专业英语
专业英语基础知识
1.广泛使用被动语态 (客观性)
非人称语气
主体是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证 说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读 者的注意。 Solid materials are grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics and polymers. 固体材料可分为三种基本类型：金属、陶瓷和聚合物。 The structure of a material can be investigated on several levels. 材料的结构可以在几个层次上进行研究
精练性(conciseness)。
论文、综述、实验报告、教材、专利、说明书等
专业英语
Specialized English
（English for Special Science and Technology）
是结合各自专业的科技英语
有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，
与专业内容配合更为密切。 隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与
3、后置形容词短语作定语多 （精炼）
代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。 All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water. All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water. 所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。
专业英语——精选推荐
专业英语⼀、词语搭配1、polysome (g)RNA and ribosomes2、pinocytosis (n)cell drinking3、exocytosis (k)expel4、plastid (i)in plants only5、Golgi complex (o)packaging6、flagella (m)whiplike7、phagocytosis (f)engulfment 8、lysosome (b)baglike structure 9、basal body (d)where flagella grow 10、vacuole(l)vacant11、nucleus (j)control room12、chemotactic (e)toward or away from a chemical stimulus13、ribosome (a)protein synthesis 14、cytoskeleton (h)weblike15、mitochondrion (c)power generator 16、C3 plant (e)moist climates 17、pigment (n)absorbs 18、light reactions (g)water oxidized 19、thylakoid (a)surrounds a lumen 20、ground state (o)most stable21、reaction center (j)a specific site22、photorespiration (l)inefficient dark reaction23、RuBP (d)electron acceptor for CO224、Calvin-Benson cycle (c)light-independent reactions25、C4 plant (m)dry climates 26、photon (h)wave and particle 27、chlorophyll (b)principal pigment 28、chloroplast (k) banana shape29、carbon cycle (i) greenhouse effect30、light-independent reactions (f)light optional⼆、判断1、F Unlike other cell membranes, the nuclear envelope has no pores.2、T Most cellular proteins are manufactured on ribosomes.3、T White blood cells work by phagocytosis.4、F Prokaryotic cells have microbodies.5、T Mitochondria are self-replicating.6、F Carotenoids are colorless molecules.7、F Grana are surrounded by stomata.8、F Photosynthesis occurs in all living thing.9、T Photon energy is inversely proportional to wavelength.10、F The reaction center in photosystem II is P70011、F Chlorophyll b is not found in any prokaryote.12、T Cyclic photophosphorylation produces additional ATP in plants.13、F The chemiosmotic theory applies to mitochondria but not to chloroplasts.14、T Light-dependent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma.15、T The Calvin-Benson cycle may take place either in light or in the dark.16、T Light-independent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane.17、T C3 plants grow slowly in hot, dry weather.18、T Chlorophyll a is the primary photosynthetic pigment in green plants.三、多选⼀1、Ribosomes (a)a、are organelles involved in protein synthesis2、Transformation of energy and storage of energy in the cell are the mainfunction of (d)d、mitochondria3、Chromoplasts are a type of (d)d、plastid4、Each individual cell is supported by a network of filaments and tubules known as (d)d、a cytoskeleton5、Proteins synthesized on endoplasmic reticulum are modified (c)c、in the Golgi complex6、An organelle isolated from an animal cell is found to contain large number of enzymes involved in energy transformation. This organelle is most likely to be (c)c、a mitochondrion7、In the early 1900s the discovery that the nucleus contains nucleic acids and proteins led many scientists to believe that(d)d、genes are made of protein8、In the DNA molecule (e)e、all of the above9、The double helix model of DNA