国际会计第四章练习
国际会计题答案
国际会计题答案《国际会计》第一章国际会计的形式与发展一、单项选择题1、国际会计成为一门新的会计学科，大致在（A）A 20世纪70年代B 20世纪60年代C20世纪90年代D20世纪50年代2、跨国公司兴起导致的独特的会计问题是（）A 国际物价变动影响的调整B 国际财务报表的合并C 外币报表的折算D 国际税务会计3、“四大”会计师事务所的业务扩展与委托人的联系使用的是（A）A 同一名称和同一语言B 不同名称和同一语言C 不同名称和不同语言D 同一名称和不同语言4、第一次国际会计师大会举行的时间、地点是（A ）A 1904年圣路易斯B 1952年伦敦C 1962年纽约D 1972年悉尼5、1977年于慕尼黑举行的第十一次国际会计师大会上创建的国际会计师联合会（IFAC）的前身是（A ）A 会计职业界国际协调委员会（ICCAP）B 国际会计准则委员会(IASC)C 国际审计事务委员会(IAPC)D 国际会计师大会技术委员会二、多项选择题1、国际会计的三大课题是（ABC ）A 国际物价变动影响的调整B 国际财务报表的合并C 外币报表的折算D 国际税务会计2、现有的国际性会计事务所（会计公司）中所谓的“四大”包括（A B C D ）A普华永道B毕马威国际C德勤D永安国际E安达信国际3、国内性质的会计师事务所为从事国际业务而进行的临时协作一般要通过哪些途径联系？（）A 国际性的职业届会议B 双方直接联系C 各国的执业会计师协会下设的国际联络委员会D 各国政府4、我国注册会计师考试的报考者的条件包括（AB ）A 具有大专或大专以上学历B 具有会计、审计、统计、经济中级或中级以上的专业技术职称C 有两年的会计师事务所工作经验D 必须是中国公民5、自1994年，我国已允许（ABCD）参加我国注册会计师统一考试。
A 我国大陆公民B 香港居民C 澳门居民3D 台湾居民E 外国籍公民（该国法律允许中国公民参加该国注册会计师考试）6、20世纪70年代国际会计的研究中，悲观主义者的“国别会计”观的主要观点包括（ABC ）A 各国会计的差异是各国不同的经济、政治、社会、法律、文化等环境影响所形成，不可能协调一致。
第四章国际会计
4.1.4 日本会计准则与国际会计准则的趋同 进程
日本会计准则的制定转向了主要依靠民间力量的机制
目前存在于日本公认会计实务和国际会计准则中的7处 主要不同之处:
（1）金融工具（终止确认，要求取得法律认可）；（2 ）企业合并（极少使用权益集合法，合并商誉必须摊销）； （3）资产减值（不用）；（4）养老金（对损失和利得进行 摊销）；（5）研发费用（费用化）；（6）合并报表（独立 列示少数股东权益）；（7）投资用房产（历史成本计量） 。
• 行政管理层次指大藏省下设的企业会计 审议会 。
（二）会计规范
• 法律中的会计规范
–日本的商法 –日本的证券交易法 –日本的企业所得税法
• 政府会计规范
–（1）日本企业会计原则
–（2）合并报表原则及其注释。 –（3）外币交易会计处理标准及其注释。 –（4）成本计算标准。
4.1.1 会计实务基本上服从法律要求
（4）应在一致的基础上编制财务报表, 对会计原则 变动的重大影响应予以披露；
（5）应在财务报表及其附加的注释中披露上期的比 较财务信息。
荷兰还是世界上惟一明确规定对《年度报表法》的实 施进行法定检查的国家。
荷兰《年度报表法》和《所得税法》的会计要求并不 完全一致。区别于德国, 类似于美国。
4.2.2 由官方和民间结合的三方准则委员 会”制定会计准则
• 日本会计中, 不得将资本交易带来的净资产增 加额纳入分配。这条原则实质上是企业资本保 全原则。
• 日本会计模式具有宏观利益和企业利益双重导 向。
（一）会计管理体制
• 日本的会计管理体制可以分为法制管理 和行政管理两个层次。
• 法制管理层次又可以分为三个部分, 即 商法、证券交易法和公司所得税法。
国际会计第七版课后答案(第四章)作者：弗雷德里克
Chapter 4Comparative Accounting: The Americas and AsiaDiscussion Questions1. Public and private sector bodies are involved in regulating and enforcing financial reporting in the UnitedStates. The Financial Accounting Standards Board is a private sector body that determines U.S.generally accepted accounting principles. The Securities and Exchange Commission has the authority to determine U.S. GAAP for publicly held companies, but defers to the FASB. The FASB and SEChave a close working relationship that ensures that FASB standards are acceptable to the SEC. The SEC enforces financial reporting rules for publicly held companies. It actively reviews the filings thatcompanies make. Auditors are the enforcers for non-publicly held companies.Accounting standards in Mexico are issued by the Council for Research and Development of Financial Information Standards (CINIF), an independent public-private sector body patterned after the U.S.FASB. Its authority for issuing Mexican accounting standards is recognized by the National Bankingand Securities Commission, the government agency that regulates the Mexican Stock Exchange. The Commission is responsible for enforcing financial reporting standards for listed companies. However, it is unclear how proactive the Commission is in investigating filings that it receives. Enforcement offinancial reporting for non-listed companies effectively rests with auditors.Japanese accounting standards are set by a private sector body, the Accounting Standards Board of Japan. The establishment of the ASBJ is a recent development in Japan. Before, accounting standard setting was a government activity. Enforcement of financial reporting effectively rests with auditors. The stock exchange is regulated by the Financial Services Agency, a government body. However, it isunclear how proactive the FSA is in monitoring financial reporting by Japanese companies.Accounting standard setting is a government activity in China. The China Accounting StandardsCommittee is the authoritative body within the Ministry of Finance responsible for developingaccounting standards. The China Securities Regulatory Committee is the government agency thatregulates China 'tws o stock exchanges. The CSRC is also responsible for enforcing financial reporting for listed companies. Many question the effectiveness of the Chinese enforcement mechanism.The Institute of Chartered Accountants in India, a private sector professional body, developsaccounting standards in India. The Securities and Exchange Board of India, an agency of the Ministry of Finance, regulates India '22s stock exchanges and is responsible for enforcing financial reportingrules. However, it is unclear how proactive the board is in monitoring financial reporting by Indiancompanies.Overall, the five countries vary in terms of private versus public sector responsibility for regulating and enforcing financial reporting. Enforcement is questionable in several countries.The United States has the strongest mechanism for regulating and enforcing financial reporting of the five countries.2. The United States and India are common law countries that have fair presentation oriented financialreporting. Mexico also has fair presentation