大学英语跨文化交际案例分析
英语跨文化交际案例分析
Encounter (1)
U1 The Taxi (P.1)
1. Maybe the taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee. 2. Perhaps there are extra charges for luggage that Lee doesn’t know about. 3. It may be that the driver has included a tip for himself, perhaps because he knows Lee is a foreigner and thinks she doesn’t know that she should tip. 4. One possibility is that there are extra charges for tolls (过路费) that Lee doesn’t know about. 5. It is possible that there is something wrong with the meter, or fares (车费) have recently gone up and the meter hasn’t been adjusted yet.
4. Ms. Kelsen may feel that she only did her duty, so she has done nothing to deserve such a special gift. 5. Ms. Kelsen may feel uncomfortable because she assumes Frank cannot afford to give expensive gifts. 6. Ms. Kelsen may feel that accepting the gift would put her under obligation to Frank. (Most Westerners feel that accepting a valuable gift entails a degree of reciprocity(酬答) .
英语跨文化交际案例分析模板
英语跨文化交际案例分析模板引言跨文化交际是指在不同的文化背景下进行沟通和交流的过程。
英语作为全球通用语言，在跨文化交际中起着重要的角色。
本文将通过分析一个跨文化交际案例，探讨在不同文化背景下英语交际可能面临的问题和挑战。
案例背景假设情景：两位年轻人来自不同国家，分别是中国和美国。
他们通过社交媒体结识，并希望通过英语交流进一步了解对方的文化和生活。
他们已经通过文字聊天开始沟通。
语言差异英语是两位年轻人进行跨文化交际的工具，然而，由于他们来自不同的国家，他们对英语的使用和理解可能存在差异。
首先，母语不同会导致对语法、用词和句子结构的理解不同。
中国的英语教育注重文法和翻译，而美国的英语教育更注重口语和交流能力。
因此，两人的表达方式可能存在一些差异。
其次，文化背景的差异也会影响对词汇和表达方式的理解。
中国文化中的礼貌和尊重是非常重要的，而美国文化则更注重直接和开放的表达方式。
因此，在沟通中，他们可能需要适应对方的文化差异，以更好地理解对方的意思。
非语言交际除了语言差异之外，非语言交际也是跨文化交际中需要注意的重要因素。
身体语言和面部表情在跨文化交际中起着重要的作用。
中国人习惯使用面部表情和手势来表达情感和意思，而美国人则更注重身体姿势和手势。
在聊天中，如果两人无法面对面交流，他们的面部表情和身体语言就无法得到传达，可能会影响信息的理解和交流的准确性。
另外，个人空间和触碰也是需要注意的问题。
在中国文化中，个人空间较大，普遍注重隐私和距离感；而在美国文化中，个人空间较小，更习惯于直接接触。
因此，在交流中，他们需要互相理解对方的个人空间和触碰需求，避免造成不必要的尴尬或冲突。
思考与解决策略跨文化交际中的问题和挑战可以通过以下策略来解决：1.意识到差异：双方应意识到彼此文化差异的存在，并用开放的心态看待这些差异。
这有助于双方更好地理解对方的行为和表达方式。
2.尊重和包容：尊重对方的文化差异，并以包容的态度对待不同的习惯和观念。
跨文化交际案例分析万能模板英语
跨文化交际案例分析万能模板英语引言跨文化交际是指在不同文化背景下的人们进行交流与沟通。
由于不同国家和地区的历史、地理、宗教、价值观念等方面的特点差异，跨文化交际中可能会出现一系列的问题和挑战。
本文将通过分析一个跨文化交际案例来展示一个万能模板，帮助人们更好地理解和应对跨文化交际中的挑战。
案例背景在这个案例中，我们将探讨一位英国商人在中国进行商务洽谈的经历。
该商人名叫约翰，他代表一家英国公司前往中国与一家当地公司进行合作洽谈。
双方在商务洽谈的过程中遇到了许多跨文化交际的问题，这不仅对双方的商务合作产生了不良影响，也给他们个人之间的关系带来了一定的困扰。
案例分析问题一：语言障碍约翰在中国的商务洽谈中遇到了语言障碍。
他虽然会一些基础的中文，但在专业术语和商务用语方面仍感到困惑。
当约翰试图用英文与中国合作方进行交流时，他发现对方的英文水平并不理想，而在这个重要的商务场合，使用自己的母语并不合适。
这种语言障碍给双方的沟通造成了困难。
解决方案一：雇佣翻译或认可的语言中介为了解决语言障碍问题，约翰可以雇佣一位翻译或是寻找一位可以提供专业翻译服务的中介机构。
这样可以确保双方沟通的顺畅性和准确性。
同时，约翰也可以考虑提前准备一些常用商务用语的翻译，以备需要时参考和使用。
问题二：文化差异文化差异是跨文化交际中常见的问题之一。
在这个案例中，约翰和他的中国合作方在价值观念、商务礼仪等方面存在着一定的差异。
在一次商务会议中，约翰发现中国合作方会不断地打断他的发言并提出质疑。
这让约翰感到被不尊重和不重视。
解决方案二：了解对方文化为了更好地应对文化差异带来的挑战，约翰可以提前了解中国的商务文化和交际礼仪。
他可以阅读相关的书籍或咨询专业人士来获取更多的信息。
同时，在商务会议中，他也可以适当地调整自己的表达方式，尽量避免给对方造成不适。
问题三：时间观念中国和英国在时间观念方面存在差异。
在这个案例中，约翰和他的中国合作方在商务洽谈的时间上产生了矛盾。
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析
大学英语跨文化交际案例分析Case 2 （P8)White Dress女王的白色长裙：Case analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text。
案例分析:印度女人可能觉得婚礼是一个葬礼，如果他们看到西方的新娘的白色礼服。
这个案例反映了明喻和隐喻在文本。
Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values underneath。
Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why。
文化是像冰山：我们可以辨认颜色衣服的妇女所穿不同的文化,但我们不知道下面的值。
文化是像水鱼游在:人们穿不同颜色的衣服为不同的上下文,但他们通常是理所当然的,从不问为什么。
Case 4 （P18)Coconut-skating椰子—溜冰：Case analysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned.案例分析：这个事件反映了文化的特点.我们可以告诉从案件,文化是普遍的，这是学习.People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping. The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture。
跨文化交际案例分析（英文版）
跨文化交际案例分析（英文版）UNIT 2. CASE STUDYAs we all know ,Chinese are very hospitable, for example ,when a Chinese family has a house guest ,the family automatically take care of the gues and give them much special attention .Americans,however, welcome their guests by taking them in as one of themselves.All in all they show their hospitality in a totally different way.The Americans are casual hospitable,but the Chinese has a obvious enthusiasm.In wang's letter about his experience during a Christmas vacation with the Americans, there is such a story:A Thai girl complained that she was neglected by a Washington family.Why she feel unhappy about her