上海交通大学外科学(骨外科)2009年考博真题考博试卷
历年各高校骨科考博试题
一、总结的骨科试题问答题脊柱内固定治疗进展（1999 复旦大学外科博士试题）肱骨髁上骨折的诊治原则（2000 复旦大学外科博士试题）肱骨髁上骨折分型及手术适应症（2004 中山医科大学外科博士试题）骨间后神经嵌压综合征的病因,临床表现,诊断及治疗（2001 复旦大学外科博士试题）颈椎病的分类（2002 复旦大学外科博士试题）骨肉瘤的临床及X 线表现/分型/治疗进展（2003 复旦大学外科博士试题）脊柱侧凸的分类,测量及X 线判断病变是否稳定（2004 复旦大学外科博士试题）脊柱侧弯定义分类治疗（1997 中山医科大学外科博士试题）椎管狭窄症的定义、病因、临床表现、诊断和治疗（2006 复旦大学外科博士试题）肱骨髁上骨折的治疗原则（1995 中山医科大学外科博士试题）全髋关节置换适应症、禁忌症及并发症（1995 中山医科大学外科博士试题）骨结核好发部位、治疗原则（1996 中山医科大学外科博士试题）骨折愈合临床标准（1996 中山医科大学外科博士试题）L4 椎体滑脱的治疗原则（1998 中山医科大学外科博士试题）人工关节松动的原因（1999 中山医科大学外科博士试题）颈椎病手术指征？前后入路选择（2000 中山医科大学外科博士试题）手急性化脓性腱鞘炎和深部间隙感染与解剖的关系？（2000 中山医科大学外科博士试题）特发性脊柱侧弯中，结构性侧弯和非结构性侧弯的区别。
（2001 中山医科大学外科博士试题）膝关节半月板损伤的临床表现及诊断（2004 中山医科大学外科博士试题）简述股骨头缺血性坏死的Ficat 分期（2006 中山大学外科学博士试题）- 骨关节炎的诊断和治疗（2006 中山大学外科学博士试题）试述人工膝关节置换术后的并发症（2006 中山大学外科学博士试题）骨组织工程的治疗进展（2006 中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）良性恶性骨肿瘤的鉴别及骨肉瘤的治疗进展（2006 中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）脊髓型颈椎病的诊断标准，手术方案及其依据（2006 中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）手的功能位，手外伤的急救原则（2006 中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）股骨远端骨折的AO 分型，治疗原则及术前、术中并发症（2006 中南大学湘雅医学院骨科学博士试题）生物学接骨（2004 上海交大医学院骨科博士试题）骨性关节炎的治疗（2004 上海交大医学院骨科博士试题）腰椎滑脱的分级（2004 上海交大医学院骨科博士试题）胫骨平台骨折的治疗（2004 上海交大医学院骨科博士试题）二期愈合组织学（2005 上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）生物学固定机理（2005 上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）慢性骨髓炎（2005 上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）良恶性骨肿瘤鉴别（2005 上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）股骨颈骨折内固定,关节置换适应症（2005 上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）病例分析:骨筋膜室综合症（2005 上海交大医学院骨科博士考题）名词解释Nelaton ' s li复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学Vater-Pacinian Corpuscle/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学Ward' s triangl复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2003三军大骨科博士腕管综合症/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2006 二军大骨科博士试题肩部撞击症/复旦大学医学院2003年骨科学/2006 二军大骨科博士试题手部无人区/1999 中山医科大学外科博士试题脊柱侧弯/1999 中山医科大学外科博士试题应力缓冲效应/1999 中山医科大学外科博士试题BMP /2003 、2005 二军大骨科博士试题Frank's 分型/2003 西安医科大骨科博士嗅鞘细胞/2003 西安医科大骨科博士Weak up test/2003 西安医科大骨科博士新月征/2003 西安医科大骨科博士腱鞘巨细胞瘤/2003 西安医科大骨科博士张力带固定/2003 二军大骨科博士试题肥大型骨不愈/2003 二军大骨科博士试题CRAMS 评分法/2006 二军大骨科博士试题VAS 评分法/2006 二军大骨科博士试题SCI/2006 二军大骨科博士试题artificial gut/2006 二军大骨科博士试题perioperative period/2006 二军大骨科博士试题Volkman 挛缩/2006 二军大骨科博士试题Perthes病/2006二军大骨科博士试题OPLL/2006 二军大骨科博士试题脊髓震荡/2003 二军大骨科博士试题静力锁钉/2003 二军大骨科博士试题tutrial cord syndrome/2005 二军大骨科博士试题Jefferson fracture/2005 二军大骨科博士试题Bohler angle/2005 二军大骨科博士试题Brown-Sequard syndrome/2005 二军大骨科博士试题Bragd sign/2005 二军大骨科博士试题McGarge's line/2006 二军大骨科博士试题中央脊髓综合征/2003 三军大骨科博士Abbreviation Jnjury Scale/2003 三军大骨科博士Contagious */2003 三军大骨科博士Bennet 骨折/2003三军大骨科博士骨不连/2004 华中科技大骨科博士)骨筋膜室综合征/2004 华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004 华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004 华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004 华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004 华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004 华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004 华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004 华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004 华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004 华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004 华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004 华中科技大骨科博士解剖学复位/2004 华中科技大骨科博士骨筋膜室综合征/2004 华中科技大骨科博士病理脱位/2004 华中科技大骨科博士全关节结核/2004 华中科技大骨科博士关节僵硬/2004 华中科技大骨科博士二、骨科名词解释1. 高尔夫球肘( Golfer's elbow ) 即肱骨内上髁炎，是由于肘部过度活动引起肘部屈肌附着处疼痛。
2009上海交通大学英语专业考博语言学试题
2009上海交通大学英语专业考博语言学试题I.Terms with examples 4x10=401. Functional categories: Words which do not denote objects, ideas, etc., are known as function wordsand they belong to classes known as functional categories. For example, Bill thinks that Tom and Dick have been visiting Harriet to ask for help with one of the assignments which have to be finished for the next morphonolgy class.2. operator movement: Operator movement involves movement of an operator expressioninto the specifier position within CP. For instance, in sentence What languages can you speak, the phrase what languages is moved into the specifier position within CP.3. Null subject parameter:Null-subject parameter determines whether finite verbs andauxiliaries do or don’t license(i.e. allow) null subjects. For example, in Italian: Maria non vuole mangiare."Maria does not want to eat."Non vuole mangiare.