2011材料学院研究生复试笔试真题
材料专业考研面试题目(3篇)
第1篇一、专业基础知识1. 请简要介绍材料科学的基本概念及其在现代社会中的应用。
2. 解释晶体学中晶胞、晶格、晶面、晶向等基本概念。
3. 简述金属材料的变形机制，并说明其影响因素。
4. 解释金属材料的固溶强化、析出强化、冷变形强化等强化机制。
5. 请说明高分子材料的分类、特性及其在日常生活中的应用。
6. 简述无机非金属材料的基本类型、制备方法及其在工业领域的应用。
7. 解释材料力学性能的基本概念，如强度、硬度、韧性等。
8. 简述材料物理性能的基本概念，如导电性、热导性、磁性等。
9. 介绍现代材料分析技术中的X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等分析方法。
10. 简述电化学在材料制备、加工、检测等方面的应用。
11. 解释工程材料的基本概念，如结构材料、功能材料、复合材料等。
12. 简述新能源材料的基本类型、制备方法及其在新能源领域的应用。
二、专业综合应用1. 举例说明金属材料在航空航天领域的应用，并分析其优缺点。
2. 分析高分子材料在生物医学领域的应用，并讨论其面临的挑战。
3. 简述无机非金属材料在电子信息领域的应用，如光电子器件、传感器等。
4. 讨论复合材料在汽车、船舶、航空航天等领域的应用，并分析其发展趋势。
5. 分析材料力学性能在工程结构设计中的重要性，并举例说明。
6. 介绍材料物理性能在能源、电子、环保等领域的应用。
7. 简述现代材料分析技术在材料制备、加工、检测等方面的应用实例。
8. 分析电化学在材料腐蚀与防护、电池、超级电容器等领域的应用。
9. 讨论工程材料在高温、高压、腐蚀等恶劣环境下的应用，如高温合金、耐腐蚀合金等。
10. 分析新能源材料在新能源领域的应用，如太阳能电池、燃料电池等。
三、科研与创新能力1. 请谈谈你在本科阶段参与的科研项目，包括研究内容、实验方法、成果等。
2. 分析你在本科阶段遇到的科研难题，以及你是如何解决的。
3. 举例说明你在本科阶段取得的创新成果，如论文发表、专利申请等。
北航2011年考研真题答案—911材料综合
2011 年金属学原理参考答案
九、
解：（1）扩散的基本机制：
a) 间隙机制:在间隙固溶体中，溶质原子从一个间隙未知跳到另外一个间隙位置的扩 散。碳，氮氢等小的间隙原子更容易采用间隙机制扩散
b) 空位机制：晶体中存在着空位。纯金属中的自扩散和置换固溶体中的扩散就是通 过原子与空位交换位置实现的。这种扩散方式称为空位机制.大多数情况下原子扩 散是借助空位机制实现的。
十、
a) 由于相变阻力大，相变的过冷度一般很大 b) 固态相变都非自发形核 c) 晶体缺陷对固态相变形核、生长及固态相变组织和性能具有决定性影响 d) 新相与母相间往往存在严格的晶体学取向过程 e) 相变历程复杂，往往晶粒溶质偏析—过渡相析出—稳定相析出等一系列历程。
十一、
一、控制凝固过程：
a) 加快冷却速度，获得较大过冷度（降低浇铸温度、提高铸型冷却能力、减小零件壁厚、 强制冷却、内外“冷铁”，等等），使液态金属同时大量形成晶核。形核率和晶体长大 速率都增大但是形核率增长的更快
十二、
1
a) 细晶强化：由霍儿－配奇公式s 0 kd 2 ，晶粒细化后s 增大相当于屈服强度增
大，故细化晶粒可以达到强化的目的，主要是由于晶界处的原子排列不规则，晶界处杂 质原子富集形成各种气团，而且晶界两侧的晶粒取向不同，因此常温下晶界的存在会对 位错的运动起阻碍作用致使塑性变形抗力提高宏观表现为晶界比晶内具有较高的强度 和硬度。 b) 加工硬化：由于位错间交互作用产生位错增殖，位错密度急剧增加，位错难于移动，位 错交割形成大量割阶，钉孔位错，位错交割形成位错网，位错反应形成 Lomer 或 Lomer －Contrell 位错锁，以上都会阻止位错的运动滑移都有利于硬化 c) 固溶强化：由于位错与溶质原子的交互作用而产生的强化。溶质原子的存在会产生晶格 畸变和弹性应变场阻碍位错的正常运动，溶质原子可能会与位错产生弹性交互作用、化 学交互作用、以及静电交互作用；位错运动时会改变溶质原子的分布情况引起系统能量 升高，由此也会增加滑移变形的抗力。（或者更简单的解释：溶质原子会向位错偏聚， 形成溶质气团，降低位错的应变能和系统能量，位错变得稳定从而难以移动） d) 粒子强化：a 绕过粒子：强化效果取决于粒子尺寸以及粒子间距，与粒子本性无关。运 动中心位错在滑移面上受到第二相质点阻碍时，如质点尺寸和间距较大，则位错线将绕 其弯曲，且形成包围质点的位错环，同时原位错继续前进，但位错间这种方式运动所受 阻力大。b 切割粒子：第二相强度不大时，可随基体一起变形，且第二相质点与位错间 作用力不足以把位错组织在质点处时，位错会直接切过质点使质点分成两部分，除质点 周围应力场阻碍位错运动外，质点本身对位错亦有阻力。强化效果取决于粒子的本性（界 面共格错配度、界面能、弹性模量差、层错能差、有序度等）。
东华大学硕士材料学院研究生入学考试真题2011真题答案
2011真题答案高化部分一、名词解释自动加速现象：当自由基聚合进入中期后，随转化率增加，聚合速率自动加快，这一现象成为自动加速现象。
动力学链长：把每个活性中心从引发到终止所消耗的单体数定义为动力学链长。
立构规整性：是指立构规整聚合物所占总聚合物的百分数平均官能度：每一个分子官能团的加和平均体型缩聚：开始时先形成支化聚合，接着在适宜的条件下聚合度迅速增加，生成无限大的三位交联网状结构，这样的聚合反应成为体型聚合二、问答题1、详见高化课本第233页，（注意：在答这类问题时候，一定要把图形画上，就拿这道题来说，链式聚合的转化率逐步聚合的转化率在图形上是明显区别的，）2、竞聚率表示以单体M1结尾的链自由基的均聚和M2单体的共聚的速率常数之比。
它的物理意义是两单体反应相对活性的大小比较，其倒数分之一如果大于1，则单体M2的活性较大，反之亦然。
可采取的措施有⑴一次性投料⑵控制转化率的方法（3）补加活泼单体法3、主要原因是离子聚合虽然是连续聚合，但是其聚合过程中无双基终止。
4、苯乙烯----自由基、阴离子、阳离子甲基丙烯酸甲酯---自由基、阴离子烷基乙烯基醚----阳离子W氨基酸------（1）以水作为引发剂，逐步聚合（2）以碱作为引发剂，连锁聚合甲醛和苯酚----加成缩合机理进行三、见之于高化课本上（由于这个反应式我不会用word编写，按照书上的写就是满分了）四、1、当量系数r=0.98 聚合度Xn=502、这个题的主要关键点就是最后一步要用到对数算，你肯定会先用到下面这个公式的，在这个公式中由半衰期算出Kd，引发剂浓度也可以由条件算出来，然后就是用下面这个公式M0是原始浓度，M是剩余浓度，此题中M0/M=1/0.9（不能认为是1/0.1）高分子物理一、溶致性液晶：在溶液中当达到某一临界浓度以上时呈现液晶性能损耗模量：G’’= G(ω2τ2)/(1+ω2τ2)，表示在形变过程热损耗的能量串晶：是由伸直链纤维状晶为脊纤维和附生的间隙的折叠连片晶组成的类似于羊肉串的形态，故称为串晶。
材料科学基础考研真题1995-2011(北科大)
