管理咨询经典(英文)
管理顾问公司咨询讲义英文
Schedule
• Topic One: Organization Structures • Topic Two: Master Data - Material Master
SAP R/3 Master Data
Master Data contains the records that remain in the database over an extended period of time.
n Client n plant n storage location
• Organizing materials hierarchically allows easy management of information and prevents redundant storage of material data.
l Information is stored in a database that is used as a central repository for material data.
l Material data is used throughout the R/3 System. Applications related to Procurement include:
l A plant can be one of the following types of locations:
n Manufacturing facility n Warehouse distribution center n Regional sales office n Corporate headquarters
Organizational Elements Definition
《管理学》专业词汇中英文对照ABC
第二部分专业词汇中英文对照AAbsenteeism 缺勤，旷工Acceptance of authority权威的认可Accommodation 顺应（对待冲突的策略）Achievement-oriented leader 成就导向型领导者Acid test ratios 速动比率Acquisition 并购，收购Active listening 积极倾听Activities 活动Adjective rating scales描述性评分表Affective component of an attitude 态度的情感成分Affirmative action programs 确认行动计划，积极行动方案Age Discrimination in Employment Act 反就业年龄歧视法案Agreeableness 随和Agriculture wave 农业化阶段，农业时代Americans with Disabilities Act 美国人对待残疾法案Analytic decision-making style 分析型决策制定风格Answering questions 回答问题Anthropology 人类学Assaults 袭击，攻击Assertiveness 专断，肯定，强制取向（划分解决冲突风格的维度）Assumed similarity 假定相似性Attentional processes 注意过程Attitudes 态度Attribution theory 归因理论Authority 职权，权威Autocratic style of leadership 专制式领导，独裁式领导Autonomy 自主，自主权Availability heuristic 只利用现有信息决策的取巧途径，以易代难倾向Avoidance 回避，规避BBaby boomers 婴儿潮Bargaining strategies 争价策略，谈判策略Barriers to communication沟通障碍Basic corrective action彻底纠错行动Behavioral component of an attitude 态度的行为成分Behavioral science theorists 行为科学理论家Behavioral style of decision making 行为型决策制定风格Behavioral theories of leadership 行为领导理论Behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) 行为定位评分法Behavior-related symptoms行为表征Benchmarking 标杆瞄准，基准化Big five model 五因素模型，大五模型Board representatives 员工代表Body language 身体语言“Boiled frog phenomenon”“煮青蛙现象”Borderless organizations无边界组织（内部）Boundaryless organization无界组织Bounded rationality 有限理性Brainstorming 头脑风暴法Break-even analysis 盈亏平衡分析Broad-banding 基于员工能力付酬的一种方式Bureaucracy 官僚行政组织Bureaucratic control 行政控制Business evaluation method 企业评估方法C“Calm waters” metaphor“风平浪静”观Career 职业生涯Centralization 集权，集中Certainty 确定性Chain of command 指挥链Change agent 变革推动者Change 变革，改革，变化Changing economy 变化的经济Channel 渠道，媒介Charismatic leadership theory 魅力型领导理论Civil Rights Act 民权法案Clan control 文化控制Classical approach 经典观念，经典学派Closed system 封闭系统Coach 教练Code of ethics 道德规范Coercive power 强制权力，强制权Cognitive component of an attitude 态度的认知成分Cognitive dissonance 认知失调Collaboration 合作（对待冲突的策略）Combination strategy 组合战略Communication differences沟通差异Communication process 沟通过程Communications 沟通Compensation 薪酬Compensation administration薪酬管理Competence 技能，专长，能力，胜任特征Competency-based compensation 基于能力的报酬Competitive advantage 竞争优势Competitive intelligence竞争情报Competitive strategy 竞争战略Conceptual skills 概念技能，抽象能力Conceptual style of decision making 概念型决策制定风格Concurrent control 并行控制，同期控制Conflict management 冲突管理Conflict managers 冲突管理者Conflict 冲突Conscientiousness 正直，尽责Consideration 关心，关怀Consistency 一贯性Consultants 顾问，咨询者Contingency approach 权变观念，权变学派Contingency theories of leadership 权变领导理论Contingency variable 权变变量Contingent workforce 应急工，临时工Continuous improvement 持续改进，不断改进Contract workers 合同工Control 控制Controlling 控制职能Cooperativeness 合作取向（划分解决冲突风格的维度）Core competency 核心能力，核心专长Core employees 核心员工Cost-leadership strategy成本领先战略Creative-thinking skills创造思维能力Creativity 创造力Critical incidents 关键事件法Critical path scheduling analysis 关键路径计划分析法Critical path 关键路径Crossword comprehension填字游戏，纵横字谜理解Current ratio 流动比率Customer departmentalization 按顾客划分部门Customer service 顾客服务Customer-responsive culture 顾客响应文化DData Protection Act 数据保护法案Debt to assets ratio 资产负债率Decentralization 分权，分散Decision criteria 决策准则Decision implementation 决策实施Decision making 决策制定Decision-making process决策制定过程Decision-making styles 决策风格Decision trees 决策树Decisional entrepreneur决策方面的创业家角色Decoding 解码Delegation 授权Democratic style of leadership 民主式领导Democratic-consultative