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Definition of Translation

Definition of Translation

内容题材
文学翻译 literary translation 实用翻译/非文学翻译
pragmatic translation /Non-Literary translation
处理方式
全译 摘译 节译 缩译 编译

Definition of Translation
WEEK 2
Definition of Translation
把已说出或写出的话的意思用另一张言语表达出 来的活动。 ----《中国大百科全书. 语言文字卷》 翻译是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具, 它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和文 化进步,它的任务时要把原作中包含的现实世界 的逻辑映像或艺术映像,完好无损地从一种语言 译注到另一种语言中去。 ---- 张今
Definition of Translation
A translation is taken to be any target language utterance with is presented or regarded as such within the target culture, on whatever grounds. ---- Gideon Toury
Definition of Translation
Translating is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. ----Peter Newmark Translation is an art that involves the recreation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. ---- Malcolm Cowley

翻译的定义、分类和标准

翻译的定义、分类和标准

Definition of translation1) 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会(cross-social)的交际活动。

2) 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言,跨文化的交际活动。

Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written or said in another language.3)翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换. meaning-based汉译英是译者将作者为汉语读者所写的汉语文本转换成功能相似、语义相符、供英文读者阅读的英语文本的活动。

Classification of translation1)Translation—— Intralingual translation(语内翻译);Interlingualtranslation(语际翻译);Intersemiotic translation(符际翻译)2) Interlingual translation——Oral (interpretation) : consecutive(交替传译); simultaneous(同声传译)3) Written: whole text literature; pragmatic excerpt; selective; adapted; rewriting; MAT & MTCriteria of translationCriteria of translation is the plumb-line for measuring the quality of a translation and the goal for a translator to strive for.1) Source-language–oriented principle(以译出语为取向的原则)Characteristics: pay extreme attention to the form of the source text, always adopts a word-for-word / line-for-line translation or transliteration.•他是只纸老虎He is a paper tiger.•这事让他丢脸This makes him lose face.2) Target-language-oriented principle (以译入语为取向的原则) Liberal translation: using large number of domestication / adaptationfor the reader’s sake. This is done at the cost of the loss or damage of the original image sometimes.•What is done is done. 木已成舟•Kicking a man when he is down. 打落水狗/落井下石•三个臭皮匠,合成一个诸葛亮Two heads are better than one.3)Author-and-reader-oriented principle (以作者和读者为取向的原则) Characteristics: take both the author and the reader into consideration, and strive to be faithful and smooth at the same time.•繁华也罢,贫穷也罢,丈夫和妻子携手一生,情深意长。

翻译的形式和类型

翻译的形式和类型

翻译的形式和类型(同声传译篇)翻译包括口译(interpretation) 和笔译(translation) ,是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动,并且决不能脱离原文内涵而进行硬译、死译,必须要做到译文的忠实、通顺。

翻译要做到“ 译成之文,适如其所译” ,并要尽可能地达到“ 信、达、雅” 的境界。

除了人可以从事翻译活动外,人还可操纵机器从事翻译活动。

不过目前看来,机器翻译还不尽人意。

口译的形式和类型:交替传译(consecutive interpreting) 、咬耳朵(whispering) 和同声传译(simultaneous interpreting) 。

同声传译(simultaneous interpreting ),又称同步翻译、同声翻译、会议翻译,简称同传;交替传译(consecutive interpreting ),又称连续翻译,简称交传。

