博雅阅读·英语报刊考试题：段落句子翻译题
阅读理解之语篇翻译(2)
第一节翻译语篇（5小题，计10分）阅读下面的短文，然后将划线部分的句子译成汉语或英语。
Thousands of people are willing to see one painting. Along the River During the Qingming Festival《清明上河图》is the best-k nown pain ti ng in Chin ese history. It is being show n at the Palace Museum. Thesong dyn asty artist Zhang Zedua n pain ted it . What a great pain ti ng! It is 24.8 cen timeters wide, and 5.29 metersIon g（about the size of tour classroom 66.它'展s示了宋期人们的生活是怎样的。
T here areteahouses, bridges and other buildings. There are more than 800 characters, including monks（僧侣）and carpe nters（木匠）。
67 But what ' s amaz ing is that every one wears differe nt clothes and does differe nt activities. A salesmanis shouting and selling and selling while visitors drinking tea .Everything looks differe nt, but it flows togetherperfectly.68.The painting draws almost everyth ing from the coun tryside to the city. This shows people the wholepicture of life during that time period.69 It is not only a great artwork but also a helpful “ textbook ” for us to learnabout thH owevyr, it ' s not easy for visitors to take a close look at the painting.70 你需要耐心因为你将不得不等候六小时。
英语报刊选读A及答案
《英语报刊阅读》试题（A卷）……………………………………………………………………………………………………得news of following headlines Reconstruct the messages of the Part Ⅰ分stories: (1% for each, 10%)Example: Italian Ex-Mayor Murdered---An Italian Ex-Mayor Is Murderedtold not exploit ________ Tibet issue. 1. ________ US ________at odds. 2. Rubin ________ Greenspan ________s birth place.' flocking to Mao3. Visitors ________4. ________ man ________ quizzed after ________ wife is knifed in ________ sportsstore.得5-34 Questions A passage and answer the Part Ⅱ Read the following 分(1% for each,30%) and B 35-44 (2% for each,20%)Tuition Reform for Higher EducationArecent in of their pace reform Chinese institutions of higher learning have quickened years. Changing enrollment practices and higher tuition fees constitute and important part ofstate to almost exclusively according reform. Schools which once admitted students theplans are becoming more accepting of students sent by work groups for further training andthose who pay their own fees.Regular universities and colleges plan to enroll about 786 200 students this year, up 158200 or 25 percent over last year's figure. Of these, 216 000, or 27.4 percent, will be sent bytheir work groups or will pay their own way.In the past, the state paid all tuition and school fees for university students, a matter of the practice guaranteed this established in 1949. Although since policy New China wasfurther sate, hindering burden to the it supply of qualified personnel, brought a heavy compulsory education in —development of higher education. Since higher education is nonthe expedite facilities and fees will help improve school appropriate China, tochargewill way their own paying As education of in this stage. an added benefit, developmentencourage students to study harder.beginwill students financed —Statedirections. two in effect take will reform Thepaying part of the costs of their education, and more self—paying students will be accepted.In August 1989, under the direction of the State council, the State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the Sate Price Bureau drew up stipulations concerning the amount of charges on tuition, accommodation and other expenses for students of institutions of higher learning. Beginning from that year, freshmen at regularuniversities and colleges and professional schools (including cadres taking special trainingcourses and students working on a second degree) were charged 100 yuan (about us $17)each for their tuition fee, and this low charge is expected to be raised gradually. The figurewas higher in special economic zones and economically developed regions such as Guangdong Province and Shanghai, but was capped at 300 yuan. Students living on campuspaid about 20 yuan per year for accommodation and the charge was slightly higher for betterfurnishing. Normal school students and those admitted on scholarships need only pay foraccommodation. Reduced tuitions and fees are available to students in need of financialassistance, but accommodation expenses will remain the same.In June 1992, the State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the StatePrice Bureau decided to allow regular institutions of higher education to set their own tuitionrates and charges for accommodation, short—term training programs, correspondence courses and night school. These should be determined according to the needs of each school,the abilities of students to pay and general conditions in each area. The tuition for students inthe sciences and engineering can range from 300 to 500 yuan per academic year. Liberal arts,history and economics students of the fine arts pay 400 to 600 yuan per year, and students ofthe fine arts 400 to 750 yuan. Statistics for 1992 show students paid an average of 340 yuanin tuition that year, only 5 percent of the real cost.Measures have been taken to limit the possible detrimental affects of risingtuition. Shanghai, for instance, exempts the children of revolutionary martyrs from paying tuition. And these costs may be reduced or waived for students with limited family financial support as their parents are either both dead or are receiving subsidies from their work units. Some colleges have also set up work—study programs to benefit students with financial difficulties.Guidelines concerning self—paying students were first set out in 1989. The State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the State Price Bureau stipulated that these students should pay 80 percent of the cost of their education. Such students who live on campus pay the standard rate for accommodation and must cover their own medical expenses. The charge for each self—paying student averaged 2 000 yuan of the cost in 1992, or 30 percent of the cost. Charges for undergraduates and students of special colleges whose education is sponsored by work units, with payment coming either in part or in full from their units, are somewhat higher. Self—paying students are not assigned jobs by the state after graduation, whereas students sent by their units will return to them after graduating.Charges for correspondence courses and night school are equal to or slightlyhigher than those for full-time students enrolled according to the state plan.With their improvement of their living standards and the deepening of reform, people in general accept the changes in the tuition system. To facilitate the development of higher education, the increases in tuition rates will be more flexible and diversified. Student payments will be augmented by finding from the state, enterprises and funds raised from the public. Laws and regulations will by enacted to ensure steady progress, and overseas organizations and individuals are encouraged to set up and operate schools in China.