leader 民主咨询式领导者Democratic-participativeleader 民主参与式领导者Departmentalization 划分部门，部门化Design 设计Deterrence-based trust 基于威慑的信任Devil’s advocate吹毛求疵者Differentiation strategy差异化战略Direct supervision 直接监督Directional plans 指导性计划Directive leader 指示型领导者Directive style of decision-making 指示型决策制定风格Discipline 纪律Disseminator 传播者Distinctiveness 独特性Distributive bargaining分配型讨价还价，零和分配争价Disturbance handler 故障排除者Division of labor 劳动分工Downsizing 缩小规模Dysfunctional conflict 功能失调的冲突，不利的冲突Ee-business 电子企业，虚拟企业e-commerce 电子商务Economic order quantity (EOQ) 经济定货批量Economics 经济学Effectiveness 效果Efficiency 效率Elderly 年长者，老年人Electronic meeting 电子会议E-mail 电子邮件E-manufacturing 电子制造Emotional intelligence (EI) 情商Emotional stability 情绪稳定Emotions 情绪Employee assessment 员工评价Employee assistance programs (EAPs) 员工帮助计划Employee benefits 员工福利Employee counseling 员工咨询Employee oriented 员工导向的Employee theft 员工偷窃Employee training 员工培训Employment planning 招聘计划，雇佣计划Empowerment skills 赋权技巧Empowerment 赋权Encoding 编码English-only rules 仅使用英语进行交流Entrepreneurs 企业家，创业家Entrepreneurship 创业Environmental scanning 环境扫描e-organization 虚拟组织Equal Pay Act 平等工资法案Equity theory 公平理论Escalation of commitment过度承诺Esteem needs 尊重需要Ethics 道德Events 事件Expectancy theory 期望理论Expert power 专家权力，专长权Expert systems 专家系统Expertise 专业知识，专门技术Extinction 消除Extranets 企业外网，广域网Extroversion 外向FFair labor standards Act公平劳动标准法案Family and Medical Leave Act家庭和医疗假期法案Federal Electronic Communications Privacy Act 联邦电子通讯隐私法案Feedback 反馈Feedback control 反馈控制Feedforward control 前馈控制Fiedler contingency leadership model 菲德勒权变领导模型Figurehead 挂名首脑Filtering （信息）过滤First-line managers 基层管理者，一线管理者Fixed-point reordering system 定点定货系统Flexibility 灵活性Flextime 弹性工作时间Focus strategy 集中化战略Forcing 强制（对待冲突的策略）Formal planning 正式计划Free-market democracies自由市场经济Functional conflict 有利的冲突Fundamental attribution error 基本归因错误Future orientation 未来导向GGantt Chart 甘特图Gender differences 性别差异General administrativetheorists 一般行政管理理论家Geographic departmentalization 按地区划分部门Global Leadership and Organizational Behavioral Effectiveness (GLOBE) 全球领导与组织行为效果Global village 地球村Globalization 全球化Goal-setting theory 目标设定理论Gossip 流言Grand strategies 总体战略Grapevine 小道消息Great Depression 大萧条Group 群体，小组Group behavior 群体行为Group cohesiveness 群体内聚力，群体凝聚力Group decision making 群体决策Group-order ranking 分组排序法Groupthink 趋同思维Growth strategy 增长战略HHalo effect 晕轮效应Harvesting 收回（投资）Heuristics 取巧途径，倾向Hierarchy of needs theory 需要（求）层次理论Homicide 行凶，杀人Honest 诚实Hostile environment 敌对的环境Human relations view of conflict 冲突的人际观Human resource inventory report 人力资源储备报告Human resource management(HRM)人力资源管理Humane orientation 人本导向Hygiene factors 保健因素IIdentification-based trust 基于认同的信任Ill-structured problems非结构化问题Immediate corrective action 立即纠错行动Immigration Reform and Control Act 移民改革和控制法案Individual ranking 个人排序法Individualism vs. collectivism 个人主义与集体主义Industrial engineering 工业工程Industrial Revolution 产业革命，工业革命Industrialization wave 工业化阶段，工业时代Informal planning 非正式计划Information handling 信息处理Information overload 信息超载Information technologists信息技术专家Information technology (IT) 信息技术Information wave 信息化阶段，信息时代Informational monitor 信息方面的监控者角色In-group collectivism 圈内集体主义，圈内合作Initiating structure 定规结构Innovation 创新Integrative bargaining整合型讨价还价，共赢争价Integrity 正直Intellectual property 智力资源Interactionist view of conflict 冲突的互动观Intergroup development 团际发展，组际发展Internet 因特网Interpersonal demands 人际需求Interpersonal skills 人际技能Interview 面试，访谈Intranets 企业内网，局域网Intrapreneurs 内企业家，内部创业者Intrinsic task motivation内在工作动机Inventory turnover ratios库存周转率ISO 9000 series ISO 9000 系列JJargon 技术用语，行话Job analysis 职务分析，工作分析Job characteristics model (JCM)职务特征模型，工作特征模型Job description 职务描述，工作描述Job enrichment 职务丰富化，工作丰富化Job involvement 工作投入Job satisfaction 工作满意度Job sharing 职务分担，工作分担（分享）Job specification 职务说明，工作说明Just-in-time (JIT) inventory systems 准时制库存系统KKaizen 改善Kanban 看板Karoshi 劳累过度而猝死Knowledge-based trust 基于了解的信任Knowledge management 知识管理Knowledge workers 知识工人LLabor relations 劳工关系Labor supply 劳动力供应Laissez-faire style of leadership 放任式领导Language 语言Layoffs 裁员Layoff-survivor sickness裁员幸存者心态（综合症）Leader-participation model 领导者参与模型Leaders 领导者Leadership 领导Leading 领导职能Learning 学习Learning organization