Christmas vacation? Because the host family did not give priority to with the guest.The family did whatever they had planned instead of accompaning her to go to the museum.May be the Oriental are very hospitable to entertain their guests with the best food ,and go sightseeing with their guests even if they do not like it but but out of politeness.However,Westerners prefer to like to stay in their own home when they go to someone home.The Thai girl evaluated Westerners hospitaliy by useing Oriental psyche and may misinterpret it as neglect. She did not understand the culture of Westernets. SO she feel unhappy.Hall had classified world cultures into two categories:low and high context .A high-context communication is something that most of the information is unavailable in the explicit verbal utterance.A low context communication is something that most of the information is in the explicit code.The Thai girl form HCcultures and the Washington family form LC cultures.They are two completely opposite cultural patterns.People form HC cultures often use HC or implicit messages that are nearly impossible for an outside to understand.Besides ,they often use nonverbal cues to articulate meanings that is unavailable in the explicit verbal utterance.However,people form HC cultures say something directly.You can make clear what you like or dislike.The Thai girl form HC cultures,so she Very implicitly expressed where she want to go and dislike to do ice skating in Thailand.But,the American host family belong to LC cultures,they often give casual hospitally,and LC messages must be elaborated ,clearly communicated.Unlike personal relationshops. The host family without giving the Thai girl any special attention instead of trusting her with their house.The host family can not understand the people form HC cutures.Why the people form Oriental like use nonverbal or verbal cues instead of use the explicit code? This is the cultural differences between the HC and LC.。
大学英语跨文化交际教程案例分析双语答案
Case 2:White DressCase analysis: The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they seethe western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text. Culture is like an iceberg: we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures, but we do not know the values undern eath. Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of differe nt colors for differe nt con text but they usually take it for gran ted and n ever ask why.白色的裙子案例分析：印度女人可能认为婚礼是一个葬礼，如果他们看到西方新娘白色礼服。
案例反映了明喻和隐喻的文本。
文化就像一座冰山：我们可以识别妇女所穿的衣服的颜色在不同的文化，但是我们不知道下面的值。
文化就像水中的鱼游：人们穿着不同颜色的不同的背景，但他们通常是理所当然，从不问为什么。
Case 4:Coconut-skatingCase an alysis: The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case thatculture is pervasive and it ' s learned. People may invent different ways for things even as simple asthe issue of floor moping. The Philipp ine woma n must have lear ned this way of mopp ing from her own culture.Coconut-skating案例分析：这一事件反映岀文化的特点。
跨文化交际---英语案例分析
Case 1 A CanadianThe shipping agent is serving the customers in the way that is considered efficient in Venezuelan culture. To the Canadian, however, this is unfocused activity that is not nearly as efficient as it would be —particularly from her point of view —if the agent simply dealt exclusively with her scheduled appointment./ In Canada, businesspeople typically write appointments and activities into the day’s agenda every day. They then work sequentially through the agenda until they have completed each task or the day is over. In other words, Canadians prefer to do one thing at a time, while the South Americans, including Venezuelans, tend to do a few things simultaneously.Case 2 A dozenAs a Westerner, the American visiting professor does not quite understand the collective ownership of information in some other cultural environments. What made her annoyed is a different attitude toward information about people. In the United States, it is generally assumed that personal matters are private. Teachers go through elaborate procedures to assure that students do not have access to