曼昆宏观经济学堂讲义英文Ch
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曼昆《经济学原理》讲座讲义(英文)
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
4. People respond to incentives.
Marginal changes in costs or benefits motivate people to respond. The decision to choose one alternative over another occurs when that alternative’s marginal benefits exceed its marginal costs!
Ten Principles of Economics
How People Make Decisions
People face tradeoffs. The cost of something is what you give up to get it. Rational people think at the margin. People respond to incentives.
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity.
Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions. As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE ECONOMY’S INCOME AND EXPENDITURE
• When judging whether the economy is doing well or poorly, it is natural to look at the total income that everyone in the economy is earning.
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP
• Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE MEASUREMENT OF GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
• The equality of income and expenditure can be illustrated with the circular-flow diagram.
曼昆中级宏观经济学(英文) (1)
economic growth as well as micro foundation of macroeconomics. • The goal of this course to develop a more sophisticated understanding of macroeconomic concepts as well as enhance the students ability to think critically and analyze important macroeconomic issue.
Macroeconomics Chapter 1
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Macroeconomics Chapter 1
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Macroeconomics Chapter 1
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Macroeconomics Chapter 1
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Macroeconomics Chapter 1
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没有单一的模型能够说明我们关注的所 有问题：
Why does the cost of living keep rising? Why are millions of people unemployed? Why are there recessions? Can
policymakers do anything? Should they? What is the government deficit? How does
对古典经济学理论的著名 批评：
长期是对当前事情的一个误导。在长期中我们
都会死。如果在暴风雨季节，经济学家只能告
诉我们，暴风雨在长期中会过去，海洋必将平
静，那么他们给自己的任务就太容易且无用了
总需求与总供给 41
Macroeconomics Chapter 1
25
Macroeconomics Chapter 1
26
Macroeconomics Chapter 1
27
Macroeconomics Chapter 1
28
Macroeconomics Chapter 1
29
没有单一的模型能够说明我们关注的所 有问题：
Why does the cost of living keep rising? Why are millions of people unemployed? Why are there recessions? Can
policymakers do anything? Should they? What is the government deficit? How does
对古典经济学理论的著名 批评：
长期是对当前事情的一个误导。在长期中我们
都会死。如果在暴风雨季节，经济学家只能告
诉我们，暴风雨在长期中会过去，海洋必将平
静，那么他们给自己的任务就太容易且无用了
总需求与总供给 41
曼昆《经济学原理》宏观经济学分册英文原版课件——25production-growth
• Encourage saving and investment. • Encourage investment from abroad • Encourage education and training. • Establish secure property rights and maintain
• Physical Capital
• is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
FYI: The Production Function
• Economists often use a production function to describe the relationship between the quantity of inputs used in production and the quantity of output from production.
Figure 1 Growth and Investment
Table 1 The Variety of Growth Experiences
Copyright©2004 South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• Living standards, as measured by real GDP per person, vary significantly among nations.
• The preceding equation says that productivity (Y/L) depends on physical capital per worker (K/L), human capital per worker (H/L), and natural resources per worker (N/L), as well as the state of technology, (A).
• Physical Capital
• is a produced factor of production.
• It is an input into the production process that in the past was an output from the production process.
FYI: The Production Function
• Economists often use a production function to describe the relationship between the quantity of inputs used in production and the quantity of output from production.
Figure 1 Growth and Investment
Table 1 The Variety of Growth Experiences
Copyright©2004 South-Western
ECONOMIC GROWTH AROUND THE WORLD
• Living standards, as measured by real GDP per person, vary significantly among nations.
• The preceding equation says that productivity (Y/L) depends on physical capital per worker (K/L), human capital per worker (H/L), and natural resources per worker (N/L), as well as the state of technology, (A).
曼昆《宏观经济学》课堂讲义PPTCh04
Money Velocity = Price Output M V = P Y
Because Y is also total income, V in the quantity equations is called the income velocity of money. This tells us the number of times a dollar bill changes hands in a given period of time.
The Federal Reserve controls the money supply in three ways.
1) Open Market Operations (buying and selling U.S. Treasury bonds).
2) D Reserve requirements (never really used).
• To expand the Money Supply: The Federal Reserve buys U.S. Treasury Bonds and pays for them with new money.
• To reduce the Money Supply: The Federal Reserve sells U.S. Treasury Bonds and receives the existing dollars and then destroys them.
Commodity money is money that has intrinsic value. When people use gold as money, the economy is said to be on a gold standard.