structure was proposed by (b)b、Watson and Tatum10、The phosphate group in the DNA molecule (b)b、links the 5-C sugar of one nucleotide to the 3-C sugar of the next nucleotide11、DNA replication is termed semiconservative because (d)d、each new molecule has one strand from the original molecule12、Energy to power the sperm flagellum is generated by (a)a、mitochondria13、Meiosis is completed in egg cells (e)e、the egg,s time of release14、Spontaneous development of an unfertilized egg is known as (d)d、parthenogenesis15、The end product of cleavage is a (c)c、blastula16、A cell that can only give rise to cells with a specific function is（b）b、differentiated17、Morphogenesis involves a change in (c)c、cell shape四、阅读理解1、What does the passage mainly discuss?B、Why birds migrate2、According to the passage, which of the following protects birds against cold weather?C、Feathers3、In paragraph one, the word “constant” is closest in meaning to which of the following?B、Invariable4、In paragraph two, the author mentions young arctic terns as an example of birds thatB、migrate instinctively5、The passage mentions all of the following as changes that birds exposed to longer periods of darkness experience EXEPTD、increased appetite6、In the experiment mentioned in the passage, the scientists adjusted the birds,C、exposure to light五、英译汉1、If you were asked to summarize your paper in one sentence,what would you say?译：如果让你⽤⼀句话对你的⽂章进⾏总结，你会怎么说？2：Focusing on your central message.译：聚焦于你的中⼼思想。
专业英语
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句法特点
a. 大量使用名词化结构 名词化过程主要是把表达“ 过程”的动词或说明某一事件的小句 加以“物化”， 从而浓缩成动词性名词。如：make decision， decision-making 名词化词组由于失去了动作的参 与者或发出者，在描述事件或说 明事物时显得更为 客观；因此，名词化是科技英语最重要的特征之一。 eg， If you expose the item for long, it will quickly deteriorate. Prolonged exposure will result in quick deterioration of item.
叮当
金币
PMID——摘要“身份证”号码的使用
给国外教授写信索取文献
常用国内外搜索引擎列表
Google Yahoo! AllTheWeb AltaVista Open Directory MSN Search About Ask Jeeves WiseNut HotBot LookSmart Teom 网易搜索 新浪搜索
专业英语
1.Basically all power is with the people.归根结底，一切力量属于人民。
2. The works of these watches and clocks are all home-produced.这些钟表的零件都是国产的。
3. In the workshop the electric lamp is burning brightly just now .此刻车间里正灯火通明。
4. This mine is no longer being worked.这座矿上不再开采了。
5. The major contributions in component technology have been in the semiconductor components. 元件技术中起主要作用的是半导体元件。
6.antilinear thousand-fold ultra-microscope twist drill I-steel非线性的千倍超显微镜麻花钻工字钢1. Rockets have found applications for the exploration of the universe.火箭已经用于探索宇宙。
2. No one has ever seen a single atom or molecule even with the most powerful microscope.即使用最大倍率的显微镜，也从来没有人见过一个单一的原子或分子。
3. Are they through with the assembling of the generator?他们完成了发电机的组装吗？4. We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.我们发现解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。
5. This waveguide tube is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure.这种波导管的主要特点是结构简单。
大学生专业英语词汇总结
大学生专业英语词汇总结随着全球化时代的到来，跨国公司、国际组织以及各种国际活动的频繁出现，英语作为国际交流的基本语言，成为了每一个大学生必备的技能之一。
作为大学英语的学习者，熟练掌握专业英语词汇不仅是提升英语水平的必要条件，也是迈向专业领域的重要基础。
下面是本文为大家总结的大学生专业英语词汇：一、商务英语1. revenue –收入\n2. profit –利润\n3. sales –销售额\n4. market –市场\n5. brand –品牌\n6. strategy –策略\n7. investment –投资\n8. competition –竞争\n9. target market –目标市场\n10. advertising –广告二、计算机科学1. algorithm –算法\n2. database –数据库\n3. programming –编程\n4. software –软件\n5. hardware –硬件\n6. network –网络\n7. code –代码\n8. operating system –操作系统\n9. debugging –调试\n10. user interface –用户界面三、金融学1. interest rate –利率\n2. stock –股票\n3. bond –债券\n4. investment –投资\n5. risk –风险\n6. liquidity –流动性\n7. asset –资产\n8. liability –负债\n9. hedge fund –对冲基金\n10. derivatives –衍生品四、法律1. contract –合同\n2. litigation –诉讼\n3. liability –责任\n4. precedent –先例\n5. intellectual property –知识产权\n6. arbitration –仲裁\n7. legal system –法律体系\n8. judgment –判决\n9. plaintiff –原告\n10. defendant –被告五、医学1. diagnosis –诊断\n2. treatment –治疗\n3. surgery –手术\n4. medication –药物\n5. patient –病人\n6. symptom –症状\n7. disease –疾病\n8. surgery –外科学\n9. anatomy –解剖学\n10. physiology –生理学六、教育学1. curriculum –课程\n2. pedagogy –教学法\n3. assessment –评估\n4. classroom management –课堂管理\n5. educational psychology –教育心理学\n6. learning outcomes –学习成果\n7. special education –特殊教育\n8. differentiated instruction –差异化教学\n9. educational research –教育研究\n10. teaching strategies –教学策略七、国际关系1. sovereignty –主权\n2. diplomacy –外交\n3. globalization –全球化\n4. non-governmental organization (NGO) –非政府组织\n5. international law –国际法\n6. foreign policy –外交政策\n7. human rights –人权\n8. conflict resolution –冲突解决\n9. international trade –国际贸易\n10. international governance –国际治理八、建筑设计1. blueprint –蓝图\n2. architecture –建筑学\n3. building materials –建筑材料\n4. interior design –室内设计\n5.construction –建筑工程\n6. sustainable design –可持续设计\n7. building code –建筑规范\n8. structural engineering –结构工程\n9. landscape architecture –景观设计\n10. urban planning –城市规划以上是本文总结的大学生专业英语词汇，涵盖了商务、计算机科学、金融学、法律、医学、教育学、国际关系、建筑设计等多个专业领域。
专业英语全文
Unit 1 BAUHAUSTo be a real veteran, start from the history of industrial design, and get ready to shou off at any time! 学说两句设计史话，立刻成为设计行家HistoryThe Bauhaus was founded in 1919 by an architect which sought to integrate art and economics, and to add an element of engineering to art. The Werkbund (德）工作联盟movement was unable to achieve this integration, but the founding of the Bauhaus saw the solution that had previously been overlooked. The Bauhaus was founded by the combining of the Weimar Art Academy（魏玛艺术学院）, and the Weimar Arts and Crafts School（魏玛工艺学校）. Students at this new school were trained by both an artist and a master craftsman, realizing the desires of Gropius to make "modern artists familiar with science and economics, that began to unite creative imagination with a practical knowledge of craftsmanship, and thus to develop a new sense of functional design." IdeologiesThe school had three aims at its inception that stayed basically the same throughout the life of the Bauhaus even though the direction of the school changed significantly and repeatedly. The first aim of the school was to "rescue all of the arts from the isolation in which each then found itself," to encourage the individual artisans and craftsmen to work cooperatively and combine all of their skills. Secondly, the school set out to elevate the status of crafts, chairs, lamps, teapots, etc., to the same level enjoyed by fine arts, painting, sculpting, etc.. The third aim was to maintain contact with the leaders of industry and craft in an attempt to eventually gain independence from government support by selling designs to industry.With these at its basis the Bauhaus began and influenced our lives immensely in ways that most people probably take for granted.Innovations and AchievementsSince the school tried to combine art with engineering and craftsmanship, innovation ran rampant through the Bauhaus resulting in a multitude of advances affecting the most basic aspects of life."Everyone sitting on a chair with a tubular steel frame, using an adjustable reading lamp, or living in a house partly or entirely constructed from prefabricated elements is benefiting from a revolution in design largely brought about by the Bauhaus; The practical innovations developed by the Bauhaus have profoundly effected designs favoured by industry as shown by the desks and chairs that fill offices, lobbies, and lounges across America, not to mention the portable classrooms that seem to be