each other’s grades. In business it is the same. Evaluations are confidential.Case 3 WhenAs a matter of fact, the American woman was not being disrespectful. However, it is clear that her way of showing respect and welcome was different from the ancient tradition of keeping physical distance from superiors, which is still widely observed, especially when royalty is involved.Paul Keating, the Australian prime minister, may have intended to suggest by his gesture that Australia would no longer accept the queen as head of state but just as one of their honored guests. Obviously, the British would not like it at all. Sometimes, such seemingly trivial things can influence relations between countries. That’s why protocol is taken seriously and people who are to hold diplomatic posts will be given detailed and careful instructions. Case 22 An AmericanPeople from different cultures mayconsider their own communicationstyle to be natural and normal, andtherefore tend to evaluate otherstyles negatively. In this case, bothpeople are unaware of the Americanpreference for a direct and explicitstyle in contrast to the morecontextual African style. Both thesecommunicators are likely to leavethe situation less inclined to ask oranswer questions of each other again.Case 23 A FrenchIn France it is required that all callsbegin with an apology for disturbingthe answer. They are also expected tobegin the call by checking that theyhave reached the right number,identifying themselves, and thenchatting with whoever has answeredthe phone, if this person is known tothem. Only after some conversationmay callers indicate their wish tospeak with the person they haveactually called to speak to.In contrast, callers in the U. S. A.apologize only when they feel theyhave called at an inappropriate time;they often ask for the person theywant without identifying themselvesor conversing with the answer, evenwhen that person is known to them;and they behave, in general, asthough the person who has answeredthe phone is just an extension of theinstrument itself.Case 24 At a 1970The Japanese have a strong dislike ofentering into direct confrontationsand placing others in anembarrassing position. It is verydifficult for a Japanese to respond toany suggestion or request with adefinite “no”. What the Japanese willoften do instead is resort to a vaguesort of reply to the effect that thematter needs further study andconsideration. They do this to saveface for the person who has made thesuggestion or request, but Americansmay not properly understand it andmay completely misinterpret thevagueness as compliance and assumethat the proposition has beenaccepted. But this was apparentlynever made clear to Nixon. That iswhy he included that he had beendouble-crossed. Themisunderstanding had seriousadverse consequences for Japanese U.S. relations.Case 9 In a cross-culturalWhen they are being scolded by thetrainers for being repeatedly late forafternoon sessions, the Chinesetrainees felt bewildered because theythought it is inappropriate for theCanadian trainers to become soangry about it. In their opinion, oneshould not let him- or herself behaveas emotionally like this. Theappropriate way to deal with such aperson would be to become coolertoward and more distant from theperson who behaved so irresponsibly.It was understandable that one wouldfeel angry in this situation but it wasnot appropriate to show anger, forthe other person would certainly loseface if anger were directed towardhim or her, and the angry personwould look foolish and childish andtherefore also lose face.Canadians see such situations in avery different way. They tend toexplicitly express how they feel andopenly criticize the person who theythink has been wrong orirresponsible. It seems to them thatthis has little to do with face.Case 18 Ted WashingtonTed Washington, the marketingmanager, rejected the sale proposalsof both the American, Dale Petersand the Japanese, Hideo Takahashi,without considering who made theproposal. While the direct andoutright rejection is O.K. with Peters,for