同声传译同传,顾名思义,即基本同步地实现对讲话者发言的口译,多用于国际会议、专业研讨会等场合。

同传的形式:译员通过专用的传译设备提供即时口头翻译,即译员通过话筒讲话,听众通过耳机接收,这种翻译形式可同时有几种语言,如联合国大会就有六种语言的同声传译。

鉴于同传有一定的技巧性要求,专门的培训和大量的练习都不可或缺。

同声传译最早始于1919 年的巴黎和会。

在巴黎和会上开始借助英、法两种语言的翻译进行谈判,其中一部分谈判采用了同声传译,这也意味着同声传译作为一种专业开始形成。

后来,二战后的纽伦堡军事审判法庭(1945-1946 ),同声传译第一次得到相当大规模的采用来审判纳粹战犯,效果不错。

于是在1946 年的联合国会议上开始正式采用同传,结果使会议的时间缩短了一大半,经费也相应的减少了许多。

中国是在1952 年在北京召开的亚洲地区和平会议上首次使用,时至今日也不过是40 年的发展历程。

同声传译时间效率高,有利于听众对发言全文的理解。

Translation

Translation

词类转换
动词---名词 例1: 原文: 他得出这一结论是深思熟虑的结果。
译文: His arrival at this conclusion was
the result of much deliberate thought. 动词---介词 例1 : 原文: 他支持这个建议,但我反对。
译文: He is for the suggestion, but I am against it.
2 It may be advisable to wait till they come back.
3 It is diligence that makes for deficiency.
确立谓语:
汉语的谓语具有开放性,除了动词之外,名 词、形容词等词类都可以直接充当谓语, 而且可以横排式连用多个动词,而英语的 谓语通常只能由某个动词或系表结构担任, 其他动词往往以非谓语动词的形式出现。
例2: 原文:同学们的精彩表演给校领导留下良好的印象。
译文: The school leaders were __favorably impressed_by the excellent performance of the
students.
词的增补:
1 语法需要:由于汉英两种语言的差异,汉译英时往往需要 补充汉语里省去的词语或没有的词类,以使译文符合英语 语法的要求。增词译法在汉译英中实际上是添加原文为了 语言简洁省去的成分,增补的词多为冠词、代词或名词、 连词和介词等。
译文: A place with water and fish is necessarily blessed with a nice setting, which in return keeps people _in__ good mood.

translation用法

translation用法

translation用法
在英语中,“translation”是一个名词,表示“翻译”或“译文”。

它可以用作主语、宾语或其他句子成分。

例如:
The translation of the book was very accurate.(这本书的译文非常准确。


The original text was translated into several languages.(原文被翻译成了几种语言。


I need someone who can translate English to Chinese.(我需要一个能够把英语翻译成中文的人。


除了作为名词,“translation”也可以用作动词,表示“翻译”或“转化”的行为。

例如:
The text was translated into French.(这段文字被翻译成了法语。


The scientist translated the formula into English.(科学家把这个公式翻译成了英文。


The translator translated the speech from English to Spanish.(翻译员将这篇演讲从英文翻译成西班牙文。

)。

第2课 翻译的基本概念

第2课 翻译的基本概念
Lecture 1: The Basic Concepts of Translation
1. definition of translation
1. The Oxford English Dictionary: “to turn from one language into another” “翻译是从一种语言转换成另一种语言” 2. Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic, crosscultural and cross-social communication. 翻译是跨语言、跨文化、跨社会的交际活动。 3. Translation means the conversion of an expression from one language into another. To say it plainly, translation is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original… 翻译指的是将词句从一种语言转换成另一种语言。简单地说, 它是用与原作不同的语言将作者的真正意思准确地复述出来的一 种艺术。
钱钟书“化境”说:
文学翻译的最高标准是“化”。把作品从 一国文字转变成另一国文字,既能不因语言习 惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹,又能完全保 留原有的风味,那就算得入于“化”
许渊冲“优势竞赛论”:
翻译要能扬长避 短,要挥译文语言优 势,忠实于原文内容, 通顺的译文形式可以 当做文学翻译的标准
香港学者蔡思德:信达贴 刘重德:信达切
严复“信达雅”:
“译事三难:信达雅。求其信,已大难矣!顾 信矣,不达,虽译犹不译也,则达尚焉。”