favoured today, delivered on trucks, propped up and bolted together and filled with those ubiquitous tubular steel and plastic chairs. The effects of the Bauhaus stretches beyond our furniture and light fixtures, into the realms of architecture, theater, and typography. where the designs and style of the Bauhaus are still spoken of today./~gflores/bauhaus/history.html2ICSID国际工业设计师联合会What is Industrial Design?Industrial Design is concerned with all the human aspects ofmachine-made products and their relationship to people and the environment. The designer is responsible for these products and their impact on society and nature. The designer accounts for the product's human factors engineering, safety, form, color, maintenance and cost. Industrial design deals with consumer products as well as industrial products. In order to achieve these ends, designers must be involved in four major design and research activities: human behavior, the human-machine interface, the environment, and the product itself. 为了达到这些目的，设计师必须投入到以下四项有关设计和研究的活动中去：人类行为学，人机界面学，环境学，以及产品本身的研究。
专业外语课程简介
《专业英语》课程简介Subject-Based English课程编号：学分：2 学时：32 讲课学时：32 实验学时（实践学时）：内容简介：《专业英语》是机械工程专业方向的一门专业选修课。
本课程为机械工程专业大学四年级学生经过了基础英语以及本专业课程的学习之后，为进一步提高他们的阅读、翻译有关专业文献和科技英语的写作能力而开设的选修课程。
课程内容涉及金属切削原理、特种加工、机床及液压传动系统等专业相关知识。
本课程教学，不仅可以使学生们熟悉和掌握本专业常用的专业词汇、词组及其用法，还能进一步巩固专业知识的学习，同时培养了学生科技英语的翻译、写作能力。
本课程的学习将为学生学习新的科学知识与技术、查阅本专业英文文献、掌握国际上本专业发展动态打好语言基础。
适用专业：机械工程先修课程：《大学英语》、《机械制造技术基础》、《互换性与测试技术》、《液压传动与气压传动》等选用教材：《机械制造专业英语》，章跃主编，机械工业出版社，2009开课单位：机械工程学院机制教研室Course Number: 0010908048 Credit: 2 Class Periods: 32 Lecture Periods: 32 Experiment Periods: 0 Description of the Course: Subject-Based English is a specialized elective course of mechanical engineering and automation major field. The course is for the senior students of mechanical engineering and automation major field after learning College English and some professional courses. The purpose of the course is to improve their abilities of reading and translating relevant professional literatures and writing science and technology English. The course contents include metal cutting theory, special processing, machine tool and hydraulic transmission system and other relevant professional knowledge. According to the learning of the course, the students not only can know and master commonly used professional vocabularies, phrases and their usage methods, but also can consolidate professional knowledge. The ability of translating and writing subject-based English will also be increased. The learning of the course is of great benefit for students to learn new science and technology knowledge, refer professional literatures in English and master international development trend of the professional knowledge.Major Field: mechanical engineeringPrerequisite Courses: College English, Theory of Mechanical Manufacturing Technology, Interchangeability and Measurement Technology, Hydraulic and Pneumatic Transmission.Teaching Material: Technical English for Mechanical Engineering, Zhang Yue, China Machine Press, 2009 Teaching Unit:Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation Research Center of School of Mechanical Engineering。
专业英语打印版
词语翻译早期强度：early strength引气剂：air entraining agent球磨机: ball mill回转窑:rotary kiln水泥熟料：cement clinker固溶体：solid solution晶体缺陷：crystal imperfection闪凝：flash set扫描电子显微镜：Scanning Electron Microscope诱导期：dormant(induction) period 渗透压：osmotic pressure初凝：initial set终凝：final set 硅酸三钙：tricalcium silicate 硅酸二钙：dicalcium silicate硬化混凝土：hardened concrete新拌混凝土：fresh concrete干缩：drying shrinkage弹性模量：elastic modulus塑性阶段：plastic state素混凝土：plain concrete钢筋混凝土：reinforced concrete自平衡系统：self-equilibrating system先张法：pre-tensioning method后张法：post-tensioning method高性能混凝土：High Performance Concrete水泥石：hardened cement paste硅灰：silica fume标准偏差：standard deviation高效减水剂：high range water reducing admixtures空间位阻：steric hindrance 缓凝剂：Set retarding chemical admixtures英译汉（1）The salient point demonstrated by this table is the comparatively large variation in compound composition that can apply even with a very small variation in the chemical analysis of the raw materials .译：这个表格所突显的观点是只要原料的化学组成发生微小变化就可以导致化合物组成发生相当大的变化。