he and the manager are from thesame culture, to Hideo, it meanssomething beyond the rejection of aproposal itself. Therefore, the twopeople responded to the rejection inquite different ways.In this case, the American believesthe root of the conflict lay indifferent goals and objectives,therefore, Peters entered into aheated discussion with Ted, trying toget his proposal accepted byproducing facts, figures, and graphsto illustrate his case. But theJapanese believes the conflict wasnot in the rejection of the proposalbut rather in the way it wascommunicated, so he thinks of it as apersonal attack or a sign of mistrust.In short, Americans tend to be moretask-oriented while the Japanese aremore likely to focus on interpersonalrelationships.Case 7 A femaleWhen the Canadian young man said, “Who took my peanut butter?”, what he really meant was “Where is my peanut butter? I can’t find it.”The Chinese doctor felt upset because in Chinese culture questions like this, especially expressed in the way the young Canadian man did, often imply that someone is to blame. Chinese culture prohibits direct accusing unless a person has been targeted for shame. However, true to her learned cultural behavior of never showing anger in public, the Chinese doctor didn’t say anything, though she was deeply distressed. Later, the physiotherapist was making a joke when she said the Chinese doctor had “three hands”. She wasn’t serious, of course, and expected the patient to be amused by her explanation for his pain: that the doctor on the other side of the room could have reached an imaginary hand out to touch him. She didn’t know that in Chinese a “three-handed person” is a slang for a thief.Case 17 TomIt is customary in China and many other Asian countries for hosts to ask their guests again and again to take more. Tom didn’t have to eat extra food if he didn’t want any more.In the U.S., a host will offer more food usually only once. And the Americans will take a “no” to mean “no”, whether it is the first, second or third time. However, in many other parts of the world it is considered good manners for guests not to accept an offer at first. Sometimes one mustn’t accept food the second time it is offered. Therefore, hosts try to repeat an offer until they are sure that their guests really want to decline.Case 25 A JapaneseNonverbal behaviors such as smiles seem to cut across cultural lines. But in reality, they are often found to be not universal. To most Americans, a smile is the most common nonverbal behavior to bridge gaps that may exist between strangers (including foreigners) and themselves. It is natural for them to be smiling and friendly when they come across strangers. But in eastern Asian countries like Japan, smiles are used differently. Japanese do not readily show their feelings. In Japan, people do not usually smile at a stranger. Ifyou do, you might be consideredimpolite.Case 8 Brent WeberIn American culture, people’spersonal goals take priority overtheir allegiance to groups like thefamily or the employer. The loyaltyof individuals to a group is usuallyweak. Americans are apt to changetheir relationship if it suits theirindividual needs, and they are notlikely to be emotionally dependenton organizations and institutions.In Japanese society, the relationshipbetween an employee and the firm ismuch more interdependent,somewhat similar to a child-motherrelationship where the mother (firm)is obliged to take care of her children(employees) and children(employees) have to obey and followthe commands of their mother (firm).It is not surprising for an Americanto try to find another job before he orshe leaves his or her presentemployer if he or she consider itnecessary for him- or herself.However, this action was regardedby the Japanese firm as disloyal,undermining the trust between thetwo parties. In spite of this, themanager of the firm did not like theparting to be understood as Brentbeing fired, because the appearanceof harmony and agreement withinthe group (the firm in this case) isimportant in Japanese