--21st Century, Apr.20, 1992 Reading ComprehensionCircle the letter that best suits the answer or completes the statement.5. Changing enrollment practices and higher tuition fees ____.A. pay an important part in the reformB. make up an important part of the reformC. include an important part of the reformD. hold an important part of the reform6. Regular universities and colleges plan to enroll about 786 200 students thisyear ____.A. which is the same as last years figureB. which is more than last year's figure by 158 200C. which is 25 per cent over last year's figureD. both B and C7. Among 786 200 students ____ will be sent by their work groups or will paytheir own way.A. 158 200B. 21 600C. 27.4 per centD. 25 per cent8. Since New China was established, all tuition and school fees for university students ____.A. Were paid by their work groupsB. Were paid by the students themselvesC. Were paid by the stateD. Were paid by the local government9. The policy which the state paid all tuition and school fees for university students ____.A. Brought lots of profits to the stateB. Was helpful to further development of higher educationC. Brought many advantages to the stateD. Brought expense and trouble to the state10. Which statement is not trueA. To charge appropriate fees will help improve school facilitiesB. As an added benefit, paying their own way will encourage students to study harderC. Higher education is compulsory education in ChinaD. Tuition reform for higher education will take effect in two directions11. Stipulations concerning the amount of charges on tuition, accommodation and otherexpenses for students of institutions of higher learning was drafted by ____.A. the State Education CommissionB. the State CouncilC. the universities and collegesD. the State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the State Price Bureau12. The figure on tuition fee was higher in special economic zones and economically developed regions, but was ____.A. fixed at 300 yuanB. limited in 300 yuanD. much more than 300 yuanC. over 300 yuan13. Students in need of financial assistance ____.A. can get a grantB. need only pay for accommodationC.can get support from the local governmentD. can enjoy reduced tuitions and fees14. According to the stipulations made by the State Education Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the State Price Bureau, the tuition for students in the sciences andengineering can ____.A. be changed between 300 and 500 yuan per academic yearB. be fixed at 300 or 500 yuan per yearC. be set at 400 or 600 yuan per yearD. be extended from 400 to 750 yuan per year15. The children of revolutionary martyrs in Shanghai ____.A. enjoy reduced tuitionB. enjoy free charge tuitionC. gain allowance from governmentD. receive subsidies from their parents work units16. Stipulations concerning self—paying students took effect in ____.A. 1989B. 1992C. 1990D. 199117. Charges for undergraduates and students of special colleges whose education is sponsored by work units ____.A. are set at 2 000 yuan per yearB. are exempted 50 per cent from the whole cost of their educationC. are rather higherD. are exempted 30 percent18. Self—paying students, after their graduation, ____.A. will return to their unitsB. will be appointed to do some work by the stateC. are provided employments by the statD. are not assigned jobs by the state19. Which statement is trueA. The increases in tuition rates can not be changed easilyB. Students payment will be decreased by funding from the state and enterprisesC. Laws and regulations will be made to ensure steady progressD. People in general can't accept the change in the tuition reformVocabularyChoose the best answer to explain the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.20. Chinese institutions of higher learning have quickened their pace of reform in recentyear____.A. WalkingB. stepC. footD. speed21. Changing enrollment practices and higher tuition fees constitute an important part of the reform____.A. Make upB. establishC. holdD. Complete22. Although this practice guaranteed the supply of qualified personnel, it brought aheavy burden to the state____.A. it brought the state expense and troubleB. it brought the state sufferingC. it made the state involve in difficultiesD. it caused the state involved in troubles23. The reform will take effect in two directions____.A. will take placeB. will come into forceD. will have an influenceC. will affect24. The figure was higher in special economic zones and economicallydeveloped regions such as Guangdong, province and Shanghai, but was capped at 300 yuan____.A. coveredB. aboutD. much more thanC. over25. This Ministry of Finance and the State Price Bureau decided to allow regular institutions of higher education to set their own tuition rates and charges for accommodation____.A. decideB. fixD. Both A and BC. put forward26. The tuition for students in the sciences and engineering can range from 300to 500 yuan per academic year____.A. be charged between 300 and 500B. set at 300 or 500C. be decided at 300 or 500D. extend from 300 to 50027. Measures have been taken to limit the possible detrimental affects of rising tuition____.A. determinedB. damageD. influentialC. harmful28. Shanghai, for instance, exempts the children of revolutionary martyrs from paying tuition____.A. charges a little forB. makes free charge forD. Both A and BC. reduces the charge for29. And these costs may be reduced or waived for students with limited family financial support as their parents are either both dead or are receiving subsidies from their work units____.A. insisted onB. not enforcedC. chargedD. exempted30. Some colleges have also set up work—study programs to benefit studentswith financial difficulties____.A. helpB. give money toC. give profits toD. send allowance of money to31. The State Educational Commission, the Ministry of Finance and the StatePrice Bureau stipulated that these students should pay 80 percent of the cost of