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Chapter 1物流管理logistics management 客户服务customer service物资搬运material handling 订单处理order processing需求处理demand forecasting 退货处理return goods handling零配件和服务支持parts and service support工厂及仓库选址factory and warehouse site selection存货管理inventory management 逆向物流reverse logistics产出点point of origin 消费点point of consumption物流成本logistics cost 条码bar coding销售损失lost sale 内部成本internal cost退货处理成本return goods handling 外部成本external cost潜在的销售potential future sale 订单传输order transmittal运输成本transportation cost 订单输入order entry进货渠道inbound channel 批量成本lot quantity cost出货渠道outbound channel 缺货stockout订单处理成本order processing cost 库存持有成本inventory carrying cost需求预测demanding forecasting 资金成本capital cost销售沟通distribution communication 仓储空间成本storage space cost电子数据交换系统electronic data interchange 风险成本risk cost卫星数据传输satellite data transmissionChapter 2供应链supply chain 人力资源human resource最终用户end-customer 上游供应商upper stream supplier供应链管理supply chain management 供应链整合supply chain integration货物流product flow 下游企业down stream firm核心能力core competency 物资供应material procurement信息流information flow供应链战略管理Supply chain strategy 多数供应商战略Many suppliers strategy 少数供应商战略Few suppliers strategy 纵向整合战略Vertical integration企业集团Keiretsu networks 虚拟企业Virtual company前项整合Foreward integration 后项整合Backward integration规模经济Economy of scale 成本降低Cost reductionChapter 3产品移动product movement 门到门door-to-door在途库存in-transit inventory 有效利用能源energy-efficient有害物质hazardous material 灵活性和通用性flexibility and versatility 远洋运输Ocean going ships 建筑材料building materials价格优势price advantage 跨西伯利亚铁路the Trans Siberian railway多式联运工业中心multi-modal transport industrial center空箱装货地empty container place of loading拼箱系统化运输groupage container systematic transfer公铁运输长距离运输road-rail transport long distance movement LASH: lighter abroad shipCFS: container freight stationFCL: full container loadLCL: less than container loadTEU：twenty-foot equivalent units商业交易运输环境Commercial transactions transportation environment 信息流服务业务Information flow service business合理的费用潜在的买主reasonable cost potential vendors主要优势商业企业primary advantage commercial enterprises安全标准运输需求safety standards transportation demandsChapter 4资金周转Cash flow 运输成本transport cost现场仓库field warehouse 中间商Intermediary-consumer/user网络结构Network structure 运输工具Transport vestment延期交货订单back- orders分拨渠道distribution channel 库存周转inventory turnover库存管理Inventory Management 存置成本holding cost生产时间进度安排Production schedule 按程序工作Work in process库存单位stock keeping units 前置期Lead time搬运成本carrying cos t 容量计划Capacity planning撤回Withdraw 分类assortment装配线assembly line 在手上On hand大量客户化mass customization 与……联合associated with交通堵塞Traffic congestion 裁剪tailorChapter 5竞争武器competitive weapon 库存水平inventory levels潜在的问题potential problem 物流活动logistics activities最终顾客ultimate customer 信息技术information technologies物流信息系统logistics information system 实时销售信息real-time sales data决策相关信息decision-relevant information决策支持系统Decision support systems 长期预测long-term forecast 库存控制inventory controlwarehouse management systems (WMS) :仓储管理系统Transportation management systems (TMS)：运输管理系统material flows ：物料流material handling automation ：物料处理的自动化Enterprise resource planning systems (ERP) ：企业资源计划系统purchasing orders ：采购订单duplicate records ：备份记录financial records ：财务记录sales orders：销售订单promise system：保证系统最终用户和销售伙伴end-use customers and reseller partners.