s学习型组织Least-preferred co-worker (LPC) questionnaire 最难共事者问卷Legitimate power 法定权力，法定权Leverage ratios 财务杠杆比率Leverage test 杠杆能力测试Liaison 联络者Line authority 直线职权Linear programming 线性规划Liquidity 流动Liquidity test 流动性测试Load chart 负荷图Locus of control 控制中心，控制点Long-term plans 长期计划Long-term vs. short-term orientation 长期（短期）倾向Loyalty 忠心，忠诚MMachiavellianism (“Mach”)马基雅维里主义Management 管理Management by objectives (MBO) 目标管理Management by walking around (MBWA) 走动管理Management charter initiative (MCI) 管理宪章运动（英国研究管理能力的组织）Management competencies 管理能力Management processes 管理过程，管理职能Management science 管理科学Management workshop 管理研讨与实践Managerial grid 管理方格Managerial roles 管理者角色Managers 管理者，经理Mandatory Retirement Act 强制退休法案Manufacturing organization 生产企业，制造企业Market control 市场控制Mass production 大量生产Matrix structure 矩阵制组织结构Measurement 度量，衡量Mechanistic organization机械式组织Merger 兼并Message 消息，信息Middle managers 中层管理者Minimum-wage employees 最低工资员工Mission statement 使命陈述Motivation 动机，激励Motivation-hygiene theory激励保健理论，双因素理论Motivators 激励因素Motor reproduction process 机械再现过程，动力复制过程Multinational corporations (MNCs) 多国公司Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) 迈耶—布里格斯类型指标NNational culture 民族文化National Labor Relations Act 全国劳工关系法案Need 需要Need for achievement 成就需要Need for affiliation 归属需要Need for power 权力需要Negative reinforcement 负强化Negotiation 谈判Negotiator 谈判者Networked communication capabilities 网络沟通能力Networked computer systems计算机网络系统Neural network 神经网络Neutralizers 中和New Deal 新政Nominal group technique名义群体（决策）技术Nonprogrammed decisions非程序化决策Nonverbal cues 非语言暗示Norms 规范Not-for-profit organizations 非赢利性组织OOn-the-job training 在职培训Open systems 开放系统Opening comments 开场白Openness 开放Operant conditioning 操作性条件反射，操作制约Operating ratios 经营比率Operations management 作业管理Operations research (OR)运筹学Operations Research Society of America 美国运筹学会Operations test 运营能力测试Operatives 操作者，作业人员Opportunities (Strategic)机会（战略的）Oral reports 口头报告Organic organization 有机式组织Organization culture 组织文化Organization design 组织设计Organization development (OD) 组织发展Organization structure 组织结构Organizational behavior (OB) 组织行为Organizational change 组织变革Organizational citizenship 组织公民Organizational commitment组织承诺Organizational leadership组织领导Organizational processes组织过程Organizational strategy组织战略Organizations 组织Organizing 组织职能Orientation 导向，定向Outsourcing 业务外包PPaired comparison approach 两两比较法，配对比较法Parochialism 狭隘观念Part-time employees 兼职员工Path-goal theory 目标路径理论Pay-for-performance programs按业绩付酬，业绩工资制Payoff matrices 工资矩阵Perception 知觉Performance appraisal methods 绩效评估方法Performance-based compensation 基于业绩的薪酬Performance management 绩效管理Performance management system 绩效管理系统Performance orientation绩效导向Performance-simulation tests 绩效模拟测试Personal differences 个体差异Personal growth and development 个人成长与发展Personal observation 亲自观察Personality 个性PERT network analysis 计划评审技术网络分析方法Philosophy 哲学Physiological needs 生理需要Planning 计划职能Policy 政策Political science 政治科学Political skills 政治技能Polygraph Protection Act测谎器（使用）保护法案Positive reinforcement 正强化Power 权力Power distance 权力差距Pregnancy Discrimination Act（反）孕期歧视法案Presentations 演讲Principles of management管理原则Privacy Act 隐私权法案Proactive personality 主动个性Problem 问题Procedure 程序Process 过程，流程Process approach 过程观念，过程学派Process consultation 过程咨询Process departmentalization 按流程划分部门Process production 流程生产Product departmentalization 按产品划分部门Production oriented 面向生产的，生产导向Productivity 生产率Profit margin on revenues ratio 边际销售利润率Profit organizations 盈利性组织Profitability 盈利性，收益性Profitability ratios 收益性比率Programmed decisions 程序化决策Project 项目Project management 项目管理Protégé新手，学生Psychological symptoms 心理表征Psychology 心理学Punishment 惩罚Pygmalion effect 皮格马利翁效应QQuality 质量Quality control 质量控制Quality management 质量管理Quantitative approach to management 管理定量方法Quantity of life vs. quality of life 生活的数量（质量），追求物质（质量）的生活观念Queuing theory 排队论RRailroad Unemployment Insurance Act 铁路工人失业保险法案Range of variation （允许）差异范围，偏差范围Ratio analysis 比率分析Rational 理性的，合理的Rational decision making理性决策Realistic job preview (RJP) 真实的工作预览，面试时向求职者提供真实的信息Recruitment 招聘Referent 参量，参照对象Referent power 感召权力，感召权Reinforcement processes强化过程Reliability 信度，可靠性Representative heuristic只依据自己熟悉的事物判断与决策的取巧途径，以偏盖全倾向Resistance