北京科技大学1995年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目: 金属学适用专业: 金属塑性加工说明:统考生做1～10题，单考生做1～7题和在8～13题中任选3题。
每题10分。
1、什么是固溶体？固溶体可以分为几种？并说明其各自的结晶特点。
2、计算含0.45%C的亚共析钢在共析温度时铁素体和奥氏体两相的相对数量，在这一温度下铁素体和珠光体的相对数量又是多少？3、用扩散理论来说明高温条件下钢的氧化过程。
4、画出铁碳平衡相图中的包晶反应部分的相图，并给出包晶反应表达式。
5、说明钢中非金属夹杂物的来源及其种类。
6、说明钢的完全退火、不完全退火、等温退火、球化退火、和低温退火的工艺特点及它们的作用。
7、说明轴承钢的碳化物类型及形成原因。
8、画图说明钢的高温和低温形变热处理的工艺特点。
9、从下列元素中指出哪些元素是扩大奥氏体区域的？哪些元素是缩小奥氏体区域的？C Si Ti Cr Mo Ni Cu N10、冷变形金属加热发生低温、中温和高温回复时晶体内部发生什么变化？11、绘出立方系中｛110｝晶面族所包括的晶面，以及（112）、（123）、（120）晶面。
12、说明共析钢加热时奥氏体形成的过程，并画图表示。
13、合金钢中主要的合金相有几种类型？北京科技大学1999年硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目：金属学1、名词解释:（10分）（1）点阵畸变（2）组成过冷（3）再结晶温度（4）滑移和孪生（5）惯习现象2、说明面心立方、体心立方、密排六方（c/a≥1.633）三种晶体结构形成的最密排面，最密排方向和致密度。
（10分）3、在形变过程中，位错增殖的机理是什么？（10分）4、简述低碳钢热加工后形成带状组织的原因，以及相变时增大冷却度速度可避免带状组织产生的原因。
（10分）5、简要描述含碳量0.25%的钢从液态缓慢冷却至室温的相变过程（包括相变转换和成分转换）。
（10分）6、选答题（二选一，10分）（1）铸锭中区域偏析有哪几种？试分析其原因，并提出消除区域偏析的措施。
哈工大复材所考研-初试-2011
2011年研究生入学考试材料学（航天学院）专业试题一、概念题（每题5分，8题共40分）1.晶界工程：玻璃相处于陶瓷结构中的晶界位置，是影响陶瓷性能的重要显微组成，提高晶界的结晶化程度可以改善陶瓷的高温性能。
此项研究称为“晶界工程”。
2.玻璃陶瓷：对于某些玻璃，通过适当控制反玻璃化过程，可以得到无残余应力的微晶玻璃，这种材料称为玻璃陶瓷。
3.RTM：RTM是“Resin Transfer Molding”的缩写，意思为树脂传递模塑工艺，它是一种先进的、聚合物基复合材料闭模成型的工艺方法。
4.烧蚀型防热：是利用材料的分解、解聚、蒸发、气化及离子化等化学和物理过程带走大量热能，并利用消耗材料本身来换取隔热效果。
5.材料设计：材料设计是指在材料科学的理论知识和已有经验的基础上，利用计算机技术，按预定性能要求，确定材料组分和结构，并预测达到预定性能要求应选择的工艺手段和工艺参数。
6.相变增韧：陶瓷中裂纹尖端的应力场引起裂纹尖端附近的晶体结构发生相变，当相变使该局部区域发生体积膨胀时，体积膨胀会使基体裂纹闭合，从而改善了陶瓷材料的断裂韧性。
7.界面：复合材料的界面是指基体与增强物之间化学成分有显著变化的、构成彼此结合的、能起载荷传递作用的微小区域。
8.微观复合材料：增强相的尺寸为纳米等级的材料称为纳米复合材料，增强相尺寸控制在埃级，即原子或分子水平的称为杂化材料，两者统称为微观复合材料，它们主要用作新型结构材料或功能材料。
二、问答题（每题10分，8题共80分）1.聚合物基复合材料的功能性有哪几种？答：五种：耐烧蚀性好；有良好的摩擦性能，包括良好的摩阻特性及减摩特性；高度的电绝缘性能；优良的耐腐蚀性能；有特殊的光学、电学、磁学的特性。
2.根据使用温度范围，金属基体分哪几类？答：金属与合金种类繁多，目前用作金属基复合材料的金属有铝及铝合金，镁合金，钛合金，镍合金，铜与铜合金，锌合金，铅，钛铝、镍铝金属间化合物等。
2011年华南理工大学材料加工工程802考研真题
化的规律。
3．为什么铸造合金通常选择共晶或接近共晶成分的合金？
4．3Cr2W8V为一种常用的热作模具钢，根据该钢的牌号，写出主要合金成分含量，
并简述这些合金元素的作用。
5．什么叫加工硬化？简述加工硬化的原因。
五、问答题(共52.5分)
C.间隙扩散机制
3、以下3种铝合金中耐腐蚀性最好的是
。
A．LF6
B．LY12
C．LC4
4、一次渗碳体、二次渗碳体、三次渗碳体的
A．晶体结构不同，组织形态相同
B．晶体结构相同，组织形态不同
。
第
2
页
C．晶体结构与组织形态都不同
5、工业纯铝制造导线时，经过冷拔处理后其强度
。
A．升高
B．降低
C．不变
6、原子越过能垒的激活能为Q，则扩散速率
3、间隙原子的扩散激活能比置换原子的小，所以扩散速度比较快。
4、在立方晶系中，晶向[123]与晶面（123）互相垂直。
5、原子间的结合力越大，则扩散激活能越大。
6、碳原子通常位于α-Fe的八面体间隙中，这说明体心立方晶格的八面体间隙比四面
体间隙大得多。
7、两元素形成间隙固溶体时，只要晶格类型相同，原子直径相近，就可以形成无限
1.右图为一立方晶胞，O、A、B为顶点，C为上平
z
面中心点，AB的晶向指数为
OC的晶向指数为
（2）
（1）
。
，
O
C
A
y
B
x
z
2．右图为一立方晶胞，B、C为棱边中点，A、D、E、
E
F
F、G为顶点，ABC的晶面指数为
10_11太原理工材料复试真题 (1) 2
1.材料的刚度是指材料的（弹性模量）屈服强度弹性模量断裂强度延伸率2.根据断裂机理，材料的断裂分为（韧性断裂、脆性断裂）解理断裂、韧窝断裂、纯剪切断裂韧性断裂、脆性断裂穿晶断裂、沿晶断裂正断、切断3.解理裂纹的萌生不包括（相界萌生）表面萌生晶界萌生相界萌生晶内萌生4.选用（维氏硬度）试验方法，可以测试渗碳层的硬度分布。
布氏硬度肖氏硬度洛氏硬度维氏硬度5.检验以下材料的冲击韧性，（W18Cr4V）材料不需要开缺口。
W18Cr4V 40Cr35CrMnSi 42CrMo6.在室温下，下面（）金属将会发生韧脆转变Mg Cu Fe Al7.在较低强度水平，钢中冲击韧性最好、韧脆转变温度最低的组织是（回火索氏体）粒状珠光体片状珠光体回火贝氏体回火索氏体8.最危险的裂纹扩展方式是（撕开型）张开型滑开型撕开型复合型9.σ-1表示（）波动循环应力脉动循环应力不对称循环应力对称循环应力10.疲劳条带不具备（）特征相互平行垂直于裂纹扩展方向由载荷的突然变化引起由载荷的周期性变化引起11.描述材料疲劳裂纹开始扩展的性能指标是（门槛值）疲劳强度门槛值过载持久值过载损伤界12.材料在接触疲劳载荷作用下，如果硬化层过渡区呈陡峭状态，容易发生（D）腐蚀磨损麻点剥落浅层剥落深层剥落13.对在高温工作的材料，不可以采用的强化手段是（B）固溶强化细晶强化位错强化弥散强化14.一下四种材料中，热膨胀系数最大的是（C）三氧化二铝锌石英塑料15.材料在（）的时候，就是半导体。
存在导带允带之间没有禁带或允带重叠满带和空带之间存在较窄的禁带满带和空带之间存在较宽的禁带16.热电偶是利用材料的（C）测量温度的一种方法。
帕尔贴效应汤姆逊效应赛贝克效应热敏效应17.可采用（）方法研究材料的调幅分解转变。