oriented financial reporting because of U.S.influence. In addition, Mexico has inflation-adjusted accounting, in contrast to the other four countries.Japan is a code law country and its accounting has traditionally been characterized as conservativeand tax-driven, just like other code law countries (such as France and Germany discussed in Chapter3.) However, it is moving to fair presentation because of its commitment to converge Japaneseaccounting standards with IFRS. China is likewise moving toward fair presentation oriented accountingby adopting IFRS as Chinese GAAP. Despite adopting fair presentation principles, one can questionwhether the Chinese achieve it in application. There is an acute shortage of trained accountants inChina and the profession remains undeveloped. The accounting profession is strong in the other fourdevelopin countries, including the of India and Mexico.3. The auditor oversight bodies discussed in this chapter are:a. Un ited States - Public Company Acco un ti ng Oversight Boardb. Japan - Certified PublicAccountant and Auditing Oversight BoardThe recent establishment of independent auditor oversight bodies in the United States and Japan is inresponse to recent worldwide accounting scandals. Both represent tightening control over auditors.4. Tax legislation pays a limited role in all five countries, with the exception of Japan. In the United States,financial and tax accounting are separate except for LIFO. Tax legislation has little influence onfinancial reporting practices in Mexico. For example, there are numerous differences between financialand tax accounting, such as the calculation of cost of sales, depreciation, and goodwill amortization.Tax legislation has traditionally been one side of the “triangularlegal system” in Japan, exerting aninfluence on Japanese accounting standards. However, the influence of taxation is declining with thealignment of Japanese accounting standards to IFRS. Several years ago, tax legislation had someinfluence in China, but this has waned as China develops a more complete set of financial reportingstandards. India, like other common law countries, separates financial and tax accounting.4.This question has been of interest in academia for quite some time. Is accounting expertise a necessaryprecondition for economic development, or can an economy advance without it? It would seem that aneconomy cannot advance very far without accounting expertise. But the relationship probably worksboth ways, just like demand creates supply and vice-versa.The example of China demonstrates the importance of developing accounting (standards, knowledge,etc.). Accounting is a part of the market reform packages in China, so the need has been recognizedfrom the start. Mexico and India have been market-oriented longer than China, and their accounting ismore developed. But again, it is apparent in these two countries that accounting supports economicdevelopment.6. U.K. standards (Chapter 3) and IFRS (Chapter 8) are said to reflect principles-based standards, whileU.S. standards (this chapter) are said to be rules-based. Generally speaking, principles- basedstandards set forth broad objectives and fundamentals and require professional judgment for theirimplementation. They are more flexible than rules-based standards and are likely to result in moredivergence in practice. Rules-based standards are more specific in their requirements and have moredetailed implementation guidance than principles-based standards. They are likely to result in morecomparability than principles-based standards, but are said tofoster a “checkthe box ”mentality. The chapter says that U.S. GAAP is “probablymorevoluminous than in the rest of the world combined and substantially more detailed than in any other country. ” Thus, one can argue that U.S. GAAP is r-ublae s ed.7. The U.K. and U.S. both follow fair presentation accounting, reflecting economic substance ratherthan legal form. Both the U.K. “ trueand fair ”and the U.S. “ presentsfairly r ”eflect fair presentation. However, the U.K. has a true and fair override -accounting standards can be overridden if necessary to achieve a true and fair view. In the U.S., presents fairly means that generally accepted accounting principles have been followed. 8. The most important reconciling item (i.e., the most significant difference between Mexican and U.S.accounting) relates to the use of general price level accounting in Mexico. Strict historical cost is used in the U.S. Two other differences noted in the chapter are (a) Mexico applies the equity method at 10 percent, whereas the U.S. applies it at 20 percent and (b) in Mexico development costs are capitalized and amortized after technological feasibility has been established; in the U.S., they are expensed. 