Because Y is also total income, V in the quantity equations is called the income velocity of money. This tells us the number of times a dollar bill changes hands in a given period of time.
The Federal Reserve controls the money supply in three ways.
1) Open Market Operations (buying and selling U.S. Treasury bonds).
2) D Reserve requirements (never really used).
• To expand the Money Supply: The Federal Reserve buys U.S. Treasury Bonds and pays for them with new money.
• To reduce the Money Supply: The Federal Reserve sells U.S. Treasury Bonds and receives the existing dollars and then destroys them.
Commodity money is money that has intrinsic value. When people use gold as money, the economy is said to be on a gold standard.
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学分册英文原版PPT课件28unemployment
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month. The survey is called the Current Population Survey.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories: Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
JOB SEARCH
Job search the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills. results from the fact that it takes time for qualified individuals to be matched with appropriate jobs.
Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?
Unemployment is measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It surveys 60,000 randomly selected households every month. The survey is called the Current Population Survey.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
A person is unemployed if he or she is on temporary layoff, is looking for a job, or is waiting for the start date of a new job.
How Is Unemployment Measured?
Based on the answers to the survey questions, the BLS places each adult into one of three categories: Employed Unemployed Not in the labor force
JOB SEARCH
Job search the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills. results from the fact that it takes time for qualified individuals to be matched with appropriate jobs.
Why Are There Always Some People Unemployed?
宏观经济学 曼昆英文课件Tutorial_CHAP02
FirmsΒιβλιοθήκη Expenditure $
For the economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure. GDP measures the flow of dollars in the economy. 3 Chapter Two
1) To compute the total value of different goods and services, the national income accounts use market prices. Thus, if $0.50 $1.00
®
CHAPTER 2 The Data of Macroeconomics
A PowerPoint Tutorial
To Accompany
MACROECONOMICS, 6th. ed.
N. Gregory Mankiw By
Chapter Two
Mannig J. Simidian
1
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the dollar value of all final goods and services produced within an economy in a given period of time.
Two ways of viewing GDP
Total income of everyone in the economy
Total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services Income $ Labor
Households Goods
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inflation, unemployment, monetary and fiscal policies—all of which,
will be discussed at length in Macroeconomics, 5th ed., Mankiw’s
Macroeconomics Modules, and in your macroeconomics course.
Mannig J. Simidian Harvard University June 2002
Chapter One
2
®
A PowerPointTutorial to Accompany macroeconomics, 5th ed.
N. Gregory Mankiw
CHAPTER ONE The Science of Macroeconomics
Recently, there is much discussion of recessions-- periods in
which real GDP falls mildly-- and depressions, when GDP falls more
severely. Macroeconomists are also concerned with issues such as
Let’s say you begin with a demand and supply curve for CDs.
Remember that the demand curve slopes downward meaning that
as you increase the price (by moving along the demand curve), the
I also thank Mike McElroy (Duke University/North Carolina State University) for his support and mentorship over the years. Finally, I thank my Dad for his continued willingness to discuss the pedagogy of macroeconomics at all times!
Price P*
Chapter One
Supply
Demanost famous
economic model. It describes
the ubiquitous relationship
between buyers and sellers in
the market. The point of
intersection is called an
equilibrium.
5
Market clearing is an alignment process whereby decisions between
suppliers and demanders reach an equilibrium. Here’s how it works.
quantity demanded decreases. Conversely, the supply curve slopes
upward implying that as the price increases (by moving along the
®
A PowerPointTutorial
To Accompany
macroeconomics, 5th. ed.
N. Gregory Mankiw
Mannig J. Simidian
Chapter One
1
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Greg Mankiw, and reviewers Nancy Jianakoplos (Colorado State University), and David Spencer (Brigham Young University) for their invaluable comments.
Good luck!
Chapter One
4
Economists use models to understand what goes on in the economy. Here are two important points about models: endogenous variables and exogenous variables. Endogenous variables are those which the model tries to explain. Exogenous variables are those variables that a model takes as given. In short, endogenous are variables within a model, and exogenous are the variables outside the model.
Mannig J. Simidian
Chapter One
3
Welcome to Macroeconomics!
Everyone is concerned about macroeconomics lately. We wonder why some countries are growing faster than others and why inflation fluctuates. Why? Because the state of the macroeconomy affects everyone in many ways. It plays a significant role in the political sphere while also affecting public policy and societal well-being.