(练习题答案在句子后面的括号里)

1. 作主语

1). To talk with him is a great pleasure . (用 It is ... 改换句型)

It's a great pleasure to talk with him.

2). When and where to build the new factory ___ yet . (NET91)

A. is not decided

B. are not decided

C. has not decided

D. havenotdecided

3). Generally speaking, it's no good ___ this kind of game.

A. to play

B. playing

C. play

D.played

4). We think it no use ____ theory without practice.

A. learning

B. learned

C. learn

D. to learn

△It's no good (use), It's useless 后常带动名词作主语。

2. want , wish , like , decide , help , learn , ask , pretend , intend ...常用动词不定式作宾语。

1). He wants to be a village school teacher in a mountain area.

2). My daughter preferred to dance when she was in her twenties.

3). He is sure to succeed. ( 1) —3) 作为听力训练题 )

4). How do you do? I ' m glad to meet you.

△ sorry,surprised, angry, glad, easy, difficult, hard, comfortable,...

后带动词不定式的主动形式。

Exercises 1:

1). I found the house very comfortable____ (live) in.

2). The girl is easy____ (get) along with.

3). The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable ____ (sit) on.

4). Be careful not ____ (catch) cold.

5). It is great honour for us ____ (be) present at the meeting.

6). She was anxious ____ (go) home.

7). It is impossible ____ (finish) the work in a week's time.

8). It is no good ____ (play) this kind of game.

9). They offered ____ (look) after the children in the evening.

10). The doctor says I must give up ____ (smoke).

3. 作表语。

1). Our plan is to finish the work in three weeks.

2). His hobby is collecting stamps .

3). Her wish is to become an astronaut. ( 1)—3) 作为听力训练题)

4. 作状语。用来表示 1). 目的 2). 结果 3). 原因

1). They ran over to welcome the guests.

2). She made a candle ___ us light.

A. give

B. gave

C. to give

D. given

3). A few years later he came home to find that his home town had greatly

changed. 4). I'm sorry to hear it.

Exercises 2:

1). I went to see him only ____ (find) him out.

2). ____ (be) a good teacher one must use good teaching methods.

3). ____ (look) out of the window, I saw a group of children passing by the house.

4). His report is ____ (inspire) .

5). I would like ____ (swim) in our new swimming pool today.

6). I have decided not ____ (stay) here for another year.

7). Be careful when ____ (cross) the street.

8). The secretary worked late into the night, ______ (prepare) a long speech for the president. (preparing)

△8小题, 现在分词作伴随状语。动词不定式作目的状语放在句子后部,前面不用逗号。

9). European football is played in 80 countries , _____ (make) it the most popular sport in the world . ( 9-10为备用题)

10). The policeman put down the phone, _______ (satisfy) with a smile on his face.

5. 作宾语补足语 1). I got somebody to repair the door.

这类动词有: get, ask, order, persuade, advise, want, tell, help,...

2). I heard him speak (speaking) in the next room.

3). Someone was heard to come up the stairs. ( 1)—3) 作为听力训练题)

这类动词有: make, let, have, see, watch, notice, observe, hear,feel,...。在这类动词的复合宾语中,动词不定式须省掉 to; 在被动语态的句子中不定式省去的 to 需要还原。

Exercises 3:

1). Though I have often heard this song_____(sing) , I have never heard you____ (sing)it .

2). They knew her very well. They had seen her ____ (grow) up from a child.

3). Though he had often made his sister ____ (cry) , today he was made ____ (cry) by his sister .

4). When I went back to the room , I heard her _____ (practise) ____ (sing) in the next room .

5). We must get the television set _____ (repair).

6). Paul doesn't have to be made ____ . He always works hard .

7). The speaker raised his voice but still couldn't make himself ____ (hear).

6 . 作定语 1). I have a few words to say on this question .

2). There are a lot of things to be done .

3). We have a lot of things ______ (do).

4). Did you see the film ____ (show) last week ?

5). Do you have any clothes _____ (wash) today?

6). They are looking for the girl ____ (dress) in a black jacket.

△动词不定式作定语与其修饰的名词在逻辑上是动宾的关系; 分词作定语被修饰的名词是分词所表示的动作的执行者。

II . 1. 动词不定式的复合结构

A. of somebody to do something

B. for somebody to do something

1). For us to learn foreign languages is important. (用It is...改换句型)

It is important for us to learn foreign languages.

2). There is a lot of work for us to do.

3). The policeman blew his whistle for the carts to stop.