to change 变革抵制力量，变革障碍Resource allocator 资源分配者Responsibility 职责，责任Resume preparation 简历准备Retention processes 保持过程Retrenchment strategy 收缩战略Return on investment ratio 投资收益率Reverse mentoring 反向指导Reward power 奖赏权力，奖赏权Rewards 奖励，奖赏Rightsizing 规模调整Ringisei 全票通过，一致同意Risk 风险Risk taking 风险承担Role 角色Role ambiguity 角色模糊Role conflicts 角色冲突Role demands 角色要求Role overload 角色超载，任务超负荷Rule 准则，规则Rumors 谣传，流言SSafety needs 安全需要Sarbanes-Oxley Act 萨班斯－奥克斯利法案Satisfice 满意决策Scheduling tools 计划工具Scientific management 科学管理Selection process 选择过程，甄选过程Selective perception 选择性知觉Selectivity 选择性Self-actualization needs自我实现需要Self-Assessment Library自我测试库Self-esteem (SE) 自尊Self-fulfilling prophecy自证预言Self-monitoring 自我监控Self-serving bias 自我服务偏见，自利偏见Senior Citizen’s Freedom to Work Act 年长公民自由工作法案Service organization 服务型组织Sexual harassment 性骚扰Short-term plans 短期计划Simple structure 简单式组织结构Single-use plans 一次性计划，单项计划Situational approach 情境（权变）观念，情境（权变）学派Situational leadership (SL) theory 情境领导理论Six sigma 六σ（一种管理理念）Skill variety 技能多样性Slack time 松弛时间，富余时间Small business 小企业Social learning theory 社会学习理论Social loafing 滥竽充数现象Social needs 社会需要Social obligation 社会义务Social responsibility 社会责任Social responsiveness 社会响应Social security 社会安全Sociology 社会学Span of control 管理幅度，控制跨度Specific plans 具体计划Spokesperson 发言人Stability strategy 稳定战略Staff authority 参谋职权Stakeholders 利害相关者，利益相关者Standard 标准Standing plans 常用性计划，标准计划Statistical reports 统计报告Status 地位Stem cell research 干细胞研究Stereotyping 墨守陈规，因循守旧Stock options 股票期权Strategic alliances 战略联盟Strategic human resource management process 战略人力资源管理过程Strategic management process 战略管理过程Strategic planning 战略规划Strategic plans 战略计划Strategic problem solving战略性的问题解决Strengths (Strategic) 优势（战略的）Stress 压力Stress interview 压力面试Stressor 压力因素，压力源Structural differentiation 结构差异Subcontractors 转包商Supervisors 监督者Supply chain management供应链管理Supportive leader 支持型领导者Survey feedback 调查反馈SWOT analysis SWOT分析Systems approach 系统观念，系统学派TTactical plans 战术计划Task identity 任务同一性Task significance 任务重要性Team leaders 团队领导者Team leadership 团队领导Team-based structure 基于团队的组织结构Team-building 团队建设Technical skills 技术技能Technology 技术Telecommuting 远程办公，电子通勤Teleconferencing 电子会议，电信会议Temporary employees 临时员工Theory X X 理论Theory Y Y 理论Therbligs 基本动作Threats 威胁360-degree appraisal 360?评估Three-needs theory 三种需要理论Time interest earned ratio 已获利息倍数Tomorrow’s workforce 未来的劳动力Top managers 高层管理者Total assets turnover ratio总资产周转率Traditional view of conflict 冲突的传统点Trait theories of leadership 特质领导理论Transactional leaders 事务型领导者Transformation process 变革过程，转换过程Transformational leaders变革型领导者Transnational corporations (TNCs) 跨国公司Troubleshooters 麻烦解决者Trust 信任Turnover 流动，周转Type A personality A型个性Type B personality B型个性UUncertainty 不确定性Uncertainty avoidance 不确定性规避Unit coordinators 单位（部门）协调者Unit production 小批量生产Unity of command 统一指挥Unsatisfactory performance 令人不满意的业绩. labor shortage 美国劳动力短缺VValidity 效度Valuation techniques 评价方法Value 价值Value chain 价值链Value chain management 价值链管理Verbal intonation 语调Videoconferencing 视频会议，电视会议Visionary leadership 富于远见的领导Vocational Rehabilitation Act职业恢复法案WWeaknesses 劣势Wellness programs 福利计划Well-structured problems结构化问题“White-water rapids” metaphor “急流险滩”观“Whiz Kids”“神童”Wireless communications无限通讯Women 妇女Work councils 员工委员会，工会Work process engineering工作流工程Work specialization 工作专业化，劳动分工Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act 工人调整与再培训告知法案Workforce diversity 劳动力多样化，员工多样化Workplace violence 工作场所暴力Written essay 书面总结Written reports 书面报告Written tests 书面测试，笔试。
管理咨询学中的几种常用分析方法
管理咨询学中的几种常用分析方法<管理咨询>管理咨询中采用多种研究方法，从简单的对比分析到抽象概括、推理总结；从数据分析到图标表现；从文字描述到模型分析。
其目的无非就是为了使论证更加严密，分析更加科学理性，结论和建议更加有指导意义。
本文介绍的主要研究方法有六种，分别为：1、对比分析法：将A公司和B公司进行对比、2、外部因素评价模型（EFE）分析、3、内部因素评价模型（IFE）分析、4、s wot 分析方法、5、三种竞争力分析方法、6、五种力量模型分析。
具体说来，对比分析法是最常用，简单的方法，将一个管理混乱、运营机制有问题的公司和一个管理有序、运营良好的公司进行对比，观察他们在组织结构上、资源配置上有什么不同，就可以看出明显的差别。
在将这些差别和既定的管理理论相对照，便能发掘出这些差异背后所蕴含的管理学实质。
企业管理中经常进行案例分析，将A和B公司进行对比，发现一些不同。
各种现象的对比是千差万别的，最重要的是透过现象分析背后的管理学实质。
所以说，只有表面现象的对比是远远不够的，更需要有理论分析。
外部因素评价模型（EFE）和内部因素评价模型（IFE）分析来源于战略管理中的环境分析。
因为任何事物的发展都要受到周边环境的影响，这里的环境是广义的环境，不仅指外部环境，还指企业内部的环境。
通常我们将企业的内部环境称作企业的禀赋，可以看作是企业资源的初始值。
公司战略管理的基本控制模式由两大因素决定：外部不可控因素和内部可控因素。