翻译导论 英文简介

翻译导论 英文简介
子曰:“学而时习之,不亦说乎?有朋自远方来, 不亦乐乎?人不知,而不愠,不亦君子乎?” 孔子说:“学了又时常温习和练习,不是很愉快 吗?有志同道合的人从远方来,不是很令人高兴 的吗?人家不了解我,我也不怨恨、恼怒,不也 是一个有德的君子吗?”
方言→标准语
Between different languages
对翻译操作过程的想象描述
“我喜欢把原作想象成一块方方正正的冰。翻译 的过程就是这块冰溶化的过程。待到变成了液体 状态时,每个分子都变换了位置,没有一个分子 与其他的分子再保留着原来的关系。它们开始了 在第二种语言里形成作品的过程。分子有逃逸掉 的,新的分子涌了进来填补空缺,但是这种成形 和修补的轨迹完全是隐性的。在第二语言里确立 起来的译品是一块新的方方正正的冰块,它虽与 原来冰块不同,然而外表看上去却是一模一样 的。” (Margaret Sayers Peden)
从原语和目的语的角度来看,翻译可分为 本族语译为外语,外语译为本族语两大类, 即译入或译出(translation into or out of one’s mother tongue)
从翻译的手段来看,可分为口译、笔译和 机器翻译。 从翻译的内容来看,可分为文学翻译、政 治翻译、科技翻译和应用文翻译等。
Between different signs
Red traffic light = STOP “=” means “equal” Body Language → verbal language Sign language → verbal language
Within the same language
Introduction: What is Translation?
In their elegant but often overlooked preface to the King James Bible, the translators asserted: “Translation it is that openeth the window, to let in the light; that breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel; that putteth aside the curtain, that we removeth the cover of the well, that we may come by the water.”