9. The bursting of the Japanese bubble economy in the 1990s prompted a review of Japanesefinancial reporting standards. It became clear that many accounting practices hid how badly many Japanese companies were actually doing. The accounting was d “esbii g nbeadntgom ”ake thefinancial condition of Japanese companies more transparent and bring Japanese accounting more in line with international norms.Practice changes include the following:Requiring listed companies to report a statement of cash flows.Subsidiary companies are consolidated based on control rather than ownership.Affiliated companies are accounted for using the equity method based on influence ratherthan ownership. Investments in securities are valued at market rather than cost. Deferred taxes are fully provided. Pension and other retirement obligations are accrued in full.10. Full and complete disclosure of reliable, evenhanded information is necessary to develop a fair andefficient stock market. The “Anglo-Saxon ” model of accounting (discussed in Chapter 2),emphasizing a fair presentation of financial condition and results, and emphasizing stewardship, also fosters the development of a fair and efficient stock market. Countries with this accounting orientation (such as the U.S. and U.K.) have active, fair and efficient stock markets. There is also a legal structure and an effective enforcement of laws and accounting disclosures to make it all work.China is developing accounting standards with the stock market orientation discussed above. So China is on the right track here -the standards themselves will support the development of a stock market. In addition, investors must have confidence that the standards are being followed, i.e., that the information disseminated by companies is reliable. Thus, good auditing by well- trained accounting professionals is important. China may have difficulty developing ana. b. c. d. e. f.accounting profession, which would in turn be a hindrance to stock market development. China must also overcome the culture of secrecy developed under communism.11. The chapter mentions a number of examples where Chinese accounting standards are consistentwith world class practices. A selective list of the more important ones are the following:a. Comparative, consolidated financial statements including a balance sheet, incomestatement, cash flow statement, and notes. b. Accrual basis for recognizing revenues and expenses, matching, and consistency. c. Purchase method for business combinations with annual impairments test. d. Equity method for nonconsolidated affiliates.e. Use of historical cost.f. Finance leases capitalized. 12. The British influence on accounting in India is clear. India has a common law legal system and fair presentation accounting that accompanies it. Like Britain, financial statements must give a true and fair view and there is a strong self-regulated accounting profession. Professional accountants (auditors) are called chartered accountants in both countries. The financial reporting and accounting measurements described in this chapter for India are very similar to those described in Chapter 3 for the United Kingdom. Exercises 1. United States Financial Accounting Standards Board.Securities and Exchange Commission.a. b. Mexicoa. b. The Council for Research and Development of Financial Information Standards.There is no definitive enforcement agency. However, the National Banking and Securitiescommission regulates the Mexican Stock Exchange.Japana. b. The Accounting Standards Board of Japan.The Financial Services Agency for listed companies under the securities law and the Ministry of Justice, when company law is involved.Chinaa. b. The Chinese Accounting Standards Committee under the Ministry of Finance.The Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance, regulates auditing. Indiaa. b. Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. Institute of Chartered Accountants of India.2.At the time of writing, the following organizations were linked to IFAC 's website:United StatesInstitute of Management AccountantsAmerican Institute of Certified Public AccountantsNational Association of State Boards of AccountancyMexicoInstituto Mexicano de Contadores P blicos uJapanJapanese Institute of Certified Public AccountantsChinaChinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants3.The question asked for five expressions, terms, or short phrases unfamiliar or unusual in the student's home country. Taking the United States as the home coyu,nhterre are twelve:a. Triangular legal system -A description of accounting regulation in Japan consisting of theinteracting Company Law, Securities and Exchange Law, and Corporate Income TaxLaw.b. Socialist market economy -Used in China to describe its planned economy with marketadaptations.c. Land and in dustrial prop erty rights - Still owned by the Chin ese gover nment, p rivatecompanies acquire the right to use these industrial assets.d. Pesos of current purchasing power -A term to describe general price level accounting inMexico.e. Tax complianee audit report - Mexican auditors must attest that no irregularities wereobserved regarding compliance with tax laws.f. Statement of changes in financial position - the financial statement in Mexico thatcorresponds to the statement of cash flow. However, the statement of changes in financialposition is prepared in constant pesos (adjusted for inflation), while the cash flowstatement uses historical cost.g. Seni ority p remiums - compen sati on p aid in Mexico at the term in ati on of employmentbased on how long the employee has worked.h. Keiretsu —n terlock ing gia nt con glomerates inJapan.i. Guanxi -Relationship culture in China that is based on mutuality and mutual duties.j. B-shares -Shares issued to foreig n in vestors by Chin ese listedcompanies.k. True and fair view -The requirement in India that financial statements present a true and fair view came from Britain.I. Amalgamaten -The term used in India for a merger.4. The most important financial accounting practice or principle at variance with international norms isprobably the following:Uni ted States -LIFO. Drive n by tax law con siderati ons, no other country uses LIFO to the exte nt found in the U.S. LIFO reduces reported earnings. Because older, lower costs of inventory are shown on the balance sheet, the debt to asset ratio will be higher. Companies using LIFO must report so-called LIFO reserves that enable an analyst to convert LIFO amounts to FIFO amounts.Mexico Tnflation adjustments. Most countries in the world value assets and related expenses at historical cost; few countries incorporate inflation adjustments. With inflation adjustments, earnings will be lower and the debt to asset ratio will probably be lower as well. It is unlikely that an analyst will be able to adjust Mexican accounts to historical cost. Of course, such an adjustment is unwise, given high inflation.Japan - Pooli ng of in terests method for bus in ess comb in ati ons where no p arty obta ins con trol over the other. The international norm is to treat all business combinations as a purchase.Compared to purchase accounting, pooling results in higher income and lower asset values.Therefore, the debt to asset ratio will be higher. An analyst will be unable to adjust for thisaccounting method.China -Show ing the right to use land and in dustrial property owned by the gover nment as an intangible asset. China is unusual in the extent to which the government owns land and industrial property. As long as these intangibles are fairly valued, there will be no effect on reported earnings or the debt to asset ratio. However, the analyst must realize that the intangible asset shown on a Chinese company' sbalance sheet is a tangible asset on the balance sheets of companies from other countries.In dia -Pooli ng of in terests method for amalgamati ons (mergers). As no ted above for Japan, the international norm is to treat all business combinations as a purchase. Compared to purchase accounting, pooling results in higher income and lower asset values. Therefore, the debt to asset ratio will be higher. An analyst will be unable to adjust for this accounting method.5. At the time of writing, the following numbers are reported by the World Federation of StockExchanges:The significant number of listed companies in India may be surprising. It may also be surprising that the number of listed Japanese companies matches the numbers for the United States. Ano ther poten tial sur prise is the fact that the Mexica n Stock Excha nge has more foreig n listed firms than domestic listed firms. Students will probably speculate that most of the foreig n listed firms in Mexico are from other Lat in America n coun tries, a stateme nt that is in fact true.The lack of foreig n listed firms in China and In dia has two p ossible explan ati ons -either the gover nment does not allow foreig n firms to list on domestic excha nges, or companies do not see these stock markets as an attractive place to raise cap ital. The latter explan ati on is why there are so few foreig n listed firms in Japan.5.A comparison of the countries in Exhibit 4-5 reveals few differences among the United States,Mexico, and China. Thus, all three coun tries can claim that their GAAP are comp arably orie nted toward equity in vestors. However, of the three coun tries, the Un ited States can p robably claim to have GAAP most orie nted toward equity in vestors. The cha pter no tes that the U.S. has the most voluminous and detailed accounting requirements in the world and that they are rigorously en forced. Thus, the nod goes to the Un ited States.India and Japan both allow pooling of interests accounting, an accounting treatment now at varia nee with in ter nati onal no rms. The treatme nt of goodwill in these two coun tries is also atvarianee with international norms. In