[She] "Does not want to eat."The subject "she" of the second sentence is only implied in Italian. English, on the other hand, requires an explicit subject in this sentence.4. lexical tone: Lexical tone is the distinctive pitch level carried by the syllable of a word which is anessential feature of the meaning of that word. The pitch of voice is very important in language, and all languages make use of it for some purpose. In some languages different words are distinguished from each other by means of pitch. Here are some Yoruba words The word ti with the mark′over the vowel is pronounced at a higher pitch than the word ti, which is in turn is pronounced at a higher pich than ti.These different pitches are call tones.Some languages distinguish only two levels of tone, while others distinguish up to four levels. When a language distinguishes words from each other using pitch in this way we say that it has lexical tone.5. onset, necleus and coda: Words like bat, cat, rat, flat and sprat are said to rhyme, this is becausethey have identical pronunciations after the first consonant or consonant cluster. We can divide a syllable therefore into two halves, the Rhyme and the Onset. We have already referred to the vowel in the middle of the syllable as the Nucleus. The consonant or consonant cluster after the Nucleus will be called Coda.6. complementizer: A complementizer is a conjunction which marks a complement clause. Acomplementizer, as used in linguistics (especially generative grammar), is a syntactic category (part ofspeech) roughly equivalent to the term subordinating conjunction in traditional grammar. For example, the word that is generally called a complementizer in English sentences like Mary believes that it is raining. The term "complementizer" was apparently first used by Rosenbaum (1967).7. mood: A set of contrasts which are often shown by the form of the verb and which express the speaker’sor writer’s attitude to what is said or written. Three moods have often been distinguished---indicative mood, imperative mood, subjunctive mood.8. empty category:In syntax, an empty category is a nominal element which does not have anyphonological content and is therefore unpronounced; they may also be referred to as covert nouns, in contrast to overt nouns which are prounounced.9. linguistic determism:one’s thinking is completely determined by his native language because onecannot but perceive the world in terms of the categories and distinctions encoded in that language.The hypothesis my be typically represented by the following statement. “If Aristotle had spoken Chinese, his logic would have been different.”10. conversational maxisms: A conversational maxim is any of four rules which were proposed byGrice 1975, stating that a speaker is assumed to make a contribution thatis adequately but not overly informative (quantity maxim)the speaker does not believe to be false and for which adequate evidence is had (quality maxim)is relevant (maxim of relation or relevance), andis clear, unambiguous, brief, and orderly (maxim of manner)II. Questions 12X5=601.According to some linguists, English is a two-tense, two–aspect language?Comment on the claim.Tense, indicating the time at which the activity took place. English has a binary(i.e. two-way) tense system.Although this distinction is traditionally said to be a past/present tense form, many linguists prefer to see it asa past/none-past distinction, since the so-called present tense form can be used with futuretime-reference(e.g. in sentences such as our guest is arriving at 3 p.m. tomorrow).Aspect is a term used to describe the duration of the activity describled by a verb, e.g. whether the activity is ongoing or completed). The -ing2.By what criteria can we distinguish between central and peripheral外围的ajectives?ExamplesWe have now looked at the main criteria for the adjective class - gradability, comparative and superlative forms, and the ability to occur attributively and predicatively. Most adjectives