translation

translation

• Friendship will last only if it is based on a common goal.
• Only if friendship is based on a common goal, it will last.
• 志同道合,友谊才会持久。
语句间的逻辑关系
3.However, many women who begin their careers on an equal
直译
• 保持原作的风姿
• 求其易懂
直译=逐字译?
• 无边落木萧萧下,不尽长江滚滚来
• Without limit falling trees bleakly-bleakly shed,not exhaustible long river rolling-rolling come.
直译=逐字译?
•逻辑方面的增词
• ROWE has resulted in greater reported happiness among employees, less attrition(消耗)and a 35 percent increase in profits. ROWE在员工中取得很好的反响,既减少了消耗同 时又增加了35%的利润。 员工们反映在这种环境下工作更加愉快,同时 ROWE模式也降低了成本消耗,使利润增长了35%。
footing with their male colleagues fail to reach the highest levels of management because of rigid organizational structures that inhibit an achievable work-life balance. • 然而,许多妇女与男同事在平等基础上开始自己的职业生 涯,却不能达到同样高的管理层,因为僵化的组织结构影 响了她们实现工作与生活的平衡。 • 然而,虽说许多女性和他们的男性同事在职业生涯初期都 是平等的,却最终无法触及最高管理层。她们原本可以合 理安排好工作和生活的时间,却因为硬性的机制无法做到 这一点。 • 一成不变的公司制度 → 女性无法进入最高管理层
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情态动词
No one answer the call. .(她肯定没在家) 她肯定没在家) 她肯定没在家 She can’t be at home (昨晚肯定下雨了 for it is so wet outside . 昨晚肯定下雨了) 昨晚肯定下雨了 It must have rained last night 这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。 这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。 The work should have been finished yesterday. (我本来没有必要买这么多酒 我本来没有必要买这么多酒)—only five people 我本来没有必要买这么多酒 came. I needn't have bought so much wine
虚拟语气
It is ridiculous that (我们在一个总是下雨 我们在一个总是下雨 的国家还缺水) 的国家还缺水). we (should) be short of water in a country where it is always raining He walked lightly 以免惊醒婴儿) (以免惊醒婴儿). less / for fear that / in case he (should) awaken the baby It is time that (我去学校接我的女儿 我去学校接我的女儿). 我去学校接我的女儿 I went to pick up my daughter at school
虚拟语气
Without your instruction, (我不会取得 如此大的进步) 如此大的进步) I would not have made such great progress But for his help, (我们就不会以这么低 的价格租到房子) 的价格租到房子). We could not have rent a house at such a low price I used my calculator, (否则我会花更长 的时间才能算出这道题) 的时间才能算出这道题) otherwise it would have taken me more time to work out the question
虚拟语气
It was advised that (在居民区设立更多的 在居民区设立更多的 流动商店) 流动商店). more mobile shops (should) be set up in the resith knew 直到我告诉她) 直到我告诉她 anything about it. It was not until I tell her that
他几乎没时间听音乐。 他几乎没时间听音乐。 Hardly does she have time to listen to music. (我们刚到机场 than the plane took off. 我们刚到机场) 我们刚到机场 No sooner had we reached the airport Only later (他们才意识到) what a terrible 他们才意识到) thing it was. did they realize (他不仅说得更正确了 but he also 他不仅说得更正确了), 他不仅说得更正确了 spoke more fluently. Not only did he speak more correctly
定语从句
Some of the roads were flooded, (这使我们的旅程 更为艰难)。 更为艰难)。 which made our journey more difficult He introduced me to his students, (他们大部分是英 他们大部分是英 语专业的学生)。 语专业的学生)。 most of whom were English majors 众所周知), ),water is a liquid. (众所周知), As is known to all This is 我赞成这一改革的理由)。 (我赞成这一改革的理由)。 the reason why I am in favor of this reform The old lady died 在她儿子到达的那天)。 (在她儿子到达的那天)。 on the day when his son arrived
no matter + 疑问代词 疑问代词+ever 疑问代词/疑问代词 疑问代词+
(不管你是谁 you can’t pass this way. 不管你是谁), 不管你是谁 Whoever (=No matter who) you are (不管你说什么 I won’t believe you. 不管你说什么), 不管你说什么 Whatever you say (不论你用哪一种方法 the result is much 不论你用哪一种方法), 不论你用哪一种方法 the same. Whichever method you use
倍数
这条街道比那条短四倍。 这条街道比那条短四倍。 倍数 + adj / adv比较级 + than… 比较级 This street is four times shorter than that one. 倍数 + as + adj / adv + as … This street is four times as long as that one. 倍数 + n. This street is four times the length of that one.
时态
By the end of last week, (我们已经学 了十课书) 了十课书). we had learned ten lessons 他学过一些英语) before he came to the (他学过一些英语) institute. He had learned some English 过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前业已完成 的动作。 的动作。 When she got home, 孩子们已经睡了)。 (孩子们已经睡了)。 the children had fallen asleep
时态
He said that (1980年以来他的家乡大变 年以来他的家乡大变 样了) 样了). great changes had taken place in his hometown since 1980 When the bill of fare was brought, I was surprised, (因为价格大大超出了我的预料). 因为价格大大超出了我的预料) because the prices were much higher than I had expected
倍数
这家公司的规模扩大了一倍。 这家公司的规模扩大了一倍。 double + n. The company doubled its size. The landlord (想把租金提高1/3)。 想把租金提高 )。 V. +by +倍数 / 百分比 / 数词 倍数 wants to raise the rent by a third
虚拟语气
I‘d rather (你昨天看过了这场电影 你昨天看过了这场电影). 你昨天看过了这场电影 you had seen the film yesterday I‘d rather (你现在在这儿 你现在在这儿). 你现在在这儿 you were here now We‘d rather (你明天去那儿 你明天去那儿). 你明天去那儿 you went here tomorrow. He usually talks (好像在大会上发表演说似 好像在大会上发表演说似 的). as if he were delivering a speech at an assembly
the+比较级,the+比较级 比较级, 比较级 比较级
你出发得越早,回来得就越早。 你出发得越早 回来得就越早。 回来得就越早 The earlier you start, the sooner you’ll be back. The more difficult the questions are, .(他 他 回答出来的可能性就越小) 回答出来的可能性就越小 the less likely he is able to answer them
分词
(好久没收到父母的信了),he was worried 好久没收到父母的信了) 好久没收到父母的信了 about them. Not having heard from his parents for a long time (在他的朋友看来 Einstein was a simple 在他的朋友看来), 在他的朋友看来 and ordinary man. Seen from the eyes of his friends The farmers used a new insecticide, thus (将 将 平均产量提高了15%). 平均产量提高了 raising the average yield by 15 percent
虚拟语气
Had it not for their opposition, (这项法 这项法 案早就通过了) 案早就通过了). the act would have been passed much earlier Were I in your place, (我会毫不犹豫地抓 我会毫不犹豫地抓 住机会) 住机会). I would seize the opportunity without hesitation Should there be another world war, (人类 人类 的存在就会有危险) 的存在就会有危险). the existence of humanbeings would be at risk
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