addition, Japan ‘ s lee accounting treatment is at varianee with in ter nati onal no rms. Thus, Japan seems to be the country whose GAAP is least orie nted toward equity in vestors.6. At the time of writi ng, the followi ng companies are listed on the New York Stock Excha nge fromMexico, Japan, In dia, and China:MexicoAmerica MovilCemexCoca-Cola FEMSA Desarrolladora HomexEmpresas ICAFomento Economico Mexicano GRUMAGrupo Aeroportuario del PacificoGrupo Aeroportuario del SuresteGrupo Casa SabaGrupo Radio CentroGrupo TelevisaGrupo TMMIndustrias BachocoTelefonos de MexicoVitroJapanAdvantestCannonHitachiHonda MotorKonamiKubotaKyoceraMatsushita Electric IndustrialMitsubishi UFJ Financial GroupMizuho Financial GroupNidecNippon Telegraph and Telephone NIS Group Co.Nomura HoldingsNTT DoCoMoOrixSonyTDKToyota MotorIndiaDr. Reddy 's LaboratoriesHDFC BankICICI BankMahanagar Telephone Nigam Patni Computer Systems Satyam Computer Services Tata MotorsVidesh Sanchar NigamWiproWNS HoldingsChinaAluminum Corporation of China American Oriental Bioengineering China Eastern Airlines China Life InsuranceChina MobileChina Netcom GroupChina Petroleum and ChemicalChina Southern AirlinesChina TelecomChina UnicomGuangshen RailwayHuaneng Power InternationalMindray Medical InternationalNew Oriental Education and TechnologyPetroChinaSemiconductor Manufacturing InternationalSinopec Shanghai PetrochemicalSuntech Power HoldingsTrina SolarYanzhou Coal MiningMexico has 16 companies listed on the NYSE, ranking third after Brazil (35) and Chile (17). This is perhaps surprising given the strong economic links between the United States and Mexicodiscussed in the chapter. One would expect Mexico to have the most of any Latin Americancountry. Of the countries in the Asia-Pacific region, China has the most number of companies listed on the NYSE (20); Japan is second (19); and India is third (10). As discussed in the chapter, the economies of China and India are growing rapidly. The relatively large numbers of NYSE listed Chinese and Indian companies probably reflect a need for capital by their larger companies. That Japan has approximately the same number of NYSE listed companies as China is perhapssurprising. However, the chapter discusses how debt financing dominates equity financing inJapan.8. a. The two major areas of difference are asset valuation and accounting for goodwill. In the U.K.,assets may be valued at historical cost, current cost, or a mixture of the two. When fixedassets are revalued, depreciation and amortization must be calculated using the revaluedamounts. Only historical cost is allowed in the U.S. In the U.K., goodwill can beimpairments tested, as in the U.S., but may also be amortized over 20 years or less.Other differences between U.K. and U.S. GAAP relate to LIFO and the calculation of long-term deferred taxes. LIFO is rarely used in the U.K., but is relatively more common inthe U.S. In the U.K., long-term deferred taxes may be valued at discounted present value.Finally, opportunities for income smoothing are probably greater in the U.K. than in theU.S.b. Research has documented that U.S. GAAP earnings is systematically more conservativethan U.K. GAAP earnings (see, for example, P. Weetman and S.J. Gray, InternationalFinancial Analysis and Comparative Corporate Performance: The Impact of U.K. versusU.S. Accounting Principles on Earnings, Journal of International Financial Managementand Accounting (Summer & Autumn 1990), pp. 111-130). However, many of theaccounting principles on which this research study is based have now changed.Goodwill accounting should result in a more conservative income amount for U.K.companies if they systematically amortize it over 20 years. However, the occasionalimpairments write-downs that U.S. companies will have will result in a lower incomeamount in the year of write-down. The use of LIFO in the U.S. will result in moreconservatively measured U.S. income amount. However, U.K. companies will report lowerearnings if assets are revalued, because corresponding depreciation charges will behigher. The effects of U.K. smoothing activities are unclear, but it seems likely thatcompanies would be more inclined to smooth toward higher earnings rather than lower.On balance, we think that U.S. companies will have somewhat more conservative earningsamounts, but U.K and U.S. GAAP are converging.9. The chapter identifies the following major changes that have occurred since the Japanese“bigbang”:a. Large companies must prepare consolidated financial statements, not just listed ones.b. Listed companies must report a statement of cash flows.c. Consolidation is based on control rather than ownership.d. Use of the equity method is based on significant influence rather than ownership.e. Goodwill is calculated based on fair market value of net assets acquired rather than bookvalue.f. Goodwill is amortized over 20 years rather than 