替代程序alternative program 客户服务customers service产品和价格信息products and price information网上销售on-line sales 运营成本operating cost前置期l ead time 软件下载download software复印成本duplicate costs 技术支持technical support订单递交order submissionChapter 6仓储操作warehousing operation 运送路线delivery route基本布局basic layout 标识marking按订单分解order pick 产品编号product number储存区storage area 仓库管理系统warehouse management system 大批量运输large quantity shipments 订单要求order requirement办公管理clerical/office administration 运输目的地shipping destination装运检验shipment content checking 运输工具transportation facilities升降货车lift truck 搬运信息handling information仓储设施warehouse facility 温控仓库temperature-controlled warehouse 公共仓库public warehousing 进口税imported duty自用仓库private warehousing 罐装储存tank storage广告成本advertising cost 易腐食品perishable products首笔投资initial investment 农产品agricultural products客户服务customer service 大宗散装存储产品bulk storage products服务水平service level 普通商品库存general commodity warehouse 竞争动力competitive drive 冷藏仓库refrigerated warehouse制造商manufacturer 特种商品库存special commodity warehouse 经销商distributor 保税仓库bonded warehouseChapter 7物资操作系统materials handling system机械化操作系统mechanized materials handling system自动化操作系统automated materials handling system信息导向操作系统information-directed materials handling system存储和订单处理设备storage and order picking equipment运输和分类设备transportation and sorting equipment出货设备shipping equipment自动化导向车辆系统automated guided vehicle systems(AGVS)计算机分类computerized sortation活动货架live rack高层自动化存取系统high-rise storage and retrieval systems射频波控制设备RF-controlled equipment光导向操作light-directed operations订货拣选系统order selection system叉车lift truck 步行码垛车walkie-rider pallet truck拖缆towline 旋转式输送带carousel单元负载unit load 动力结构装置power configuration installation高垛叉车high-stacking truck 库存存储位置inventory storage location出运货物和收货入库作业shipping and receiving operation订单拣货order selection 高密度旋转储存high-density carousel storageChapter 8商业包装marketing package 国内外市场the domestic and world markets工业包装industrial package 包装工业packaging industry产品质量quality of products 无损伤货物damage-free goods包装的功能functions of packaging通用商品码UPC (Universal Product Code)主箱master carton 处理成本disposal cost运输容积和重量transportation cube and weight可回收使用的容器returnable container标准结构standard configuration 容积利用率cube utilization订货数量order quantities 体积最小化cube minimization运输成本transportation cost 运输效率transportation efficiency 包装尺寸packaging size/cube 真空包装vacuum-packed环保包装environmental packaging 载重量weight utilizationChapter 9实物配送Physical distribution 实物履行Physical fulfillment订单处理Order process 客户要求Customer requirements集约式分销intensive distribution 选择性分销selective distribution独家分销exclusive distribution 零售价retail price配送中心Distribution center 物流节点Logistics link总装配Final assembly 成批地value-added activities销售时点信息系统point of sales information system有效顾客反应Efficient consumer response需求链Demand chain 外部顾客external customer增值活动接受订单take orders作文SHANGHAI OCEAN SHIPPING COMPANY378 Dong Daming Road, Shanghai, P.C. 200080, ChinaTelephone: 65416620Telex: 33057 COSCO CNFax: 65458984Cable Address: COSCO SHNAGHAIMarch 3, 2007 Diamond Logistics Ltd.47 Federal StreetSpringfieldMassachusetts 01101U.S.A.Attention: Mr. David SmithDear Mr. Smith,Re: Chartering a VesselThank you for your letter of February 25.We are pleased to inform you that we have been able to secure the vessel you asked for. She is the M.V. Dong Fang, a bulk carrier, and is docked at present in Ningbo. She has a cargo capacity of ten thousand tons and a speed of 24 knots which will certainly be able to make the number of trips you mentioned.Please give us an early reply to confirm the charter and we will send you the charter party.Yours sincerely,COSCO SHANGHAI(Signed)…Wu Chen, ManagerCharter Department。