4). It was good of you to come and see me.

It is nice of Mr. Li to invite me for supper. ( 2)—4)题作为听力训练题)

△"of + 代(名)词+不定式" 这种结构搭配的形容词常是: good , nice, wrong, kind, wise, careless, ... 。

Exercises 4:

1). I stepped aside ____ her to pass.

2). It is wrong ____ you not to study hard.

3). We'd better find some work ____ the children to do.

4). It was careless ____ him to leave his umbrella in the train.

5). There are a lot of difficulties ____ them to overcome.

6). It is an honour ____ me to be asked to speak here.

2. 连接代词(副词)加动词不定式。

1). He will tell you which bus to take.

2). When to start has not been decided.

3). The teacher showed the students how to do the exercises.

4). It is not yet decided whether to build the house here.

3. 不定式的否定结构及时态、语态变化。

1). The patient was warned not____ (eat) oil food after operation.

2).I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.

3). When he came in, I happened to be lying on the bed.

4). She seems to ____ (read) it before.

不定式的时态变化

进行式: to be doing

完成式: to have done

不定式的被动语态

一般式: to be done

完成式: to have been done

Exercises 5:

1). The book is said ____ (translate) into many languages.

2). She seemed ____ (hear) about it already.

3). He wanted the letter ____ (type) at once.

4). Why not ____ (let) her have a try?

5). I'm glad ____ (work) with you now.

6). She told the child to stay there and ____ (wait) till she came back.

7). He hasn't decided whether to go home or ____ (stay) at school during the holidays.

△(6-7题)当两个作用相同的不定式并列使用时,后一个不定式不加 to ; 两者有对比关系, 每个不定式前都得加 to 。

Ⅲ. Exercises 6: Choose the correct answer.

1. —Good morning. Can I help you?

—I'd like to have this package ____ , madam.

A. be weighed

B. to be weighed

C. to weigh

D. weighed

2. The murderer was brought in , with his hands ___ behind his back.

A. being tied

B. having tied

C. to be tied

D. tied

3. How much time did you spend ____ the text?

A. copying

B. to copy

C. in copy

D. on copying

4. The first textbooks ___ for teaching English as a foreign language were produced in the 16th century.

A. written

B. to be written

C. being written

D. having written

5. I would love ___ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report.

A. to go

B. to have gone

C. going

D. having gone

6. New people ___ the workforce were given a talk on safety before they started work.

A. join

B. joined

C. being joined

D. joining

7. —I'll be away on business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?

—Not at all. ___ .

A. I've no time

B. I'd rather not

C. I'd like it

D. I'd be happy to

8. —Are you a film star? — ___ .

A. Yes, I was

B. I used to be

C. I used to

D. I'm used to

9. He was used to reading books with the recorder ____ music.

A. to play

B. playing

C. played

D. plays

10. Little Jim would like ____ to the theatre this evening.

A. to be taken

B. to take

C. being taken

D. taking

△(7-8题)为了避免重复, 作宾语或主补、宾补的不定式再次出现时, to 后的内容承前省略, 只保留to ; 承前省略的不定式内容是 be或 have 时, to 后要保留be 或 have。

11. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult. (MET99)

A. not make

B. not to make

C. not making

D. do not make

12. Robert is said _____ abroad , but I don't know what country he studied in.

A. to have studied

B. to study

C. to be studying

D. to have been studying

13. I was made to write a letter in English , but I don't know ____ .

A. what to write about

B. how to begin with

C. how to write about

D. what to begin

14. Who did the teacher ____ an article for the wall newspaper?

A. has write

B. has written

C. have write

D. have written

15. —I'd like to buy an expensive camera.

—Well, we have several models ____ .

A. to choose from

B. to choose

C. to pick up

D. to pick

16. The court hears about 120 cases a year ; visitors are welcome to see a case ____ .

A. argued

B. to be argued

C. to be arguing

D. being argued

17. ___ to the top of the hill, and you can see the whole of the town.

A. Get

B. To get

C. Getting

D. Having got

18. The salesman scolded the girl caught ____ and let her off.

A. to have stolen

B. to be stealing

C. to steal

D. stealing

19. A new hospital was to ____ in this district , but the money wasn't collected yet.

A. build

B. be built

C. have built

D. have been built

20. While shopping , people sometimes can't help ____ into buying something they don't really need.

A. to persuade

B. persuading

C. being persuaded

D. be persuaded

21. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ___ the next year. (NMET2000)

A. carried out

B. carrying out

C. carry out

D. to carry out

22. -The housework is too much for me, Jack.