热分析法膨胀法电阻法磁性法18.奥氏体不锈钢在（D）中容易发生应力腐蚀。
氢氧化钠溶液氯化物水溶液氨水氢氟酸19.材料在（B）状态下，容易发生应力腐蚀。
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(含答案)
2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D an ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber czar, offered the Osa ma government a 4 to make the Web a safer place —a ―voluntary identify‖ system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on‖ systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a ―walled garden‖ in safe ―neighborhoods‖ and bright ―streetlights‖ to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a ―voluntary ecosystem‖ in which indivi duals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license‖ mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the ―voluntaryand identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1.A.swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden2.A.for B. within C. while D. though3.A.careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless4.A.reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposalrmation B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent6.A.by B. into C. from D. over7.A.linked B. directed C. chained D. compared8.A.dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve9.A.recall B. suggest C. select D. realize10.A.released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered11.A.carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in12.A.In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast13.A.trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing14.A.caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience15.A.on B. after C. beyond D. across16.A.divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united17.A.frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually18.A.skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm19.A.manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible20.A.invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs's board as an outside director in January 2000; a year later she became president of Brown University in Rhode Island. For the rest of the decade she apparently juggled both roles (as well as several other directorships) without attracting much criticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms Simmons was under fire from students and alumni for having sat on Goldman's compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February Ms Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm's board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive's proposals. Leaders from other fields are frequently in demand: former presidents or Cabinet members, retired CEOs, and yes, university presidents. If the sky, and the share price, is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers used a database that covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those "surprise" disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They found that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increases by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms, although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they "trade up", leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives, such as increasing pay, says Dr Fahlenbrach.Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1,Ms Simmons was criticized for .A. gaining excessive profits B .failing to fulfill her dutyC .refusing to make compromises D. leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .A. generous investors B .unbiased executivesC .share price forecastersD .independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University，after an outside director’s Surprisedeparture ,the fire is likely to .A. become more stableB. report increased earningsC .do less well in the stock market D. perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .A. may stay for the attractive offers form the firm.B. have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm.C. are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm.D. will decline incentives from the firm.25 The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is.A permissiveB positiveC scornfulD criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspapers? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade Commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them? It will hold another meeting on June 15th. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is little sign of crisis. GermA.n and Brazilian papers shrugged off the recession (see article). Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled corner of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the OECD. In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspapers are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely pruned. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business. Just look at the fate of Otis Chandler’s creation.26.By saying ―Newspapers like ….their own doom‖(lines 3-4,para,1) the author indicates that newspapers .A .neglected the sign of crisisB .failed to get state subsidiesC .were not charitable corporationsD .were in a desperate situation27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .A .readers threatened to pay lessB .newspapers wanted to reduce costsC .journalists reported little about these areasD .subscribers complained about slimmer products.pared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspaper are much more stable because they .A .have more sources of revenueB .have more balanced newsroomsC .are less dependant on advertisingD .are less affected by readership29.What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?A .Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.B .Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspapers.C .Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspapers business.D .Readers have lost their interest in car and firm30.The most appropriate title for this text would beA .American Newspapers: Struggling for SurvivalB .American Newspapers: Gone with the WindC .American Newspapers: A Thriving BusinessD .American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G.I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint,in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase ―less is more‖ was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so than Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact than a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood — materials that we take for granted today but that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation ma sked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet —than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward ―less‖ was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses —usually around 1,200 square feet —than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The ―Case Study Houses‖ commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the ―less is more‖ trend. Aesthetic effect came from the land scape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph Rapson may have mispredicted just how the mechanical revolution would impact everyday life — few American families acquired helicopters, though mosteventually got clothes dryers — but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans .A. prosperity an growthB. efficiency and practicalityC. restraint and confidenceD. pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about the Bauhaus?A. It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.B. Its designing concept was affected by World War II.C. Most American architects used to be associated with it.D. It had a great influence upon American architecture.33.Mies held that elegance of architectural design .A. was related to large spaceB. was identified with emptinessC. was not reliant on abundant decorationD. was not associated with efficiency34.What is true about the apartments Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?A. They ignored details and proportions.B. They were built with materials popular at that time.C. They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.D. They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35.What can we learn about the design of the ―Case Study Houses‖?A. Mechanical devices were widely used.B. Natural scenes were taken into consideration.C. Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.D. Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded outlandish not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a ―Bermuda triangle‖ of debt, demographic decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive stragglers the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonise.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that stray. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, and even the suspension of a count ry’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French dirigisme.A ―southern‖ camp headed by France wants something different: ―European economic government‖ within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians meddling in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or outright fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonisation: eg, curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more porous to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, and make capitalism benign.36.The EU is faced with to many problems thatA .it has more or less lost faith in marketsB .even its supporters begin to feel concernedC .some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD .it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37 The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powersA .are competing for the leading positionB .are busy handling their own crisesC. fail to reach an agreement on harmonisationD .disagree on the steps towards disintegration38 To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed thatA .EU funds for poor regions be increasedB .stricter regulations be imposedC .only core members be involved in economic co-ordinationD .voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39 The French proposal of handling the crisis implies thatA. poor countries are more likely to get fundsB .strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC .loans will be readily available to rich countriesD .rich countries will basically control EurobondsA .pessimisticB .desperate C. conceited D. hopefulPart BDirections：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A — G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text （41 — 45）. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the government's role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose "fat taxes" on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet.The demands follow comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations.But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonald's.They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britain's addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terence Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking."Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in pubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be," said the leader of the UK's children's doctors.Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He said that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Oliver's high-profile attempt toimprove school lunches in England as an example of how "lecturing" people was not the best way to change their behaviour.Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. "If we were really bold, we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes – by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events," he said.Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald's, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering "inducements" such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: "If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front."He also urged councils to impose "fast-food-free zones" around schools and hospitals – areas within which takeaways cannot open.A Department of Health spokesperson said: "We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new 'responsibility deal' with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this."The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.Section