their education____.A. arrangedB. advocatedC. stated clearlyD. stimulated32. Such students who live on campus pay the standard rate for accommodationand must cover their own medical expenses____.A. includeB. exemptD. provide money forC. change33. Self—paying students are not assigned jobs by the state after graduation, whereas students sent by their units will return to them after graduation____.A. After graduation the state doesn't give employments to the self—paying studentsB. After graduation, the state doesn't appoint the self—paying students to dosome workC. After graduation, the self-paying students are not going to apply for jobsD. All are wrong34. To facilitate the development of higher education, the increases in tuitionrates will be more flexible and diversified____.A. will be more easily bent and variousB. will be more limited and various.C. will be easily changed and in variety to adapt to new conditionsD. will be raised more than before B Endangered Trade(The Asian Wall Street Journal, Mar., 1999)Such is the special relationship between America and its NATO partners that while thatalliance cooperates to bomb Serbian forces, the U.S. and the EU are managing a trade waragainst each other. Fortunately, no lives are at stake in the latter conflict. Yet if it spreadsunchecked, the rest of the world is sure to feel the pain of it.It's hard to decide whether the U.S. or Europe deserves the most contempt for expandingfruittwo between struggle a essentially is bananas, over fight, first The war. trade their distributors with strong political connections. Now Washington and Brussels are escalatingtheir battle over beef, with European farmers stooping to science in their claims that hormone-treated American beef is unsafe.In his first term in office, President Bill Clinton teamed up with the Republicans to pushmajor free-trade liberalizations. Now, however, he seems bent on pursuing 'level even ifplaying fields,'torpedoing the world economy. The latest salvo was fired this week, with theU.S. announcing it has targeted close to $1 billion of European products for 100% tariffs ifthe European Union doesn't drop the hormone nonsense.The move follows an earlier announcement that the U.S. administration will fight Europe's banana import regime by hitting a range of European goods with prohibitive tariffs.Add to this renewed American threats to raise the drawbridge to Russian, Japanese andBrazilian steel, as well as administration support for a congressional vote to ban Concordeflights from Europe in relation for EU threats to refuse landing rights to old-American planesretrofitted with noise reducing technology.Mr. Clinton sounded the protectionist battle cry in his January State of the Union address,where he vowed to fight for 'a freer and fairer trading system for 21st century America.' Inthe case of agriculture, when the respective lobbies on both sides of the Atlantic enter thefray, that translates into a sticky situation. On the whole, American farmers are major exporters. And U.S. farmers have a good case on beef hormones. But it is nonetheless dangerous for the U.S. to shut off $1 billion in trade.This is not to excuse the EU. The hormone argument is nonsense. The World Trade Organization has acknowledged as much, ordering the EU to allow imports of Americanmeat by May 13. Brussels has responded by saying that it needs more time because European citizens, who supposedly don't like hormones in their food, would rebel againsttheir governments if American meat suddenly appeared on their store shelves.Were it not for the high stakes involved for both producers and consumers, theargument might be amusing. When governments curtail trade the global economy shrinksand for all the jobs 'saved' by protections, there are a lot more lost. TheSmoot-Hawleyagricultural protections imposed by the U.S. Congress in the late 1920s certainly contributedto the Great Depression. Mr. Clinton may believe he is fighting the good fight. But we'venever thought much of the kind of war where you pose even when you win.Judge whether the following statement are True or False:35. ( ) The Trade war between the U.S. and the EU has cost no lives but is equally dangerous.36. ( ) It's very easy to decide who is to blame for expanding the trade war.37. ( ) The very beginning of the trade war suggests that it bears political significance.38. ( ) The author agrees that hormone-treated beef is harmful to one's health.39. ( ) President Bill Clinton used to be a believer of free trade, but not now.40. ( ) Level playing fields ca do good to the world economy.41. ( ) Besides its trade war with the EU, the U.S. is also in conflict with Japan, Russia and Brazil.42. ( ) The author thinks that in the case of beef, the American farmers are justified.43. ( ) The author thinks that it is a right decision for the U.S. to shut off $1 billion intrade.44. ( ) The two sides have submitted the case of beef to the WTO for settlement.得49 (4% Read the following passage and answer Questions 45～Part Ⅲ分for each,20%)The Rich Get Richer and Elected. RobertsBy Steven Vthe as as wealthy 1984 were almost four times in The representatives newly electedfirst-term lawmakers elected only six years before, according to a new study based one thefinancial reports.members'court factors: a are the study says, two main swing, remarkable Behind this adecision that outlawed limits on what candidates could give to their own campaigns, and the enormous growth in the cost of pursuing a seat in Congress. As a result, it is increasingly difficult for candidates of modest means, particularly women, to mount successful challenges to entrenched office holders.One solution, the authors contend, is a system of public financing for campaigns,but Congress seems in no mood to change the political rules any time soon.said Mark Green, the president of The”The lower chamber is going upper class,“Democracy Project, a public policy institute based in New York. “But this evolutionfrom a House of Representatives to a House of Lords denies the diversity of our democracy. It establishes a de facto property qualification for office that increasingly says: low and middle income need not apply.”The Democracy Project produced the study in cooperation with the United States Public Interest Research Group, a similar institute situated in Washington. But their research was not entirely theoretical. In 1980 Mr. Green