其中公司的外部不可控因素主要包括：政府、合作伙伴（如银行、投资商、供应商）、顾客（客户）、公众压力集团（如新闻媒体、消费者协会、宗教团体）、竞争者，除此之外，社会文化、政治、法律、经济、技术和自然等因素都将制约着公司的生存和发展。
由此分析，外部不可控因素对公司来说是机会与威胁并存。
公司如何趋利避险，在外部因素中发现机会、把握机会、利用机会，洞悉威胁、规避风险，对于公司来说是生死攸关的大事。
管理咨询十大常用模型
全球著名咨询公司管理咨询常用模型。
1、波特五种竞争力分析模型。
2、S WOT分析模型。
3、战略地位与行动评价矩阵。
4、S CP分析模型。
5、战略钟模型。
6、波士顿分析矩阵。
7、G E行业吸引力矩阵。
&三四矩阵。
9、价值链模型。
10、ROS/RMS 矩阵。
1.波特五种竞争力分析模型波特的五种竞争力量分析模型“波特五力模型是迈克尔•波特于20世纪80年代初提岀。
波特认为在任何行业中，无论是国内还是国际,无论是提供产品还是提供服务，竞争的规则都包括在五种竞争力星内。
分别是企业间的竞争、潜在新竞争者的逬入、潜在替代品的开发、供应商的议价能力、购买者的议价能力。
这五种竞争力呈决走了企业的盈利能力和水平。
•竞争对手企业间的竞争是五种力呈中最主要的一种。
只有那些比竞争对手的战略更具优势的战略才可能获得成功。
为此,公司必须在市场、价格、质量、产呈、功能、服勢、硏发等方面建立自己的核心竞争优势。
影响行业内企业竞争的因素：产业增加、固走（存储）成本/附加价值周期性生产过剩、产品差异、商标专有、转换成本、集中与平衡、信息复杂性、竞争者的多样性、公司的风险、退出壁垒等。
• 新进入者企业必须对新的市场进入者保持足够的警惕,他们的存在将使企业做出相应的反应,而这样又不可避免地需要公司投入相应的资源。
影响潜在新竞争者进入的因素：经济规模、专卖产品的差别、商标专有、资本需求、分销渠道、绝对成本优势、政府政策、行业内企业的预期反击等。
•购买者当用户分布集中、规模较大或大批臺购货时,他们的议价能力将成为影响产业竞争强度的—个主要因素。
决走购买者力星的因素：买方的集中程度相对于企业的集中程度、买方的数呈、买方转换成本相对企业转换成本、买方信息、后向整合能力、替代品、克服危机的能力、价格/购买总星、产品差异、品牌专有、质呈/性能影响、买方利润、决策者的激励。
•替代产品在很多产业，企业会与其他产业生产替代品的公司开展直接或间接的斗争。
(完整版)管理咨询35种经典工具
雷达图是对企业财务能力分析的重要工具,从动态和静态两个方面分析企业的财务状况。
价值链分析的核心是将客户的所有资源、价值活动与客户的战略目标紧密连接起来，以价值增值为目的，形成了一个简明而清晰的结构框架，帮助客户清晰认识客户中相关各链条的重要意义。
行业竞争结构分析就是一种可以帮助企业解决这一位问题的工具之一。行业竞争结构分析模型，它是一个统计表格。表格的左边是五种竞争力量及其各自所包括的若干内容的陈述。右边是对这些陈述的态度,企业决策人员可以根据自己的态度进行打分。
04 利益相关者分析
【工具介绍】
利益相关者分析用于分析与企业利益相关的所有个人(和组织），帮助企业在战略制定时分清重大利益相关者对于战略的影响.
03 行业竞争结构分析
【工具介绍】
波特在行业竞争五力分析的基础上制定了行业竞争结构分析模型,从而使企业管理者可以从定性和定量两个方面分析行业竞争结构和竞争状况,以达到以下两个目的:
(1)分析确定五力（潜在的进入者、供应者、购买者、替代产品、行业内的竞争者）中哪一个是影响企业成败的关键因素;
(2)在确定了关键因素之后，企业高层管理者还需从这一因素相关的各子因素中找出需要立即对复活处理的威胁，以便及时采取行动。
战略钟模型是由克利夫·鲍曼提出的，用于归纳一些所应要用的战略。
7S模型认为企业仅具有明确的战略和深思熟虑的行动计划是远远不够的，因为企业还可能会在战略执行过程中失误.战略只是其中的一个要素，企业发展中还必须考虑结构、制度、风格、员工、技能、共同价值观等问题.
管理方格图是用一张9*9的方格图,每一个方格分别表示一种领导风格,纵坐标表示对人的关心程度，分为9级；横坐标表示对生产的关心程度,也分为9级.第1格表示关心程度最小，第9格表示关心程度最大。全图总共81个小方格，分别表示“对生产的关心”和“对人的关心”这两个基本因素以不同比例结合的领导方式。
电信公司项目管理咨询案例 英文
WBS FORTELECOM CONTRACT IMPLEMENTATIONPROJECTSWen Feng1Alcatel Telecommunications Shenzhen Co., Ltd. April 3, 2002KEY WORDSWBS, Work Breakdown Structure, Project Scope Definition, Project Planning1 ABSTRACTSIn this paper, telecom projects are categorized into three parts with examples: Contract Implementation Projects, System Development Projects and Process Improvement Projects. Creation and adaptation of WBSs for Contract Implementation Projects are discussed in detail, based upon four scenarios assumed. Finally, classical tools and techniques for WBS are reviewed in brief.2 INTRODUCTIONThe Work Breakdown Structure or WBS is an output from project scope definition process, which greatly contributes to the quality of project planning results and, consequently, the successfulness of any project. In the area of project management, one can never over-emphasize the importance to establish a WBS properly, right before an organization begins to commit its significant resources to any intended undertakings.1Wen Feng, Deputy General Manager of Alcatel Telecommunications Shenzhen Co., Ltd., certified PMP, joined in Alcatel in 2000, currently responsible for project and quality management. In 1992, he worked as an engineer in test automation R&D projects in Shenzhen Huawei Technical Co., Ltd. He started his career as a project manager in Singapore Telecom Limited in 1995, managing telecom switching system implementation projects.Due to its very nature, any project, by definition, is unique in certain aspects. This means that one can almost always expect some differences between existing projects and the previous ones. For instance, different customers, changing business environment, new technologies, newly formed project teams, extended scope of deliverables or other additional constraints.Needless to say, project managers and teams in a performing organization have to pay special attention to the differences among projects so as to successfully establish or adapt corresponding WBSs.In this paper, telecom projects are categorized into three parts with examples: Contract Implementation Projects, System Development Projects and Process Improvement Projects. Creation and adaptation of WBSs for Contract Implementation Projects are discussed in detail, based upon