III TranslationDirections: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your version on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)We would have thought that globally, the IT industry produces about the same volume of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do- roughly 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment Google search an leak between 0.2 and 0.7 grams of C2O,depending on how many attempts are needed to get the "right‖ answer. To deliver results to its needs quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centers around the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of C2O,these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centre need to be well air-confirmed gases even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency quickly and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the need to production, but there is much more to be done, and not just by big companies.Section IV WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to:(1)congratulate him/her, and(2)give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48.Directions:Write a short essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should:1)interpret the chart and2)give your comments.You should write at least 150 wordsWrite your essay on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15points)2008、2009年国内轿车市场部分品牌份额示意图参考答案选择题：1-5ACBDD 6-10BACCA 11-15DBACA 16-20CDACD21-25BBDAA 26-30DBCBB 31-35BDCDB 36-40DCBAC 41-45EDCFG46翻译有谁会想到，在全球范围内，IT行业产生的温室气体跟全球航空公司产生的一样多？占二氧化碳总排量的2%.很多日常工作对环境造成了让人震惊的破坏作用。
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2011年，材料学院研究生复试笔试复材专业问答题1、试结合你所学的专业简述某种材料的生产工艺流程（可用方框图表示）2、试简述金属材料，无机非金属材料，高分子材料的化学组成、结构特点、性能特点、以及它们密度的相对大小。
3、如何提高高分子材料的耐热性、强度以及韧性。
4、聚合物的结晶程度对其各项性能有何影响？5、现代材料测试技术，简述一种现代材料测试技术，并举例说明它在材料科学研究中的应用2、影响断裂强度的因素（1）分子量的影响分子量是对高分子材料力学性能（包括强度、弹性、韧性）起决定性作用的结构参数。
低分子有机化合物一般没有力学强度（多为液体），高分子材料要获得强度，必须具有一定聚合度，使分子间作用力足够大才行。
不同聚合物，要求的最小聚合度不同。
如分子间有氢键作用的聚酰胺类约为40个链节；聚苯乙烯约80个链节。
超过最小聚合度，随分子量增大，材料强度逐步增大。
但当分子量相当大，致使分子间作用力的总和超过了化学键能时，材料强度主要取决于化学键能的大小，这时材料强度不再依赖分子量而变化（图4-36）。
另外，分子量分布对材料强度的影响不大。
图4-36 聚苯乙烯和聚碳酸酯的拉伸强度与分子量的关系（2）结晶的影响结晶对高分子材料力学性能的影响也十分显著，主要影响因素有结晶度、晶粒尺寸和晶体结构。
一般影响规律是：随着结晶度上升，材料的屈服强度、断裂强度、硬度、弹性模量均提高，但断裂伸长率和韧性下降。
这是由于结晶使分子链排列紧密有序，孔隙率低，分子间作用增强所致。
表4-4给出聚乙烯的断裂性能与结晶度的关系。
表4-4 聚乙烯的断裂性能与结晶度的关系晶粒尺寸和晶体结构对材料强度的影响更大。
均匀小球晶能使材料的强度、伸长率、模量和韧性得到提高，而大球晶将使断裂伸长和韧性下降。
大量的均匀小球晶分布在材料内，起到类似交联点作用，使材料应力-应变曲线由软而弱型转为软而韧型，甚至转为有屈服的硬而韧型（图4-37）。
因此改变结晶历史，如采用淬火，或添加成核剂，如在聚丙烯中添加草酸酞作为晶种，都有利于均匀小球晶生成，从而可以提高材料强度和韧性。
表4-5给出聚丙烯的拉伸性能受球晶尺寸的影响。
晶体形态对聚合物拉伸强度的影响规律是，同一聚合物，伸直链晶体的拉伸强度最大，串晶次之，球晶最小。
图4-37 聚丙烯应力-应变曲线与球晶尺寸的关系表4-5 聚丙烯拉伸性能与球晶尺寸的关系（3）交联的影响交联一方面可以提高材料的抗蠕变能力，另一方面也能提高断裂强度。
一般认为，对于玻璃态聚合物，交联对脆性强度的影响不大；但对高弹态材料的强度影响很大。
随交联程度提高，橡胶材料的拉伸模量和强度都大大提高，达到极值强度后，又趋于下降；断裂伸长率则连续下降（图4-38）。
热固性树脂，由于分子量很低，如果不进行交联，几乎没有强度（液态）。
固化以后，分子间形成密集的化学交联，使断裂强度大幅度提高。
图4-38 橡胶的拉伸强度与交联剂用量的关系（4）取向的影响加工过程中分子链沿一定方向取向，使材料力学性能产生各向异性，在取向方向得到增强。
对于脆性材料，取向使材料在平行于取向方向的强度、模量和伸长率提高，甚至出现脆-韧转变，而在垂直于取向方向的强度和伸长率降低。
对于延性、易结晶材料，在平行于取向方向的强度、模量提高，在垂直于取向方向的强度下降，伸长率增大。