fulfil all these criteria, and are known as CENTRAL adjectives. Those which do not fulfil all the criteria are known as PERIPHERAL adjectives.In terms of syntactic function, adjective can be divided into two groups: central adjectives and peripheral adjectives.a. central adjectivesMost adjectives can be used both as modifier in a noun phrase and as subject/object complement. These adjectives are called central adjectives. In the following three examples green is a central adjective,functioning as modifier of nouns, subject complement and object complement receptively:Green apples are sour. (modifier in a noun phrase)Those apples are green. (subject complement)They have painted the door green. (object complement)b. peripheral adjectivesPeripheral adjectives refer to the few which can not satisfy both requirements. Someperipheral adjectives can only act as pre-modifier, e.g.chief, main, principal, utter, sheer, etc.other peripheral adjectives can only act as complement, e.g.afloat, afraid, asleep, alone, alive, etc.3.What are the major types of semantic change? What are the possible reasons?Semantic broadening: here the word takes on a wider, more general meaning than it had previously. E.g.The word companion used to mean “someone who eats bread with you”; now it means “someone who is with you”Semmantic narrowing: the word takes on a more restricted meaning than before. In middle english, a girl was a young person of either sex, a boy was a male person of any age and lust simply meant “pleasure”.Pejoration: involves the development of a less favorable meaning or connotation for a particular word. E.g. villains were formerly farm dwellers but are now criminals.Amelioration: the development of more favorable meanings for words, are few in number. Knight which in Old English referred to a boy or servant but now has a more pretigious meaning.Reasons:1.Most words are polysemic-they have a range of meanings- and over time marginal meanings may takeover from central meanings.2.children do not receive a fully formed grammar and lexicon from their parents, but with help fromUniversal grammar, have to figure it out for themselves. The child may therefore acquire a slightly different meaning for a word than that understood by its parents.3.the relationship between concepts and the words which conventionally refer to those concept isarbitrary and so either can vary or change fairly freely through time and across space.4.Saussure, claims that, dialects and languages have no natural boundaries. How doyou understand?(1)The usual conception of dialects nowadays is quite different. They are envisaged as clearly definedlinguistic types, determinate in all respects, and occupying areas on a map which are contiguous and distinct.But natural dialect changes give a quite different result. As soon as linguistics began to study each individual feature and establish its geographical distributions, the old notion of a dialect had to be replaced by a new one, which can be defined as follows: there are no natural dialects, but only natural dialect feature. Or- which comes to the same thing---there are as many dialects as there are places.(2) It is difficult to say what the difference is between a language and a dialect. Often a dialect is called alanguage because it has a literature: that is true of Portuguese and Dutch. The question of intelligibility also plays s part. People who cannot understand one another are generally described as speaking different languages. However, that may be , language which have developed in one continuous area with a settledpopulation exhibit the same phenomena as dialects, but on a larger scale. They show waves of innovation over a territory where a number of different languages are spoken. In the ideal conditions postulated, it is no more feasible to determine boundaries separating related languages than to determine dialect boundaries. The extent of the area involved makes no difference. Just as one cannot say where the High German ends and Low Germans begins, so also it is impossible to establish a line of demarcation between German and Dutch, or between French and Italian.Taking points far enough apart, it is possible to say with certainty “French is spoken