was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress in New York's 15th District, in Manhattan. The winner was Bill Green, one of the wealthiest members of Congress.Of Assets and MillionairesMembers of Congress must report their assets in broad categories, not exact numbers, so the figures in the study are not precise. But the minimum average wealth of the 43 lawmakers first elected last year was $251,292. Six years earlier, the 74 new members reported an average of only $41,358 in assets. With inflation figured in, the increase was almost 400 percent in real terms.Moreover, financial data on the class of 1978 indicated only one millionaire, William F. Clinger Jr., a Pennsylvania Republican. Last year's newcomers included 15 possible millionaires, more than a third of the entire group. Topping the list was Joseph J. Dioguardi, a Westchester Republican, who listed assets of $1 million to $2.46 million.The main reason for the change, Mr. Green maintains, is the Supreme Court decision of 1976 in the case of Buckley V. Valeo. In that case, the Court ruled that limits mandated by Congress on the amount a candidate could give to his or her own campaign were an unconstitutional abridgment of individual rights. At the same time, the Court upheld limits on amounts contributed by outsiders.“Quite naturally”, Mr. Green said, “this puts a premium on personal wealth.The 43 Representatives newly elected in 1984 spent an average of $459,344; of that, $50,329 was their own money in an average case. Eight of the 43 spent more than $100,000 in personal funds but the clear leader was Tommy F. Robinson, an Arkansas Democrat, who contributed $441, 167 to his own campaign. Mr. DioGuardi was next with a personal donation of $210,000.The Senate Puts an even higher premium on wealth. Last year the average candidate for the Senate spent $2 million, and the roster of millionaires in the Senate is steadily growing.The second factor putting a premium on personal wealth, Mr. Green argues, isthe rapid rise of political action committees. They tend to favor incumbents with their campaign contributions, and a result, Mr. Green says, is that it takes a wealthy challenger to make a race of things.One apparent effect is the obstacle this poses for women who run for Congress. While women in rapidly rising numbers are capturing local and state offices, their representation on the national level has stayed static. The class of 1984 included only two women: Helen D. Bentley of Maryland and Jan Meyers of Kansas, both Republicans.“It is largely men who control wealth in America,”Mr. Green said, “and if wealth is a major variable in political success, that automatically means more menwill run and win.”Fred Wertheimer, president of Common Cause, the public affairs lobby that , if you're not personally wealthy, and you're not willing to indebt yourself to the PAC's, you face an uphill struggle just to get your message on the table.The authors of the study argue that some form of public financing for campaigns should be instituted. “Competition for public office should be based more upon merit than money,”asserted Gene Karpinski, executive director of the public interest research group.Mr. Wertheimer argues that “members of Congress know they have a national scandalon their hands”and are willing to consider public financing, or at least a total limit on PACcontributions. But the chances for change in the current system remain decidedly poor.Obviously the current occupants of Capitol Hill have kept their seats under the present rules, which clearly favor incumbents. Accordingly, Mr. Green maintains, Congress is stillprobably “several scandals away”from a serious push to change the campaign system.(From The New York Times, September 24, 1985)45. Why has the House of Representatives been changing into a rich man's club or a House of Lords46. In what way did the Court decision favor the wealthy candidates47. Are women far behind men in getting Congressional offices Please give an examplefor your answer.48. What role do political action committees play in a campaign for public office49. According to the author of the study, on what basis should the political race for public office be placed得 Translate the following into Chinese .(20%)ⅥPart 分How to negotiateworld brought the business culture, which has attractive The US is an market. Its”, has been leading commercial thinking in recent years and ”and “IPOs “shareholder valuewill continue to do so. But whoever wants to succeed in the US needs to remember the rulesof the game.If you can US business is described by the lyrics of the song New York, New York: “no by to business is ”anywhere! Yet a euphoric approach make it here, you can make itmeans enough. Although business communication in the US is pleasant and easygoing, it isat the same time ruthlessly focused.the meet, negotiating partners talent is natural of Americans. When Communicating emphasis is on small talk and smiling. There is liberal use of a sense of humour that is moredirect than it is in the UK. If you give a talk in America, you should speak in a relaxedwayand with plenty of jokes to capture your audience's attention.卷参考答案）《英语报刊阅读》试卷（A Reconstruct the messages of the following headlines of news stories: (1% for ⅠParteach, 10%)are、3 are1、The is the and 、2 A 4、is his afor and passage following Read ⅡPart the answer A Questions the 5-34 (1%each,30 %) and B 35-44 (2% for each,20%)A:5～9 BDCCD 10～14 CDBDA 15～19 BACDC30～39 BACBD20～24 DAABA ～34 ACDBC25B:4035～39 TFTFT～44 FTTFTPart ⅢRead the following passage and answer Questions 45～49 (4% for each,20%)45. Because the House of Representatives is largely composed of wealthy men, and they getelected not on their merit, but on their money.46. The court decision outlawed limits on the amount that a candidate could give to his owncampaign. At the same time it upheld limits on amounts contributed by outsiders. 47. Yes. Take the Congressional election in 1984 for example, only two women got elected.48. They play a very important role to help officeholders to get re-elected with campaigncontributions.49. Some form of public financing should be taken. Competition for public office should bebased more on merit than money.Part ⅣTranslate the following into Chinese .(20%)美国是一个有吸引力的市场。
2018年高考英语真题全国一卷阅读理解部分：全文英汉对照翻译+解析+重点词汇