society.Case 16 A missionWhat went wrong in this case?Contrary to general Americanperception, it is considered properbehavior for Japanese to be silent. Itis a discreet way to show respect ifhe listens to others speak rather thanspeaking out. So the Japanesedelegates did what they consideredproper, i.e., listen quietly to what theAmericans had to say. Silence oftenmeans that they are seriouslythinking about the subject at issue.But many Americans will interpretsilence in a conversation to meandisapproval, disagreement, or evenarrogance. This is an example thatillustrates the problem of theso-called “perception-gap”.Participants in communicationperceive each other’s behavior invery different ways, which oftenresults in misunderstanding orconflict.Case 26 Wang PingChinese people seldom hug eachother, particularly in public places. Ifpeople do, a romantic message isusually conveyed. Go to any airportor train station in China, and you willsee scenes of greeting and good-byewith all the feeling expressed in theeyes and the face and in the practicalthings family members and relativesand friends do for each other, but it isunlikely people will hug, with onlyyounger ones as an exception.In contrast, people of Latin Americancultures touch each other incommunication much more thanpeople of some other cultures,especially Eastern Asian cultures. Ata time of meeting a friend or upondeparting, hugging each other is verynatural for Latin American people.On such occasions, hugging has nosexual connotation; it is just like ahandshake in China, but warmer andmore enthusiastic. Women tend tohug each other more than men hugwomen, but both are common. One’sdiscomfort at hugging in suchsituations may be interpreted byLatin American people asunfriendliness.Case 27 The otherAs with smiling, laughing does notalways serve the same function indifferent cultures. Interestingly, forus Chinese, laughing often has aspecial function during tense socialoccasions. People may laugh torelease the tension or embarrassment,to express their concern for you,their intention to put you at ease or tohelp you shrug off theembarrassment. In this case, thepeople there actually wished to laughwith the American rather than at him.Their laughing seemed to convey anumber of messages: don’t take it soseriously; laugh it off, it’s nothing;such things can happen to any of us,etc. unfortunately, the America wasunaware of this. He thought theywere laughing at him, which madehim feel more embarrassed andangry, for in his culture laughing onsuch an occasion would beinterpreted as an insulting response,humiliating and negative.。
跨文化交际英语案例分析万能模板
跨文化交际英语案例分析万能模板引言在全球化的趋势下，跨文化交际已成为日常生活和工作中的常态。
无论是国际贸易、跨国合作还是旅游交流，我们都会面临与不同文化背景的人进行交流和沟通的挑战。
特别是在学习和使用英语的过程中，我们需要了解不同文化对于语言使用和交际方式的影响。
本文将通过分析具体的跨文化交际案例，探讨英语学习者在不同文化背景下的沟通策略和技巧。
案例一：商务洽谈中的礼节差异A公司是一家美国跨国公司，打算与中国的B公司展开商务合作。
双方代表进行了一次面对面的商务洽谈。
在会议中，中国代表以客人的身份招待美国代表，并为其安排了一顿丰盛的中餐。
然而，美国代表主动将自己的商业计划一一介绍后，提出了一些具体的问题和要求。
此时，中国代表显然有些紧张和不悦，并没有直接回答问题，而是转移了话题，讲述了一些与商务无关的事情。
这种回应方式在美国文化中被视为不专业和不直接，可能会影响双方的合作关系。
在这个案例中，我们可以看出美国和中国在商务洽谈中的礼节差异。
美国文化注重直接、效率和专业性，而中国文化则更加注重人际关系和面子。
为了避免类似的情况发生，英语学习者可以采取以下策略： - 尊重和理解对方文化的特点，尽量适应对方的沟通方式； - 在交流过程中保持礼貌和尊重，不要过于直接或冷漠； - 尽量避免忽视对方分享的个人经历，可以采用开放式的问题引导对话，促进更深入的交流。
案例二：面试中的语言差异某公司招聘一名国际销售经理，面试环节中的英语口语能力成为了重要的考察点。
一位来自美国的面试官问了一道开放性问题：“你在此之前是如何处理一次跨国销售合作中的文化冲突的？”应聘者来自中国，他理解问题后，迅速开始介绍了自己曾经参与的一次错误的销售合作案例，强调通过学习和理解对方文化后，取得了成功。
然而，面试官希望应聘者更多地关注解决冲突的方法和技巧，而不是侧重于个人经历的叙述。
这使得应聘者在面试中失去了一部分分数。
这个案例揭示了中西文化在表达方式上的差异。
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大学英语跨文化交际案例分析Case 2 （P8）White Dress女王的白色长裙：Case analysis：The Indian women might think the wedding ceremony is a funeral if they see the western bride in white gown. The case reflects the similes and metaphors in the text.案例分析：印度女人可能觉得婚礼是一个葬礼，如果他们看到西方的新娘的白色礼服。
这个案例反映了明喻和隐喻在文本。
Culture is like an iceberg：we can identify the color of the dress worn by women in different cultures，but we do not know the values underneath。
Culture is like the water a fish swims in: people wear dress of different colors for different context but they usually take it for granted and never ask why.文化是像冰山：我们可以辨认颜色衣服的妇女所穿不同的文化，但我们不知道下面的值。