here. Italian is spoken there.” But the intervening regions, the distinction becomes blurred. The notion of smaller, compact intermediate zones acting as linguistic areas of transition, for example Proencal as a half-way house between French and Italian , is not realistic either. In any case, it is impossible to imagine in any shape or form a precise linguistic boundary dividing an area covered throughout by evenly differentiated dialects. Language boundaries just like dialect boundaries, get lost in these transitions. Just as dialects are only arbitrary subdivisions of the entire surface covered by a language, so the boundaries held to separate two languages can only be conventional ones.5.The factor of analogy operate in the process of language change.(you can takesound change, verb forms, syntactic construction in English for example .Analogy refers to the use of one form as an exemplar by which other forms can be similarly constructed.1)In middle English, a mouse was called a mus[mu:s], and this mus mayhave lived in someone’s hus [hu:s](house). But now we pronounce musas [maus] and hus is pronounced as [haus] by analogy.2) E.g. based on bow/bows, sow/sows, English speaker began to say cowsinstead of the older kine.3)By analogy to bake/ baked and ignite/ignited, many children and adultsnow say I waked last night( instead of woke) and she lighted the bonfire(instead of lit)。
2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析
2009年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题参考答案及解析Paper OnePart Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (30 % )Section A1. D 女士的话Finally(终于通过了)说明John用了很长时间才通过这门考试。
2. B 男士听到乘出租只要两小时后说“I'm up for that”，意思是我愿意这样做，即乐意乘出租车。
up for sth. 意思是愿意做某件事。
3. C 由女士的话12135551212可知选C。
4. C 由女士的话She came to see me this morning complaining a pain in her right leg可知病人的抱怨是右腿疼。
5. B 女士说：我要离开一周，我希望你能接着处理这里的事务，男士说You have nothing to worry about(你什么都不用担心)，可知女士在给男士交待任务，应该是老板和秘书的关系。
6. C 男士先说I feel ashamed to ask him for help(我不好意思找他帮忙)，女士安慰说他是你的哥哥，然后男士说I'll call him tonight(我今晚给他电话)，可知男士今天可能会找他哥哥帮忙。
7. B 由男士的话Now I am going retake your left leg and see how far you can raise it Keep the knee straight. Does that hurt at an可知男士在给女士做检查。
8. D 女士说I have just made plans to play tennis，男士说Oh，that's too bad. Maybe some other time，可知女士还要继续按自己的计划去打台球。
9. A 男士说She's been here as long as I have可知Louise并不是新来的护士。
骨科博士入学试题集
骨科博士入学试题集1.名词解释LShenton线：沿闭孔上缘划线并向外侧延伸与股骨颈下缘相连，正常髋关节呈一连续性弧线，如该线中断说明髋臼与股骨头关系异常。
2.McMurray征：患者仰卧，检查者一手拇指及其余四指分别按住膝关节内外侧间隙，一手握住足跟部，极度屈膝。
在伸膝过程中，当小腿内收、外旋时有弹响或合并疼痛，说明内侧半月板损伤；当小腿外展、内旋时有弹响或合并疼痛，说明外侧半月板有病变。
3.Finkelsteintest:患者握拳（拇指埋于拳内），使腕部尺偏，若桡骨茎头处出现疼痛为阳性。
阳性者提示桡骨茎头狭窄性腱鞘炎。
4.Brodieabscess（:慢性局限性骨脓肿）brodie于1836年首先描述，多见于儿童和青年，胫骨上端和下端，股骨、肱骨和桡骨下端为好发部位，偶见于椎体等扁平骨。
一般认为系低毒力细菌感染所致，或因全身抵抗力强而使化脓性骨髓炎局限于骨端的一部分。
X线可见长骨干骺端或骨干皮质骨显示圆形或椭圆形低密度骨质破坏区，边缘较整齐，周围密度增高为骨质硬化区，硬化带与正常骨质间无明确分界。
（分4型，P1245）5.C odman’striangle:长骨骨肉瘤位于干骺端的骨髓腔中央或为偏心性。
一侧或四周的骨皮质被浸润和破坏，其表面的骨外膜被掀起，切面上可见肿瘤上、下两端的骨皮质和掀起的骨外膜之间形成三角形隆起，其间堆积由骨外膜产生的新生骨。
此三角称为Codman三角。
seque’ssign:患者仰卧，屈髋、膝，于屈髋位伸膝时，引起患肢痛或肌肉痉挛者为阳性。
腰椎间盘突出征的表现之一。
7.Charcot’sjoint:夏科氏关节是指由于某些神经系统疾病引起的关节病变，也被称为神经性关节炎。
常见病因有脊髓痨、脊髓空洞症等。
原发的神经病变可以造成关节深部感觉障碍，对于关节的震荡、磨损、挤压、劳倦不能察觉因而也不能自主地保护和避免，而神经营养障碍又可使修复能力低下，使病人在无感觉状态下造成了关节软骨的磨损和破坏，关节囊和韧带松弛无力，易形成关节脱位和连枷关节。
考博用骨科学真题
2010北京大学医学院骨外科考博试题（二）名词解释：（每小题5分）1、股骨距；2、Colles 骨折；3、膝关节损伤三联征；4、Trendelendurg试验；（三）问答题：（每小题10分）1、BO原则和骨折的愈合标准？2、Denis“三柱”和脊髓损伤的Frankel功能分级？2011北医一、名词解释：1、Monteggia骨折2、Risse征3、髌骨软骨软化症4、叩击试验（Tinel征）二、问答题：1、试述脊柱侧弯的8个病因。
2、骨组织工程种子细胞的研究进展。
3、股骨头缺血坏死的X线分期和治疗。
2011年北京大学医学部骨外科考博试题第一部分（40分）一、名词解释（5分每题）1、Thomas征2、Pauwel角3、Monteggia fracture4、Cobb角二、问答题（10分每题）1、试述髋关节结核的分型、诊断及治疗原则2、挤压综合征的诊断及治疗第二部分（60分）一、病例分析（5分每题）较简单。
考第一诊断及进一步确诊与治疗。
1、痛风性关节炎急性发作2、慢性化脓性骨髓炎二、简答题1、脊髓损伤的Frankel分级方法（5分）2、骶骨骨折的Dinel分型及临床意义（5分）3、肌肉骨骼肉瘤的Enneking分期（10分）4、肌肉骨骼肉瘤手术边界分类（10分）5、恶性骨肉瘤保肢手术的适用证与禁忌症（10分）6、试述Ewing肉瘤的特异性融合基因及意义。
四、论述7.桡骨远端骨折的诊断，治疗进展，对手术和非手术治疗的理解。
8.股骨转子间骨折的髓内和髓外固定的选择。
9.小腿骨筋膜室间隔区综合症的诊断、治疗第四军医20111.骨折的二期愈合；2.浮膝损伤；3.Jefferson骨折4.Dugas征5.Mipo二、简答：15*31.股骨颈骨折的Garden分型；2.开放性骨折的Gustilo分型；3.颈椎病的分型；三、问答：30*1骨肌系统肿瘤的外科分期2010北京大学医学院骨外科考博试题（二）名词解释：（每小题5分）1、股骨距；2、Colles 骨折；3、膝关节损伤三联征；4、Trendelendurg试验；（三）问答题：（每小题10分）1、BO原则和骨折的愈合标准？2、Denis“三柱”和脊髓损伤的Frankel功能分级？2011北医一、名词解释：1、Monteggia骨折2、Risse征3、髌骨软骨软化症4、叩击试验（Tinel征）二、问答题：1、试述脊柱侧弯的8个病因。