-Sorry, but I can't help ___ it, Joan. I've got something important to do, you know.

A. do

B. doing

C. to be doing

D. having done

四、Homework (作业)

1. 做语法专题练习: 动词不定式

不定式

不定式由“to+动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”，不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用“for+名词或代词宾格”构成。

1.不定式短语

不定式+宾语词组 补语词组 副词词组=不定式短语

下列均为不定式短语：

to pretend not to see me(假装没有看见我)

to become a teacher(当老师)

to study hard(努力读书)

2.不定式逻辑上的主语

1)、不表明其为不定式逻辑上的主语的情况：

(1)主要动词的主语即不定式逻辑上的主语时。

I want to go hunting with you.(我想和你一块儿去打猎)

→I是主要动词want的主语，也是不定式to go逻辑上的主语。

I asked to speak to the manager.(我要求与经理谈话)

→I 是主要动词asked的主语，也是不定式to speak逻辑上的主语。

(2)主要动词的宾语即不定式逻辑上的主语时。

I will get someone to carry your baggage.(我将叫人搬运你的行李)

→主要动词的宾语someone，做不定式to carry逻辑上的主语。

The doctor advised me not to drink too much.(医生劝我不要喝太多酒)

→主要动词的宾语me，做不定式to drink逻辑上的主语。

(3)由句子前后关系可知不定式之逻辑上的主语时。

I found that to talk with him was a waste of time.(我发现和他说话是浪费时间)

→由句子前后的关系可知I是不定式to talk逻辑上的主语。

He found that to leave the house unobserved was easy.

他发觉让房子空着，没有人看守是容易的

→由句子前后的关系可知He是不定式to leave逻辑上的主语。

(4)在一些谚语、格言或一般众所周知的事。

To err is human, to forgive is divine.(犯错是人，宽恕是神)

It is better to give than to receive.(施比受更是福)

It is wrong to tell a lie.(说谎话是错误的)

2)、表明其为不定式逻辑上的主语时，用下列表示方式：

(1)for+宾语(逻辑上的主语)+不定式

It is difficult for you to read this book.(你要读这本书是困难的)

=For you to read this book is difficult.

It’s bad for him to live alone.(他独自生活是不好的。)

It is impossible for her to give up drinking.(要她戒酒是不可能的。)

When will it be convenient for me to call?(我何时去拜访方便呢？)

(2)It is +形容词+of+宾语(逻辑上的主语)+不定式(对of后的宾语称赞或责备时，用此句型)

It is silly of you to say so.(你这样说实在太傻了。)

=You are silly to say so.

It is unwise of you to live alone.(你很愚蠢要独自生活。)

It was bold of her to row up the river.(她很大胆敢向上游划船。)

It is very kind of you to do so.(承蒙你这样做，实在太好。)

(3)for 与of 的辨别方法：

用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for。如：

You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。

He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for。)

3、不定式逻辑上的主语之省略：

不定式逻辑上的主语泛指一般人，或一般事物时，逻辑上的主语可省略或表明。 It is important to work hard.(努力是重要的。)

→不定式to work hard逻辑上的主语应是anyone，所以若要将逻辑上的主语表明即为：

It is important for anyone to work hard.

It is time to go to school.(是上学的时间了。)

→不定式to go 逻辑上的主语是我(或我们，你等)，所以若要将逻辑上的主语表明即为： It is time for me to go to school.

4.不定式逻辑上的宾语：

1)、主要动词的主语即不定式逻辑上的宾语。

The river is dangerous to bathe in.(在这条河里洗澡很危险。)

=It is dangerous to bathe in the river.

This house must be comfortable to live in.(住在这幢房子里一定很舒适。)

=It must be comfortable to live in this house.

Your question is difficult to answer.(回答你的问题是很困难的。)

=It is difficult to answer your question.

2)、被不定式修饰的名词或代名词即该不定式逻辑上的宾语。

This is a hard question to answer.(这是一个很难回答的问题。)

=This question is hard to answer.

=It is hard to answer this question

She has no one to depend on.(她没有可以依靠的人。)

=She has no one whom she can depend on.

明察秋毫

1.不定式之前已有逻辑上的宾语，其后就不得有文法上的宾语。

That question is difficult to answer it.(误) to answer.(正)(那个问题很难回答)

2.不定式之前没有逻辑上的宾语，则其后应有文法上的宾语。

It is hard to please her son.(想要讨好她的儿子不容易。)

→不定式to please之前没有逻辑上的宾语，所以它的后面必须有文法上的宾语her son.