four scenarios assumed. Finally, classical WBS tools and techniques are reviewed briefly.3 WHAT MAKES PROJECTS DIFFERENT?A project is deemed new or different due to numerous reasons, and the same applies to any telecom projects. Table 1 provides a way to categorize the causes that make a project somewhat different in the eyes of the project stakeholders, particularly of the project manager and the team members.4 TELECOM PROJECT TYPESGenerally speaking, telecom projects can be classified into three categories: Contract Implementation Projects, System Development Projects and Process Improvement Projects.Contract Implementation ProjectsContract Implementation Projects are undertaken to fulfil the contractual obligations by the contractor and its customer. For example, a telecom system supplier (A) signs a contract with an incumbent telecom operator in China (B) to build a pre-defined GSM System in Beijing. A thus launches a Contract Implementation Project in order to deliver the GSM System to B as per what has been stipulated in the contract. Figure 1 shows an example of the WBS of Contract Implementation Projects. Note that only three layers of the WBS are depicted in Figure 1, as the lower layers tend to be more technical-oriented. There are four activities in the second layer, namely project initiating, planning, implementing and closing. This is in conformity to relative project management standards. The third layer covers major tasks under each activity in the upper layer. The decomposition of tasks will carry on till the work packages are adequately manageable.System Development ProjectsSystem Development Projects are the ones initiated within the project organization aiming at creating certain new products and/or services to gain competitive advantages in the market. For example, a telecom system supplier begins a R&D project to develop a state-of-the-art e-business platform so that a banking customer can provide the public its services through a full-electronic means and remotely. Figure 2 shows an example of the WBS of System Development Projects.Process Improvement ProjectsFinally, Process Improvement Projects are targeted to improve the business processes within the project organization or improve part/full of the supplier chain through interaction with related customers and suppliers. Typical examples are to establish an ISO9001-based quality management system, to implement a Custom Relationship Management (CRM) system, to upgrade an ERP system, and so on. Figure 3 shows an example of the WBS of Process Improvement Projects.5 SCENARIO 1: WBS FOR PROJECTS OF DIFFERENT TYPESIt is pretty obvious from Figure 1, 2 and 3 that the three types of projects, namely Contract Implementation Projects, System Development Projects and Process Improvement Projects are very different in nature. In addition, the WBSs for System Development Projects and Process Improvement Projects can drastically different due to numerous possibilities of project deliverables to be achieved. It is therefore highly recommended to establish one WBS template for each project type.It is not uncommon that the WBSs for System Development Projects and Process Improvement Projects need to be established on a case-by-case basis and quite often from scratch. The rest part ofthe paper will be focusing on the Contract Implementation Projects.6 SCENARIO 2: WBS FROM SCRATCHQuite a few cases have been encountered when people ask why so many Contract Implementation Projects are struggling all the time, if not failed or cancelled. (No exception for other types of telecom projects) Also, many start to think of establishing their own project management procedures or even systems. In this case, WBS templates have to be produced from scratch for coming projects, if no single WBS has ever been in existence.When doing so, the WBS layers should defined in such a way that the different projects of the same type require only minimal changes to the WBS. A practical way to structure the WBS template so that for a concrete project, the upper layers of its WBS need to change much less than the lower layers. For