骨科各校考博真题
骨科各校考博真题概述：骨科是医学中的一个重要学科，考博是骨科医生进一步深造的重要途径。
为了更好地帮助考生备考，了解骨科各校考博真题是非常关键的。
本文将针对骨科各校考博真题进行详细介绍，旨在为考生提供参考和指导。
一、北京大学1. 题目：脊柱骨折的分类和治疗原则2. 题目：骨外科手术常见并发症及其处理方法3. 题目：股骨颈骨折的分类和手术治疗4. 题目：骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗进展5. 题目：髋关节置换术后并发症的预防和处理方法二、复旦大学1. 题目：大关节置换术后的康复训练原则2. 题目：骨代谢疾病的常见临床表现和诊断方法3. 题目：关节镜在骨科疾病中的应用和发展趋势4. 题目：肩袖断裂的病因和治疗方案5. 题目：骨关节炎的分型和保守治疗方法三、上海交通大学1. 题目：关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术的手术步骤及注意事项2. 题目：骨折愈合的影响因素及改善方法3. 题目：颅骨外伤的危险因素和治疗原则4. 题目：骨质疏松的预防和治疗策略5. 题目：膝关节置换术的适应症和手术技巧四、中山大学1. 题目：创伤性颈椎骨折的急救处理方法2. 题目：髋关节镜检查的操作步骤和要点3. 题目：股骨头坏死的诊断和分期方法4. 题目：脊柱侧弯的病因和治疗原则5. 题目：骨质疏松性骨折的诊断和治疗进展总结：了解骨科各校考博真题对考生备考具有重要意义。
不同学校的考试内容涵盖了骨科的各个方面，包括骨折分类和治疗原则、手术并发症处理、骨肿瘤的诊断和治疗、关节置换术后康复、骨关节炎的治疗等。
考生可以结合真题进行针对性的复习，提高备考效果。
在备考过程中，建议考生多做题、多练习，熟悉各个学校的考题风格，加强知识点的掌握，提高解题能力。
同时，考生也应该关注骨科领域的最新进展，了解最新的研究成果和临床应用，为考试做好充分准备。
最后，祝愿所有考生取得优异成绩，顺利进入理想的骨科医学研究领域！。
上海交通大学考博英语真题及答案
上海交通大学考博英语真题及答案Part II vocabularysection A31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apartB.fell awayC.fell outD.fall back33.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get better medicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.looking up toD.taking hold of34.In front of the platform,the students were talking with the professor over the quizzes oftheir_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant35.The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire____in a foreign language through morepractice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand37.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper with a reward for the finder. A.advertisermC.announceD.publish38.The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ___adult growth. A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retard39.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some of its employees for three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement of economical and military union inOttawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation43 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in its base.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with the regulations laid down by theauthorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leaders are making every effort to tackle the problem of poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems to be mo problem for them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III CloseIn Mr.Allen’s high school class,all students have to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.The teacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before people marry.Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,both students and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 the school to offer the course again,51. A.duplications B.imitations C.assumption D.fantasies52. A.noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53. A.might B.would C.must D.need54. A.issues B.adjustments C.matters D.expectancies55. A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56. A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphs D.verdicts57. rms B.concerns C. triumphs D.associates58. A.Until B.Before C.After D.As.59. A.taken B.suggested C.endorsed D.reproched60. A.confined B.convinced promised D.conceivedpassage oneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cul tural universal”. A researcher in Manchester thingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that.He says it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told the BA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people dance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.He reckoned there might be a more direct,biological,explanation for the disre to dance,so he started to look at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so that organs for balance,for insance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibular system,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise,above 70 decibel.