文化是像水鱼游在:人们穿不同颜色的衣服为不同的上下文，但他们通常是理所当然的，从不问为什么.Case 4 （P18）Coconut-skating椰子-溜冰:Case analysis：The case reflects the characteristics of culture. We can tell from the case that culture is pervasive and it’s learned。
案例分析:这个事件反映了文化的特点。
我们可以告诉从案件，文化是普遍的，这是学习。
People may invent different ways for things even as simple as the issue of floor moping。
The Philippine woman must have learned this way of mopping from her own culture.人们可能发明东西甚至不同的方式为这样简单的问题的地板闷闷不乐。
菲律宾女人必须学习这种方式从她自己的文化的拖地。
Case 7 （P30)Clean up the Bathroom！清理浴室!：Case analysis：Cultural differences decide the two students are going to communicate in different ways。
案例分析:文化差异决定这两个学生要沟通的方式不同.The Chinese student wants the American student to understand the underlying means of his words, but the American student is used to the direct style of communication. This is decided by culture。
In Chinese culture, people want to save face of both themselves and others，so they would not express their ideas directly。
However, in the United States, unless you express yourself clearly and directly, the others cannot understand you.中国学生想要美国学生理解底层的手段,他的话，但是美国学生用来直接的交流方式。
这是由文化决定的。
在中国文化中，人们想要挽回面子的两个自己和他人,所以他们不会直接表达自己的想法。
然而，在美国，除非你清楚地表达自己,别人不能直接理解你。
Case 8 （P34)She Has Three Hands她有三个指针：This case can reflect the different communication styles between Chinese and Canadians. In western cultures，communication is the means of transmitting ideas. Western people usually communicate directly with each other. 这种情况下可以反映出不同的沟通方式在中国和加拿大人。
在西方文化中，沟通是传播方式的想法。
西方的人们通常直接彼此通信。
That is why the Canadian in this case says what is in his mind directly in front of the Chinese woman without hiding anything. While Chinese culture stresses harmony and emphasizes the relationships between the communicators。
Chinese people view communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship。
So the Chinese woman in this case tries not to argue with th e Canadian face to face to keep the “harmonious relationship" between them。
这就是为什么加拿大在这种情况下说什么是在他的脑海里的正前方的中国女人没有隐瞒任何事。
虽然中国文化强调和谐,强调了沟通者之间的关系。
中国人民视图通信作为一个过程，各方正在寻求开发和维护一个社会关系。
所以中国女人在这种情况下努力不认为与加拿大面对面保持“和谐关系”他们。
Case 12 （P57）Why Don't You Eat the Pizza？你为什么不吃比萨饼?:This case can reflect the problems appearing during intercultural communication and how ignoring cultural differences can affect communication。
种情况下可以反映了跨文化交际过程中出现的问题以及如何忽视文化差异会影响通信。
In Malaysia, where most people are Muslims，people think the left hand is used only for cleaning the body and thus it is dirty and can not be used to pass food。
Knowing nothing about the cultural difference，the American student puts himself in an embarrassing situation.这在马来西亚，大多数人是穆斯林,人们认为左手仅用于清洗身体，因此它是脏的，不能被用来传递食物。
并不知道其中的文化差异,美国学生把自己放到一个尴尬局面。
Their communication belongs to Interracial Communication。
他们的通信属于人种间的通信。
Case 21 (P107）A Danish Woman in New York一个丹麦妇女在纽约：This case can reflect assuming similarity instead of difference。
When communicating with people from another culture, one is likely to regard and treat other people as “his people” and to assume there must be only one way of doing things: that is “his way". 这种情况下可以反映相似而不是差异.假设与人交流时从另一种文化，一种可能的方面和治疗别人为“他的人”,认为只能有一个做事的方式:这是“他”。
In this case，the Danish woman assumes that her behavior of leaving the baby alone, which is common in Denmark, is also appropriate in New York。
Here，she assumes what is suitable in her own culture is also indisputable in another culture。
That is why the small conflict happens。
在这种情况下，丹麦妇女假设她让孩子一个人呆着的行为是很常见的,这在丹麦，也适用于纽约。
在这里，她认为什么是适合自己的文化也无可争辩的另一种文化.这就是为什么小冲突发生。
Case 23 (P123)Girl—ness姑娘冲突:This case can reflect one of the translation problems：the lack of conceptual equivalence, which refers to abstract ideas that may not exist in the same fashion in different language.这种情况下可以反映一个翻译问题:缺乏概念等价,这指的是抽象概念可能不存在的相同的方式在不同的语言.Case 41 （P213）Getting Frustrated越来越沮丧:Jay was frustrated in large part because many of the nor ms he was used to didn't apply in Saudi Arabia，and many Saudi norms did not make sense to him.周杰伦是沮丧在很大程度上是因为许多规范他是用于不适用于沙特阿拉伯,和许多沙特规范没有意义的他。