AWashington, D.C. Bicycle Tours华盛顿特区骑行之旅Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.华盛顿特区樱花骑行之旅Duration: 3 hours时长：3小时This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see a world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C. Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability —the cherry blossoms—disappear!华盛顿特区的樱花举世闻名，而这一短途团体自行车旅行正是欣赏如此美景的一种非常好的方式。
一路上，导游会给你讲有关这些樱桃树的历史，以及在这樱花盛开的地方屹立的那些闻名于世的名胜古迹。
但请在樱花凋谢之前预订。
Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour华盛顿纪念碑骑行之旅Duration:3 hours (4 miles)时长：3小时（4英里）Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D.C. Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water.加入这一由导游带领的自行车之旅，一起去看看华盛顿特区那些最受欢迎的纪念碑吧。
阅读理解之语篇翻译(3)
【一】第一节翻译语篇（5小题，计10分）阅读下面的短文，然后将划线部分的句子译成汉语或英语。
Do you know the 16-year-old boy called Jaden Smith? If you have seen the 2010 hit movie Karate Kid（功夫梦）, you must remember him. Yes, 61. he is the boy who plays the American Kung Fu kid. Since he became an entertainer(艺人) at the age of 8, Smith has proved himself a gifted actor, a successful learner, and an amazing rapper. Now, he’s sharing some thoughtful words of wisdom on his Twitter.He has his opinion about education, “Adults should stop teaching us how to deal with the world. 62. 相反，青少年应该被鼓励自己去经历这个世界。
He calls on teens not to overuse their cell phones, “Everybody should get off your phones and do what you actually want to.” Smith pays much attention to his own schoolwork; he’s interested in all the subj ects at school, especially, math and physics. His wonderful words on schoolwork are like this, “63. 如果你现在不努力学习，将来你会后悔。
北京毓秀博雅翻译有限公司测试文档及参考答案
北京毓秀博雅翻译有限公司测试文档题目一：普通文字英译中测试要求：翻译通顺，语言优美，翻译准确，不漏译不增加无关内容。
In the low-lying savannas of South Africa, summer rains have transformed the wilderness into a green paradise. Lush, nutritious vegetation covers the earth and wildlife is rich and thriving. Th is ecosystem is home to one of Africa’s most bio-diverse wildlife populations on earth. At this time of the year, the summer rains have ensured that every ditch and depression in the earth is filled with water. The local waterhole is at its fullest, reaching the lower branches of the trees and shrubs lining its banks. The waters edge is quiet… not a ripple disturbs its surface; the surrounding bush is still… and seemingly empty. But during the winter months, Hippo Hole will be the centre of life in the bush. The banks will become a hive of activity as all the animals in the area will congregate here on a daily basis to drink. Although Hippo Hole will provide a life-giving source of water, it will also attract a threat: the animals that rely on the water will become easy targets for predators lurking around the hole…for now, there are many pools and puddles to drink from throughout the area, and the animals are able to move deep into the bush to forage, taking advantage of the plentiful browsing and grazing.在地势低洼的南非稀树大草原上，夏季的雨水将荒野变成了绿色的天堂。
福建省宁德市博雅培文学校2023-2024学年高一6月月考英语试题
福建省宁德市博雅培文学校2023-2024学年高一6月月考英语试题一、阅读理解Volunteer Art &Architecture Tour Guide for Boston Public Library, Copley SquareThe goal is to generate public interest in the history, art, and architecture of Boston Public Library, including its special collections and exhibitions at the Central Library in Copley Square.ROLE AND EXPECTATIONS●To conduct public and private group tours of the Central Library’s art, architecture, and exhibitions, answering questions from groups and recording attendance statistics after tours conclude.●To continue to inform oneself of the art, architecture, history, holdings, and exhibitions of Boston Public Library.QUALIFICATIONS● Interest in history, art, and architecture in general, and of Boston Public Library in particular.● Confidence in addressing and presenting information to large groups; prior guiding or public speaking experience desirable.●A strong command of the English language is required, and fluency in other languages is highly preferred.TRAININGAccepted candidates will be asked to attend tour guide training meetings. New guides are expected to complete training around four months. Progress evaluations will be ongoing throughout the training period, and continue through the first six months of working as a full guide.REQUIREMENTS●Minimum commitment of two tours per month (or 24 tours per year).●Commitment to attending tour guide meetings and enrichment programs for continuing education.REVIEWRegular assessments and evaluations will be conducted based on the above criteria to ensure that volunteers meet the necessary qualifications.Interested candidates should complete the application form below and send it to *************.1．What does a volunteer tour guide need to do after tours?A．Ensure safety of the artworks.B．Maintain cleanness of the hall.C．Document the numbers of visitors.D．Answer questions about qualifications.2．How long will the progress evaluations last?A．4 months.B．6 months.C．10 months.D．12 months. 3．Which will result in a poor review of the position?A．Insufficient (不足的) working hours.B．Absence of a second language.C．Little relevant volunteer experience.D．Limited knowledge about exhibitions.Many years ago, my dad was facing a serious heart condition. He was unable to do a steady job. He fell suddenly ill and had to be admitted to the hospital.He wanted to do something to keep himself busy, so he decided to volunteer at the local children’s hospital. My dad loved kids. It was the perfect job for him. He ended up working with the seriously ill children. He would talk, play, and do arts with them.One of his kids was a girl with a rare disease that paralyzed (瘫痪) her from the neck down. She couldn’t do anything, and she was very depressed. My dad decided to try to help her. He started visiting her in her room, bringing paints, brushes and paper. He stood the paper up, put the paintbrush in his mouth and began to paint. He didn’t use his hands at all. All the while he would tell her, “See, you can do anything you set your mind to.”At the end of the day, she began to paint using her mouth, and she and my dad became friends. Soon after, the little girl was sent home because the doctors felt there was nothing else they could do for her. My dad also left thechildren’s hospital for a little while because he became ill. Some time later after my dad had recovered and returned to work, in came the little girl who had been paralyzed and only this time she was walking. She ran straight over to my dad and hugged him really tight. She gave him a picture she had done using her hands. At the bottom it read: “Thank you for helping me walk.”My dad would cry every time he told us this story and so would we. He would say sometimes love is more powerful than doctor, and my dad—who died just a few months after the little girl gave the picture—loved every single child in that hospital.4．