“There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will be stimulated.”says Todd.The av erage rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to 140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to ex tremely loud music is a form of “vestibular self-stimulation”:it gives a he ightened sensation of motion. “We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go to extraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us get up and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear which may prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance musi c is around the rate of locomo tion.”he says,“It’s quite possible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”61.The passage begins with______A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universal questionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into human physical movenents62.What intrigued Todd was ______A.human instinct reflexesB.people’s biological heritagesC.people’s compulsion about loud musicD.the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing63.Todd’s biological e xplanation for the desire to dance refers to_____A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated,according to Todd_____A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibel will shoot upD.hearing will occur65.What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expcted.B.Dancing is capable of heighten the sensation of hearingC.Loud music stimulates the inner ear and generates the urge to danceD.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintain balance.passage 2Have you switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not just pressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.It does’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Some electronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your video player spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soon adds up.In the US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around ＄1 billion a year.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away with desinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the public imagination ,reducing waste has attracted much less attention.But “source reduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount of packaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look for ultra-light package.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package.There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—filling up,naturally,your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There are limits to source correctness.66. Fron the first two paragraphs,the author implies that______A.hitch has made life easy everywhereB.nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC.recycling can potentially control environmental deteriorationD.everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in one way or another67.The waste caused by household and office electrical appliances on stand-by mode seemsto_____A.be a long-standing indoor problemB.cause nothing but troubleC.get exaggeratedD.go unnoticed68.By idle electronic devices,the author means those appliances_____A.left on stand-by modeB.filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideed by those who are mot energy-conscioused by those whose words spesk louder than actions69.Ultra-light packaging______A.is expected to reduce American waste bu one-thirdB.is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C.can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD.is a villain of what the garnage experts call “source reduction”70.The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that______A.one person cannot win the battle against pollutionB.anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC.noybody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmental protectionD.anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is not neededpassage 3You can have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itself and replace neural co nnections destroyed by a clot in the brain.But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are not aware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.In some trials,stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlier intervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramatic improvements.To test this theory,Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The size of the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage,and the casts did not cause a dramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury.The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the releaseof glutamate,a neurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxic effects.Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise.Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at the University of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.71. Schallert issued a warning to those who____A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB.are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.Which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for his investigation.?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramatic improvements.B.The critical period for braim damage is one week after injury.C.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.Physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery.73.The results from Schallert’s rese arch____A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppsiteD.verified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that____A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthy nerve cellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD. all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians____A.to administer drugs to blick the effects of glutamateB.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke vivtims one week after injuryD.to reconsider the significance of phusiotherapy to brain damagePssage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observationsof their spatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent －ly ,after years away. Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We ,according to the passage,tend to observe citiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally77.we think about a city as____A.a spatial eventB.a symbolica worldC.a social environmentD.an intertelated system78.Cross-sectional studies show that cities ____A.are structured in three dimensiosB.are transformed rapidly in any aspectC.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy timeD.change slowly in spatial and social structrues79.The author is drawing our attention to ____A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB.the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD.all of the above80.The conventional notion,the aurhor contends,____A.presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD.hinders the physical change of urban structurePassane fiveWhen it is sunny in June,my father gets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which are flat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from my medical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.The heft of a bale through my leather gloves is familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave ofthe bale,the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hot as the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take a break and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think about how old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what might happen.This is not my usual work,of course.My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,and am glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all the painful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if my pat ients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do I put their stories? The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness? These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to find healthier meanings,I spent the week before vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized.Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice w ater,and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales snd maybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciative customers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by the simplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of the fields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in its wake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stacked against the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81.Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A.The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on the narrator.B.The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C.It is the first time for the narroator to do hayingD.The narrator is as physician82.In retrospection ,the narrator___A.feels guilty before his father and brotherB.defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC.hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD.is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83.As a physician,the narrator is ___A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile84.His associations punctuate_____A.the similarities between medicine and agricultureB.the simplicity of muscular workC.the hardship of life everywhereD.the nature of medical practice85.The narrator would say that____A.it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB.everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC.he is a shame to his fatherD.his trip is worth itPassage SixEveryone has seen it happen,A colleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pull back,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her former self.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy ,lack of commitment and involvement,and continual frustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claims and performance problem.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening. An organization’s mo st valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,and creativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes to work,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences little satisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work and co-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary …………….some of the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Are these people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.86.The passage begins with____A.a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC.a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustionB.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishmentD.All of the above88.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,which will result in ___A.a personal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countryD.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89.Burnout can be ___A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-out,according to the passage,are potentially able___A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD.to challenge their organization A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.。
历年考博外科题目总汇.doc
1、 Tme 及直肠系膜的概念2、胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3、原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物乳癌治疗原则Sirs sepsis MODS 的概念与相互关系营养不良的分类与支持的适应症直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症胰岛素瘤的定位诊断肝癌的综合治疗, 肝癌的治疗原则门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗MODS 的发病机理MODS 的治疗。
胆道出血的诊治慢性甲状腺炎的诊治SAP 的治疗：胰腺炎的治疗Bismuth 的分类；医源性胆管损伤按Bismuth 分类：Ⅰ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm 以上。
Ⅱ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm 以内。
Ⅲ型：左右肝管汇合部。
Ⅳ型：左侧肝管或右侧肝管。
Ⅴ型：左右肝管分支处。
甲状腺癌的病理特点胃癌的治疗原则如何正确的对手术病人进行术前肝功能评估，以利手术顺利进行？Child 评分Child-Pugh 评分分级标准分值 1 2 3白蛋白（ g/dl ）>3.5 2.8-3.5 <2.8胆红素（ mg/ml ） <2 2-3 >3PT（ >大于正常 s） <4 4-6 >6腹水无早期、易控制难控制脑病分级无1-2 级（轻度意识紊乱/嗜睡） 3-4 级（明显传统腹股沟疝修补术和无张力疝修补术的特点和方法有何不用？休克时加重心肌损伤的因素有那些肿瘤的外科治疗有哪些方法一个良好的肿瘤标志物应该具有何特性，举例说明结肠癌的早期诊断梗阻性黄疸的检查方法有哪些肝内胆管结石的处理原则及治疗方法休克的监测及诊断乳腺癌的淋巴结引流途径甲状腺大布切除术的术前检查肝内胆管结石的手术治疗原则及方法ct 发现胰腺头部占位后还应行哪些检查肝癌的定性诊断？孕期阑尾炎的诊断治疗原则胃癌的手术发式肝移植的适应症和手术方式甲状腺结节的处理原则闭合性腹部损伤非手术治疗期间应观察哪些指标普外：二问答1PMC （甲状腺乳头状微小腺癌）及其目前治疗原则2 Budd-Chiari syndrome 的分型及手术治疗方法布加综合征由各种原因所致肝静脉和其开口以上段下腔静脉阻塞性病变引起的常伴有下腔静脉高压为特点的一种肝后门脉高压症。
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医学考博真题试卷
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上海交通大学
2009 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（骨外科） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释：(共 8 题，每题 5 分) 1.Cobb 角 2.手指 Heberden 结节 3.半月板桶柄样撕裂 4.Brodie 脓肿 5.Trendelenberg 征 6.Nelaton 线 7.无人区 8.尺神经损伤表现
二、简答题：（共 4 题，任选 3 题作答，每题 20 分） 1.骨肿瘤的外科分期 2.截肢适应症 3.肱骨髁上骨折发生缺血性肌挛缩的原因、预防和诊断 4.髋关节后脱位的临床表现，可能的并发症，闭合复位后复位成功的标志？
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