example, in Figure 1, the upper three layers can be applied to any Contract Implementation Project with very little change.Another popular way in practice is to structure the WBS in terms of "Nodes" of a telecommunications network. Because topologically any telecom system can be perceived as a combination of ''Nodes" and "Links". Figure 4 illustrates the structure of the WBS in terms of"Nodes".This kind of WBS can be quite convenient and effective, when the focus is on material management. However, due to the fact that number of nodes for different projects vary from several to hundreds, the WBS has to change greatly to cover the entire project node-by-node. Furthermore, overlapping and repetition of tasks cross the nodes in the next layer of the WBS make things even tougher to handle. For instance, planning is in reality not performed on a node-by-node basis, and so do many other tasks like initiating and closing in order for the project implementation to be cost-effective.7 SCENARIO 3: WBS FOR PROJECTS OF SAME TYPEIf a project organization has properly maintained WBS templates for Contract Implementation Projects, then only minimal change is required to obtain a workable WBS whenever there is a project. Let us still take Figure 1 as an example. In this case, the upper three layers of WBS applies straightforward with no change at all.Differences take place at the lower layers of the WBS, if the scale of project justifies that the layers are necessary. Typical amendments are project scope such as a system with nine nodes versus one with 99 nodes, different geographical locations such as mountainous, hilly or plain areas in the country, etc. Nevertheless, these amendments can be done only by "copy and paste". Figure 5provides a further breakdown of the activity "Installation".Although the tasks like site inspection, local logistics, hardware installation and software test appear to be repetitive over the nodes, in fact it is necessary that they be treated separately due to different locations, even though they could be located close enough - within the same city like GSM system.8 SCENARIO 4: WBS FOR BRAND-NEW TELECOM SYSTEMSIn today's fast growing telecommunications industry and most dynamic marketplace worldwide, new products have been developed and brought into the market at a speed of several months, and new feature release or software upgrading in weeks. It is not uncommon that project organizations face with tremendous difficulties adapting their resources to cope with brand-new Contract Implementation Projects. For instance, from wire-line systems to wireless ones, from circuit switching to packet switching, or from narrow-band to broadband, and so on. All of these will have definite impacts on the WBS.When creating a WBS for a Contract Implementation Project with brand-new technology or system, one needs to identify carefully the differences of engineering needs caused. Let us take the task "Site Survey" in Figure 1 as an example. If the WBS was originally for wire-line systems, and then the task can be decomposed mainly into power supply, machine house, network connection and cabling subtasks. However, if a wireless system is to be implemented, then subtasks such as radio-testing, tower availability and lightening protection must be added. This is illustrated inFigure 6 - WBS Change due to Wireless Technology.9 PROVEN TOOLS AND TECHNIQUESWhatever the scenario seems to be, many proven project management tools and techniques about WBS are valid. Among them are brainstorming, expert judgement, templates, decomposition and configuration management. What is the most important is when and how to combine them to establish an appropriate WBS cost-effectively.BrainstormingBrainstorming has been quite frequently used to identify problems, root causes and solutions through team effort. WBS is among one of the key topics, but normally brainstorming is used to review WBSs for coming projects. Results can be obtained efficiently and most of the time effectively. Brainstorming can be best applied when team members are readily prepared in terms of knowledge and experience. Otherwise