5. 不定式的用法：

(1)作主语，不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。To see is to believe．眼见为实。

It is right to give up smoking. 戒烟是对的。

(2) 作宾语，不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾

语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。

He wanted to go．他想走。

I find it interesting to work with him．我发现和他一起工作有趣

(3) 作宾语补足语

He asked me to do the work with him．他叫我跟他一起做这个工作。

注意：1) 在feel，hear，listen to，look at，notice，observe，see，watch，have，1et，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但是这些句中如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。

2) 不定式动词在介词but，except，besides 后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。例如：

She could do nothing but cry．她只会哭了。

What do you like to do besides swim? 除游泳外你还喜欢什么?

I have no choice but to go．我不得不走。

(4)。作定语

I have some books for you to read. 我有几本书供给你读。

注①：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。

例如：

He is looking for a room to live in ．他在找一个房间住。

There is nothing to worry about．无什么可担心的。

Please give me a knife to cut with．请给我把刀子来切东西。

但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way，不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去。

例如：

He had no money and no place to live．他没钱没地方住。

注②：当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其意义有所不同。

试比较：

A) Have you anything to send?

你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send的动作执行者是you)

B) Have you anything to be sent?

你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?

(不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else)

(5) 作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。

例如：I came here to see you．(目的)

We were very excited to hear the news．(原因)

He hurried to the school to find nobody there . (结果)

To look at him，you would like him．(条件)

目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示。

例如：

In order to pass the exam，he worked very hard．为了考试及格，他学习很刻苦。

We ran all the way so as not to be late．为了别迟到我们一路上跑来的。

不定式也可以在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。

例如：

I am very glad to hear it. 听见这事我很高兴。

The question is difficult to answer．这个问题难回答。

“too+形容词或副词+不定式”也作状语。例如：

He is too old to do that．他太老不能做这事了。

另外句子中有enough这个词时，常用不定式作状语。例如：

The room is big enough to hold us．这间屋子够大能盛得下我们。

(6) 作表语

My job is to help the patient. 我的工作是帮助病人。

(7)作独立成分

To tell the truth，I don't agree with you．说实话，我不同意你的观点。

(8) 不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where ,how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语表语、宾语等。

例如：He didn't know what to say. (宾语) 他不知道说什么。

How to solve the problem is very important ?（主语）

如何解决这个问题很重要。

My question is when to start．(表语) 我的问题是什么时候开始。

注意:在与why连用时,只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。例如：

Why not have a rest?

6. 不定式的时态

1）一般式表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后，例如

He seems to know this. 他似乎知道这事。

I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again.我希望再见到你。2）完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。例如：

I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.

很抱歉，给你添了那么多的麻烦。

He seems to have caught a cold. 他好像已经得了感冒。

3）进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。例如：He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。

4）完成进行式表示动作从过去开始并延续至说话的时候。例如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.

我们知道她研究这问题有好几年了。

7. 不定式的语态

1）当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。

例如：

He asked to be sent to work in the countryside．

2）不定式在句中用主动式还是被动，多数情况下是容易判别的，但有时的确比较复杂，请注意以下几点：

A) 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往

用主动形式。

Have you got a key to unlock the door?

B) 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。

I have got a letter to write．

He needs a room to live in．

C) 不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中的主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for one或for people．例如：

He is hard to talk to．

The book is difficult to understand

但如果强调句中的受事者时，亦可用不定式被动句。

例如：

The handwriting is very difficult to be read．

这字太难认读了。

The box is to heavy to be lifted．

这箱子太重举不起来。

D) 在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式，如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。

There is a lot of work to do．

(Somebody has to do the work．)

There is a lot of work to be done．

(The work has to be done．)

请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：

There is nothing to do．

意为无事可做，感到十分乏味。

There is nothing to be done．

意为某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。

8.特殊词精讲

1 stop doing/to do

stop to do停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事，stop doing停止做某事。例如：

They stop to smoke a cigarette.他们停下来，抽了根烟。

I must stop smoking.我必须戒烟了。

典型例题

She reached the top of the hill and stopped ___on a big rock by the side of the path.

A. to have rested

B. resting

C. to rest

D. rest

答案：C。由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择"stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事"。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以stop doing sth.不正确。

2. forget doing/to do

forget to do忘记要去做某事，forget doing忘记做过某事。例如：The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.