5 years. It is also impairments tested.g. Investments in securities are valued at fair market value rather than cost.h. Inventory is valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value rather than cost.i. Deferred taxes are now fully provided.Pension and other retirement obligations are now fully accrued.k. Research and development is now expensed rather than deferred in some cases.l. For foreign currency translation, revenues and expenses are now translated at the average rate (rather than a choice between year-end or average rates) and the translationadjustment is in stockholders ' equity (rather than shown as an asset or liability).10. The chapter identifies the following major changes that have occurred in Chinese accounting sincethe 1990s:a. The ASBE issued in 2006 represent a comprehensive set of Chinese accounting standardsthat are substantially in line with IFRS.b. The ASBE issued in 2006 also contains auditing standards similar to InternationalStandards on Auditing. All Chinese accounting firms and auditors are required to followthese audit standards.c. A cash flow statement is now required.d. Goodwill is impairments tested rather than amortized.e. Use of the equity method is based on influence rather than ownership percentage.f. Consolidation of subsidiary companies is based on control rather than ownershippercentage.Foreig n curre ncy tran slati on of overseas subsidiaries is based on the p rimary econo mic en vironment in which they op erate.Tan gible assets are dep reciated over their exp ected useful lives rather tha n based on tax law.Lower of cost or market is now used to value inven tory.LIFO is no Ion ger an acce ptable inven tory costi ng method.Finance leases are now cap italized.Deferred taxes are now p rovided in full for all temporary differe nces.Con ti ngent obligati ons are now p rovided for whe n they are both p robable and a reliableestimate can be made of their amount.Japan and In dia allows po oli ng, while the others do not. Pooli ng usually results in lower noncurre nt asset amounts and higher in come amoun ts. Goodwill and subseque nt amortization isalso excluded under pooling. To the extent that pooling is used byJapan ese and In dia n compani es, they are likely to have higher debt to equity and debt to assetratios. The nu merator (retur n) and the denomin ators (assets and equity) in the two p rofitabilityratios should all be higher, but the effect on the ratio is in determ in ate. Liquidity ratios should beunaffected.Japan and In dia both require goodwill to be cap italized and amortized. This should have noeffect on the either liquidity ratio. The amortizati on will result in a lower amount of in come goingto reta ined earnin gs. Thus, the debt to equity ratio will be higher tha n what it would be withoutamortizati on. The debt to asset ratio will also be higher. The effect on the p rofitability ratios is unclear. The nu merator (i ncome) will be lower tha n what it would be without amortization.However the denominators in each case (assets andequity) will also be lower.The equity method is used in all five coun tries, so there is no effect on comp arative ratios.g. h. i.k.l.m. b. c.11.12. a.Price-level adjusted accounting is practiced in Mexico and Indian companies may revalue their tangibleassets to current values. The result is higher asset values, higher equity, and lower income (because ofhigher depreciation and cost of goods sold charges), compared to historical cost. The current ratio will be higher, but cash flow from operations to current liabilities will be unaffected. Both solvency ratios will belower because their denominators (assets and equity) will be higher. Both profitability ratios will be lower. The numerator (income) will be lower and the denominators (assets and equity) will be higher.Depreciation in Japan is tax-based, which is normally higher than economics-based depreciation. This will reduce income and lower the profitability ratios. The more rapid write-off of fixed assets will cause lowertotal asset values. Thus, the debt to asset ratio should be higher. The debt to equity ratio and both liquidityratios should be unaffected.LIFO is used in the United States. It is permitted in Japan, but not widely used. Companies using LIFOshould have lower income, so lower profitability ratios. Inventory will probably be lower, causing the debt to asset ratio to increase and the current ratio to decrease. Cash flow to current liabilities will be unaffected.With less income going to retained earnings, the debt to equity ratio will be higher.Probable losses are accrued in all five countries, so there is no effect on comparative ratios.Not all finance leases are capitalized in Japan. Companies will report comparatively lower noncurrentliabilities and noncurrent assets. Income will also be affected, but the amount is probably immaterial. Theliquidity ratios