it can also be very ineffective or simply wasting of time. For example, if a team has only been doing switching system implementation, when creating WBS for a optical cable project, better seeking for experts in that field instead of storming the brain.Expert JudgementThe key issue here is how to define the term "Expert". In practice, it is less difficult to find technical or engineering experts with sufficient knowledge and experiences. Unfortunately, not the case to have someone with project management expertise at the same time. Therefore, care must be taken to make sure that experts are working with project managers in coordinated way. For example, the experts usually tend to agree with the WBS in Figure 4 other than the one in Figure 1 for a Contract Implementation Project.DecompositionThe key question here is "When should I stop?" For Contract Implementation Projects, the duration of work packages is dependent upon the level of effort per node, which is approximately 1-5 days depending upon technology and local logistics. Experiences have shown that 40 hours or one week for the duration of a work package could be appropriate.TemplatesIn a properly maintained project management system, WBS templates can be of great help to project planning in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. In a projectized organization, project management system and quality management system is often interchangeable. Otherwise it is recommended to have the former within the latter. The reason is simple. Quality management system has well-defined and proven international standard - ISO9001- to follow, and not the case for project management system.Configuration ManagementThe very philosophy of configuration management is, in many times, a critical tool for the creating and adapting project WBSs, especially for complex telecom projects. Whenever there is a change in one part of a WBS, the rest parts have to be reviewed to make sure all elements in the WBS have consistency as per the project scope. For example, in Figure 6, changes have made to adapt a WBS for wire-line system to one for wireless system. One has to make sure that the subtasks added, i.e. radio testing, tower availability and lightening protection should be done for all "site survey" tasks (meaning for all the nodes) in the WBS. Even more importantly, the scope of subtask "cabling" should be extended to the dimensioning from the outdoor antenna to the indoor equipment, which is not required for a wire-line system.10 REFERENCESA Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge, PMI, USA, 1996.。
新编剑桥商务英语(初级)第三版
Grammar：The present simple 一般现在时
一般现在时用于描述:
1.稳定的、经久不变的情形 (Permanent situations)
2. 习惯动作或经常性的动作 (Habits and frequency of activities)
3. 作息时刻 （与时间短语连用） (Timetables with a time expression)
第五页，共160页。
Expressions on Job
Do you like your job?
Do you often travel abroad ? How are you?
…Not too bad, thanks. I work for a company that… I work as… What does your job involve ?
ship vt. 运送
第四页，共160页。
New words and Expressions
power point 电子版幻灯片 bonus n. 奖金 catalogue n. 产品目录 positive adj. 积极乐观的 presence n. 仪态，风度，风采 diary n. 记事簿 Athens n. 雅典（希腊首都）
第二页，共160页。
New words and Expressions
title n. 头衔，职称 sample n. 样品 试用产品 account n. 账目，账户 correspondence n.（来往的）信件 badge n.徽章 identify vt. 发现，确定 workshop n. 研讨会，讲习班
Chief Accountant 总会计师
英文版人力资源管理咨询工作汇报工作总结报告PPT
Customer Care & Insight
Integrated Risk Management
COGNOS Banking Risk Performance – Credit Risk
COGNOS Risk Adjusted Profitability Blueprint
IBM Service Management for IRM
Representative Industries
Electronics Chemicals & Petroleum High-Tech Manufacturing
Automotive
The market has requested: More standardised
Today
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solutions, easy to integrate and more service oriented
Enterprise Marketing Management
MarketinCgoPmrmoecrecses & Demand Generation Solutions
Industry
Industry Frameworks & Industry Assets
Including: Energy and Utilities Retail Government/Defense Manufacturing Health Integration Media
Banking Extensions for Common Shared Services MDM Server
pureXMLTM Payments Bundles
Corporate Payments Scenario