（5）温度与形变速率的影响具体影响效果见图4-30、4-31。
由图可见，温度对断裂强度影响较小，而对屈服强度影响较大，温度升高，材料屈服强度明显降低。
按照时-温等效原则，形变速率对材料屈服强度的影响也较明显。
拉伸速率提高，屈服强度上升。
当屈服强度大到超过断裂强度时，材料受力后，尚未屈服已先行断裂，呈现脆性断裂特征。
因此评价高分子材料的脆、韧性质是有条件的，一个原本在高温下、低拉伸速率时的韧性材料，处于低温或用高速率拉伸时，会呈现脆性破坏。
所以就材料增韧改性而言，提高材料的低温韧性是十分重要的。
（一）高分子材料的增强改性由于高分子材料的实际力学强度、模量比金属、陶瓷低得多，应用受到限制，因而高分子材料的增强改性十分重要。
改性的基本思想是用填充、混合、复合等方法，将增强材料加入到聚合物基体中，提高材料的力学强度或其它性能。
常用的增强材料有粉状填料（零维材料），纤维（一维材料），片状填料（二维材料）等。
除增强材料本身应具有较高力学强度外，增强材料的均匀分散、取向以及增强材料与聚合物基体的良好界面亲和也是提高增强改性效果的重要措施。
1、粉状填料增强粉状填料的增强效果主要取决于填料的种类、尺寸、用量、表面性质以及填料在高分子基材中的分散状况。
按性能分粉状填料可分为活性填料和惰性填料两类；按尺寸分有微米级填料、纳米级填料等。
由于在高分子材料中加入填料等于加入杂质和缺陷，有引发裂纹和加速破坏的副作用，因此对填料表面进行恰当处理，加强它与高分子基体的亲合性，同时防止填料结团，促进填料均匀分散，始终是粉状填料增强改性中人们关心的焦点。
这些除与填料本身性质有关外，改性工艺、条件、设备等也都起重要作用。
炭黑是典型活性填料，尺寸在亚微米级，炭黑增强橡胶是最突出的粉状填料增强聚合物材料的例子，增强效果十分显著。
表4-6列出几种橡胶用炭黑或白炭黑（二氧化硅）增强改性的效果。
可以看出，尤其对非结晶性的丁苯橡胶和丁腈橡胶，经炭黑增强后拉伸强度提高10倍之多，否则这些橡胶没有多大实用价值。
活性填料的增强效果主要来自其表面活性。
炭黑粒子表面带有好几种活性基团（羧基、酚基、醌基等），这些活性基团与橡胶大分子链接触，会发生物理的或化学的吸附。
吸附有多条大分子链的炭黑粒子具有均匀分布应力的作用，当其中某一条大分子链受到应力时，可通过炭黑粒子将应力传递到其他分子链上，使应力分散。
而且即便发生某一处网链断裂，由于炭黑粒子的“类交联”作用，其他分子链仍能承受应力，不致迅速危及整体，降低发生断裂的可能性而起增强作用。
表4-6 几种橡胶采用炭黑增强的效果对比①白炭黑补强碳酸钙、滑石粉、陶土以及各种金属或金属氧化物粉末属于惰性填料。
对于惰性填料，需要经过化学改性赋予粒子表面一定的活性，才具有增强作用。
例如用表面活性物质如脂肪酸、树脂酸处理，或用钛酸酯、硅烷等偶联剂处理，或在填料粒子表面化学接枝大分子等都有很好的效果。
惰性填料除增强作用外，还能赋予高分子材料其他特殊性能和功能，如导电性、润滑性、高刚性等，提高材料的性/价比。
2、纤维增强纤维增强塑料是利用纤维的高强度、高模量、尺寸稳定性和树脂的低密度、强韧性设计制备的一种复合材料。
两者取长补短，复合的同时既克服了纤维的脆性，也提高了树脂基体的强度、刚性、耐蠕变和耐热性。
常用的纤维材料有玻璃纤维、碳纤维、硼纤维、天然纤维等。
基体材料有热固性树脂，如环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂、酚醛树脂；也有热塑性树脂，如聚乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚碳酸酯等。
用玻璃纤维或其他织物与环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯等复合制备的玻璃钢材料是一种力学性能很好的高强轻质材料，其比强度、比模量不仅超过钢材，也超过其他许多材料，成为航空航天技术中的重要材料。
表4-7给出用玻璃纤维增强热塑性塑料的性能数据，可以看到，增强后复合材料的性能均超过纯塑料性能，特别拉伸强度、弹性模量得到大幅度提高。
纤维增强塑料的机理是依靠两者复合作用。
纤维具有高强度可以承受高应力，树脂基体容易发生粘弹变形和塑性流动，它们与纤维粘结在一起可以传递应力。
图4-39给出这种复合作用示意图。
材料受力时，首先由纤维承受应力，个别纤维即使发生断裂，由于树脂的粘结作用和塑性流动，断纤维被拉开的趋势得到抑制，断纤维仍能承受应力。
树脂与纤维的粘结还具有抑制裂纹传播的效用。
材料受力引发裂纹时，软基体依靠切变作用能使裂纹不沿垂直应力的方向发展，而发生偏斜，使断裂功有很大一部分消耗于反抗基体对纤维的粘着力，阻止裂纹传播。
由此可见，纤维增强塑料时，纤维与树脂基体界面粘合性的好坏是复合的关键。
对于与树脂亲合性较差的纤维，如玻璃纤维，使用前应采用化学或物理方法对表面改性，提高其与基体的粘合力。
基于上述机理也可得知，在基体中，即使纤维都已断裂，或者直接在基体中加入经过表面处理的短纤维，只要纤维具有一定的长径比，使复合作用有效，仍可以达到增强效果。
实际上短纤维增强塑料、橡胶的技术都有很好的发展，部分已应用于生产实践。
按复合作用原理，短纤维的临界长度L c 可按下式计算：三、高分子材料的抗冲击强度和增韧改性高分子材料抗冲击强度是指标准试样受高速冲击作用断裂时，单位断面面积（或单位缺口长度）所消耗的能量。
它描述了高分子材料在高速冲击作用下抵抗冲击破坏的能力和材料的抗冲击韧性，有重要工艺意义。
但它不是材料基本常数，其量值与实验方法和实验条件有关。
它也不是标准的材料强度性能指标。
（一） 抗冲击强度实验测定材料抗冲击强度的实验方法有：（1）高速拉伸试验；（2）落锤式冲击试验；（3）摆锤式冲击试验。
经常使用的是摆锤式冲击试验，根据试样夹持方式的不同，又分为悬臂梁式冲击试验机（Izod ）和简支梁式冲击试验机（Charpy ，图4-40）。
采用简支梁式冲击试验时，将试样放于支架上（有缺口时，缺口背向冲锤），释放事先架起的冲锤，让其自由下落，打断试样，利用冲锤回升的高度，求出冲断试样所消耗的功A ，按下式计算抗冲击强度：db A I s •= （4-68） 式中d b 和分别为试样冲击断面的宽和厚，抗冲击强度单位为2-⋅mkJ 。
若实验求算的是单位缺口长度所消耗的能量，单位为1-⋅mkJ 。
图4-40 简支梁式冲击试验机（Charpy ）示意图由公式（4-59）得知，材料拉伸应力-应变曲线下的面积相当于试样拉伸断裂所消耗的能量，也表征材料韧性的大小。
它与抗冲击强度不同，但两者密切相关。
很显然，断裂强度b σ高和断裂伸长率b ε大的材料韧性也好，抗冲击强度大。
不同在于，两种实验的应变速率不同，拉伸速率慢而冲击速率极快；拉伸曲线求得的能量为断裂时材料单位体积所吸收的能量，而冲击实验只关心断裂区表面吸收的能量。
冲击破坏过程虽然很快，但根据破坏原理也可分为三个阶段：一是裂纹引发阶段，二是裂纹扩展阶段，三是断裂阶段。
三个阶段中物料吸收能量的能力不同，有些材料如硬质聚氯乙烯，裂纹引发能高而扩展能很低，这种材料无缺口时抗冲强度较高，一旦存在缺口则极容易断裂。
裂纹扩展是材料破坏的关键阶段，因此材料增韧改性的关键是提高材料抗裂纹扩展的能力。