should be unaffected. Both solvency ratios should be lower and return on assets will behigher. The effect on return on equity is probably immaterial.Deferred taxes are accrued in all five countries, so there is no effect on comparative ratios.Some opportunity for income smoothing exists in India. Income smoothing has an indeterminate effect on income in any given year. Therefore it is not possible to know how the profitability ratios are affected. The effect of creating reserves is to shift amounts that would otherwise be in retained earnings into the reserve accounts. Since both of these are in shareholders ' equity, this total is unaffected. Therefore, the solvencyratios are likely to be unaffected. The two liquidity ratios will be unaffected.d. e. f. g. h.i. j.。
国际会计复习题第四章
第四章国际会计的协调化活动一、单项选择题1、下列属于致力于国际会计协调化的政府间地域性国际组织的是（A ）A非洲会计理事会B欧洲会计师联合会C美洲会计师联合会D亚太会计师联合会2、经济合作与发展组织在会计的国际协调化方面发布的重要文件有（B ）A 《跨国公司行为规范中的会计披露要求》B 《关于在跨国公司投资的指南》C《外国发行者证券跨国上市的首次挂牌交易的国际披露准则概要》D《国际会计准则和欧洲会计指令间一致性的考察》3、政权委员会国际组织第一工作组的目的是( A )A为跨国股票上市过程提供最有效和快速的方法B有利于会计协调化C有利于跨国投资D有助于进行国际贸易和经济合作活动4、推动会计协调化最有成效的区域性国家联盟是（D ）A 亚太经济合作组织B证券委员会国际组织C国际会计师联合会D 欧盟，二、多项选择题1、会计协调化的作用在于（ABCD ）A有助于进行国际贸易和经济合作活动B 促进了国外企业在国际货币市场融资，特别是在国际资本市场发行证券时需要提供的财务报表的可比性。
C有利于跨国投资D便于跨国公司合并其分布在世界各地的子公司的财务报表2、下列属于致力于国际会计协调化的全球性国际组织的是（ABC ）A欧盟B证券委员会国际组织C经济合作发展组织会计工作组D国际资产评估准则委员会3、欧盟发布的有关会计协调化的指令包括（ABCD ）A 第1号B 第4号C 第6号D 第7号4、证券委员会国际组织的常务机构包括（ABCD ）A非洲/中东地区委员会B 亚太地区委员会C欧洲地区委员会D泛美地区委员会经济合作与发展组织5、属于国际审计准则体系中的业务约定准则的是（AD ）A 国际鉴证业务准则B 国际质量控制准则C 国际审计实务公告D 国际相关服务准则6、欧盟1995年采取的新会计政策主要体现在（ABC ）A强调要加强欧盟对国际会计准则制定过程所承担的义务；B肯定了在国际证券市场上市的欧洲公司可以采用国际会计准则。
外贸会计实务第四章课后练习及配套真题PPT课件
增值税一般纳税人，且所取得的运费增值税专用发票是一
般纳税人运输企业开具的，那么按11%抵扣进项税金；也就是
发票上列明的税金；
3
营改增——运输费抵扣
• 营改增试点选择与制造业密切相关的部分行业，覆盖范围为 “1+6”，即：
• “1”：交通运输业（包括陆路运输、水路运输、航空运输、 管道运输，暂不包括铁路运输）， “6”：部分现代服务业， 包括：
期不与抵扣或退税的金额） • =0-{6800+0-[315840*(17%-17%)]}=-6800 • ∵-6800﹤0，∴6800是留抵税额，不做会计分录
32
• （2）计算应退税额或者应免抵税额 • 免抵税额=出口货物的离岸价*外汇人民币牌价*出口退税率=315840*
17%=53692.8 • ∵留抵税额6800﹤免抵税额53692.8 • ∴当期应退税额=当期期末留抵税额=6800 • 当期免抵税额=53692.8-6800=46892.8 • 借：应收补贴款 6800 • 应交税金——应交增值税（出口抵减内销产品应纳税额）46892.8 • 贷：应交税金——应交增值税（出口退税） 53692.8
14
习题2 目的：练习出口商品销售的核算
• 资料：丰惠公司的记账本位币为人民币，对外币交易采用交易 日即期汇率折算，该外贸公司本期有以下业务：
• 1.向江苏某工厂购入甲商品一批，接到银行转来托收结算凭证 和附件，专用发票上列明货款40000元，增值税率17%，另附 运杂费单椐640元，经与合同核对无误，款项先行支付，商品 尚未到达。
45
借：银行存款 USD50 000 7.56 378000 财务费用——汇兑差额 2000 贷：应收账款——应收外汇账款——国外XX USD50000 7.6 380 000
国际会计 第1-3章习题
第1章国际会计的形成与发展1、你倾向于把国际会计定义为全球会计，还是国别会计？基本上肯定：（1）全球会计应该是最终目标；（2）国际财务报告趋同化已是国际货币市场和资本市场发展的现实需求；（3）会计的国别差异可能是难以完全磨灭的，但“求大同，存小异”则是必然的发展趋势；（4）为此，应该变以静态的观点研究国别会计为以动态的观点研究国别会计。
2、你赞成把国际会计等同于跨国公司与国外子公司之间的会计实务吗？不能完全等同。
虽然国际会计研究的课题几乎都与跨国公司经营活动的要求有关，但即使是跨国公司要求的国别会计的研究也发展成为世界会计模式的研究，而且带有宏观会计的性质，远远突破了跨国公司与国外子公司之间的会计实务研究的范畴。
此外，这种实务主义的观点也有损国际会计领域的理论研究。
3、通过调研，初步了解“四大”和其他国际会计师事务所进入我国会计市场的情况，以及我国较大型的国内会计师事务所应对“入世”后我国会计市场进一步对外开放的策略。
在过去十余年间，国际“五大”（安达信解体后为“四大”）和柏德豪、均富、浩华等第二层次的国际性会计师事务所已先后进入我国会计市场，或联合我国会计师事务所成立中外合作所，或发展国内事务所为其成员所，或开设办事处，经营国内公司在国际证券市场上市和B股在国内证券市场上市的审计业务。
合作所还能同时执行国内较大型事务所（具有从事证券业务资格的）从事的A股在国内证券市场上市的审计业务，且具有竞争优势。
我国加入WTO后，面临着全面开放A股审计业务的可能，这将构成国内大型事务所在业务竞争上的更大压力。
我国事务所必须全面提高执业能力和水平。
同时，证券监管部门应该同等地加强对国际性事务所的我国境内机构和我国的国内事务所的监督、管理和检查力度，开创和巩固会计市场上的公平、公开竞争的格局。
4、通过对国内出版的有关国际会计教材的浏览，比较它们的内容和各自的特点。
选择几本国内学者编著的教材或是国外学者编著的英语教材的汉语译本（或影印本），浏览其目录，即可发现：（1）有些教材偏重于国际会计诸问题的讲述，而且还包括财务会计和管理会计方面的内容，其中更多的内容属于财务会计；属于管理会计方面的内容的篇幅，在近年出版的教材中有增多的趋势；此外，也有的教材设专章讲述国际审计。
《国际财务管理》章后练习题及参考答案
《国际财务管理》章后练习题及参考答案《国际财务管理》章后练习题及参考答案《国际财务管理》章后练习题及参考答案第一章绪论第一章绪论一、单选题一、单选题1. 关于国际财务管理学与财务管理学的关系表述正确的是(C)。
A. 国际财务管理是学习财务管理的基础B. 国际财务管理与财务管理是两门截然不同的学科C. 国际财务管理是财务管理的一个新的分支D. 国际财务管理研究的范围要比财务管理的窄2. 凡经济活动跨越两个或更多国家国界的企业，都可以称为( A )。
A. 国际企业 B. 跨国企业 C. 跨国公司 D. 多国企业3.企业的( C)管理与财务管理密切结合，是国际财务管理的基本特点 A.资金 B.人事 C.外汇 D成本4.国际财务管理与跨国企业财务管理两个概念( D) 。
A. 完全相同B. 截然不同C. 仅是名称不同D. 内容有所不同 4.国际财务管理的内容不应该包括( C )。
A. 国际技术转让费管理B. 外汇风险管理企业进出口外汇收支管理 C. 合并财务报表管理 D.5.“企业生产经营国际化”和“金融市场国际化”的关系是( C )。
A. 二者毫不相关 B. 二者完全相同 C. 二者相辅相成 D. 二者互相起负面影响二、多选题二、多选题1.国际企业财务管理的组织形态应考虑的因素有( )。
A.公司规模的大小 B.国际经营的投入程度C.管理经验的多少D.整个国际经营所采取的组织形式 2.国际财务管理体系的内容包括( )A.外汇风险的管理B.国际税收管理C.国际投筹资管理D.国际营运资金管 3.国际财务管理目标的特点( )。
A.稳定性B.多元性C.层次性D.复杂性4.广义的国际财务管理观包括( )。
A.世界统一财务管理观B.比较财务管理观C.跨国公司财务管理观D.国际企业财务管理观5. 我国企业的国际财务活动日益频繁，具体表现在( )。
A. 企业从内向型向外向型转化 B. 外贸专业公司有了新的发展 C. 在国内开办三资企业 D. 向国外投资办企业 E. 通过各种形式从国外筹集资金三、判断题三、判断题1.国际财务管理是对企业跨国的财务活动进行的管理。
国际会计课件第四章会计准则的国际协调
2,成果 发表了题为《企业会计报告国际标准化的动向》 发表了题为《企业会计报告国际标准化的动向》 的报告 指出了协调的必要性 提出跨国公司应披露的财务和非财务信息的最 低限度的目录 对国际会计准则,经济合作与发展组织指南, 欧共体第4 欧共体第4号指令和美国的披露要求进行了比 较研究
(三)会计和报告国际准则政府间专家 工作组(Intergovernmental Working
第三节 民间会计职业组织的会计 协调活动
一,国际会计准则委员会(International 一,国际会计准则委员会(International Accounting Standards Committee) Committee) (一)IASC简介 (一)IASC简介 1,建立 1973年,由美国,英国等9个国家的会计团体 1973年,由美国,英国等9 发起而成立.其秘书处设在伦敦. 到2000年,IASC已经拥有来自104个 到2000年,IASC已经拥有来自104个 国家的143个成员 中国于1998年5月正式加入IASC 中国于1998年5月正式加入IASC
2,该组织的宗旨 通过交流信息,促进全球证券市场的健康发展; 各成员组织协同制定共同的准则,建立国际证 券业的有效监管机制,以保证证券市场的公正 有效; 共同遏止跨国不法交易,促进交易安全 3,中国证监会在国际证监会组织1995年的巴黎 ,中国证监会在国际证监会组织1995年的巴黎 年会上加入该组织,成为其正式会员.