The author’s father worked at the local hospital to_______________.A．make his serious heart condition less serious B．keep himself occupied and pleased C．realize his childhood dream D．earn money to pay for treatment5．How did the author’s father help the paralyzed little girl?A．He helped her practice walking.B．He visited her and made a toy for her.C．He showed her she could still do things.D．He painted special pictures for her. 6．According to Paragraph 3, the paralyzed girl _______________.A．eventually became a unique painterB．was sent home and never seen againC．gradually recovered and walkedD．sent the author’s dad a picture painted with her mouth7．What message does the passage mainly convey?A．It’s better to give than to receive.B．A sick person should not focus on his disease.C．Volunteering is a worthwhile thing to do.D．Love can sometimes bring great results.Plastic is everywhere, from the Arctic ice to vital organs in the human body. In fact, previous estimates suggest that the average person swallows a credit card-worth of microscopic plastic particles(颗粒) every week. But new research shows that this could actually be an understatement.Microplastics are plastics smaller than 5 millimeters, found in industrial waste, beauty products, and formed during the degradation of larger plastic pieces. Over time, they break downinto even smaller nanoplastics. These tiny particles can pass through our intestines and lungs into our bloodstreams, reaching vital organs like the heart and brain.While the idea of eating plastic is unsettling in itself, the major concern here is that these plastic particles contain chemicals that can interrupt our body’s natural release of hormones, potentially increasing our risk of reproductive disorders and certain cancers. They can also carry toxins(毒素) on their surface like heavy metals.In the past, researchers have shown bottled water can contain tens of thousands of identifiable plastic fragments in a single container. However, until recently, only the larger microplastics were detectable with available measuring tools, leaving the area of nanoplastics largely a mystery.Using Raman microscopy (显微镜学), capable of detecting particles down to the size of a flu virus, the team measured an average of 240, 000 particles of plastic per liter of bottled water, 90 percent of which were nanoplastics, a revelation 10 to 100 times larger than previous estimates.These plastics likely originate from the bottle material, filters used to “purify” the water, and the source water itself. “It is not totally unexpected to find so much of this stuff, ” the study’s lead author, Columbia graduate student Naixin Qian, said in a statement. His team hopes to expand their research into tap water and other water sources to better inform our exposure to these potentially dangerous particles. “The idea is that the smaller things get, the more of them I reveal, ” he added.8．What is the primary focus of the new research?A．The presence of plastic particles.B．The use of plastic in everyday products.C．The detection methods for microplastics.D．The potential risks of nanoplastics to human. 9．What is the advantage of Raman microscopy?A．Finding the source of plastic particles.B．Helping to cure the deadly flu virus.C．Detecting the smaller plastic particles.D．Improving the quality of bottled water. 10．Why will the team expand their research into tap water?A．To focus on areas with higher plastic pollution.B．To be aware of the dangerous particles in daily life.C．To further measure the types of particles in tap water.D．To detect the smaller plastic particles in industrial areas.11．What is Qian’s attitude towards his research?A．Skeptical.B．Objective.C．Conservative.D．Positive.Why was school created? 12 Especially on test days, many students wonder exactly why they’re being subjected to such terrible and unusual punishment!If you’re honest with yourself, though, you know what a great place school is. 13 . Sure, tests can be stressful, but think of how boring life would be if you didn’t get to learn new things and see other people so often!Schools are not a new invention. You may have seen some old one-room schoolhouses that have been around for several hundred years or more. 14 .In fact, education dates back to the very first humans ever to live on Earth. Why? To survive, every generation has found it necessary to pass on its knowledge, skills, values, and traditions to the next generation. How can they do this? Education! Each subsequent generation (后代) must be taught these things.15 They educated young people within the family unit. Over time, however, populations grew and societies formed.Rather than every family being responsible for education, people soon found out that it would be easier and more efficient to have a small group of adults teach a larger group of children.16 .A．In this way, the idea of school was born.B．The earliest schools, though, date back thousands of years.C．At that time, schools focused on reading, writing, and maths.D．Ancient schools weren’t like the schools we know today, though.E．We’re sure that’s a question that every student asks from time to time.F．The earliest human beings didn’t need schools to pass along information.G．You have fun, learn all kinds of interesting things, and get to spend time with your friends.二、完形填空Forty years ago, Mrs. Austen was my first-grade teacher, an old lady with salt-and-pepperhair, firm but kind, patient and 17 . She let us bake gingerbread men in the school cafeteria — a delightful 18 that amazed me. And whenever we read the “Jack and Janet” books, she wouldn’t let the other kids 19 my classmate Jack or me.But I came to truly 20 Mrs. Austen when a dress-up day was 21 . On that day, we were encouraged to wear clothes in the 22 of the mid-1800s. My mother, a superb tailor, made a pioneer-style dress for me. I was so proud 23 it as I walked to school that day. When I got there, however, I was the only one in my class who had dressed up, feeling kind of 24 . Mrs. Austen oohed and aahed over my 25 and then went to her office. It didn’t take long before she 26 in a frontier-style dress! She explained that she had asked her husband to bring the costume.We moved away two years later, and I still 27 that I never told Mrs. Austen how 28 I was to her, a teacher who went out of her way, and even 29 her husband’s help, to keep a little girl from feeling30 . I had many wonderful teachers throughout the years, but Mrs. Austen has always held a(n) 31 place in my heart.17．