三,证券委员会国际组织 (International Organization of Securities Commissions) Commissions)
(一)IOSCO简介 (一)IOSCO简介 1,建立 国际间各证券暨期货管理机构所组成的国际合 作组织. 总部设在加拿大的蒙特利尔市,正式成立于 1983年,其前身是成立于1974年的证监会美 1983年,其前身是成立于1974年的证监会美 洲协会. 目前共有81个正式会员,10个联系会员和45 目前共有81个正式会员,10个联系会员和45 个附属会员.
国际会计学课后作业
国际会计学》课后作业一（红色字为答案）姓名：学号：成绩：A. Explain to the concepts below1. International accountingInternational accounting is an area of accounting which study on how to treat specific accounting practice of a multinational company or how to provide information of an entity to non-domestic readers 国际会计是一种研究如何处理跨国公司具体的会计实务以及如何向非国内读者提供主体信息的会计领域。
2. goodwillGoodwill is capitalized as the difference between fair value of the consideration given in the exchange and the fair values of the underlying net assets acquired.商誉是在交易中得到的对价的公允价值与潜在净资产的公允价值之间的差额的资本化价值。
4.direct quoteThe exchange rate specifies the number of domestic currency units needed to acquire a unit of foreign currency. 汇率指定一定数量的国内货币单位获得一个单位的外国货币所需要的数量。
5.indirect quoteThe exchange rate specifies the price of a unit of the domestic currency in terms of the foreign currency. 汇率指定的以外国货币为单位的国内货币单位的价格。
国际会计--随堂练习
5.(单选题)增值表创建于（）和流行于（）。
A、西欧，西欧B、美国，美国C、西欧，美国D、美国，西欧
参考答案：A
6.(单选题)目前在美国，制定会计准则的机构是（）。
A、美国证券交易委员会（SEC）B、财务会计准则委员会（FASB）
C、会计程序委员会（CAP）D、会计原则委员会（APB）
参考答案：B
参考答案：×
12.(判断题)国际会计是国际性交易的会计，不同国家会计原则的比较，以及世界范围内会计准则的协调化。（）
参考答案：√
第三章比较会计模式
1.(单选题)目前为止，负责制定美国财务会计和报告准则的民间性组织是（）。
A、CAP B、APB C、FASB D、SEC
参考答案：C
2.(单选题)美国国会于（）通过了《萨班斯法案》（Sarbanes-Oxley Act），对美国各项机制进行全面结构性大调整。A、2002年2月B、2002年7月C、2003年1月D、2002年5月
1.(单选题)根据米勒的分类方法，荷兰会计模式属于（）。
A、宏观经济模式B、微观经济模式C、独立学科模式D、统一会计模式
参考答案：B
2.(单选题)属于北欧会计模式特征的是（）。
A、强调公司按照“真实公允”的观点提供财务报告
B、以公司利益为导向C、服从于集中计划经济D、服从税制需要
参考答案：B
3.(单选题) 1983年英国学者诺贝斯在前人研究成果基础上，根据（）将不同国家的会计模式分层分类进行研究。
参考答案：×
7.(判断题)欧盟在1990年就以观察员的身份加入了国际会计准则委员会（IASC）理事会。（）
参考答案：×
8.(判断题) G4+1集团2002年1月31日至2002年2月1日伦敦会议顺利召开，表明国际会计准则委员会得到了以英国和美国为首的发达国家的准则制定机构的实质性支持。（）
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国际会计第四章练习
• 三、True or False
• C. Non- monetary assets
D. All of the above
国际会计第四章练习
• 3. Which country expenses all R&D outlays when they are incurred? • (C ). • A. U.K. • B. Germany • C. U.S. • D. China
国际会计第四章练习
• 6. During a high-inflationary period, if Current Cost-Adjusted Model is
used in translation, an entity would Gain from holding
(C )
• A. Monetary Assets
B. Equipment borrowed from other entities
• C. Long-term debt borrow from banks D. Non- monetary Liabilities
国际会计第四章练习
• 二、Multiple Choice • 1. The reasons that recognized goodwill should be systematically amortized
• B. Intangible assets that have finite useful lives are to be amortized over their useful lives in SFAS 142
• C. All R&D outlays should be expensed when they are incurred in the US
• A. Purchased goodwill meets the criteria for asset recognition while internally generated goodwill doesn’t
• B. Goodwill is the excess of the value of an ongoing business over the value of the individual identifiable net assets of the business
• D. Research costs should be expensed immediately in IAS38
国际会计第四章练习
• 5. Which of the following description about the goodwill in American isn’t correct? (D )
earnings.
国际会计第四章练习
• 2. In segment financial reporting, which of the following classifications are not classified by business segment (comparing to geographical segment)? (ABE )
• C. Positive goodwill is the total price paid for an acquired business is higher than the fair value of its net identifiable assets
• D. Recognized goodwill with finite useful lives should be amortized
国际会计第四章练习
• 4. Which of the following treatments for intangible assets isn’t correct? (A)
• A. Many companies recognize internally generated brands as assets in American•Biblioteka 一、Single Choice
• 1. In highly inflationary economies, firms would experience a monetary loss because of holding
• (Ｂ).
• A. Monetary liabilities
B. Monetary assets
• A. The nature of the products or services • B. The nature of the production processes • C. Relationship between operations in different geographic areas • D. Special risks associated with operations in a particular area • E. The methods used to distribute the products or provide the
are • (AB ) • A. goodwill has a finite life and erodes over time. • B. the purchased goodwill is of necessity replaced by internally generated
goodwill. • C. goodwill has an infinite life and even enhanced over time • D. systematically amortized is inherently arbitrary. • E. systematically amortized would result in a double hit against future