A．neighborly B．cowardly C．grandmotherly D．scholarly 18．A．treat B．view C．journey D．story19．A．call on B．work through C．laugh at D．engage with 20．A．remember B．appreciate C．believe D．approach 21．A．advanced B．canceled C．established D．scheduled 22．A．exhibition B．style C．course D．show 23．A．making B．holding C．wearing D．owning 24．A．contented B．frightened C．disappointed D．embarrassed 25．A．recipe B．present C．costume D．material 26．A．reappeared B．displayed C．judged D．modeled 27．A．assume B．regret C．imagine D．pretend 28．A．dedicated B．significant C．attached D．grateful 29．A．sought B．responded C．offered D．declined 30．A．at ease B．in order C．out of place D．under control 31．A．typical B．special C．obvious D．ideal三、完成句子32．She wants to (贷款上学) for school . (根据汉语提示完成句子) 33．When we help someone, should we expect to get something (作为回报)？（根据汉语提示完成句子）34．Have you ever （和...打赌) your best friends? (根据汉语提示完成句子)35．It’s not so difficult. (事实上), it’s quite easy. (根据汉语提示完成句子)36．The train ( 火车就快开了) and I was not even on the platform. (根据汉语提示完成句子)37．(既然那样), we won’t go overseas for our further study. (根据汉语提示完成句子)38．Your daughter took my car (未经许可) . (根据汉语提示完成句子) 39．(说实话), I doubt whether they will finish the hard task in two days. (根据汉语提示完成句子)40．On my way to the museum, I met one of my teachers (偶然地)．(根据汉语提示完成句子)41．Who is (值班) today? (根据汉语提示完成句子)四、语法填空课文语法填空Henry was walking along the street 42 (hold) the bank note in his hand. His coat was 43 (wear) in several places. He saw a sign for a tailor’s shop. Henry walked into the shop and wanted to buy a suit coat. One clerk treated him in 44 rude manner. Then another clerk came up to serve him. Finally, Henry took a suit coat. When he said he had no any small change and 45 (pay) it in a month, the clerk tried to control his anger, saying, “I suppose a gentleman like you only 46 (carry) very large bills.” Henry told him not to judge people 47 their clothes and that he just didn’t want to cause him trouble with a large note. The clerk said no trouble. So Henry gave the bank note to the clerk. The clerk was so 48(astonish) that he dropped Henry’s coat. He folded the bill and 49 (slow) unfolded it again, as if looking at something he couldn’t believe was there .Seeing the scene, the owner asked the clerk to give Henry the change quickly. However, when he saw the bank note, he changed his attitude and took Henry to another part of the shop, 50 there was a wide range of 51 (option) for Henry to choose from.五、书面表达52．最近，你班同学就“Is it better to employ self-study or teamwork study？”进行了讨论，大家观点不一。
报刊阅读英语试题及答案
报刊阅读英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题4分）阅读下面的文章，回答1-5题。
文章文章摘要：The rapid development of technology has revolutionized the way we learn and teach. This article explores how technology has transformed the educational landscape, from online learning platforms to virtual classrooms.1. What is the main topic of the article?A. The history of educationB. The influence of technology on educationC. The future of technologyD. The challenges of online learning2. According to the article, which of the following is NOT a benefit of using technology in education?A. Increased accessibility to education.B. Enhanced student engagement.C. Reduced costs for students.D. Limited personal interaction.3. What does the article suggest about the future of education?A. It will become more traditional.B. It will be entirely online.C. It will integrate technology more deeply.D. It will focus on in-person classes.4. Which of the following is an example of a technological tool mentioned in the article?A. A textbook.B. A virtual classroom.C. A chalkboard.D. A library card.5. What can be inferred from the article about the author's view on technology in education?A. The author is skeptical about its effectiveness.B. The author believes it has had a negative impact.C. The author sees it as a positive development.D. The author has no clear opinion.答案：1. B2. D3. C4. B5. C二、词汇理解（共10分，每题2分）根据文章内容，选择最合适的词汇填空。
(完整版)英语人教版八年级下册语篇翻译题
翻译语篇。
阅读下面的短文，将划线部分译成英文或中文。
Australia is the greatest island in the world. 1.澳大利亚比中国小一点. Australia is big, but there are fewer people there. The population(人口) of Australia is smaller than that of Shanghai, a city of China.2.Australia is in the south of the earth. So when it is hot summer in our country, Australia will be cold winter. The seasons in Australia and in China are just opposite(相反的). Summer in Australia is from December to February, and winter is from July to August.3.When it’s spring in China, it will be autumn in Australia.4.澳大利亚因绵羊和袋鼠而著名. They are both popular in Australia.5.You can see kangaroos(袋鼠) not only in zoos but also outside the cities and towns. There are ten sheep for everyone in the country. So people call Australia “Th e country on the backs of sheep”. After a short drive from any town, you will find yourself in the middle of white sheep. Sheep, sheep, sheep, sheep are everywhere.Have you seen a kangaroo? It has a “bag” on its body. The mother kangaroo keeps its baby kangaroos in the “bag”. It’s very strange, isn’t it?1._______________________________________________________________2._______________________________________________________________3.______________________________________________________4.__________________________________________________________________5.__________________________________________________________________Salt is very important to us．11．Without enough salt，we will get ill．Animals need salt，too．They need salt to grow strong．Most of salt comes from the sea．12．People dig very big pools and let sea water in．When the sun dries up the water，people can get the salt from the ground．There are a lot of salt wells （井） in our country．People bring the well water up to the ground and then dry it up in big jars（罐子） over fire．13．用这种方式，人们得到食盐We can also get salt from salt mines（矿）．The salt mines are under the ground．14．A few years ago，people found a big salt mine in China．In the northwest of China ，there are a great number of salt lakes．15．其中有些湖很大。
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137页14课15段：As a composer, Strauss is methodical and diligent.作为一个作曲家，斯特劳斯井井有条且孜孜不倦。
He thinks his works out during long walks in the neighboring mountains.他觉得他的作品是在附近的山间漫步的时候构思出来的。
His favorite walk for composing purpose is along the glacier-green waters of the river Loisach which runs through the town.他最喜欢沿着流淌过小镇的冰川翠绿的洛伊萨赫河散步。
Having completed his mental conception of a work, he writes it out in pencil in one of the hundreds of music notebooks he keeps handy for the purpose.完成心神构思后，他就会用铅笔记在随时准备好的数百本音乐笔记手册上。
Seldom does he consult the piano or the violin (he plays both) while composing.在创作的过程中，他很少借助钢琴或者小提琴（他两者都会弹奏）来创作。
His preliminary pencil sketch is elaborated in ink in a second note book.他又在另一本音乐笔记手册上用钢笔精心谱写他铅笔初稿上的乐曲。
Other elaborations follow, each in a separate notebook.一本接着一本这样被精心谱写，一个接一个完整的乐曲就在各自的音乐笔记手册上诞生了。
90页第十课13段：If it has done nothing else, however, the new coincidence of scientific and theological version of creation seems to have opened up a conversation that has been neglected for centuries.且不论其它，科学和宗教在创世说上的新巧合好像打开了已经忽略了几个世纪的对话。
罗马天主教神学家汉斯·金认为，一个神学家和自然科学家互相帮助的新时期已经开始，他称之为“亲存在”时期。
从事遗传工程和原子裂变的人们显然需要所有他们能够得到的精神和伦理指导。
而对于神学家，物理学和形而上学之间的交互无疑会增加他们的见识，在以物理眼光观察的宇宙中给予他们一个更加复杂的根基。
大爆炸理论肯定不会是人们所构想的最后的创世理论；它向我们提示的是，还存在着广阔的神秘领域，等待着神学家和科学家怀着适宜的敬畏之情去探索。
103页第11课18段：Regardless of whether my grandfather seems to be doing his own thing, sort of wandering off like a fish down a river, the fact that he’s there——personally, I don’t think she cou ld do it without him, especially when they’re both at this age.无论我的祖父看上去是否我行我素，有点像河里的一条鱼，但重要的是他发挥了作用——我个人认为没有他，我祖母是不可能成功的，尤其是当他们在这个岁数。
自从她父亲1936年即位的那一刻，她就开始为自己的入职做准备。
她远离恶习，长时间的工作，对宠物狗的宠爱似乎胜过宠爱自己的孩子，但都多于爱自己。
选择嫁给菲利普，一位被罢黜的希腊国君后代，可能是她第一次为自己考虑，这项决定最后被证明还是不错的。
菲利皮亲王或许并不具有外交天赋，然而他精炼而滑稽的政治语言为许多国家增添了喜悦，至少对英国来说是这样的，他也一心一意扶持着他的妻子。
哈莉王子对马先生说：78页第9课第3段：纳什的故事由他的传记作家,纳萨尔西尔维娅,记录在《美丽心灵》一书中,并被霍华德拍成了电影。
这本书远远比电影要精彩，对两者进行比较你会领略到一种关于好莱坞电影艺术般的大师级授课。
这是真的，举个例子，纳什在1949年夏季有一个具有启发性的心理活动；不确定的部分是当时他和一些朋友在一个酒吧，他们看到一个金发美女并用她打赌，最后他的朋友们消失在黑色烟圈中，留下纳什冲回他的办公室，完成了他的论文。
这是事件的电影版，但是它失败的原因不是因为那有理可循的希望简化的愿望，而是因为这幅图像是不简单的。
这是一个混乱的特效，就像当纳什企图破解一个没有被解决的密码时，一连串的数字和图片出现在我们眼前的场景一样。
11页第二课第12段：除此之外,我的同胞们,未来是取决于我们的。
我们的创始人告诉我们,保护我们的自由和我们的联盟依靠于负责任的公民。
在新的世纪，我们需要一种新的责任感。
我们有工作要做，并且这些工作仅靠政府是做不了的：教孩子阅读、使人们有工作不用再依靠福利卷，从紧锁着的门和关着的窗户后面走出来，到街道上帮助改造毒犯和犯罪团伙，并且拿出我们自己的时间来帮助他人。
每一个人都要有自己的方式,必须承担个人责任,不仅为我们自己和我们的家庭,还要为我们的邻居和我们的国家。
我们最大的责任是要有拥抱新世纪社会的新精神。
对于我们任何人而言,要想成功,我们必须（首先）作为一个成功的美国。
31页第四课15段：如今冷战结束已经20年了，俄罗斯和美国仍处于困境之中——俄罗斯因它那不可恢复的强大而感到颓废，美国因它不能摆脱自己的军事力量和自我强势征服一切这一谎言而感到无奈。
俄罗斯的前景有赖于领导人能够抗争争霸全球的诱惑而争取国内真正的民主。
从最近几大城市对国会控制选举的抗议来看，俄罗斯要走的路还很远。
而美国良好的未来很大程度上取决于走出其凯旋神话和努力振兴其外交和经济。
1.文艺复兴The Renaissance2.欧洲The Europe3.意大利Italy4.诺贝尔文学奖The Nobel Prize for Literature5.诺贝尔医学奖The Nobel Prize in medicine6.诺比尔物理奖The Nobel Prize in physics7.诺贝尔化学奖The Nobel Prize for chemistry8.诺贝尔和平奖The Nobel Peace Prize9.泰坦尼克号Titanic10.大西洋The Atlantic Ocean11.连任四届总统The forth12.罗斯福Flanklin Roosevelt13.哈勃望远镜The Hubble Space telescope14.爱德温·哈勃Edwin Hubble15.蒙娜丽莎Mona Lisa16.达芬奇Leonardo da Vinci17.冷战The cold war18.美国The United States19.苏联The Soviet Union20.语言学家The science of language传统的Conventional oven 传统烤箱Customary 习惯的、通常的、按照惯例的Usual 惯常的、常见的Assemble 集合、聚集、组装Concentrate 专心、集中、浓缩Concentrate the flavors 浓缩香味Gather 收集、聚集Conception 概念、构想、怀孕Generality 概括性、一般性、总述Stereotype 陈规旧习、刻板形象The noble savage was a stereotype…. 高贵的野蛮人的刻板形象？Essence 实质、本质、精华Core 核心、要点、建筑的中心部分Keynote 主旨、要旨、基调Self-reliance is the keynote of his self-help…Common 常见的、普遍的、共同的Everyday 日常的、每天的Ubiquitous 无所不在的、随处可见的Cell phones had become ubiquitous 手机是随处可见的Complicated 复杂的、难懂的Smart 聪明的、精明的Sophisticated 富有经验的、世故的She was a sophisticated and well-traveled woman.Amazing 令人惊奇的、了不起的Astounding 令人惊骇的、使人震惊的The astounding sight of his cat….Surprising 令人惊讶的、奇怪的Unanticipated 不曾预料到的Unexpected 出乎意料的（未预料到的突然）She’s leaving was not unexpected….她的离开是出人意料的……Unforeseen 意外的、未预见到的Depict 描绘、描画、描述Portray 画像、描绘、描述The White House has portrayed the president….Sketch 草图、素描、简述Embodied 包含、表现、体现（思想品德）Incorporate 包含、吸收、合并The design incorporate the features of ….. 吸收了别人的特征Integrate 使一体化15页第二课词义辨析题V oid 空的、宣布……无效Abolish 废除、废止（制度、法律）Abolish slavery 废除奴隶制度Invalidate 使无效、使作废、证明……是错误的Achievement 成就、功绩、实现、达到Triumph 非凡的成功、杰出的成就（胜利的凯旋）Attainment 成就、造诣、才能Her scientific attainment makes her famous.Agony 苦恼、极大的痛苦（肉体和精神的）Torment 折磨、痛苦（事情）Constant torment with her schemes.Torture 折磨、拷问、歪曲Awful 可怕的（人的一种感觉）I feel an awful lotDreadful 可怕的、令人畏惧的（东西）Nauseating 令人恶心的、厌恶的、作呕的Strong 强壮的、坚强的、坚定的Mighty 强有力的、巨大的、非常Powerful 强有力的、强效的With a powerful leap强有力的一跳Eternal 永恒的、不朽的Permanent 永恒的、永久的、持久的The museum’s permanent collection博物馆永久收藏品Everlasting 永久的、永恒的、接连不断的（友谊、婚姻）Unrest 动乱、动荡Unrest gripped, the city…动荡不断……Turmoil 混乱、焦虑、恐慌Ferment 发酵、动乱、骚动Intoxication 陶醉、中毒Exhilaration 兴奋不已、高兴Thrill 激动、狂喜（突然的）She felt a thrill when she go through….Surpass 超出（理解范围）、超越（成就）Exceed 超过、优越（数量和质量）The demand for housing exceed the supply房子需求量超过供给量Outmatch 胜过、优于、凌驾于Flogger 鞭打Lash 鞭打、扎劳、猛吹狠打（风雨）Scourge 灾难、祸害The disease continues to be a scourge….92页第十课词义辨析题Bargain 契约、协定、便宜货、讨价还价He’s offering bargain mortgages 他提供优惠贷款Deal 分配、交易、经营、处理Pact 协定、契约、公约、条约Elbow 肘部、推挤、跻身Bull 公牛、猛挤、猛力向前（政券）Jostle 推挤、与……竞争、抢夺Practical achievement jostle with 与……竞争Conjoin 结合、联合Concur 同意、互助、共同作用It is an easy excuse for me to concur….Collaborate 合作、协作（尤指著书、研究）Contemplate 计划、深思熟虑The director would contemplate sending an ….Cogitate 仔细考虑、认真考虑Consider 考虑、认为、打算Fragment 碎片、片段Fraction 部分、分数A large fraction of incomes…收入的一大部分Piece 片、块、段Conscientious 认真的、尽责的He was thorough and conscientious 他考虑周到并且职责的Meticulous 小心谨慎的Painstaking 劳苦的Articulate 明确用力的表达Express 表达Formulate 构想出、规划、准确地阐述They formulate their response 他们构想出他们的回复Accidental 意外的、偶然的Chemical poisoning of a completely accidental nature. Incidental 附属的、易发生的、伴随发生的Causal 具有因果关系的Territory 领土、领域Territory to … rigorous…Habitat 栖息地Range 范围155页第15课词义辨析题Dismiss 解雇Terminate 终止、终结The summer terminated by frostFire 解雇V oluminous 庞大的Considerable 相当多的、相当的There is considerable stability in the firm相当的稳定性Big 大的、严重的Topple 摇摇欲坠The drunk man had toppled from the pessenger Stumble 跌跌撞撞Tumble 跌倒Concede 承认Confess 忏悔、承认He knelt and confessed 他跪下并且忏悔Acknowledge 承认、鸣谢Crumble 碎屑Atrophy 萎缩An atrophy of those relations 他们关系萎缩Decay 腐烂Banish 驱赶The children were banished to bed孩子们被驱赶去睡觉Dismiss 解雇、解散Expel 排出（气体）Animosity 憎恶、怨恨、仇恨（国家间）Kingdoms with greatest animosity on both sides. Hostility 敌意、敌对情绪Antagonism 对立、对抗Surmise 推测Guess 猜测、猜想They guessed it would be a problem.Supposition 假定、推测Contention 竞争、争论Argument 争论、争吵、论据、论点Assertion 声称、主张Confuse this view of religious assertion 宗教主张Flaw 谬误、缺点Flaws in the procedures 程序中的缺陷Fault 过失、失误（这方面的缺陷）Defect 瑕疵、毛病、缺点。